Instant ebooks textbook System Dynamics 3rd Edition by William J Palm III (eBook PDF) download all chapters
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PREFACE
S
ystem dynamics deals with mathematical modeling and analysis of devices and
processes for the purpose of understanding their time-dependent behavior. While
other subjects, such as Newtonian dynamics and electrical circuit theory, also
deal with time-dependent behavior, system dynamics emphasizes methods for han-
dling applications containing multiple types of components and processes such as
electromechanical devices, electrohydraulic devices, and fluid-thermal processes. Be-
cause the goal of system dynamics is to understand the time-dependent behavior of a
system of interconnected devices and processes as a whole, the modeling and analysis
methods used in system dynamics must be properly selected to reveal how the con-
nections between the system elements affect its overall behavior. Because systems of
interconnected elements often require a control system to work properly, control system
design is a major application area in system dynamics.
TEXT PHILOSOPHY
This text is an introduction to system dynamics and is suitable for such courses com-
monly found in engineering curricula. It is assumed that the student has a background in
elementary differential and integral calculus and college physics (dynamics, mechanics
of materials, thermodynamics, and electrical circuits). A previous course in differen-
tial equations is desirable but not necessary, as the required material on differential
equations, as well as Laplace transforms and matrices, is developed in the text.
The decision to write a textbook often comes from the author’s desire to improve
on available texts. The decisions as to what topics to include and what approach to take
emerge from the author’s teaching experiences that give insight as to what is needed
for students to master the subject. This text is based on the author’s forty-one years of
experience in teaching system dynamics.
This experience shows that typical students in a system dynamics course are not yet
comfortable with applying the relevant concepts from earlier courses in dynamics and
differential equations. Therefore, this text reviews and reinforces these important topics
early on. Students often lack sufficient physical insight to relate the mathematical results
to applications. The text therefore uses everyday illustrations of system dynamics to
help students to understand the material and its relevance.
If laboratory sessions accompany the system dynamics course, many of the text’s
examples can be used as the basis for experiments. The text is also a suitable reference
on hardware and on parameter estimation methods.
vii
viii Preface
used program in system dynamics courses and by practitioners in the field. Simulink,
which is based on MATLAB and uses a diagram-based interface, is increasing in
popularity because of its power and ease of use. In fact, students convinced the author
to use Simulink after they discovered it on their own and learned how easy it is to use!
It provides a useful and motivational tool.
It is, however, not necessary to cover MATLAB or Simulink in order to use the
text, and it is shown how to do this later in the Preface.
TEXT OVERVIEW
Chapter 1 introduces the basic terminology of system dynamics, covers commonly used
functions, and reviews the two systems of units used in the text: British Engineering
(FPS) units and SI units. These are the unit systems most commonly used in system
dynamics applications. The examples and homework problems employ both sets of
units so that the student will become comfortable with both. Chapter 1 also introduces
methods for parameter estimation. These methods are particularly useful for obtaining
spring constants and damping coefficients.
Chapter 2 develops the Laplace transform method for solving differential equations
and applies it to equations having step, ramp, sine, impulse, and other types of forcing
functions. It also introduces transfer function models.
Chapter 3 covers rigid-body dynamics, including planar motion.
Chapter 4 covers modeling of mechanical systems having stiffness and damping,
and it applies the analytical methods developed in Chapter 2 to solve the models.
Chapter 5 develops block diagrams and the state-variable model, which is useful for
certain analytical techniques as well as for numerical solutions. The optional sections
of this chapter introduce Simulink, which is based on block diagram descriptions, and
apply the chapter’s concepts using MATLAB.
Chapter 6 treats modeling of electric circuits, operational amplifiers, electro-
mechanical devices, sensors, and electroacoustic devices. It also discusses how motor
parameters can be obtained, and it shows how to analyze motor performance.
Part I of Chapter 7 covers fluid systems. Part II covers thermal systems. These two
parts are independent of each other. A background in fluid mechanics or heat transfer
is not required to understand this chapter, but students should have had elementary
thermodynamics before covering the material on pneumatic systems in Section 7.5.
Chapters 8 and 9 cover analysis methods in the time domain and the frequency
domain, respectively.
Chapter 8 integrates the modeling and analysis techniques of earlier chapters with
an emphasis on understanding system behavior in the time domain, using step, ramp,
and impulse functions primarily. The chapter covers step response specifications such
as maximum overshoot, peak time, delay time, rise time, and settling time.
Chapter 9 demonstrates the usefulness of the transfer function for understanding
and analyzing a system’s frequency response. It introduces Bode plots and shows how
they are sketched and interpreted to obtain information about time constants, resonant
frequencies, and bandwidth.
Chapters 10, 11, and 12 deal with a major application of system dynamics, namely,
control systems. Chapter 10 is an introduction to feedback control systems, including
the PID control algorithm applied to first- and second-order plants. Chapter 11 deals
with control systems in more depth and includes design methods based on the root locus
plot and practical topics such as compensation, controller tuning, actuator saturation,
Preface ix
reset wind-up, and state-variable feedback, with emphasis on motion control systems.
Chapter 12 covers series compensation methods and design with the Bode plot.
Chapter 13 covers another major application area, vibrations. Important practical
applications covered are vibration isolators, vibration absorbers, modes, and suspension
system design.
CHAPTER FORMAT
The format of each chapter follows the same pattern, which is
1. Chapter outline
2. Chapter objectives
3. Chapter sections
4. MATLAB sections (in most chapters)
5. Simulink section (in most chapters)
6. Chapter review
7. References
8. Problems
This structure has been designed partly to accommodate those courses that do not
cover MATLAB and/or Simulink, by placing the optional MATLAB and Simulink
material at the end of the chapter. Chapter problems are arranged according to the
chapter section whose concepts they illustrate. All problems requiring MATLAB and/or
Simulink have thus been placed in separate, identifiable groups.
OPTIONAL TOPICS
In addition to the optional chapters (11, 12, and 13), some chapters have sections dealing
with material other than MATLAB and Simulink that can be omitted without affecting
understanding of the core material in subsequent chapters. All such optional material
has been placed in sections near the end of the chapter. This optional material includes:
1. Function discovery, parameter estimation, and system identification techniques
(Sections 1.4, 8.4, and 9.5)
2. General theory of partial fraction expansion (Section 2.5)
3. Impulse response (Sections 3.6 and 4.6)
4. Motor performance (Section 6.5)
5. Sensors and electroacoustic devices (Section 6.6)
DISTINGUISHING FEATURES
The following are considered to be the major distinguishing features of the text.
1. MATLAB. Stand-alone sections in most chapters provide concise summaries
and illustrations of MATLAB features relevant to the chapter’s topics.
2. Simulink. Stand-alone sections in Chapters 5 through 12 provide extensive
Simulink coverage not found in most system dynamics texts.
3. Parameter estimation. Coverage of function discovery, parameter estimation,
and system identification techniques is given in Sections 1.4, 8.4, and 9.5.
Students are uneasy when they are given parameter values such as spring stiffness
and damping coefficients in examples and homework problems, because they
want to know how they will obtain such values in practice. These sections show
how this is done.
4. Motor performance evaluation. Section 6.5 discusses the effect of motor
dynamics on practical considerations for motor and amplifier applications, such
as motion profiles and the required peak and rated continuous current and torque,
Preface xi
and maximum required voltage and motor speed. These considerations offer
excellent examples of practical applications of system dynamics but are not
discussed in most system dynamics texts.
5. System dynamics in everyday life. Commonly found illustrations of system
dynamics are important for helping students to understand the material and its
relevance. This text provides examples drawn from objects encountered in
everyday life. These examples include a storm door closer, fluid flow from a
bottle, shock absorbers and suspension springs, motors, systems with gearing,
chain drives, belt drives, a backhoe, a water tower, and cooling of liquid in a cup.
6. Theme applications. Two common applications provide themes for examples
and problems throughout the text. These are motion control systems, such as a
conveyor system and a robot arm, and vehicle suspension systems.
WEBSITE
The publisher maintains a website for this text at www.mhhe.com/palm. An online
instructors manual is available at this site. It contains solutions to the problems and
other pedagogical aids, and is accessible to instructors who have adopted the text for
their course. The site is also home to Appendices D and E.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I want to acknowledge and thank the many individuals who contributed to this effort. At
McGraw-Hill, my thanks go to Tom Casson, who initiated the project, and to Jonathan
Plant, Betsy Jones, Debra Matteson, Lisa Kalner Williams, and Lora Neyens for perse-
vering on the “long and winding road”! Bill Stenquist and Kathryn Neubauer Carney
deserve credit for the initiation and production of the third edition.
The University of Rhode Island provided an atmosphere that encourages teaching
excellence, course development, and writing, and for that I am grateful.
Finally, I thank my wife, Mary Louise; and my children, Aileene, Bill, and Andrew,
for their support, patience, and understanding.
William J. Palm III
Kingston, Rhode Island
December 2012
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
xii
C H
1
A P T E R
Introduction
CHAPTER OUTLINE CHAPTER OBJECTIVES
1.1 Introduction to System Dynamics 2 When you have finished this chapter, you should be able to
1.2 Units 9 1. Define the basic terminology of system dynamics.
1.3 Developing Linear Models 11
2. Apply the basic steps used for engineering problem
1.4 Function Identification and solving.
Parameter Estimation 17
3. Apply the necessary steps for developing a
1.5 Chapter Review 26
computer solution.
Problems 26
4. Use units in both the FPS and the SI systems.
5. Develop linear models from given algebraic
expressions.
6. Identify the algebraic form and obtain the
coefficient values of a model, given a set of data
containing little scatter.
his chapter introduces the basic terminology of system dynamics, which includes
T the notions of system, static and dynamic elements, input, and output. Because
we will use both the foot-pound-second (FPS) and the metric (SI) systems of
units, the chapter introduces these two systems. Developing mathematical models of
input-output relations is essential to the applications of system dynamics. Therefore, we
begin our study by introducing some basic methods for developing algebraic models
of static elements. We show how to use the methods of function identification and
parameter estimation to develop models from data, and how to fit models to data that
has little scatter.
Although Section 1.4 provides the foundation for understanding how to develop
models of static elements, coverage of this section is not required to understand the
methods of the remaining chapters, because the appropriate models will be supplied in
the examples and chapter problems and thus need not be derived. ■
1
2 CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1.1 SYSTEMS
The meaning of the term system has become somewhat vague because of overuse. The
original meaning of the term is a combination of elements intended to act together to
accomplish an objective. For example, a link in a bicycle chain is usually not considered
to be a system. However, when it is used with other links to form a chain, it becomes
part of a system. The objective for the chain is to transmit force. When the chain is
combined with gears, wheels, crank, handlebars, and other elements, it becomes part
of a larger system whose purpose is to transport a person.
The system designer must focus on how all the elements act together to achieve
the system’s intended purpose, keeping in mind other important factors such as safety,
cost, and so forth. Thus, the system designer often cannot afford to spend time on the
details of designing the system elements. For example, our bicycle designer might not
have time to study the metallurgy involved with link design; that is the role of the chain
designer. All the systems designer needs to know about the chain is its strength, its
weight, and its cost, because these are the factors that influence its role in the system.
With this “systems point of view,” we focus on how connections between the
elements influence the overall behavior of the system. This means that sometimes we
must accept a less-detailed description of the operation of the individual elements to
achieve an overall understanding of the system’s performance.
Figure 1.1.1 illustrates a liquid-filled tank with a volume inflow f (say in cubic
feet per second). The liquid height is h (say in feet). We see in Example 1.4.2 that the
functional relationship between f and h has the form f = bhm , where b and m are
constants. We would not call this a “system.” However, if two tanks are connected as
shown in Figure 1.1.2, this connection forms a “system.” Each tank is a “subsystem”
f1
f2
h
h1
f h2
1.1 Introduction to System Dynamics 3
whose liquid height is influenced by the other tank. We can obtain a differential equation
model for each height by using the single-tank relationship f = bhm and applying the
basic physical principle called conservation of mass to express the connection between
the two tanks. This results in a model of the entire system.
We often use diagrams to illustrate the connections between the subsystems. Fig-
ure 1.1.2 illustrates the physical connection, but Figure 1.1.3 is an example of a diagram
showing that the height h 1 affects the height h 2 , and vice versa. (The flow goes from
the higher height to the lower one.) Such a diagram may be useful for a nontechnical
audience, but it does not show how the heights affect each other. To do that, we will
use two other types of diagrams—called simulation diagrams and block diagrams—to
represent the connections between the subsystems and the variables that describe the
system behavior. These diagrams represent the differential equation model.
Boundary
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4 CHAPTER 1 Introduction
outputs may be taken to be the bike’s position, velocity, and acceleration. Usually, our
choices for system outputs are a subset of the possible outputs and are the variables
in which we are interested. For example, a performance analysis of the bike would
normally focus on the acceleration or velocity, but not on the bike’s position.
Sometimes input-output relations are reversible, sometimes not. For example, we
can apply a current as input to a resistor and consider the resulting voltage drop to be the
output (v = i R). Or we can apply a voltage to produce a current through the resistor
(i = v/R). However, acceleration is the cause of a change in velocity, but not vice
versa. If we integrate acceleration a over time, we obtain velocity v; that is v = a dt.
Whenever an output of an element is the time integral of the input and the direction
of the cause-effect relation is not reversible, we say that the element exhibits integral
causality. We will see that integral causality constitutes a basic form of causality for
all physical systems.
Similar statements can be made about the relation between velocity and displace-
ment. Integration of velocity produces displacement x: x = v dt. Velocity is the cause
of displacement, but not vice versa.
Note that the mathematical relations describing integral causality can be reversed;
for example, we may write a = dv/dt, but this does not mean that the cause-and-effect
relation can be reversed.
Water Potato
6 CHAPTER 1 Introduction
the simplest model that yields adequate results. Just remember that the predictions
obtained from a model are no more accurate than the simplifying assumptions made to
develop the model. That is why we call modeling an art; it depends partly on judgment
obtained by experience.
The form of a mathematical model depends on its purpose. For example, design
of electrical equipment requires more than a knowledge of electrical principles. An
electric circuit can be damaged if its mounting board experiences vibration. In this
case, its force-deflection properties must be modeled. In addition, resistors generate
heat, and a thermal model is required to describe this process. Thus, we see that devices
can have many facets: thermal, mechanical, electrical, and so forth. No mathematical
model can deal with all these facets. Even if it could, it would be too complex, and thus
too cumbersome, to be useful.
For example, a map is a model of a geographic region. But if a single map contains
all information pertaining to the roads, terrain elevation, geology, population density,
and so on, it would be too cluttered to be useful. Instead, we select the particular type
of map required for the purpose at hand. In the same way, we select or construct a
mathematical model to suit the requirements of a particular study.
The examples in this text follow the steps in Table 1.1.1, although for compactness
the steps are usually not numbered. In each example, following the example’s title,
there is a problem statement that summarizes the results of steps 1 through 5. Steps 6
through 10 are described in the solution part of the example. To save space, some steps,
such as checking dimensions and units, are not always explicitly displayed. However,
you are encouraged to perform these steps on your own.
Coil spring
Elbow
rotation
Wishbone
Figure 1.1.8 Mechanical drive for a robot arm joint. Figure 1.1.9 Mechanical drive for a conveyor system.
Arm Load
Drive chains
Gears
Tachometer
Motor
Sprocket 1
Reducer
Motor
Operator
controls Spool
Port
Hydraulic
x lines
Hydraulic
lines
m A
Piston
1.2 Units 9
cylinders and the common storm door closer are examples of pneumatic systems, and
we encounter them in Chapter 7.
1.2 UNITS
In this book we use two systems of units, the FPS system and the metric SI. The common
system of units in business and industry in English-speaking countries has been the foot-
pound-second (FPS) system. This system is also known as the U.S. customary system or
the British Engineering system. Much engineering work in the United States has been
based on the FPS system, and some industries continue to use it. The metric Système
International d’Unités (SI) nevertheless is becoming the worldwide standard. Until the
changeover is complete, engineers in the United States will have to be familiar with
both systems.
In our examples, we will use SI and FPS units in the hope that the student will
become comfortable with both. Other systems are in use, such as the meter-kilogram-
second (mks) and centimeter-gram-second (cgs) metric systems and the British system,
in which the mass unit is a pound. We will not use these, in order to simplify our coverage
and because FPS and SI units are the most common in engineering applications. We
now briefly summarize these two systems.
1.2.2 SI UNITS
The SI metric system is an absolute system, which means that the mass is chosen as the
primary variable, and the force unit is derived from Newton’s law. The meter and the
second are selected as the length and time units, and the kilogram is chosen as the mass
unit. The derived force unit is called the newton. In SI units the common energy unit
is the newton-meter, also called the joule, while the power unit is the joule/second, or
watt. Temperatures are measured in degrees Celsius, ◦ C, and in absolute units, which
are degrees Kelvin, K. The difference between the boiling and freezing temperatures of
water is 100◦ C, with 0◦ C being the freezing point.
At the surface of the earth, the standard value of g in SI units is g = 9.81 m/s2 .
Table 1.2.2 gives the most commonly needed factors for converting between the
FPS and the SI systems.
■ Problem
The deflection of a cantilever beam is the distance its end moves in response to a force applied
at the end (Figure 1.3.1). This distance is called the deflection and it is the output variable. The
applied force is the input. The following table gives the measured deflection x that was produced
in a particular beam by the given applied force f . Plot the data to see whether a linear relation
exists between f and x.
Force f (lb) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Deflection x (in.) 0 0.15 0.23 0.35 0.37 0.5 0.57 0.68 0.77
■ Solution
The plot is shown in Figure 1.3.2. Common sense tells us that there must be zero beam deflection
if there is no applied force, so the curve describing the data must pass through the origin. The
straight line shown was drawn by aligning a straightedge so that it passes through the origin
Dial Gauge
0.6
Deflection x (in.)
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Applied Force f (lb)
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