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 Pseira X

The Excavation of Block AF

Frontispiece. Excavating in Room AF 3A/B.
.
 PREHISTORY MONOGRAPHS 28

Pseira X

The Excavation of Block AF

by
Philip P. Betancourt

with contributions from

Eleni Armpis, Costis Davaras, Heidi M.C. Dierckx,
Cheryl R. Floyd, Glynis Jones, John C. McEnroe, George Mitrakis,
George H. Myer, Marianna Nikolaidou, David S. Reese, Mark J. Rose,
Maria C. Shaw, Ian Smith, Eleni Velona, and Fotini Zervaki

edited by
Philip P. Betancourt and Costis Davaras

Published by
INSTAP Academic Press
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
2009
 Design and Production
INSTAP Academic Press
Printing
CRWGraphics, Pennsauken, New Jersey
Binding
Hoster Bindery, Inc., Ivyland, Pennsylvania

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Betancourt, Philip P., 1936-

Pseira X : the excavation of Block AF / by Philip P. Betancourt ; with contributions from Eleni Armpis ... [et al.] ; edited by
Philip P. Betancourt and Costis Davaras.
p. cm. — (Prehistory monographs ; 28)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-1-931534-56-7 (hardcover : alk. paper)
1. Pseira (Extinct city) 2. Pseira Island (Greece)—Antiquities. 3. Excavations (Archaeology)—Greece—Pseira Island. 4. Historic
buildings—Greece—Pseira Island. 5. Architecture, Minoan—Greece—Pseira Island. 6. Minoans—Greece—Pseira Island. I.
Armpis, Eleni. II. Davaras, Kostes. III. Title. IV. Title: Pseira 10. V. Title: Pseira ten.
DF221.C8B567 2009
939’.18—dc22

2009046257

Copyright © 2009
INSTAP Academic Press
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
 Contents

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS IN THE TEXT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .vii

LIST OF TABLES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .ix

LIST OF FIGURES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

LIST OF PLATES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xv

PREFACE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xvii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xix

ABBREVIATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxi

PART I. HISTORY OF THE EXCAVATION

1. Introduction, Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
2. Architectural Phases 1 to 3 (Early Phase),
Philip P. Betancourt, Marianna Nikolaidou, and Eleni Velona. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
3. Architectural Phases 3 (Late Phase) to 5,
Philip P. Betancourt, Eleni Armpis, George Mitrakis, Marianna Nikolaidou,
Eleni Velona, and Fotini Zervaki. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17

PART II. ARCHITECTURE AND MATERIAL CULTURE

4. Architecture in Block AF South, John C. McEnroe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
5. Architecture in Block AF North, John C. McEnroe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .33
6. Pottery from Block AF, Cheryl R. Floyd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
vi PSEIRA X

7. Ground and Chipped Stone Tools from Block AF South, Heidi M.C. Dierckx. . . . . . . . .95
8. Ground and Chipped Stone Tools from Block AF North, Heidi M.C. Dierckx. . . . . . . . .99
9. Stone Weights from Block AF, Heidi M.C. Dierckx and Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . .105
10. Miscellaneous Objects from Block AF, Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
11. Plaster from Block AF, Maria C. Shaw and Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .113
12. Analysis of the Plaster, George H. Myer and Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
13. Plant Remains from Block AF, Glynis Jones and Ian Smith. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
14. Lithic Materials from Block AF, Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
15. Faunal Remains from Block AF, David S. Reese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .131
16. Fish Remains from Block AF, Mark J. Rose. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143
17. Comments on the Mud Mortar, Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .151

PART III. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSIONS

18. Architectural History, Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .155
19. Room Functions and Activities in the Buildings, Philip P. Betancourt. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .163

APPENDIX A. POTTERY STATISTICS, Cheryl R. Floyd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171

APPENDIX B. FABRIC PERCENTAGES, Cheryl R. Floyd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .223

REFERENCES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229

INDEX. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237

FIGURES

PLATES
 List of Illustrations in the Text

Illustration 1.1. Map of eastern Crete. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Illustration 1.2. Plan of the town on Pseira Island. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Illustration 2.1. State plan of Building AF South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7

Illustration 2.2. Plan and section looking west of AF 3A/B, AF 3C, and AF 3D in Block AF South. . . .9
Illustration 2.3. Archaeological section of the strata in Room AF 3D and its relation to
Room AF 3C, looking west. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10
Illustration 2.4. Plan of the foundation deposit in Rooms AF 3A/B and AF 3C in Block AF South. . . .11
Illustration 2.5. State plan and sections of Building AF North, looking east. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14

Illustration 3.1. Stratigraphical section in Room AF 6, showing the four floors

and the strata above them. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
Illustration 3.2. State plan in Rooms AF 8 and AF 9 and architectural section A-A', looking west. . .21
Illustration 3.3. State plan and stratigraphical section in Room AF 9, showing the units. . . . . . . . . . .24

Illustration 4.1. The west wall of Block AF South, probably built before Architectural Phase 1. . . . .30
Illustration 4.2. Walls at the south of the block, Architectural Phases 1 and 2 in Block AF. . . . . . . . .30
Illustration 4.3. Architectural Phase 3 in Block AF South. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Illustration 4.4. Column base and cut slab buried in the floor of Room AF 3/4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .32
viii PSEIRA X

Illustration 5.1. Architectural Phase 3 in Block AF North. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .34

Illustration 5.2. Architectural Phase 4 with the east wall of Building AU. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Illustration 5.3. Architectural Phase 5 in Block AF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
 List of Tables

Table 10.1. Summary of the discoid weights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .111

Table 13.1. Charred plant remains from Block AF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126

Table 16.1. Block AF: taxa and number of indentified specimens (NISP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Table 16.2. Anatomical distribution in Block AF and elsewhere at Pseira and in Crete. . . . . . . . . . . . .146
Table 16.3. Taxa present at Middle Minoan and Late Minoan sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147

Table A1. Building AF South, Phase 2, Room AF 3C, MM II floor packing. Unit AF 3C-4. . . . . .173
Table A2. Building AF South, Phase 2, Room AF 3C, MM II floor level. Unit AF 3C-3. . . . .173–174
Table A3. Building AF South, Phase 2, Room AF 3D, MM II floor level. Units AF 3D-3,
AF 3D-4, and AF 3D-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174
Table A4. Building AF South, Phase 2, Room AF 3D, MM II collapse over the floor. Units
AF 3D-1 and AF 3D-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175
Table A5. Building AF South, Phase 2, Room AF 3E, MM II stratum. Units AF 3E-3 and
AF 3E-4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175–176
Table A6. Building AF South, Phase 2, Space AF 2, MM II stratum. Unit AF Drain-1. . . . . . . . . .176
Table A7. Area AF South, Phase 3, Room AF 2, LM I floor. Unit AF 2-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .177
Table A8. Area AF South, Phase 3, Room AF 2, mixed MM II–LM I collapsed debris
above the floor. Units AF 2-1, AF 2 South-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .178–179
x PSEIRA X

Table A9. Area AF South, Phase 3, Room AF 3A/B, MM II–LM I deposit on a floor.
Units AF 3A-3, AF 3B-3, AF 3B-4, AF 3B-5, and AF 3B-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .179–181
Table A10. Area AF South, Phase 3, Rooms AF 3A/B, mixed MM–LM IB debris from
collapse of building. Units AF 3E-Surface, AF 3E-1, AF 3E-2, AF South-Surface,
AF 3B-Surface, AF 3B-1, AF 3B-2, AF 3C-2, AF 3-1, AF 3-2, and AF 3-3. . . . . . . .182–185
Table A11. Building AF South, Phase 5, Room AF 1 and Space AF 4, LM IB floor level.
Units AF 1-3 and AF 4-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185–187
Table A12. Building AF North, Phase 5, Space AF 10, LM IB floor and debris from
collapse of building. Unit AF 10-Surface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .187
Table A13. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 1 and Space AF 4, LM IB-Final debris
from collapse of building. Units AF South-1, AF 1-1, AF 1-2, AF 4-Surface,
AF 4-1, and AF 4-2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .188–190
Table A14. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 5A, LM IB-Final floor level. Unit AF 5A-4. . . . . .190
Table A15. Building AF North, Phase V, Room AF 5A, LM IB-Final debris from
collapse of building. Units AF 5A-3, AF 5A-2, and AF 5A-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .191–192
Table A16. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 5B, LM IB floor level. Unit AF 5B-4. . . . .192–193
Table A17. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 5B, LM IB debris from collapse
of building. Units AF 5-2, AF 5-3, AF 5B-1, AF 5B-2, and AF 5B-3. . . . . . . . . . . .193–195
Table A18. Building AF North, Phase 5, Rooms AF 5A, AF 5B, and Area to the West,
LM IB-Final debris from collapse of building with LM IIIA:2 disturbance.
Units AF 5-Surface and AF 5-1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195–198
Table A19. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 6, LM IB lowest ground floor at
8.42 m asl. Unit AF 6-7. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .198–199
Table A20. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 6, LM IB floor at 8.48 m asl.
Unit AF 6-6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .199–200
Table A21. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 6, LM IB-Final ground floors and
collapsed upper story with LM IIIA:2 disturbance. Units AF 6-4 and AF 6-5. . . . .200–202
Table A22. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 6, LM IB-Final collapsed upper story
and debris from collapse of the building. Units AF 6-Surface, AF 6-1, AF 6-2,
and AF 6-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .202–204
Table A23. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 7, LM IB-Final debris from collapse
of building with LM IIIA:2 disturbance. Units AF 7-1, AF 7-2, AF 7-3, AF 7-4,
AF 7-5, AF 7-6, AF 7-7, AF 7-NE Corner, and AF-Cleaning of the N wall. . . . . . . .204–207
Table A24. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 8, LM IB floor level at 9.28 m asl.
Units AF 8-5, AF 8-5N, AF 8-5 NE Corner Feature, AF 8-5W, and AF 8-6W. . . . .207–209
Table A25. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 8, LM IB debris from upper story
and collapse of building with LM IIIA:2 disturbance. Units AF 8-2, AF 8-2N,
AF 8-2W, AF 8-2 (SW corner), AF 8-3, AF 8-3N, AF 8-3W, AF 8-3 near N Wall,
AF 8-4, AF 8-4N, AF 8-4W, and AF 8-4 NE Corner Feature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .209–212
 LIST OF TABLES xi

Table A26. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 8, mixed Minoan and Byzantine
Surface Stratum. Units AF 8-1, AF 8-1N, and AF 8 and 9 W Wall. . . . . . . . . . . . . .213–214
Table A27. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 9, LM IB paved surface.
Units AF 9-6, AF 9-6E, and AF 9-6W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214–215
Table A28. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 9, LM IB-Final debris and collapsed
mudbrick wall dividing Rooms AF 8 and AF 9, with LM IIIA:2
disturbance. Units AF 9-4 and AF 9-5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .216–218
Table A29. Building AF North, Phase 5, Room AF 9, LM IB debris from upper floor
and collapse of building. Units AF 9-1, AF 9-2, and AF 9-3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .219–220
Table A30. Building AF North, Space AF 11, LM IB and Byzantine debris outside
the building. Units AF 11-All, AF 11-1N (surface), AF 11-Surface 1E,
AF 8-2 Outside to the North, AF 8-1 Outside to the North,
N of AF 8, AF 8-1N, AF 8-2N of N, AF 11-N, and AF 11N of AF 7. . . . . . . . . . . .221–222

Table B1. Fabric percentages (by count) from Phase 2 (MM II). No ceramic remains
come from Phases 1 and 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Table B2. Fabric percentages (by count) from Phase 3 (MM II–LM I). No ceramic remains
come from Phases 1 and 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225
Table B3. Fabric percentages (by count) from Phase 5 (LM IB and LM IB-Final).
No ceramic remains come from Phases 1 and 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .225–226
Table B4. Average percentages of sherds (by count) in Phase 2 (MM II). No ceramic remains
come from Phases 1 and 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Table B5. Average percentages of sherds (by count) in Phase 3 (MM II–LM I).
No ceramic remains come from Phases 1 and 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Table B6. Average percentages of sherds (by count) in Phase 5 (LM IB and LM IB-Final).
No ceramic remains come from Phases 1 and 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .226
Table B7. Average percentages of sherds (by count) in all phases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .227
Table B8. Percentages of sherds (by count) in various fabrics according to vessel types
in Phase 5 (Building AF North). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .228
 List of Figures

Figure 1. Pottery from Rooms AF 3C, AF 3D, AF 3E, and AF 2. Scale 1:3.
Figure 2. Pottery from Rooms AF 2 and AF 3A/B. Scale 1:3.
Figure 3. Pottery from Rooms AF 3A/B, AF 3C, and AF 3E. Scale 1:3.
Figure 4. Pottery from Rooms AF 3A/B, AF 3C, AF 1, and AF 4. Scale 1:3.
Figure 5. Pottery from Room AF 1 and Space AF 4. Scale 1:3.
Figure 6. Pottery from Room AF 1, Space AF 4, and Room AF 5A. Scale 1:3.
Figure 7. Pottery from Rooms AF 5A and AF 5B. Scale 1:3, except as noted.
Figure 8. Pottery from Rooms AF 5A and AF 5B. Scale 1:3.
Figure 9. Pottery from Rooms AF 5A and AF 5B. Scale 1:3.
Figure 10. Pottery from Rooms AF 5A and AF 5B. Scale 1:3.
Figure 11. Pottery from Rooms AF 5A, AF 5B, and AF 6. Scale 1:3.
Figure 12. Pottery from Room AF 6. Scale 1:3.
Figure 13. Pottery from Room AF 6. Scale 1:3.
Figure 14. Pottery from Room AF 6. Scale 1:3, except as noted.
Figure 15. Pottery from Rooms AF 6 and AF 7. Scale 1:3.
Figure 16. Pottery from Room AF 7. Scale 1:3.
Figure 17. Pottery from Rooms AF 7 and AF 8. Scale 1:3.
Figure 18. Pottery from Room AF 8. Scale 1:3.
xiv PSEIRA X

Figure 19. Pottery from Room AF 8. Scale 1:3.

Figure 20. Pottery from Room AF 8. Scale 1:3.
Figure 21. Pottery from Room AF 8. Scale 1:3.
Figure 22. Pottery from Rooms AF 8 and AF 9. Scale 1:3.
Figure 23. Pottery from Room AF 9. Scale 1:3.
Figure 24. Pottery from Room AF 9. Scale 1:3.
Figure 25. Pottery from Room AF 9. Scale 1:3.
Figure 26. Pottery from Room AF 9 and Space AF 11. Scale 1:3.
Figure 27. Pottery from Space AF 11. Scale 1:3.
Figure 28. Pottery from Space AF 11. Scale 1:3.
Figure 29. Pottery from Space AF 11. Scale 1:3.
Figure 30. Pottery from Space AF 11. Scale 1:3.
Figure 31. Pottery from Space AF 11 and the wall between AF 1 and AF 5B. Scale 1:3.
Figure 32. Ground stone tools from Block AF. Scale 1:3.
Figure 33. Obsidian, quartz crystals, and ground stone tool from Block AF. Scale 1:1,
except as noted.
Figure 34. Ground stone tools from Block AF. Scale 1:3.
Figure 35. Ground stone tools and obsidian from Block AF. Scale 1:3, except as noted.
Figure 36. Quartz crystals, obsidian, and ground stone tools from Block AF. Scale 1:1,
except as noted.
Figure 37. Obsidian and ground stone tools from Block AF. Scale 1:3, except as noted.
Figure 38. Ground stone tools from Room AF 6. Scale 1:3, except as noted.
Figure 39. Ground stone tools from Rooms AF 6 and AF 7. Scale 1:3, except as noted.
Figure 40. Ground stone tools, obsidian, and quartz crystals from Rooms AF 7 and AF 8. Scale 1:3,
except as noted.
Figure 41. Ground stone tools from Room AF 9 and Space AF 11. Scale 1:3.
Figure 42. Ground stone tools, quartz crystals, and stone weights from Block AF. Scale 1:3,
except as noted.
Figure 43. Miscellaneous cataloged objects from Block AF. Scale 1:3, except as noted.
Figure 44. Miscellaneous cataloged objects from Block AF. Scale 1:3, except as noted.
Figure 45. Miscellaneous cataloged objects from Block AF. Scale 1:3.
 List of Plates

Plate 1A. Block AF, looking south.

Plate 1B. Aerial photograph of Block AF and the surrounding parts of Katsouni Peninsula on
Pseira Island.
Plate 2. Room AF 1, looking north.
Plate 3A. Detail of the stairs and the west wall in Room AF 1.
Plate 3B. Strips of plaster in situ within the soil in Room AF 1.
Plate 4A. Space AF 3A (the Pillar Crypt), looking north, with Space AF 2 at the upper right.
Plate 4B. Space AF 3A looking west, with the column base in situ (upside down) where it fell into
AF 3A from the upstairs room.
Plate 5A. Detail of the red limestone column base found in Space AF 3A.
Plate 5B. Lifting the column base in Space AF 3A.
Plate 5C. Column base in situ in Space AF 3A.
Plate 6A. General view of Room AF 1, looking northwest.
Plate 6B. Blocked doorway in the west wall of Room AF 1 leading to Room AF 5B, as seen from inside
AF 1.
Plate 6C. Triton shell in situ in the fill in Room AF 5A.
Plate 7A. Southeast corner of Room AF 6, with the doorway at the left.
Plate 7B. Southwest corner of Room AF 6, showing the hearth at left.
Plate 8A. Southwest corner of Room AF 6 with a hearth with a cooking pot (AF 194) in place.
xvi PSEIRA X

Plate 8B. Stone mortar (AF 480) in situ in Room AF 6.

Plate 8C. The northwest corner of Room AF 6, showing the bedrock with a mortar (AF 479) carved
into it in the corner.
Plate 9A. Room AF 6, looking west from the street outside the building.
Plate 9B. Room AF 8, after excavation, looking west.
Plate 10A. The west wall of Rooms AF 8 and AF 9, looking southwest.
Plate 10B. Building AF, looking southwest.
Plate 11A. Rooms AF 9 and AF 8, looking north.
Plate 11B. Conical cups in situ in Unit AF 9-6.
Plate 11C. Room AF 8 after excavation of Unit AF-5, looking east.
Plate 12A. Spaces AF 4 (at left) and AF 1 (at right), looking northwest.
Plate 12B. Space AF 4, looking east.
Plate 13A. Space AF 11 (exterior street), east of Room AF 6, looking west.
Plate 13B. The north wall of AF North, looking east, showing the poorly built wall (at left) added
after the LM IB destruction to help hold up the building’s north wall (after
excavation to remove the rubble between the two walls).
Plate 13C. The L-shaped bench at the east of the entrance to Building AF North, looking south.
Plate 14. Minoan pottery, scale 1:2 except as marked.
Plate 15. Minoan pottery, scale 1:2 except as marked.
Plate 16. Minoan pottery, scale 1:2 except as marked.
Plate 17. Minoan pottery, scale 1:2 except as marked.
Plate 18A. Plaster strips, upper sides.
Plate 18B. Plaster strips, lower sides.
Plate 19A. Plaster strips B, C, and F, upper sides.
Plate 19B. Plaster strips B, C, and F, lower sides.
Plate 20A. Edge of plaster strip D.
Plate 20B. Plaster strip H, upper side.
Plate 20C. Plaster strip H, lower side.
Plate 21A. Shells and conical cup used as a floor deposit in Room AF 3B.
Plate 21B. Detail of a shell (PS 3669) from the floor deposit in Room AF 3A/B and 3C (no. 9 on Ill. 2.4).
 Preface

During the process of surveying and photographing the parts of Pseira that had
not been excavated by Richard Seager in 1906–1907, the photographer (Mike
Betancourt) noticed small bits of red-painted plaster among the walls in Block AF,
the most southern group of walls on the Pseiran peninsula. He informed John
McEnroe of the discovery, and after a brief discussion with the director, a decision
was reached to make a test trench at the location of the plaster (AF 1). The block
turned out to be one of the most important areas at the site because of its long suc-
cession of building phases.
Block AF was not an easy area to excavate. Many of the rooms were remodeled
and altered repeatedly during its long period of habitation. Radical changes were
made to some of the buildings in this block at several points in their history, and
the information that they provide is a testament to the hard work and keen insights
of the trench supervisors, the architect, and the many other staff members who
worked on this complicated group of rooms.
This southern group of buildings at the edge of the town is important for sev-
eral reasons. It has examples of complex architectural details including a “pillar
crypt,” elaborate upstairs floors, a well-preserved U-shaped staircase, and a well-
designed kitchen, all of which contribute significantly to our knowledge of East
Cretan building practices. It also provides a good compliment to Building BS/BV,
a grander building at Pseira (published in Pseira III). Like BS/BV, one building in
the block had evidence for cult practices, but the architectural settings for the cer-
emonies are different in the two structures.
Block AF provides the fullest sequence of building phases from any one area at
Pseira, with habitation extending from before MM II to LM III. Unlike the Pseiran
buildings that had been thoroughly looted in antiquity, many of the objects in Block
AF were broken but not removed, so a more complete range of finds could be exca-
vated. In addition to domestic pottery, the houses furnish examples of stone tools,
xviii PSEIRA X

stone vessels, loom weights, inscriptions in Linear A, cult objects, animal bones,
marine shells, and a wide range of material recovered from water sieving. This latter
category, with burned grain, fish bones, shells, and other categories of materials, fills
many gaps in our knowledge of Pseiran life.

Philip P. Betancourt
 Acknowledgments

The Pseira project was an American-Greek collaboration (synergasia) directed

by Philip P. Betancourt and Costis Davaras. It was sponsored by Temple University,
the Archaeological Institute of Crete, and the Archaeological Society of Crete,
under the auspices of the Greek Ministry of Culture and the American School of
Classical Studies at Athens. Additional financial assistance for the work published
in this volume was given by the following persons and institutions: the Institute for
Aegean Prehistory; the National Endowment for the Humanities, an independent
federal agency; The University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and
Anthropology; the Society for the Preservation of the Greek Heritage; the Arcadia
Foundation; the Mellon Corporation; Hamilton College; Queen’s University,
Kingston, Ontario; and other donors.
Thanks are extended to all those who assisted with the project: Directors for
Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Yannis Tzedakis (1985–1990, 1993–1999),
Ios Zervoudaki (1990–1992), Katerina Romiopoulou (1992–1993), and Liana
Parlama (1999–2000); the late Nikos P. Papadakis, Epimeletis and Supervisor for
the 24th Ephorate for Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities. The directors are also
grateful to the Directors of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens,
Stephen G. Miller (1985–1987), William D. Coulson (1987–1997), and James D.
Muhly (1997–2002) for their assistance.
Heidi Dierckx, author of the sections on stone implements, would like to thank
Harriet Blitzer for her advice on the study of stone tools and for her help in their
cataloging. She would also like to thank Jeffrey S. Soles and Costis Davaras for
allowing her to study and refer to the stone material from the excavations at
Mochlos, and David Romano for allowing her to examine stone implements in the
University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology.
The excavations and studies for Block AF took place between 1990 and 1997.
Excavations were conducted in 1990–1991 under the direction of the editors of this
xx PSEIRA X

volume with the supervision of several trench supervisors: Eleni Armpis, George
Mitrakis, Marianna Nikolaidou, Eleni Velona, and Fotini Zervaki. The architectur-
al study was conducted by John C. McEnroe with the help of several assistants:
Anne Barnosky (1990–1992), Joan Beaudoin (1992), Senta C. German (1989–
1992), Naomi Horowitz (1991), Sharon Rathke (1989–1990), and Paul Scotton
(1991). A plan of the site was completed in 1992 using data prepared by the entire
team of architects listed in Pseira IV. Field photographs were taken by Michael W.
Betancourt (1990), George Mitrakis (1992), and Philip P. Betancourt (1990–1994,
2006–2007). Aerial photographs were made in 1992 by J. Wilson and Eleanor E.
Myers. The water-sieving operation was supervised by Jonathan Chapman (1990)
and Ian Smith (1991). Technicians Nikos Daskalakis and Andreas Klinis provided
special expertise in excavation. The architecture was cleaned in 2005 and 2006.
Alekos Nikakis provided expertise in consolidation of the architecture.
Mary A. Betancourt supervised work in the apotheki. Profile drawings were
by Teresa Howard (1990–1992), Jenny Hope Simpson (1991), Krista Gustafson
(1990–1992), Marie T. Naples (1990–1991), Jeanne Pond (1990), Michael W.
Betancourt (1990), Eleni Velona (1990), Naomi Horowitz (1991), Ursula
Hawlitschka (1992), and the authors of the individual sections. Catalog entries for
the material presented here were made by Mary A. Betancourt (1990–1993) and
Laurie Schmitt (1991–1992), as well as by the individual authors. Conservators
included Asaf Oron (1992) and Vanessa Edwards (1992). Object photography was
by George Mitrakis (1992–1993) and Philip P. Betancourt (1990–1994).
Other studies were made by the authors of the individual sections. Samples
for analysis were collected by the trench supervisors under the supervision of
Philip P. Betancourt and were studied in the laboratories listed in the following
chapters.
Assistance with editing and preparation of illustrations was given by Elizabeth
Shank, Louise Langford-Verstegen, and Andrea Powers.
 Abbreviations

ca. approximately pers. comm. personal communication

CF Coarse Fabric pers. obs. personal observation
cm centimeters PF Phyllite Fabric
d diameter PS excavation number
dim dimension Pseira I P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, eds.
EM Early Minoan Pseira I: The Minoan Buildings on
the West Side of Area A
F fused
Pseira II P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, eds.
FF Fine Fabric
Pseira II: Building AC (the “Shrine”)
gr gram and Other Buildings in Area A
ht height Pseira III P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, eds.
kg kilograms Pseira III: The Plateia Building, by
L left Cheryl R. Floyd

LM Late Minoan Pseira IV P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, eds.

Pseira IV: Minoan Buildings in
m meters Areas B, C, D, and F
m asl meters above sea level Pseira V P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, eds.
max maximum Pseira V: The Architecture of Pseira,
MFCC Mirabello Fabric, Cooking Class by J. McEnroe
MG Middle Geometric Pseira VI P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, eds.
Pseira VI: The Pseira Cemetery 1
MM Middle Minoan
Pseira VII P.P. Betancourt and C. Davaras, eds.
MNI Minimum Number of Individuals
Pseira VII: The Pseira Cemetery 2.
NISP Number of Individual Specimens Excavation of the Tombs
xxii PSEIRA X

Pseira VIII P.P. Betancourt, C. Davaras, and R. R right

Hope Simpson, eds. Pseira VIII: The th thickness
Archaeological Survey of Pseira Island
UF unfused
Part 1
unk unknown
Pseira IX P.P. Betancourt, C. Davaras, and R.
Hope Simpson, eds. Pseira IX: The w width
Archaeological Survey of Pseira ws water-sieved sample included
Island Part 2. The Intensive Surface wt weight
Survey
 Part I

History of the Excavation

 Gulf of
Mirabello

0 10 km

Illustration 1.1. Map of eastern Crete.

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 THE YELLOW CITY LIGHTS

Through the rain and mist they’re shining; O yellow city lights,
How good you are to twinkle so on dark and windy nights!
Through the puddles splash the horses, and below the window glass
I can see the wet umbrellas of the people as they pass,

O yellow city lights—O yellow city lights!

How brave you are to twinkle so on dark and rainy nights!
For the wind is blowing, blowing, and the water comes in sheets
Against the sides of houses, and all up and down the streets.

You are friendlier than the stars I think, O lights in proud array,
The stars are all magnificent, but cold and far away,
And they never dare to twinkle, on dark and stormy nights,
While you shine out as brave as brave, O yellow city lights!
THE PILOT WIND
The wind is caught in the lilac bush
It struggles a-while, in vain,
And then, with one little wilful push,
It comes fluttering out again
It skips a-whispering up the path
It slips within the door
To rock the boat, that’s set afloat
On the sea of the nursery floor.

“Sleep little sailor,” it’s singing low,

“I’ve come to rock your ship;
I rock it away where the sleep waves play,
And the soft, gray dream gulls dip;
I’ll rock it away till you reach at last
The shores of a strange blue land
Then I’ll kiss your hair, and leave you there
With the rudder in your hand.”

The wind is back in the lilac bush

It lies there happy, quite,
With the blossoms bent like a purple tent
To hold it there, all night;
“I’ve rocked the sailor away,” it says,
“And he’ll not come back, I think,
Till the stars grow white in the morning light
And the dawn is brushed with pink.”
ROCKING SONG
Sleepyheart and Openeyes were rocking in a chair—
(Swing, little shadow, on the wall!)
Openeyes was saying, “I shall wander in the moon,
And toss a golden comet for a ball.”
Sleepyheart was saying, “I shall not go out, I think,
For all the stars in heaven are going winky-wink.”

Sleepyheart and Openeyes were rocking in a chair—

(Swing little shadow, to and fro!)
Openeyes was saying, “For the night was made for play;
I shall never go to bed again, I know.”
Sleepyheart was saying, “I shall buy a little dream,
And eat it just at cradle-time, with sugar, and with cream.”

The chair was rocking, rocking, and the room was very still—
(Swing little shadow to the tune!)
Openeyes was saying, “Through the window over there
She is coming in to dance with us—the moon!”
Sleepyheart was saying, “There’s a boat upon the sea;
It’s sailing off to Whisperland, and coming in for me.”

Sleepyheart was nodding now; Openeyes was still—

(Swing, little shadow, very slow!)
Out across the clover-tops the little wind had cried,
“Away to Slumber Forest you shall go!”
Birds and bees and butterflies had answered to the call;
Quiet as a dreaming thing, the shadow on the wall.
THE LAUGHTER-MILL
Joy was the chief of the laughter-mill; high on a sun-topped peak
He had builded it up at the rainbow’s end, happily, week by week;
And years and years and years had passed; and still the old mill stood
Strong as a fort; and it worked away, singing the song of the good.

Joy was the chief of the laughter-mill; in it worked Fun and Gay
And Dimple-my-Chin and the Chuckle boys, turning the wheels all day;
And every night when the sun was low, and they turned away from the door,
There were piles of laughs all ready to wear, in good neat rows on the floor.

Some of the laughs were the largest size, as large as a man might please,
Some were the kind that were hard to use; there were not so many of these.
Some were quite sober, and some were bright, and all were turned up at the
ends,
With an extra package of Gigglequicks, for young little girls and their friends.

Joy made the styles in his laughter-mill; some of the smiles were sweet;
Some were to wear in a happy home, and some were for use on the street;
But Dimple-my-Chin and the Chuckle boys worked lovingest, best, I hear,
On a soft little laugh that was stirred in a heart, and made of a precious tear.
LITTLE SISTER OF THE MOON
Little sister of the moon lived upon a steep
Where the road wound upward, to the hill of sleep;
There she slept, the daytimes, in a mossy cave
Where nights the shadows gathered, and dancing lessons gave.

At eight o’clock each night she woke: “It’s time to rise, I guess”;
She shook her tangled hair out, and donned a silver dress;
She washed her hands in water, that ran as cold as snow,
And packed a little basket, with the sweetest things that grow.

And then she sang; “And now, away!” and flew up to the sky,
The owl’s child saw her going, and blinked a sober eye;
The willow threw her kisses, and the breeze laughed, “I’m along,”
And helped her bear the basket, and sang a sweetheart song.

The moon, her patient sister, was waiting in the blue,

How could she leave for supper, with so many things to do?
She must keep the little stars awake, and put the breeze to sleep;
And scare away the cloud-folk, who crowded round like sheep.

So Little Sister comes to her; she flies before her face.

She spreads her silver gown out, and bows a low “Your Grace!”
With the dipper for a saucer, and a comet for a spoon,
She mixes sweets with fire and dew, and feeds them to the moon.
 THE SANDMAN’S WIFE

The little brown sandman lives, you know,

On the top of the hill where the poppies grow;
The roof of his house is a great toadstool
With a wee bell-tower, like the village school;
And tumbling and heaping about the door
Are piles of sand from the white seashore.

The little brown sandman, bent and thin,

Has a deep blue cloak that he wraps up in;
His peaked hat has a star on top
And he fastens his cloak with a green gumdrop;
He’s always sleepy; a slow man he;
And he stretches and yawns at half-past three.

Now the greatest joy in the sandman’s life

Is Polly M’ Pumpkin, the sandman’s wife;
She’s a round little soul, with a rosy face,
And she bustles and bounces about the place;
The children the sandman goes to see
She loves a great deal more than he.
At seven o’clock, on every night,
She lights his lamp with a fagot bright;
Then Polly M’ Pumpkin wakes him up
As he sits asleep, by his blue tea-cup;
“The children are nodding now,” she cries,
“Go sprinkle the sea-sand upon their eyes!”

And she hands him a sack, when he blinks and starts,

“For My Sleepiest Children” (ah, bless their hearts!)
And quite unknown to the brown sandman
She has mixed it up, as she only can,
With magical sugar, as sweet as a rose,
That brings good dreams wherever it goes.

“Now hurry away!” she cries, and stands,

On the flat door-stone, and waves her hands;
The little brown sandman slips away
Till he’s lost in the stars of the milky way;
“He’d never get started in all his life,
If it wasn’t for me,” says the sandman’s wife.

Then she climbs the bell-tower, up on the house,

And she peers about, like a bright-eyed mouse;
And she says to herself, as she always does,
“I’ll let him sleep some night, because
I’m going to go, in my husband’s place,”
And a mischievous smile lights up her face.
 DREAMS FOR THREE

Three little dreams flew in from the south

And they flew in a swift straight line
And one was a dream of peaches and cream
And that little dream was mine;
I dreamed that a pretty white cloth was spread
With the round moon set for a dish
And I ate in state of peaches and cream
As much as my heart could wish.

The next little dream was a funny one;

It came to Molly O’Lear;
She thought that she rode on a great green goose
That bucked like a Texas steer;
It flopped about, till it knocked her off,
And it cackled “Gingerbread Joke;”
And Molly wondered what that could be,
And while she was wondering, woke.

The last little dream was the best of all.

It flew to Elizabeth Lee.
She swung in a hammock, embroidered with snails,
Way up to the top of a tree;
And there she found, all cuddled away,
In a sort of a cottony nest,
The Little Lost Princess of Shut-Eye town;—
No wonder her dream was best.
LADY MOTHER
Mother’s face by candlelight
Stars aglow, without,
Just my little room at night
Shadows all about;
Other places
Other faces
Never half so dear;
Lady mother, stay with me,
Very, very near.

Mother’s hands to hold mine fast

Candle burning, low,
Wind across the gable roofs
Singing sad and slow;
Other hands
In other lands
Never were so good;
I would hold them always here
If I only could.

Stay with me, dear lady mother

Sing me off to sleep;
Sing of stars and candlelight,
Love so deep, so deep.
THE ROAD TO GLAD TOMORROW

Across the hills it winds away

Between the fields of clover
The road that leads from Glad Today;
See, little child, look over;
It leaves behind your Wonder-World
Without a sigh or sorrow;
Child, beneath the apple bough
For your dear sake I name it now—
The Road to Glad Tomorrow.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RHYMES OF A
CHILD'S WORLD: A BOOK OF VERSE FOR CHILDREN ***

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