Download the full version of the ebook at ebookname.

com

Wireless Sensor Networks for Healthcare

Applications 1st Edition Terrance J. Dishongh

https://ebookname.com/product/wireless-sensor-networks-for-
healthcare-applications-1st-edition-terrance-j-dishongh/

OR CLICK BUTTON

DOWNLOAD EBOOK

Download more ebook instantly today at https://ebookname.com

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Wireless sensor networks technology protocols and

applications 1st Edition Kazem Sohraby

https://ebookname.com/product/wireless-sensor-networks-technology-
protocols-and-applications-1st-edition-kazem-sohraby/

ebookname.com

Wireless Ad Hoc and Sensor Networks 1st Edition Houda

Labiod

https://ebookname.com/product/wireless-ad-hoc-and-sensor-networks-1st-
edition-houda-labiod/

ebookname.com

Wireless Sensor Networks Principles and Practice 1st

Edition Fei Hu (Author)

https://ebookname.com/product/wireless-sensor-networks-principles-and-
practice-1st-edition-fei-hu-author/

ebookname.com

Constitutions of the World 3rd Edition Robert L. Maddex

https://ebookname.com/product/constitutions-of-the-world-3rd-edition-
robert-l-maddex/

ebookname.com
Essential Statistics for Applied Linguistics Using R or
JASP 2nd Edition Hanneke Loerts

https://ebookname.com/product/essential-statistics-for-applied-
linguistics-using-r-or-jasp-2nd-edition-hanneke-loerts/

ebookname.com

No god but God The Origins Evolution and Future of Islam

Reza Aslan

https://ebookname.com/product/no-god-but-god-the-origins-evolution-
and-future-of-islam-reza-aslan/

ebookname.com

Essentials of Clinical Supervision Jane M. Campbell

https://ebookname.com/product/essentials-of-clinical-supervision-jane-
m-campbell/

ebookname.com

1 e4 vs The French Caro Kann Philidor First Edition.

Edition Parimarjan Negi

https://ebookname.com/product/1-e4-vs-the-french-caro-kann-philidor-
first-edition-edition-parimarjan-negi/

ebookname.com

Next Generation Intelligent Optical Networks 2008th

Edition Stamatios Kartalopoulos

https://ebookname.com/product/next-generation-intelligent-optical-
networks-2008th-edition-stamatios-kartalopoulos/

ebookname.com
Careers As a Paralegal and Legal Assistant 1st Edition G.
S. Prentzas

https://ebookname.com/product/careers-as-a-paralegal-and-legal-
assistant-1st-edition-g-s-prentzas/

ebookname.com
Wireless Sensor Networks for
Healthcare Applications
 For a listing of recent titles in the
Artech House Telemedicine and Connected Health,
Technology Series turn to the back of this book.
Wireless Sensor Networks for
Healthcare Applications

Terrance J. Dishongh
Michael McGrath

artechhouse.com
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record for this book is available from the U.S. Library of Congress.

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

ISBN-13: 978-1-59693-305-7

Cover design by Pilar Colleran

© 2010 Intel. All rights reserved.

Artech House
685 Canton Street
Norwood, MA 02062

Printed and bound in the United States of America. No part of this book may be reproduced
or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying,
recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing
from the publisher.
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have
been appropriately capitalized. Artech House cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa-
tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trade-
mark or service mark.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
Acknowledgments xi

CHAPTER 1
Healthcare and the Wireless Sensor Network 1
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Structure 1
1.3 The Demographic Context 2
1.4 The Potential of Technology 5
1.4.1 Sensor Networks for At-Home Care 6
1.4.2 Wireless Biomedical Sensor Networks 7
1.4.3 Value to Clinicians and Caregivers 8
1.4.4 Benefits of At-Home WSNs 8
1.5 General Approach to WSN in Healthcare 9
1.5.1 Key Principles 9
1.5.2 Methodology 9
1.6 Conclusion 11
References 11

CHAPTER 2
Sensor Network Technologies 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Wireless Sensor Networks 13
2.2.1 Network Architectures 14
2.2.2 TCP/IP and WSNs 16
2.3 WSN Technologies 16
2.3.1 Motes 18
2.3.2 MICA 19
2.3.3 iMote 20
2.3.4 Microcontrollers 20
2.3.5 Radio Transceivers 24
2.3.6 Radios for WSN Applications 25
2.3.7 System-on-Chip 29
2.3.8 Antenna Designs for Wireless Sensors 29
2.3.9 Operating Systems 33
2.3.10 Sensors and Actuators for Healthcare WSNs 34
2.4 Conclusion 36
References 39

v
vi Contents

CHAPTER 3
Informing Your Design 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Clinician Requirements 46
3.2.1 Data to Be Collected 46
3.2.2 Information Reporting 46
3.2.3 Subject Interaction 47
3.2.4 Environment 47
3.2.5 Sample CRD Contents 48
3.3 End User Modeling 49
3.3.1 User Definition: The Role of Ethnography 49
3.3.2 Ethnographic Modeling 50
3.3.3 Ethnography: Conclusion 51
3.4 Usage Modeling 52
3.4.1 The Usage Modeling Process 52
3.4.2 Benefits of Usage Modeling 54
3.5 Requirements 54
3.5.1 Use Cases 54
3.6 Failure Modes and Effects Analysis 55
3.6.1 FMEA Example #1 56
3.6.2 FMEA Example #2 56
3.7 Conclusion 59
3.8 Field Experience: Furniture Cruising 60
References 61
Select Bibliography 61

CHAPTER 4
Technology Selection 63
4.1 Introduction 63
4.2 Practical Guidelines for Architecting WSN Solutions for Healthcare 63
4.2.1 Generalized WSN Architecture for Healthcare 64
4.2.2 Literature Highlights: Architectural Models 65
4.3 From Requirements Statement to Technology Selection 67
4.4 Hardware Choices 68
4.4.1 Selection Criteria 68
4.4.2 Relevant Clinical Research 71
4.4.3 Off-the-Shelf, or Bespoke? 72
4.4.4 Two-Chip or Single-Chip? 72
4.4.5 Documentation Is Essential: The PDRD 73
4.4.6 Hardware Prototyping and Design Review 75
4.5 Firmware Choices 76
4.5.1 RTOS or Simple Scheduler? 76
4.5.2 Operating System 76
4.5.3 TinyOS 76
4.5.4 Communications Standards: ISO/IEEE 11073 81
4.6 Software Choices 82
4.6.1 Software Considerations 82
Contents vii

4.6.2 Programming Languages 84

4.6.3 IDE and Compilers 84
4.6.4 Transparency of Source Code 84
4.6.5 Data Management 84
4.6.6 Conclusion 85
4.7 Field Experience #1: Radio Enclosures 85
4.8 Field Experience #2: Bluetooth Testing 89
4.8.1 Introduction 89
4.8.2 Experimental Process 89
4.8.3 Results 92
4.8.4 Conclusions 92
References 93
Useful Links 94

CHAPTER 5
Data Collection and Decision Making 95
5.1 Introduction to Inference Modeling 95
5.1.1 Categories of Inference Engines 96
5.1.2 Limitations of Predictive Analytics 97
5.2 Static Rules-Based Models 97
5.2.1 Example of a Static Rules-Based Application 99
5.3 Statistical Probability Models 100
5.4 Bayesian and Markov Models 100
5.4.1 Field Experiences ADL Applications 104
References 105

CHAPTER 6
Deploying in the Field 107
6.1 Introduction 107
6.2 Planning 107
6.3 Testing 108
6.3.1 Bench Testing 109
6.3.2 Lab Testing 110
6.3.3 Friendly Environment Test 111
6.3.4 Ethical Review and Labeling 111
6.3.5 Premarket Testing 113
6.3.6 Documentation 113
6.4 Preinstall 113
6.5 Installation 114
6.6 Maintenance 115
6.7 Teardown 116
6.8 Field Experience 117
6.8.1 Planning 117
6.8.2 Choice of Radio 117
6.8.3 Installation 120
6.8.4 Building Materials 120
6.8.5 Participant Tests 122
viii Contents

6.8.6 Human Frailty 123

6.8.7 Fluorescent Lamps and Infrared 123
References 123

CHAPTER 7
Clinical Deployments of Wireless Sensor Networks: Gait 125
7.1 Introduction 125
7.2 Clinical Problem Statement 125
7.3 Clinical Research Objective 126
7.3.1 Technology Objective 126
7.4 Clinician Requirements 127
7.4.1 User Definitions and Permissions 127
7.4.2 Clinical Parameters 128
7.4.3 Data Collection and Storage 130
7.4.4 Data Analysis and Reporting 130
7.4.5 Subject Interaction 132
7.5 Ethnography and Usage Modeling 132
7.6 Environmental Issues 133
7.7 Technology Selection Criteria 133
7.8 Technology Selection 134
7.8.1 Device 135
7.8.2 Sensor Technology 135
7.8.3 Radio 135
7.8.4 Footfall Mapping Technology 135
7.8.5 Video Cameras and System Layout 136
7.8.6 Software 136
7.9 Prototype Definitions Requirements Document 136
7.9.1 Purpose of PDRD 137
7.9.2 System Description: Footfall Sensor 137
7.9.3 System Description: Body-Worn Sensors 141
7.9.4 System Description: Software 143
7.9.5 System Description: Video 145
7.9.6 System Description: Miscellaneous Sensors 145
7.10 System Validation 145
7.11 Conclusion 147
References 147

CHAPTER 8
Contextual Awareness Medication Prompting Field Trials in Homes 151
8.1 Introduction 151
8.2 Problem Statement 151
8.2.1 Medication Reminders 152
8.3 Research Objective 152
8.4 Ethnographic Research on Medication Routines 153
8.5 Probe Study: Three Existing Medication Reminders 154
8.5.1 Probe Study Participants 156
8.5.2 Probe Study Procedure 156
Contents ix

8.5.3 Probe Study Results and Discussion 158

8.5.4 Device Preferences 158
8.6 Collaborative Design 160
8.7 Ethnographic, Probe Study, and Collaborative Design Results 162
8.8 Use Cases 162
8.8.1 Use Case #1 162
8.8.2 Use Case #2 163
8.8.3 Use Case #3 163
8.9 Technical Design 163
8.10 Technology Selection 163
8.11 Prototype Definition Requirements Document 166
8.11.1 System Description: iMedTracker 166
8.11.2 System Description: Health SPOT 174
8.11.3 System Description: Activity Beacon 180
8.11.4 System Description: Phone Sensor 182
8.11.5 System Description: Bed Sensor 183
8.11.6 System Description: Motion Sensor 184
8.11.7 System Description: Door Sensor 185
8.12 Software: The Inference Engine 185
8.12.1 The Total Set of Activities to Be Detected or Inferred 185
8.12.2 Activities Affecting Adherence 186
8.12.3 Activities Affecting Ability to Respond to Prompts 186
8.12.4 Other Significant Effects to Detect 186
8.12.5 Some Candidate Effects Not Detected 186
8.12.6 Sensors and Actuators to Be Deployed 187
8.12.7 Types of Inference 187
8.13 Reasoning System for Context-Aware Prompting 190
8.14 Explanation of Location Tracking Using the Health SPOT Watch 193
8.14.1 Literature Review 194
8.14.2 RSSI and BER for Location 195
8.14.3 Health SPOT Device Construction and Software 195
8.14.4 Prompting Stack Pseudocode 200
8.15 Conclusion 200
References 201

CHAPTER 9
Case Study: Social Health 205
9.1 Introduction 205
9.2 Clinical Problem Statement 205
9.3 Clinical Research Objective 206
9.4 Technology Objectives 206
9.5 System Architecture 207
9.6 Requirements Capture and User Modeling 207
9.6.1 Clinical Requirements 208
9.6.2 Usage Models 209
9.6.3 Data to Be Collected 210
9.6.4 Subject Interaction 210
x Contents

9.6.5 Environment 211

9.7 Technology Selection Criteria 211
9.8 Technology Selection 212
9.8.1 Mote 212
9.8.2 Door Sensors 212
9.8.3 Motion Sensors 212
9.8.4 Location Sensors 213
9.8.5 Presence Lamp 215
9.8.6 Software 215
9.9 Deployment 219
9.9.1 Radio Enclosures 219
9.9.2 Infrared Location Tracking Issues 220
9.9.3 Building Materials 221
9.9.4 Pets 222
9.9.5 Every House Is Different 222
9.10 Results 222
9.11 Conclusion 223
References 223
Select Bibliography 223

CHAPTER 10
Future of Wireless Sensor Networks for Healthcare 225
10.1 Introduction 225
10.2 Noncontact Sensing: The Burnfoot Project 225
10.2.1 Incorporation of Derivation Findings into Burnfoot
10.2.1 Sensor Simulations 230
10.2.2 Potential Applications 231
10.2.3 Burnfoot Validation 233
10.3 Using Radio Frequency for the Biosignals Data Collection 234
10.3.1 Leveraging the Doppler Effect 235
10.4 Movement to Standardized Radios for WSN 235
10.5 Ubiquitous Displays 236
10.6 Conclusion 236
References 236

Index 239
Acknowledgments
The information contained within our text comes from the efforts and the dedica-
tion of many researchers both academic institutions and industrial companies, as
well as those who volunteered to allow us to trial the technology with them.
The authors would like to thank Steve Agritelley, Steven M. Ayer, Benjamin
Kuris, Eric Dishman, Farzin Guilak, Beth Logan, Jay Lundell, Kevin Rhodes,
Margie Morris, Stuart Smith, Brad Needham, Sengul Vurgun, Matthai Philipose,
Misha Pavel, KoW Cobbinah, Tamara Hayes, Jeffrey Kaye, Janna Kimel, Michael
Lambhard, Bill DeLeeuw, Niamh Scannell, Adrian Burns, Charing Riolo, Grainne
Miller, John Sherry, Simon Roberts, David Pendragast, Cliodhna Ní Scanaill, Karol
O’Donovan, Julie Behan, Paddy Nixon, Seamus Small, Aaron Quigley, Charing
Riolo, Damien Kelly, Fergal Tuffy, Phillip Vance, Barry Greene, Chen Wie (Mimi)
Fan, Mike Forgarty, and a special thanks to Ciaran Clissman and Jeannine Drew
for editing and helping with the construction.
To show our appreciation and acknowledgement, we the authors have asked
that the publisher donate all authorship royalties to the Alzheimer’s Association.

xi
 CHAPTER 1

Healthcare and the Wireless Sensor

Network
1.1 Introduction

In this book, the authors capture a broad spectrum of knowledge gained by con-
ducting numerous healthcare trials in clinical and home settings using wireless sen-
sors networks. The general problem of acquiring physiological and behavioral data
from patients for diagnosis, monitoring, or chronic disease management can be
addressed using wireless sensors. Within this text the authors have collected the best
known methods, technology assessments, and training to teach and inform the
reader, based on experience and knowledge collected over the last 10 years “in the
trenches.”

1.2 Structure

This book consists of 10 chapters.

Chapter 1 begins by presenting the book structure. It continues by reviewing the
changing demographic of the worldwide aging population and its impact on the
healthcare systems of countries around the world. The potential value of moving the
point of routine monitoring and care from hospitals into the home is highlighted.
The role of technology in supporting independent aging in the home is then exam-
ined, with an emphasis on the use of wireless sensor networks. Finally, the overall
methodology used by the authors for planning, building, and deploying WSNs for
healthcare is presented; this methodology is further developed throughout this
book.
Chapter 2 focuses on the technologies available to the engineer who is design-
ing, building, and deploying a WSN in support of a healthcare objective. Dedicated
sections look at overall system architectures, as well as available technologies in
sensors and actuators, microprocessors, radio stacks, operating systems, and anten-
nas. The critical importance of antenna choice for WSNs is highlighted.
Chapter 3 examines the capture of systems requirements for at-home healthcare
solutions and the collection of information required for the solution design. The
overall clinical requirements for the solution are provided by the clinician to the
engineer in a clinical requirements document (CRD). A key issue is ensuring the sys-
tem meets the needs of an older person living at home. Ethnographic observation
and analysis are introduced and their potential is explored. Usage modeling, which

1
2 Healthcare and the Wireless Sensor Network

aims to analyze the overall end user experience, is also considered. A discussion of
technical design considerations (data to be collected, information to be reported,
etc.) follows. Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) can productively be used to
minimize failures and their impact on a WSN resource. This topic is explored with
supporting examples. The theoretical material is illustrated with a case study of the
use of ethnography in a recent at-home healthcare project.
Chapter 4 explores how to select the best possible combination of technologies
to implement the solution. The creation of an appropriate systems architecture, tak-
ing all relevant issues into account, is explored. Dedicated sections look at selecting
hardware, firmware, and software for WSN solutions. Two case studies illustrate
the process in some detail.
Chapter 5 considers the use of machine learning and rules-based inference for
the analysis of sensor data. Data analysis for sensor network solutions must support
both long-term trending and also real-time decision making, triggering actuation.
The amount of data being collected can be quite substantial; analysis of these data
sets using an expert system is a promising research area.
Chapter 6 describes how to test, finalize, and deploy a WSN solution in a home
environment. There is a strong focus on the testing process, including bench, lab,
friendly and premarket testing, labeling, and human subjects review. A detailed
step-by-step guide to installations, from planning to final teardown, is provided,
informed by the authors’ experiences of real-world deployments.
Chapter 7 documents for the reader the creation of a wireless sensor platform
for clinical applications as a case study for a system for clinical evaluation of gait.
The chapter takes the reader through the development lifecycle of a wireless plat-
form called SHIMMER from the conceptual design phase through to the clinical
application of the platform. It offers a valuable insight into the various phases of the
SHIMMER project lifecycle and the lessons learned along the way. The system is
installed in three world-class clinics located in different parts of the globe with over
600 patients assessed by the systems to date.
Chapter 8 contains a different application of wireless sensor network for medi-
cation reminding in the home. The system was deployed in the homes of 15 elderly
subjects in the United States. The findings from these field trials are described for
the reader.
Chapter 9 covers a second trial in the homes of elderly subjects in the United
States that sought to demonstrate the effectiveness of social connectivity between
the elderly and their social network of friend and family. The trial reviewed in this
chapter was conducted with 12 caregivers and elderly in the western part of the
United State.
Concluding the book, Chapter 10 attempts to give the reader a glimpse into
future trends of healthcare and the potential impact of body sensor networks to
those trends.

1.3 The Demographic Context

The global population is getting older. Throughout the western world, people are
living longer. The length of retirement is increasing, as is the length of time that
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
agreement and help preserve free future access to Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.

1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation (“the

Foundation” or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the
collection of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works. Nearly all the
individual works in the collection are in the public domain in the
United States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law
in the United States and you are located in the United States, we do
not claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing,
performing, displaying or creating derivative works based on the
work as long as all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of
course, we hope that you will support the Project Gutenberg™
mission of promoting free access to electronic works by freely
sharing Project Gutenberg™ works in compliance with the terms of
this agreement for keeping the Project Gutenberg™ name associated
with the work. You can easily comply with the terms of this
agreement by keeping this work in the same format with its attached
full Project Gutenberg™ License when you share it without charge
with others.

1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also
govern what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most
countries are in a constant state of change. If you are outside the
United States, check the laws of your country in addition to the
terms of this agreement before downloading, copying, displaying,
performing, distributing or creating derivative works based on this
work or any other Project Gutenberg™ work. The Foundation makes
no representations concerning the copyright status of any work in
any country other than the United States.

1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:

1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other

immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg™ License must
appear prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg™
work (any work on which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” appears,
or with which the phrase “Project Gutenberg” is associated) is
accessed, displayed, performed, viewed, copied or distributed:

This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United

States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.

1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is derived

from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not contain a
notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the copyright
holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in the
United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase “Project
Gutenberg” associated with or appearing on the work, you must
comply either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through
1.E.7 or obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project
Gutenberg™ trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg™ electronic work is posted

with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
will be linked to the Project Gutenberg™ License for all works posted
with the permission of the copyright holder found at the beginning
of this work.

1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project

Gutenberg™ License terms from this work, or any files containing a
part of this work or any other work associated with Project
Gutenberg™.
1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1
with active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
Gutenberg™ License.

1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form,
including any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you
provide access to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg™ work
in a format other than “Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other format used in
the official version posted on the official Project Gutenberg™ website
(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or
expense to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or
a means of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original
“Plain Vanilla ASCII” or other form. Any alternate format must
include the full Project Gutenberg™ License as specified in
paragraph 1.E.1.

1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,

performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg™ works
unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.

1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing

access to or distributing Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
provided that:

• You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive
from the use of Project Gutenberg™ works calculated using the
method you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The
fee is owed to the owner of the Project Gutenberg™ trademark,
but he has agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty
payments must be paid within 60 days following each date on
which you prepare (or are legally required to prepare) your
periodic tax returns. Royalty payments should be clearly marked
 as such and sent to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation at the address specified in Section 4, “Information
about donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation.”

• You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who

notifies you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt
that s/he does not agree to the terms of the full Project
Gutenberg™ License. You must require such a user to return or
destroy all copies of the works possessed in a physical medium
and discontinue all use of and all access to other copies of
Project Gutenberg™ works.

• You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of

any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in
the electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90
days of receipt of the work.

• You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
distribution of Project Gutenberg™ works.

1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project Gutenberg™

electronic work or group of works on different terms than are set
forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing from
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the manager of
the Project Gutenberg™ trademark. Contact the Foundation as set
forth in Section 3 below.

1.F.

1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend

considerable effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe
and proofread works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating
the Project Gutenberg™ collection. Despite these efforts, Project
Gutenberg™ electronic works, and the medium on which they may
be stored, may contain “Defects,” such as, but not limited to,
incomplete, inaccurate or corrupt data, transcription errors, a
copyright or other intellectual property infringement, a defective or
damaged disk or other medium, a computer virus, or computer
codes that damage or cannot be read by your equipment.

1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for

the “Right of Replacement or Refund” described in paragraph 1.F.3,
the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the
Project Gutenberg™ trademark, and any other party distributing a
Project Gutenberg™ electronic work under this agreement, disclaim
all liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR
NEGLIGENCE, STRICT LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR
BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH
1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE TRADEMARK
OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL
NOT BE LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT,
CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF
YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.

1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you

discover a defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving
it, you can receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by
sending a written explanation to the person you received the work
from. If you received the work on a physical medium, you must
return the medium with your written explanation. The person or
entity that provided you with the defective work may elect to provide
a replacement copy in lieu of a refund. If you received the work
electronically, the person or entity providing it to you may choose to
give you a second opportunity to receive the work electronically in
lieu of a refund. If the second copy is also defective, you may
demand a refund in writing without further opportunities to fix the
problem.

1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you ‘AS-IS’, WITH NO
OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.

1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied

warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of damages.
If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement violates the
law of the state applicable to this agreement, the agreement shall be
interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or limitation permitted
by the applicable state law. The invalidity or unenforceability of any
provision of this agreement shall not void the remaining provisions.

1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation,

the trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation,
anyone providing copies of Project Gutenberg™ electronic works in
accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with
the production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg™
electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of the
following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this or
any Project Gutenberg™ work, (b) alteration, modification, or
additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg™ work, and (c) any
Defect you cause.

Section 2. Information about the Mission

of Project Gutenberg™
Project Gutenberg™ is synonymous with the free distribution of
electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers.
It exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and
donations from people in all walks of life.

Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the

assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg™’s
goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg™ collection will
remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a
secure and permanent future for Project Gutenberg™ and future
generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help,
see Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
www.gutenberg.org.

Section 3. Information about the Project

Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non-profit
501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
Revenue Service. The Foundation’s EIN or federal tax identification
number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg
Literary Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent
permitted by U.S. federal laws and your state’s laws.

The Foundation’s business office is located at 809 North 1500 West,

Salt Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up
to date contact information can be found at the Foundation’s website
and official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact

Section 4. Information about Donations to

the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive
Foundation
Project Gutenberg™ depends upon and cannot survive without
widespread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can
be freely distributed in machine-readable form accessible by the
widest array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many
small donations ($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to
maintaining tax exempt status with the IRS.

The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating

charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and
keep up with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in
locations where we have not received written confirmation of
compliance. To SEND DONATIONS or determine the status of
compliance for any particular state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate.

While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where

we have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no
prohibition against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in
such states who approach us with offers to donate.

International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make

any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.

Please check the Project Gutenberg web pages for current donation
methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of
other ways including checks, online payments and credit card
donations. To donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate.

Section 5. General Information About

Project Gutenberg™ electronic works
Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
Gutenberg™ concept of a library of electronic works that could be
freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
distributed Project Gutenberg™ eBooks with only a loose network of
volunteer support.
Project Gutenberg™ eBooks are often created from several printed
editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
edition.

Most people start at our website which has the main PG search
facility: www.gutenberg.org.

This website includes information about Project Gutenberg™,

including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how
to subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.