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Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux
Michael Wessler

800 East 96th St., Indianapolis, Indiana, 46240 USA

Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux ASSOCIATE PUBLISHER
Copyright © 2002 by Sams Jeff Koch

All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a ACQUISITIONS EDITOR
retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- Kathryn Purdum
copying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the pub-
DEVELOPMENT EDITOR
lisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information
Kevin Howard
contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation
of this book, the publisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or MANAGING EDITOR
omissions. Nor is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of Matt Purcell
the information contained herein.
PROJECT EDITOR
International Standard Book Number: 0-672-32158-0 Natalie F. Harris
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 2001089580 COPY EDITOR
Printed in the United States of America Kezia Endsley
First Printing: November 2001 INDEXER
Second Printing with corrections: April 2002 Erika Millen
06 05 04 7 6 5 4 PROOFREADER
Jody Larsen
Trademarks
All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service TECHNICAL EDITORS
marks have been appropriately capitalized. Sams cannot attest to the accuracy Jim Kotan
of this information. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as Paul Love
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responsibility to any person or entity with respect to any loss or damages aris-
COVER DESIGNER
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Contents at a Glance
Introduction 1
1 Role of the DBA 5
2 Architecture of the Oracle Server 29
3 Planning a Database 63
4 Machine Setup and Installation 87
5 Creating a Database 111
6 Daily Activities 139
7 GUI Management Products 175
8 DBA Utilities 203
9 Backup and Recovery 237
10 When Things Go Wrong 271
11 Oracle Server Tuning 293
12 Unix Operation System Architecture 321
13 Unix Server Monitoring 341
14 Patches and Upgrades 373
15 Migrations 395
16 Java Inside the Database Server 417
17 Web DB/Oracle Portal 437
18 Internet Application Server (iAS) 463
19 9i Server New Features 485
20 Growth of the DBA 511
A Basic Unix Commands 525
B vi Editor 533
C Scripts 537
D Glossary 543
Index 551
Contents
Introduction 1
Who Should Read This Book? ..........................................................2
What Makes This Book Different? ..................................................3

1 Role of the DBA 5

What Is a DBA? ......................................................................................6
Depends on the Shop ........................................................................6
Where DBAs Come From ................................................................6
Paths to Becoming a DBA ................................................................7
System Administrator (SA) ..............................................................7
Developer/Programmer ....................................................................7
Systems Designer/Data Modeler ......................................................8
Other Paths ........................................................................................8
Types of DBAs ........................................................................................8
Application DBA ..............................................................................8
Systems DBA ....................................................................................8
Maintenance DBA ............................................................................9
Database Administration Principles ........................................................9
Data Protection ..................................................................................9
Data Availability ..............................................................................11
Database Administration Responsibilities ..........................................12
Database Technical Responsibilities ..............................................12
Non-Technical Responsibilities ......................................................16
Skills Needed ..................................................................................18
Roles Within the IT Organization ........................................................22
System Administrators ....................................................................22
Programmers/Developers ................................................................24
Management ....................................................................................24
Customers and End Users ..............................................................25
Outside Organizations ....................................................................26
DBA Mindset ........................................................................................26
Summary ..............................................................................................27

2 Architecture of the
Oracle Server 29
Oracle Products Relating to Database Servers ....................................30
SQL*Plus ........................................................................................31
Server Manager ..............................................................................32
Net8 ................................................................................................32
 v
Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux

Database Versus Instance ......................................................................33

Oracle File Types ..................................................................................34
Control Files ....................................................................................34
Data Files ........................................................................................35
System ............................................................................................36
Data ..................................................................................................36
Index ................................................................................................37
Temp ................................................................................................38
Rollback ..........................................................................................38
Online Redo Logs ............................................................................40
Memory Structures ..............................................................................42
Shared Global Area (SGA) ..............................................................42
Shared Pool ......................................................................................46
Redo Log Buffer ..............................................................................47
Large Pool ......................................................................................48
Java Pool ..........................................................................................48
Oracle Processes ..................................................................................49
Server Processes ..............................................................................50
Background Processes ....................................................................52
System Monitor Process (SMON) ..................................................53
Process Monitor Process (PMON) ..................................................53
Database Writer Process (DBWn) ..................................................53
Log Writer Process (LGWR) ..........................................................54
Checkpoint Process (CKPT) ..........................................................55
Archiver Process (ARCn) ................................................................56
Recover Process (RECO) ................................................................56
Job Queue Processes (SNPnn) ........................................................56
Queue Monitor Processes (QMNnn) ..............................................56
Dispatcher Processes (Dnnn) ..........................................................56
Shared Server Processes (Snnn) ......................................................56
Transaction Control ..............................................................................57
Miscellaneous Database Files ..............................................................59
Oracle Database Parameter and Log Files ......................................59
Summary ..............................................................................................62

3. Planning a Database 63
System Architecture ..............................................................................64
Two-Tier Basic Client Server Architecture (2 Tier) ........................65
Three-Tier Client Server Architecture ............................................66
Capacity Planning/Sizing ......................................................................67
Optimal Flexible Architecture ..............................................................71
vi
Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux

Application and Database Considerations ............................................76

Hybrid Systems ..............................................................................79
Summary ..............................................................................................85

4 Machine Setup and Installation 87

Pre-Installation Setup ............................................................................88
Gathering Information ....................................................................88
Configuring the System ..................................................................92
Oracle Environment Setup ..............................................................97
Installing Oracle ..................................................................................102
Installation Process ........................................................................102
Verification of a Good Install ........................................................107
Applying Patches ..........................................................................109
Summary ............................................................................................109

5 Creating a Database 111

Generating Creation Scripts ................................................................112
Use of Scripts ................................................................................112
Database Configuration Assistant ................................................113
Customize the Scripts ....................................................................121
Creating the Database ........................................................................123
Running the Scripts ......................................................................124
Review the Create Logs ................................................................125
Examine the Database Instance ....................................................125
Compile Invalid Objects ................................................................127
Clean Up a Failed Database ..........................................................129
Post-Creation Activities ......................................................................129
Changing the Passwords ................................................................129
Modifying oratab File ....................................................................131
Create a Soft Link for init.ora ......................................................131
Configuring Net8 for the New Database ............................................132
tnsnames.ora ..................................................................................133
listener.ora ....................................................................................134
listener ..........................................................................................135
Customizing Your .profile File ..........................................................137
Summary ............................................................................................138

6 Daily Activities 139

Database Views ..................................................................................140
Oracle Startup/Shutdown ....................................................................142
Database Stages ............................................................................142
Database Startup ............................................................................143
Database Shutdown ......................................................................145
 vii
Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux

User Management ..............................................................................148

Creating Users ..............................................................................149
Privileges ......................................................................................149
Roles ..............................................................................................151
Quotas ............................................................................................151
Table, Index, Sequence Creation and Maintenance ......................152
Identifying Objects and Synonyms ..............................................154
Space Management ............................................................................157
Storage Hierarchy ..........................................................................157
Tablespace Management ..............................................................160
Monitoring ..........................................................................................163
Verify Database and Connectivity ................................................163
Alert Log ......................................................................................164
Monitor Database Objects ............................................................165
Setting Up and Monitoring cron Jobs ..........................................166
Monitoring Backups ......................................................................168
Monitoring Exports ......................................................................169
Monitor Space on Filesystems ......................................................170
Electronic Monitoring and Notification ........................................171
Summary ............................................................................................173

7 GUI Management Products 175

Oracle Enterprise Manager ................................................................176
Architecture ..................................................................................176
Installation ....................................................................................179
OEM Controls ..............................................................................190
OEM Tools ....................................................................................193
TOAD ..................................................................................................200
Summary ............................................................................................201

8 DBA Utilities 203

Export and Import ..............................................................................204
Overview of Export and Import ....................................................204
Using Export ..................................................................................205
Export Types ..................................................................................206
Using Import ..................................................................................211
Common Export/Import Uses ............................................................216
Logical Backups ............................................................................216
Maintenance Benefits of Export/Import ............................................220
Table Rebuilds ..............................................................................220
Corruption Checks ........................................................................221
Row Counts ..................................................................................221
Common Mistakes ........................................................................222
viii
Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux

Advanced Export and Import Techniques ..........................................223

Export and Import with Compress and Pipe ................................223
Editing a Dump (.dmp) File ..........................................................225
Tuning Parameters ........................................................................226
Using SQL*Loader ............................................................................227
SQL*Loader Load Types ..............................................................229
Using LogMiner ..................................................................................233
Summary ............................................................................................235

9 Backup and Recovery 237

Importance of Backups ......................................................................238
Backup Types ......................................................................................239
Logical Backups ............................................................................239
Physical Backups ..........................................................................240
Incurring Damage on the Database ....................................................241
Impact on the Database ................................................................241
Adding Fault Tolerance ................................................................243
Performing Backups and Recoveries ..................................................247
Cold Backups and Recoveries ......................................................248
Cold Backups and NOARCHIVELOG Mode ..............................249
Cold Backups in ARCHIVELOG Mode ......................................249
Hot Backups and Recoveries ........................................................250
Backup of Software and Parameter Files ......................................266
Comprehensive Planning and Testing ................................................267
Planning ........................................................................................267
Testing ..........................................................................................269
Summary ............................................................................................270

10 When Things Go Wrong 271

Responding to Problems ....................................................................272
Information Gathering ..................................................................272
Problem Identification at the System Level ..................................273
Identifying Technical Problems ....................................................275
File and Space Management ..............................................................281
Sizing Data Files ..........................................................................282
Moving and Renaming Data Files ................................................282
Locking ..............................................................................................286
DML Locking ................................................................................287
DDL Locking ................................................................................290
”Snapshot Too Old” Rollback Errors ................................................290
Summary ............................................................................................292
 ix
Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux

11 Oracle Server Tuning 293

Database Tuning Approach ................................................................294
Diagnostic Utilities: UTLBSTAT/UTLESTAT and STATSPACK ....296
UTLBSTAT/UTLESTAT ..............................................................296
STATSPACK ..................................................................................298
Tuning Memory Structures ................................................................301
Ratios ............................................................................................302
Database Buffer Cache ..................................................................302
Redo Log Buffer ............................................................................303
Library Cache ................................................................................303
Data Dictionary Cache ..................................................................304
Disk Sorts ......................................................................................305
Tuning Rollback Segments ................................................................305
Rollback Segments for OLTP ........................................................305
Rollback Segments for Batch Jobs ................................................306
Monitoring Rollback Segment Usage ..........................................307
Avoiding File Contention ..................................................................308
Wait Events ........................................................................................309
V$SYSTEM_EVENT ..................................................................310
V$SESSION_EVENT ..................................................................310
V$SESSION_WAIT ......................................................................311
Locally Managed Tablespaces ............................................................311
Tuning Tables ......................................................................................313
Index Organized Tables (IOTs) ....................................................313
Partitioned Tables ..........................................................................314
Row Migration and Chaining ........................................................316
Indexes ................................................................................................318
Summary ............................................................................................320

12 Unix Operation System Architecture 321

Imperative Concepts ..........................................................................321
Understanding the Kernel ..................................................................322
Unix Processes ..............................................................................323
How Unix Manages Memory ........................................................328
Filesystems and Files ....................................................................330
I/O Subsystem ..............................................................................334
Startup/Shutdown Processes in Unix ..................................................335
Understanding the Hardware Architecture ........................................337
Uniprocessor Machines ................................................................337
Symmetrical Multiprocessor Machines ........................................338
Clusters ..........................................................................................338
MPPs and NUMAs ........................................................................339
Summary ............................................................................................340
x
Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux

13 Unix Server Monitoring 341

Need for Monitoring the Server ........................................................342
Overview of Monitoring the Server ....................................................343
Monitoring Memory Issues ................................................................344
Shared Memory and Semaphores ..................................................344
SGA Allocation ............................................................................346
Intimate Shared Memory ..............................................................347
Cleaning Up Shared Memory and Semaphores ............................348
Monitoring Memory ......................................................................354
Monitoring Disk I/O ..........................................................................356
RAID ............................................................................................357
Raw Partitions ..............................................................................359
Asynchronous I/O ..........................................................................360
Monitoring Disk I/O ......................................................................360
Monitoring the CPU ..........................................................................362
Monitoring the CPU ......................................................................365
Monitoring the Network ....................................................................368
Monitoring Network Usage ..........................................................369
Summary ............................................................................................371

14 Patches and Upgrades 373

What Are Patches and Upgrades? ......................................................374
When and How to Apply Patches ......................................................376
Overview ......................................................................................376
Applying a Patch to Your System ..................................................378
Example Patch ..............................................................................382
When and How to Upgrade ..............................................................385
Overview ......................................................................................385
Performing an Upgrade ................................................................386
Example Upgrade ..........................................................................388
Additional Considerations ..................................................................391
Summary ............................................................................................392

15 Migrations 395
What Is a Migration ............................................................................396
Reasons to Migrate Your Database ....................................................397
Preparation ..........................................................................................398
Planning ........................................................................................398
Database Testing ..........................................................................398
Application Testing ......................................................................399
Migration Testing ..........................................................................400
 xi
Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux

Migration Methods ............................................................................401

Export/Import ................................................................................401
mig ................................................................................................402
ODMA ..........................................................................................403
Version of the Source Database ....................................................403
Time Available to Perform the Migration ....................................403
Skill of the DBA ............................................................................403
Using ODMA ......................................................................................404
Overview ......................................................................................404
Migration Steps Using ODMA ....................................................405
Summary ............................................................................................415

16 Java Inside the Database Server 417

Understanding the Role and Future of Java Inside Oracle ................418
Java Overview ....................................................................................420
Supporting Java with Oracle ..............................................................422
Java Outside the Database ............................................................422
Java Inside the Database ................................................................423
Managing Java Inside the Database ....................................................426
Java Configuration Parameters ......................................................426
Installing Java ................................................................................427
Uninstalling Java ..........................................................................429
Creating, Loading, and Running Java Programs ..........................430
Configuring MTS and IIOP for Java ............................................433
Loading EJBs and CORBA Servers ..............................................435
Summary ............................................................................................436

17 WebDB/Oracle Portal 437

What Are WebDB and Oracle Portal? ................................................438
Purpose ..........................................................................................438
WebDB/Oracle Portal Architecture ....................................................439
Installation ..........................................................................................440
Basic WebDB Maintenance ................................................................450
Starting and Stopping the Listener ................................................450
Log into the Site ................................................................................451
WebDB Utility Links ....................................................................452
Key Differences between Oracle Portal and WebDB ........................460
Summary ............................................................................................461

18 Internet Application Server (iAS) 463

Web Environment ..............................................................................464
Technological Design ....................................................................467
Scalability ......................................................................................467
Availability ....................................................................................468
xii
Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux

Understanding and Using iAS ............................................................468

Modules ........................................................................................470
Oracle Forms, Reports, and Discover ..........................................470
Oracle Portal ..................................................................................471
PSPs and JSPs ..............................................................................471
iFS ..................................................................................................471
Oracle 8i JVM ..............................................................................471
Database Cache and Web Cache ..................................................471
Installation ..........................................................................................472
Configuration File Location and Apache Control ..............................482
Summary ............................................................................................483

19 9i Server New Features 485

Installing the 9i Server ........................................................................486
Setting Up Security and Logging In ..................................................488
Creating a Server Parameter File (SPFILE) ......................................490
Using Oracle-Managed Files ..............................................................494
Using Dynamic Memory Parameters and Multiple Block Sizes ......500
Using Undo Tablespaces ....................................................................503
Comprehensive Sample Schemas ......................................................506
Miscellaneous Features and Changes ................................................508
Summary ............................................................................................508

20 Growth of the DBA 511

Growth of the DBA ............................................................................512
Motivation ..........................................................................................512
Continuing Your Education ................................................................512
Traditional Education ....................................................................513
Oracle University Classes ............................................................513
Third-Party Oracle Classes ............................................................514
Learning on Your Own ..................................................................514
Emerging Technologies ................................................................515
Getting Certified ................................................................................516
Available Certification Tracks ......................................................516
Preparation ....................................................................................517
Taking the Test ..............................................................................518
Benefits of Certification ................................................................518
Networking with Other DBAs ............................................................519
Technical Benefits ........................................................................519
Professional Benefits ....................................................................520
Consulting/Contracting versus Salaried Employee ......................521
Learning Systems Administration and Architecture ..........................522
Learning Java ......................................................................................522
Summary ............................................................................................523
 xiii
Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux

A Basic Unix Commands 525

B vi Editor 533
Cursor-Movement Commands ............................................................534
Entering Text ......................................................................................534
Editing Text ........................................................................................535
Saving and Exiting ..............................................................................535
Miscellaneous Commands ..................................................................535

C Scripts 537
Hot Backup Script ..............................................................................541

D Glossary 543

Index 551
About the Author
Michael Wessler received his B.S. in Computer Technology from Purdue University in West
Lafayette, IN. He is an Oracle Certified Database Administrator for Oracle 8 and 8i. He has
administered Oracle databases on NT, and various flavors of Unix, and Linux at several differ-
ent companies ranging from a handful of employees to IT staffs in the thousands. Included in
this experience is working at a true .com startup and managing a mission-critical OPS database
on a Sun Cluster. Michael has also programmed professionally in COBOL, SQL, and PL/SQL.
Currently, he is an Oracle consultant for Perpetual Technologies working at the Department of
Defense in Indianapolis, Indiana. Michael is coauthor of Oracle Unleashed, Second Edition;
Unix Primer Plus, Third Edition; and COBOL Unleashed. Michael can be reached at
mwessler@yahoo.com.

About the Technical Editor

Residing in Omaha, Nebraska, Jim Kotan has been in the Information Technology field since
1987 as a Unix System Administrator, Oracle DBA, Programmer, Consultant, and Manager.
Jim has also written numerous articles for Inside SCO Unix Systems Magazine. He is currently
a Production Oracle Database Administration Engineer for Qwest Communications,
International where he specializes in Shell Programming, Backup & Recovery, Migrations of
High Availability databases and Database Creations. Jim’s favorite activities are Bible Study,
bicycle riding, writing code and target shooting.
Dedication
I would like to dedicate this work to the memory of my grandfather Robert Johnson.
We miss you, Daddy Bob!!!

Acknowledgments
No one writes a book like this in total isolation. This book is certainly no exception and I’d
like to thank the following people.
All the hard working people at Sams. Katie Purdum, my Acquisitions Editor, for making this
work possible. Kevin Howard for developing this book. Natalie Harris for all her hard work.
Kezia Endsley for helping out with the grammar. Thanks to Jim Kotan for his skilled technical
review. It certainly was a pleasure to work with all of you on this project.
I’d like to thank fellow author Rich Blum for his overall support and advice during this project.
Rich’s experience with writing and wisdom made this project much easier. I’d also like to
thank the following people for the miscellaneous support they provided, particularly in terms
of networking and hardware: Tige Chastain, Ben Styring, John Pahos, Brian Conant, and Ed
Lewis. Thanks guys!
The following people have helped me professionally and technically to get to the point where I
could write this book. First, a very special thanks to Dan Wilson for always being there to
help, guide, and answer questions. Bill Pierce for giving me that first opportunity and showing
me how an MIS shop ought to be run. The following System Administrators showed incredible
patience with me in the early days: Mark Hinkle, Karl Buchman, and Greg Hartman. Thanks to
the Purdue University Computer Technology Department, particularly Professors Goldman,
Weaver, and Boggess. Finally, thanks to Ryan, Ron, and Chris for providing me such a great
opportunity at Perpetual.
Finally, I’d like to thank my family and friends for being so understanding when I said, “Sorry,
I can’t do X, I have to write.” Anyone who has ever authored a book understands just how
much time it takes to do it right. Mom, Dad, Grandma, Nanny, Joe, Angie, Tim, Emily, Rob,
Marsha, Zach, Travis; I’ll actually be around more often! For my friends Erik, Kalynn, JJ,
Brian, John, Mark, Sam, Zach, Josh, Bob, Becky, Ben, and Wendy; I’ll actually be able to go
out again!
Tell Us What You Think!
As the reader of this book, you are our most important critic and commentator. We value your
opinion and want to know what we’re doing right, what we could do better, what areas you’d
like to see us publish in, and any other words of wisdom you’re willing to pass our way.
As an Associate Publisher for Sams, I welcome your comments. You can email or write me
directly to let me know what you did or didn’t like about this book—as well as what we can do
to make our books stronger.
Please note that I cannot help you with technical problems related to the topic of this book,
and that due to the high volume of mail I receive, I might not be able to reply to every mes-
sage.
When you write, please be sure to include this book’s title and author as well as your name
and phone or fax number. I will carefully review your comments and share them with the
author and editors who worked on the book.
Email: feedback@samspublishing.com
Mail: Michael Stephens
Sams Publishing
800 East 96th Street
Indianapolis, IN 46240 USA
Introduction
Oracle is a complex Object Relational Database Management System and is probably the best
database that money can buy. People know this and that is why they trust their businesses to
Oracle. Furthermore, when they do buy Oracle they usually run it on a Unix or Linux system.
Experience shows that Unix operating systems are robust, dependable, and scalable. That is
why most companies use Unix when they have to develop large or critical systems to support
their businesses.
At the other end of the spectrum, Linux systems were initially introduced as testing and develop-
ment systems. Basically, people loaded Linux on old machines to learn and test with. Recently,
however, Linux has become a respected operating system that many companies, particularly
Internet startups, use to run their businesses. As a result of these factors, there are a large number
of Oracle systems running on both Unix and Linux.
Unfortunately, however, there are relatively few people who know Oracle and Unix/Linux. To
be an effective DBA, however, you must understand how the database interacts with the opera-
tion system. Oracle and the Unix/Linux operating systems are tied closely together. Anything
that impacts the operating system will likely impact the database. Likewise, the behavior of the
database will impact the performance of the server. Despite efforts by Oracle and various oper-
ating system vendors to simplify administration, this is still an inescapable fact. The key here
is to view Oracle and Unix/Linux as a total system, not as separate, isolated pieces.
I have worked with many people who were trained as Oracle DBAs, but couldn’t perform basic
tasks, such as install software or apply patches, if their lives depended on it. Usually they went
to some school or class that taught them about Oracle in a vacuum, but never provided any
information in the context of the operation system. This “one size fits all” approach to training
isn’t sufficient. The reality is that when they come into the industry as DBAs, they are almost
helpless because they understand only half of the Oracle and Unix/Linux equation.
I have also worked with some Unix System Administrators who thought of Oracle as just
another application. In reality, this is far from the truth. In fact, Oracle is more of an operating
system than an application. These people had a very difficult time understanding why and how
they needed to configure their servers to run Oracle optimally. Once again, their “one size fits
all” mentality resulted in failure.
To manage this system, whereby Oracle is tied closely to Unix and Linux, you need to under-
stand both sides of the equation. However, the reality often is that DBAs only understand
Oracle and SAs only understand Unix/Linux. This is indeed a problem.
2
ORACLE DBA ON UNIX AND LINUX

My solution in this book is to show DBAs what they need to know to run Oracle on Unix and
Linux. That way, they are not dependent on finding the rare System Administrator who under-
stands Oracle. In this way, you also understand how and why Unix and Linux work the way
they do.
My goal with this book is two-fold:
• Write a book that shows database administration in a way that combines the skills of the
DBA with the knowledge of a Unix/Linux System Administrator. This allows you to
manage the database and Unix/Linux server as a total system.
• Write a book that is for the working DBA. I have written this book as if I’m writing
notes and procedures for a co-worker. I combine solid theoretical database and system
administration knowledge with practical examples of what I do on the job. I think it is
important to know how and why the database and operating system works the way they
do, so I cover some theory. On the other hand, I give detailed examples of how to per-
form regular DBA tasks. If I’ve had to struggle to get something working, you’ll find
that information in this book.
First I cover what a DBA’s job really is and how you can survive as one. Next, I cover Oracle
architecture so you understand how and why Oracle works the way it does. I also cover the
initial steps, from planning your database, to setting up your Unix/Linux server, and then
installing Oracle. I then cover how to intelligently create databases and manage them on a
daily basis. I spend a lot of time showing you how to solve problems as they occur, both from
an Oracle and a Unix/Linux perspective. Chapters are dedicated to tuning both the database
and Unix/Linux servers. Additionally, I show you how to Web-enable your system using Java
and iAS. Finally, I explain some of the new features of Oracle’s new database, 9i.

Who Should Read This Book?

This book is geared for the person who knows what a database is and has basic SQL skills, but
wants to learn how to build and manage Oracle databases on either Unix or Linux. This book
isn’t geared towards certification, but rather towards becoming a proficient and seasoned DBA
in the Unix/Linux environments.
The following people will get the most benefit out of this book:
• Computer professionals who are starting their first jobs as Oracle DBAs.
• Experienced Oracle DBAs from NT or other platforms making the move to the Unix and
Linux platforms.
• DBAs with experience on other databases, such as SQL Server or DB2. This experience
can be on Unix and Linux or any other platform.
 3
INTRODUCTION

• System Administrators who have to support database servers and want to know more
about the database they indirectly support.
• Developers who need to understand how Oracle works on the platform they support.
• People new to databases who want to install Oracle on a Linux box so they can learn the
technology.
• Computer science and technology students.
I have written this book assuming the reader has basic skills regarding computers, understands
what a database is, and knows basic SQL. If you have these skills and have access to either a
Unix or Linux machine, you should be able to create a database and do all the examples in this
book. This should prepare you for most of what you will run into on the job as a DBA.

What Makes This Book Different?

There are many books written about Oracle database administration, but very few, if any, focus
on DBA work in the Unix and Linux environments. Most books on the Oracle subject try to
separate the DBA from the operation system. Although that might make a book easier to write,
it doesn’t work in the real world.
What this book offers is a solid DBA guide, but tailored to the Unix and Linux platforms. This
book is more than just a generic DBA book where all the examples happen to be on a Unix or
Linux machine. Rather, I show you the “tricks of the trade” that’ll help you support Unix and
Linux systems. I show you what working DBAs do on a daily basis and why.
Part of this book deliberately touches on subjects that are traditionally reserved for System
Administrators. I try to blur the distinction between a DBA and an SA task so you will know
how to manage Oracle on Unix/Linux as a total system.
Key differences between this book and others include:
• This book is written specifically for the Unix and Linux platforms. Most of the focus is
on Sun Solaris, HP-UX, and RedHat Linux, which are three of the most common operat-
ing systems supporting Oracle. However, if you are running another flavor of Unix or
Linux, the concepts will easily transfer.
• I provide detailed information about how and why the database works as it does. I don’t
think it is sufficient just to give the DBA the basics. There are too many “point-and-
click” DBAs with minimal skills already. Rather, I cover topics in detail so you under-
stand why things work the way they do.
• I wrote this book as though I was making notes to myself or explaining topics to another
DBA. I focus on what’s important and what actually works.
4
ORACLE DBA ON UNIX AND LINUX

• As I explain topics, I provide detailed examples and walk you through them. If you have
a system at home, you can follow along and practice. If you can do what is covered in
this book and understand the reasoning behind it, you should do well in a work
environment.
• You will not find marketing material or find me pushing products I wouldn’t run on my
own system. I’m not going to tell you to do something I wouldn’t do myself.
• The book includes coverage of Oracle 9i, Java, and iAS. As of this writing, 9i is being
released. Although I have a chapter dedicated to 9i new features, I also cover differences
between 8i and 9i throughout the book. Also, few DBA books attempt to address Java
and iAS. I cover these topics in a manner so you will know the fundamentals when you
encounter these technologies.
I feel this book is different from most DBA books. I know that they don’t give the Unix- and
Linux-specific details you find here. That alone separates this book from other books. How-
ever, I take this one step further by covering the topic from a working DBA’s standpoint, and I
refuse to water down the technical content. There’s plenty of explanation and theory for you
Oracle purists. Finally, this might well be the first book to cover Oracle 9i and it is one of the
first to address Java and iAS. For those reasons, this book is a more complete and practical
guide than others on the market. I hope you enjoy the book!
Role of the DBA CHAPTER

1
ESSENTIALS
• The official roles and responsibilities of the
DBA depend largely on the particular com-
pany or organization.

• A DBA is the person tasked with making sure

the data is safe and available to the
organization.

• The DBA has both technical responsibilities

dealing with the database and non-technical
responsibilities outside the database.

• Skills required by the successful DBA range

from the obvious technical database skills to
having “people” skills and understanding the
business of the organization.
 Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux
6

What Is a DBA?
In its simplest terms, a DBA is the person held responsible and accountable for the safety and
practical availability of the organization’s data. Today, this is typically implemented with a
Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) or an Object Relational Database
Management System (ORDBMS). Most people tend to agree on that definition regardless of
whether dealing with Oracle or another database. Before we look at the duties of the Oracle
DBA on Unix and Linux, we should look at some of the factors affecting the generic DBA’s
job description.

Depends on the Shop

The roles and responsibilities of the DBA can vary greatly from company to company. In fact,
the job of the DBA is continually evolving as new technologies appear, such as the Internet. As
organizations change and receive new management, the role of the DBA can also change to
meet new requirements. Also, as old DBAs leave and new DBAs join an organization, the
scope of the DBA’s responsibilities can change as well, depending on each person’s personality
and experience.
The size of the organization (the shop) has a major influence on the role of the DBA. In a large
environment there are often many DBAs, so there may be well-defined responsibilities given to
each person. Within the shop there may be, for example, a dedicated performance tuning team
while other administrators are assigned individual systems to manage. Also, there may be
many different departments or organizations, each with its own (and sometimes competing)
group of DBAs. If geographically distributed environments are included, the situation becomes
even more complex. These can become tricky environments for a person to navigate because
exact responsibilities and expectations may not be clearly defined or they may be changing.
This is when “turf battles” and organizational politics become problematic.
On the other hand, a small shop might have only one or two DBAs to manage everything. This
is common in Web/Internet startups, for example. In even smaller shops, the DBA might also
be the System Administrator (SA) and may have programming responsibilities as well. I have
found that the smaller shops usually allow greater personal initiative with a wider range of
responsibilities. This can be an exciting place to be, with many great opportunities for a
motivated DBA.

Where DBAs Come From

The background the DBA comes from will naturally influence how this person views the
position. How do people become DBAs and where do they come from? Usually they grow into
the position from another IT-related position, but there are exceptions. The following sections
 Role of the DBA
7
CHAPTER 1

describe some of the more common paths to becoming a DBA, which are illustrated in Figure 1
1.1. Keep in mind how each would likely influence how the new DBA views the position.

ROLE OF THE
DBA
System Designer
Data Modeler

Other Paths:
Oracle Database
System Administrator Owner / Entrepreneur
Administrator
Non-IT person making career change

Developer
Programmer

FIGURE 1.1
Some of the more common paths to becoming a DBA.

Paths to Becoming a DBA

System Administrator (SA)
The SA is the person responsible for making sure the organization’s servers and overall com-
puter system are secure and available. In many ways this is very similar to the job of being the
DBA. Usually the SA manages systems supporting the database, so she is already familiar with
its needs. The SA and DBA usually (or at least should) work very closely together to support
their systems. It is for these very good reasons that a SA can pick up the job of being a DBA.
As a DBA, expect these people to look at the database as part of a larger system. For example,
they will view Oracle more as a system supporting users than PL/SQL code needing support.

Developer/Programmer
The developer or programmer is the person who writes code. Whether it is COBOL, C, Java, or
PL/SQL, these are the people who should know how their code is implemented within the sys-
tem. These people usually have a very good understanding of what their organization does and
how it works because they wrote the program to do it. They typically work with the DBA in terms
of requesting tables or tuning SQL for an individual subsystem. As a DBA, expect these people to
look at Oracle initially in terms of packages and procedures rather than backup and recovery.
 Oracle DBA on Unix and Linux
8

Systems Designer/Data Modeler

These people design the system from a conceptual view. They use data flow diagrams and
Entity Relationship Diagrams (ERDs) to decide how a system should be organized, but not
necessarily how it is implemented. At some sites they may have the role of data administrator,
whose responsibility is to manage the data from a theoretical standpoint. They will work with
the DBA on how their logical models are actually implemented as tables. They will likely look
at the job of being DBA in terms of managing data and processes rather than the fine details or
advanced features of Oracle.

Other Paths
Some people simply grow into the DBA position by doing DBA tasks until someday someone
says “You’re a DBA.” This is more common in small environments than in larger shops, but it
does happen. It may be an entrepreneur implementing his own idea. In that case he is more
likely to view the database as a means to an end rather than to get caught up in the technology.
Others may be computer operators or even non-technical people making a move to being a
DBA as a way to break into IT. This may be something they wanted and have lobbied for or it
may be forced on them because of a vacancy. It is difficult to tell how they will view the DBA
position, but they will likely be more influenced by their mentors and training material than by
a history of practical experience.

Types of DBAs
Just as there are several roads to becoming a DBA, there are several types of DBA. These clas-
sifications apply more toward large shops because of the need for defining responsibilities.
Also, within each classification, sometimes new DBAs are referred to as Junior DBAs while
more experienced people get senior status. I’ve never been a fan of classifying people that way
because it can be divisive. However, the following descriptions are applicable in some situa-
tions. Just remember that these titles and responsibilities also vary greatly, depending on the
organization.

Application DBA
This person is responsible for a specific application(s) and all the corresponding database
objects at the schema/user level. This DBA works closely with the developers and data model-
ers to assist with table definitions and schema creation. He also focuses on tuning a particular
application by adding indexes or tuning SQL and PL/SQL. Ultimately this person becomes an
expert on the application and database objects involved. It is common to assign new DBAs to
this position initially.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
The Project Gutenberg eBook of Christian
Literature
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: Christian Literature

Author: John Stoughton

Release date: February 6, 2021 [eBook #64472]

Language: English

Credits: Transcribed from the [1870] edition by David Price

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHRISTIAN

LITERATURE ***
Transcribed from the [1870] edition by David Price.

CHRISTIAN LITERATURE.

A Sermon
DELIVERED MAY 8th, 1870, IN KENSINGTON CHAPEL, AT
THE SEVENTY-FIRST ANNIVERSARY OF THE
RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY.

BY THE
REV. J. STOUGHTON, D.D.

PUBLISHED BY REQUEST.

LONDON:
56, PATERNOSTER ROW; 65, ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD;
AND 164, PICCADILLY.

LONDON:
PARDON AND SON, PRINTERS,
PATERNOSTER ROW.
 CHRISTIAN LITERATURE.

“And there are also many other things which Jesus did, the
which, if they should be written every one, I suppose that even
the world itself could not contain the books that should be
written.”—John xxi. 25.

The chapter before us is plainly a supplement to the main history.

St. John concluded that history under a deep conviction that it was
far from a full account of his Master’s wonderful ministry. “Many
other signs,” said he, “truly did Jesus, in the presence of his
disciples, which are not written in this book.” But in this
supplementary chapter, added to the Gospel, perhaps, after a lapse
of several years, the inspired Evangelist returns to his subject, and
relates with singular minuteness of detail the miracle of the draught
of fishes. He then appends to the whole narrative an asseveration
of its truth; and still feeling, as he had done before, that there
remained an inexhaustible fulness of facts and lessons in the life of
his adorable Lord which defied every attempt at recording them, he
at last finishes his Gospel—inclusive of the appendix—in the same
spirit in which he had concluded what he wrote before. Persuaded
of the impossibility of doing perfect justice to such a life as that of
the Word made flesh, he employed a strong Oriental hyperbole to
express the impossibility, whilst his heart overflowed with adoring
love and wonder—“And there are also many other things which
Jesus did, the which, if they should be written every one, I suppose
that even the world itself could not contain the books that should be
written.”
It is not unusual for an author to return to the perusal and
examination of a work composed by him in bygone years with a
deepened belief of the truth of its contents, accompanied by an
overwhelming conviction of its want of completeness. Another
chapter may be added to what was written before, and then, when
all is done, the pen may be laid down, with the feeling that not one-
half of all the beautiful truth to which the book relates has yet been
told. A circumstance so common in connection with efforts of genius
finds something of a parallel here, in connection with the higher and
nobler exercises of inspiration. It is to the last degree affecting to
behold the aged Evangelist reading over his own Gospel, dwelling
with delight upon sacred memories of the Divine Friend who so
graciously loved him, and whom he so gratefully loved in return,
thinking of one act of his after another, one word of his after
another, never written, and realizing the impossibility of producing a
perfect portrait of the Divine original, yet folding up his own MS.
with the devout assurance that in giving it to the Church he was an
instrument, in the hands of the Spirit, of bestowing upon mankind
one of the richest treasures of wisdom and knowledge.

I.
The Evangelist here speaks of books—of the possibility of writing an
immense number of them on one subject; and thus he calls to our
mind the saying of the wise man, that “of making many books there
is no end.” They were very numerous in the ancient world. The
library of the Ptolemies at Alexandria was of such prodigious
magnitude that it numbered half a million volumes. Large public and
private collections were not uncommon in St. John’s time; and in
Rome, at that period, the bookseller’s trade signally flourished. In
the shop doors lists of new publications were exhibited; nor were the
prices of some by any means immoderate, a considerable proportion
of the MSS. being so small as to come under the modern
denomination of pamphlets or tracts. Thus early existed multitudes
of those productions which Milton eloquently describes as “not dead
things,” but such as “contain a potency of life,” as “active as the soul
whose progeny they are,” preserving, “as a vial, the purest efficacy
and extraction of that living intellect which bred them,” as
“vigorously productive” as the “fabulous dragon’s teeth,” and which,
being “sown up and down,” may, like them, perchance, spring up
into armed men. Throughout the civilized world, in the first account
of Christianity, were there books containing “the life-blood of master
spirits,” that “ethereal and fifth essence, the breath of reason.” And
besides these, there existed, among the elect people of God, a
literature incomparably superior to anything else—a literature
furnished by historians, poets, and moralists, who far surpassed
merely classic ones. For now, in the fulness of time, the Greek, as
well as the Hebrew language, had become enriched by inspired
contributions, and four peerless histories or biographies appeared—
four lives of the divinely-incarnate and ever-living One—followed by
another history, recording the acts of his Apostles, accompanied by
epistles or letters which explained the meaning of the life of Jesus,
and the acts of the first preachers of his incomparable and blessed
Gospel. These books came into the world, stamped with
unmistakable signs of a Divine origin perfectly unique. They were
sons of God amongst the children of men—Divine wisdom visiting
the earth in human form, thought after thought, like angel after
angel, coming down from heaven, with a countenance like lightning,
with raiment white as snow, yet speaking in tones of meek
assurance to affrighted souls, telling them not to fear, because the
crucified Redeemer of mankind had risen from the dead. Such
books have, indeed, a life within them; a life truly, and without any
hyperbole, immortal, to attempt to kill which would be as idle as it
would be impious, for it would be to strike a blow at that which,
above everything else on the face of the earth, is an image of God.
And numbers of books since then, without pretending to rival them,
have caught more or less of their divine spirit. Human minds
replenished with instructions derived from these unparalleled
sources have communicated their thoughts to mankind—thoughts of
such a character, so morally and religiously superior to anything
known in lands unblessed by these gifts of inspiration, as to declare
their lineage and descent to be of that divine race of which the
ancestors were the first-born children of celestial light. A precious
inheritance of Christian literature has thus descended to modern
times, surrounding us with intellectual and spiritual advantages,
which many are slow to acknowledge, because unable to estimate.
Yet it is the heirloom of our churches and our families, laid up on the
shelves of our libraries, and what is still better, I hope, that its effect
upon us mingles with our daily life.
The discovery of printing, in the providence of God, although it
cannot add to the immortality of Christian thought in itself, has
contributed a new method, first of perpetuating in their original
forms all expressions of truth, whether human or Divine, and next,
of multiplying such expressions, in the same original form, so as to
fill the world with them, and to give to immortal wisdom a sort of
visible and palpable ubiquity. And extremely interesting it is to
notice, that the Bible, or the Psalter, was certainly the first book of
any considerable size which came forth from the press, whence “we
may see in imagination this venerable and splendid volume leading
up the crowded myriads of its followers, and imploring, as it were, a
blessing on the new art, by dedicating its first fruits to the service of
heaven.” A mighty revolution has, no doubt, been wrought by the
invention of printing. It has not diminished the force of spoken
words, it never can supersede the necessity of the living voice as the
chief means of proclaiming the Gospel of Christ, it never can destroy
the enchantment of human eloquence; but it narrows the sphere of
instruction from the pulpit, it supersedes the continuance of the
ancient practice when preachers at Paul’s Cross took up the
questions of the day, and discussed them in their homilies; it hands
over to the press, as a more convenient field for discussion, a
number of instructive and important topics, whilst it provides for the
diffusion of religious knowledge in all sorts of ways, and in all sorts
of places, far beyond the reach of any preacher’s, or any
missionary’s voice. At the same time it gathers up in the best form,
and perpetuates to the latest age, and circulates to the end of the
world, the richest utterances of the Christian ministry. The voice
from the pulpit has lost somewhat of its range of themes; it cannot
now announce ecclesiastical and political news, as it did once; but it
has a special work still to do, through the human countenance, the
human eye, the human lips, as it exhibits well-known truth and
inculcates familiar lessons, appealing to the heart and calling forth
our sensibilities and sympathies as nothing else can ever do. And
after all the lamentations poured forth by some, and all the taunts
flung out by others, the pulpit still remains an unrivalled power—
unrivalled in the demand for its exercise, and unrivalled in the supply
of its proper spiritual effects, even the conversion and edification of
souls. But the press, although we do not count it a rival, but rather
as a helper, in the one great field of Christian instruction, is doing,
and will do a work, which all the preachers and speakers in
Christendom can never overtake and accomplish. Its power in the
dissemination of the Gospel is surprising beyond what we can
imagine, until we come to deeply ponder the subject in our minds;
and the obligation resting upon us to employ such power for this
sacred purpose is most obvious, most solemn, most pressing.

II.
The books to which St. John particularly refers are books about
Christ.
He is thinking chiefly of his own Gospel, and of the other three
Gospels to which he intended this to be a supplement; these four
evangelical records being, in modern phrase, four historical tracts—
tracts such as had never been written before, such as have never
been written since. It is an inexpressible blessing to have the four
together, to have them bound within the same covers. They
constitute a perfect unity, a harmonious whole; but the unity must
not render us unmindful of the distinct and characteristic impress
borne by each. On dwelling upon the whole, we must be careful to
assign its proper individual character to every part. Four distinct
witnesses supply their respective contributions of knowledge
respecting our Divine Lord and Master. Each relates what he knows
from his own point of view; each gives his own impression of the
manifold life and mission of the world’s Saviour; each leaves in his
own monograph the signature of his own habits of thought and of
expression; each paints the Divine portrait in his own style. And
most precious is it to the intelligent and devout Christian to have a
clear and distinct idea of the main peculiarities of the four, looking at
them carefully one by one. Harmonies of the Gospels have their
use; but they are not used as they ought, they are much abused, if
they are suffered to soften down the lines of distinction between
Matthew and Mark, between Mark and Luke, between Luke and
John. Any attempt made to put together four portraits of one
person, painted from different points of view, placed on the canvas
in different positions, brought out in different relations of light and
shade, so as to destroy what is peculiar to each artist, would be a
mischievous process, and would diminish the extent of our
knowledge, instead of promoting the correctness of our
conceptions. We value four pictures of a great hero painted by four
different masters; we do not wish to blend the memories of them in
our minds, so as to merge their varied ideals of one reality; we
would not, on any account, sacrifice in any of them a single line of
drawing, a single tint of colour. We should deprecate the endeavour
to destroy a touch here, and a stroke there, under pretence of
making the pictures exactly alike. We would infinitely rather have
them left unaltered, in all the freshness of their original colouring,
than have a single engraving, however carefully and exquisitely
executed, which aimed at a harmonious rendering of the four. We
prefer these divine productions as they separately stand, each taken
by itself, each a beautiful tractate complete in itself, given from God,
through the hands of the human writer, to a single volume, made up
of the four, cut into fragments, and patched together under a very
fallible, although a very skilful editorship. The Acts, the Epistles, the
Apocalypse, form a second division of divine tracts explanatory of
the Gospels—or illustrative of the impressions and effects produced
by them upon the hearts and minds of Christ’s earliest followers—or
inculcatory of the glorious doctrines of the evangelical revelation in
their practical bearings on human characters and consciences—or
poetically prophetic of things to come in the kingdom of our Lord
and Saviour Jesus Christ—a Divine hand in them opening a window
upon the scenes of futurity, some of which strike the heart with
terror, others of which make it leap for joy.
This collection of tracts forming the New Testament, or New
Covenant of man’s redemption, it is the duty of every one of us
diligently and devoutly to examine; not simply taking it up by
fragments, by little bits, by pieces torn out of their proper places,
and without any respect to the connection in which they stand; nor
studying it chiefly through the medium of other books, whether
paraphrases or commentaries, or through the medium of sermons,
lectures, or other modes of oral instruction. Let the Divine tracts be
studied themselves. Let them not only be read from time to time,
chapter by chapter alone, but sometimes let them be read
throughout continuously, Gospel by Gospel, Epistle by Epistle, so
that an impression, complete and distinct, of each Evangelist’s
history and each Apostolic letter, may be left upon the memory.
Above all, let them not be read cursorily, in haste, as one might read
a novel, but slowly, patiently, thoughtfully, weighing word by word,
sentence by sentence, paragraph by paragraph; and with all this
reading and pondering, let there be combined earnest prayer to the
great Author of revelation, that he would open the reader’s eyes to
see the riches of his own comprehensive word.
But beyond these books or tracts are others, thank God, in abundant
numbers, which also relate to Christ. In our devout gratitude for the
supreme gift of Scripture, let us not be unmindful of the subordinate
gifts of human literature, imbued more or less with the spirit of
Scripture. We would insist upon the marked difference between the
Bible and all other books, between Divine writ and humanly written
divinity; yet would we constantly remember that genius and talent
employed in the service of the truth are endowments conferred by
the Father of lights, and that to think we can exalt the Bible by
running down other books, and to imagine that we honour the God
of inspiration by depreciating the learning and the thoughtfulness
which he has given to his children, is one of those wretchedly
ignorant and fanatical mistakes by which well-meaning and pious
people do almost as much mischief as the most irreligious enemies
of Christianity. And beyond the limits of Divinity, properly so called,
whether doctrinal or practical, there are immense regions of
literature capable of being touched and beautified as with new
sunshine through the influence of Gospel truth. Science may thus
be improved and hallowed, so as to bear witness—as most assuredly
nature ever silently does, whether we notice or not, to a Divine
order underlying the constitution of all things, and to a Divine
Sovereign, a living, glorious, infinite Person, who is the foundation
and the administrator of all that order—so as to bear witness to a
reign of law, or rather to the reign of Him who is the Author of
nature, and who, through those laws which we are enabled to
decipher, is reigning over all time and all worlds. History, also, may
be improved and hallowed, so as to record events in the light of a
Divine providence, and to exhibit character in the light of revealed
truth, and so as to show, in human judgments of men and things,
the justice, the impartiality, and the genial good-will which Christian
morality alone can inspire. Poetry, also, may be improved and
hallowed, so as not only to contribute to the service of song in the
house of the Lord, but so as to perpetuate the memory of the good,
to create ideals of truth, wisdom, and holiness; to bring out those
hidden streams of harmony which flow through invisible channels in
nature; and to repeat and explain those whisperings of the soul
which are confirmatory of the highest truths. In short, Christianity
may set its stamp on all literature, not by printing the Divine name
here and there, not by patching upon the pages of a book texts of
Scripture irrelevant to the subject in hand; but by the presence of a
conscientious, honest, true, devout, and sweet spirit, which cannot
fail to make itself felt wherever it exists.

III.
And now, looking at the multitude of books existing or coming into
existence—such an immense, such an ever-increasing multitude,
that we may adopt the hyperbole of the text, and say it seems as if
the world could not contain them—what is the use which we ought
to make of them?
A taste for literature is a natural instinct in some, and an
accomplishment acquired by others; and the duty of creating it if we
have it not, and of nurturing it if we have, is plainly recognised in
the New Testament. “Give attendance to reading.” If the
exhortation primarily applies to those who are teachers of their
fellow-men, it cannot fail to belong also to others in their measure
and degree. Numerous methods of obtaining knowledge no doubt
there are; but many of the forms of knowledge, many of the benefits
of knowledge, many of the pleasures of knowledge, can be secured
only by means of books. The person deficient in a taste for reading
misses a large amount of benefit and enjoyment familiar to those
who are blessed with this endowment—an endowment which,
though, as intimated already, in some cases a natural instinct, may
in other cases be acquired and won as a studious accomplishment.
Tastes may be formed by study, by attention, by desire, by effort, by
practice—tastes of all kinds, and this amongst the rest; and looking
at the rich heritage of blessedness which it brings, it must appear, to
every one who sufficiently thinks of it, worth the sacrifices of other
and inferior things, when such sacrifices are found essential to its
attainment and culture. Upon the young especially I would enforce
the duty of which I speak, begging and beseeching them to contrast
it with those vain, frivolous, worthless employments, not to mention
the very worst, to which fashion and example in the present day
invite so many thoughtless crowds.
When I speak of a taste for reading, let me explain myself. It is
sometimes supposed to exist where it does not. There may be a
fondness for certain books, which in no way implies the possession
of what we are commending now. There are fictions in the present
day, properly termed sensational, and other kinds of books of a
similar description, to the perusal of which many are addicted
without any idea of self-improvement, without any love of
knowledge whatever, without a single care respecting truth, without
an atom of taste, or a scintillation of what can be called intellectual
pleasure. I cannot call that a taste for reading; it is simply a craving
after excitement, and may be as sensuous and sensual as are
certain desires confessedly vicious; and when it does not reach such
a depth as that, it may be a feeling almost as vain, frivolous, and
worthless as some other tendencies which never clothe themselves
in literary costume. Where a pure taste and a genuine predilection
for reading exist, it will be discriminating, such as all pure tastes, all
genuine predilections ever are. A taste for painting is a taste for
good pictures; a taste for music is a taste for good singing and for
good instrumental performance; so, likewise, a taste for reading is a
taste for what is worth reading. I have no narrow views as to the
class of books which may be perused. Some persons are qualified
and required to take a wider range than others in this respect—to
make excursions into fields of thought where it may not be wise for
others to follow. As to this matter, no universal rules can be laid
down. Individual capacities, habits, and callings, must determine
the question as to the extent to which inquisitiveness and curiosity
should go. But one law as to the judgment of what we read there
is, fixed and unalterable. Whatever relates to morality and religion
must be tested by Divine authority upon such subjects. The Bible is
not intended to teach us science, philosophy, and profane history;
but it is intended to teach us what is moral and religious, and,
therefore, to it should questions involving these peerless
considerations be always brought. As Christians, taking the Bible for
your ride, how can you subscribe to the doctrines of any teacher of
divinity or of ethics who contradicts the teaching of the Word of
God? “To the law and to the testimony: if they speak not according
to this Word, it is because there is no light in them.” With care and
discrimination should we sift out whatever is false or erroneous in
the writings of men. I do not say that we are not to read what is
false or erroneous; for how, until we have read it, can we tell
whether any book be discoloured or disfigured with these dark
stains? but having candidly and honestly examined the contents of a
work, let us judicially, with a pure heart, a clear head, and a firm
hand, separate the precious from the vile. “What is the chaff to the
wheat?” saith the Lord.
And further, it is manifest that in our reading we should have respect
to the nurture of our spiritual life. Secular instruction and mental
improvement are proper ends to be sought by us all; but that which
constitutes pre-eminently the welfare of our souls ought to receive
our most serious and conscientious attention. To strengthen within
us Christian faith, hope, and love—to bring ourselves into closer
union with our blessed Saviour—to devote ourselves more
thoroughly to his service and glory, ought to be the first and chief
design of every one. “Seek ye first the kingdom of God, and his
righteousness; and all these things shall be added unto you.” But as
to the course of reading to be adopted for these high and
incomparable ends, it is difficult and even impossible to lay down
rules; because, as men’s minds are so differently constituted, as
dispositions are so differently formed, the class of books adapted to
promote the welfare of some may not be suited to the needs of
another. Biography, perhaps, most stimulates one person; psalms
and hymns and spiritual songs, perhaps, most inspire another; plain,
practical addresses to the heart and conscience may, perhaps, better
stir and animate a third. Let each consult his own peculiarities, and
choose accordingly what he shall read for his spiritual edification.
We are quite sure that to mark out the same course of religious
reading for all kinds of people is labour lost; it betrays great
ignorance of human nature, of the wonderful varieties of spiritual
life, and of the diversified exigencies and wants of different minds.
What any one finds most helpful to himself, he is very apt to think
will be found equally helpful to another; but this may prove a serious
mistake, and may lead to injury where benefit was designed. Then,
beyond stimulus and inspiration, there is needful for the healthful
development of Christianity in human experience, character, and
conduct, a plain, simple, solid acquaintance with the things of God—
an acquaintance to be sought in a proper direction, in quarters,
perhaps, where there is little to regale the fancy or gratify the taste,
but much to feed the soul with knowledge and understanding.
Surely no Christian man, no Christian woman, can neglect to consult
in these ways the wants of spiritual life. Individuals who never ask
in reference to what they read, “Will this be beneficial or injurious to
my highest interests?” are culpably negligent and careless, and are
running immense risks. They are in danger far greater than that of
persons who, with delicate constitutions, set at defiance medical
caution and advice, and are determined to eat and drink whatever
they please. And before quitting this point, let me add that it is of
the last importance we should apply to ourselves conscientiously,
and in the sight of God, what we learn from the stores of Christian
practical literature. For, whilst recreation and amusement may be
wisely sought at times from other departments of reading, recreation
and amusement are not the objects to be sought in the reading of
strictly religious books: far higher objects come before us there—
even the purification of our thoughts, the lifting our affections
upwards to the supreme Author of all Good, and the fastening of our
hearts on Christ, the only name given under heaven whereby we can
be saved; and to secure these objects a different frame of mind
must be maintained from that in which we indulge when we take up
a volume simply to relieve a jaded mind or to while away an idle
hour.

IV.
If one use of the many books in the world be our own edification,
another use to be made of them is the spiritual welfare of others.
Although it follows as a necessary consequence that if Christian
literature be available for the first of these purposes it is available
also for the second, we find it very difficult to impress some minds
with a due conviction of the value and importance of such
instrumentality in promoting the highest interests of our fellow-men.
There are many whom it is hard enough to inspire with zeal for the
direct conversion of their friends and neighbours by means of
circulating religious tracts; but there are more whom it is still harder
to convince that spiritual benefit may be indirectly communicated to
large classes of society by purifying the streams of general literature,
and by promoting the issue and circulation of good books of various
descriptions. Yet the former kind of zeal—zeal in circulating tracts
for strictly religious ends—is supported no less by facts than by
sound reasoning. A good man, Richard Knill, used to say in his own
simple, emphatic, earnest style, “One tract may save a soul.” That
simple saying he was wont to establish and illustrate by incidents
which had occurred under his own notice; and incidents full of this
evidential force, and fraught with heart-stirring influence, are
accumulating every year. And as to zeal in the second direction, a
conviction of the good which may be effected by the circulation and
diffusion of works upon instructive and interesting subjects, imbued
with a Christian tone and spirit, is deepened by a consideration of
the present state of the world, with all its mental activity and
inquisitiveness; the habit of reading now on the increase in all
circles; and the instances frequently occurring, through the means
just indicated, of the removal of prejudice, and the commenced
preparation for something better in certain minds athirst for
knowledge. I am perfectly sure, and my confidence is the result of
long reflection and experience, that Christians have not yet paid one
tithe of the attention which it deserves to this pressing claim of the
present day. A great deal of money now injudiciously but
benevolently frittered away with the hope of some immediate
brilliant spiritual results, would, I am satisfied, be invested far more
wisely, and, in the end, with a deeper and wider return of
advantage, if devoted to the less imposing object of leavening our
current literature more and more with the sentiments and principles
of genuine Christianity.
And now we are brought face to face with the Religious Tract Society
and its very powerful claims upon our sympathy and support. It has
been in existence upwards of seventy years, and is one of those
vigorous institutions which struck their earliest roots into the
Christian mind of England when our fathers were terrified by the
storms of the French Revolution. Those institutions were not the
seedlings of a fanatical panic; rather did they arise as healthy
offshoots from God’s Tree of Life, to be planted by the hands of
disinterested charity and cheerful hope. It was a movement of
Christian philanthropy, taking a specific form, but instinct with large-
hearted and manifold zeal; for out of the early conferences of its
friends sprung the idea of the British and Foreign Bible Society; and
it was in the committee-room of the Tract Society that the
memorable words were uttered, “Bibles for Wales”—“Why not for the
world?” The Tract Society may be regarded, if not as the mother,
yet as the nurse of the Bible Society. The elder breathes the
unsectarian temper, the Catholic spirit so pre-eminently manifested
by the younger; and, like it, it aims only at bringing souls into the
all-comprehensive flock of the one all-sufficient Redeemer. It
eschews controversy on controversial questions, and throws its
energies into a great crusade against infidelity, falsehood, sin.
“Controversy at times,” it was remarked in the report for 1869, “may
arise, or local circumstances may exist which tend to divide sections
of Christians one from another; but should not this tendency be
resisted in presence of the weightier controversies which the whole
Church in all parts is called to wage against ignorance and error—
against superstition and unbelief—against the practical godlessness
of the pleasure-seekers and mammon-lovers amongst all classes?”
This last is the only controversy in which the Tract Society engages;
and it may be expected, therefore, to rally to itself all those who
deem the spread of the truth of higher importance than similarity of
opinion on the politico-ecclesiastical questions which are disturbing
European society. And this the Committee have no doubt that it will
do. The Society’s motto is—“Christ Jesus, and Him crucified,”—the
only Saviour of the lost, the only and the all-sufficient Prophet,
Priest, and King of his Church. To bring every thought of both young
and old, rich and poor, scholar and teacher, into subjection to Him, is
its one object. And it therefore claims the prayers and the support
of all who love the Lord Jesus in sincerity and in truth.
The object of the Society is twofold—embracing both the purposes
which I have just been enforcing:—The conversion of souls, sought
by direct and appropriate means; and the general benefit of all
classes of society, by a supply of works in general literature purified
by the presiding power of Christian truth, righteousness, love, and
wisdom.
The first object was originally the only one, and has ever been the
chief; and the good done by the religious tracts which the Society
has circulated, nobody can calculate. Who can tell the blessings
conveyed in “The Dairyman’s Daughter” and “The Young Cottager,”
tracts which, though old, can never be out of date—tracts which
have been very rarely equalled, and, I believe, never surpassed?
Others less striking have been the instruments of vast usefulness.
The annual circulation from the London depot, I see, is 41,044,772;
the total of issues, including those which are from foreign societies,
connected with this, 49,000,000. The total circulation of tracts for
seventy-one years reaches the enormous amount of nearly
1,335,000,000. It would seem, looking at these almost incredible
numbers, as if the world could not contain so many books written of
Him; and yet how many, many millions of the men and women in
the world know nothing of Him, and have never yet been reached by
any of these publications! What shoals have been and still are
coming forth on the other side, full of infidelity and superstition and
vice! So that, after all, the work of this Society is not half done.
The second object—the hallowing of literature with a Christian spirit
—has increasingly occupied the attention of the Society of late years,
but never, in the slightest degree, to the neglect of the first. The
catalogue of its published books includes, besides solid divinity, lively
histories, pleasant biographies, sparkling fictions, religious, moral,
and descriptive poetry. Old works are brought out in modern dress
under the care of competent editors; works entirely new are issued
under the sanction of the Committee, which renders itself
responsible for their contents. The pencil of the artist, the burin of
the engraver, are employed in the illustration and adornment of
many of the publications; and in an artistic as well as literary
respect, “The Leisure Hour” and the “Sunday at Home” stand
deservedly high amongst our popular periodicals. They are making
way amongst the intelligent and the tasteful, conciliating prejudice,
producing favourable impressions of Christian truth, and guiding the
young into right paths.
The prophet Ezekiel stood in the court of the Temple at Jerusalem,
and watched the flow of waters issuing “from under the threshold of
the house eastward,” and descending the slope of Zion into the
Valley of Jehoshaphat; he watched and followed the man with the
measuring line in his hand through the waters, which were first
ancle and then knee deep, and which, as they proceeded along the
limestone gorge, rose up to the loins, and then became waters to
swim in—a river which could not be passed over. When it reached
the Dead Sea it healed the waters of it, and where it came
everything lived. Then the prophet saw, in vision, groves, orchards,
gardens, rising on each side of this river. Such is the Old Testament
type of the Gospel of Christianity. It may be applied to all forms of
its influence and action. We venture to employ it as a figure of what
this Society is doing. It issues fertilizing, life-giving, and healing
streams, because it is filling the world with books written about the
many things which Jesus did, and is doing, and will do for the sons
of men. “And by the river, upon the bank thereof, on this side and
on that side, shall grow all trees for meat, whose leaf shall not fade,
neither shall the fruit thereof be consumed: it shall bring forth new
fruit according to his months, because their waters they issued out
of the sanctuary; and the fruit thereof shall be for meat, and the leaf
thereof for medicine.”
 ABSTRACT OF THE SEVENTY-FIRST
REPORT
OF THE

RELIGIOUS TRACT SOCIETY,

FOR THE YEAR ENDING MARCH 31, 1870.

The object of the Religious Tract Society, like that of the public
ministry of the Word, is to impress the contents of the sacred
volume—its doctrines, its precepts, its promises, its prospects—
separately, or in varied combinations, upon the consciences and
affections of men according to their spiritual needs. In pursuing this
object, it strives to imitate the Divine book itself, and to teach, not
by doctrine only, but by history, biography, poetry, parable; and to
tinge its information or instruction, as to the events of every-day life,
with the spirit of pure and undefiled religion before God and the
Father—disinterested benevolence and personal holiness.
There have been issued, during the year, THREE HUNDRED AND EIGHTY-
THREE new publications, of which ONE HUNDRED AND THIRTY-ONE were
Tracts. The Books include a revised Quarto Paragraph New
Testament, and two Parts of the Old; a historic Survey of the
Papacy; a Grammar and Vocabulary of the Greek Testament, and
many of a general character adapted for both adults and youth; and
amongst the Periodicals, a new one entitled “The True Catholic.”

FOREIGN OPERATIONS.
 EUROPE

FRANCE.

To the Paris Tract Society, the Committee have voted £100 to reduce
the price of the Almanach des Bons Conseils, £120 towards the free
circulation of 100,000 tracts, including a monthly grant to the agents
of the Home Missionary Society, and £300 for the publication of
various tracts monthly in editions of 10,000 each.
To Toulouse, £300 has been given; and to M. Puaux, £100.
Grants have also been made to the Strasbourg Society of £10; to M.
Jenkins, of Morlaix, for Breton publications, £19 10s. 5d.; and to
Pastor Maillard, of La Mothe, £20, for the publication of a Hymn
Book.
BELGIUM AND HOLLAND.

The Committee have furnished the Belgian Evangelical Society with

the means for publishing an edition of 3,000 of a new translation of
the Rev. Newman Hall’s “Come to Jesus,” and 5,000 each of eleven
Flemish tracts. They have also continued their subsidies to the
Flemish Christian monthly periodical, and, for a period of the year, to
the French Chrétien Belge.
Rotterdam.—M. Herklotts has issued from the auxiliary—Tracts,
57,181; Books, 1,747; Handbills, 13,050; total, 71,978. The
“Sinner’s Friend” has been reprinted, and 7,050 copies issued.
Amsterdam.—During the past year, a Workmen’s Exhibition was held in
this city, and the Committee sent to Pastor Adama v. Scheltema £10
in English tracts, £10 in foreign, and £10 in Dutch tracts. A
handsome kiosk was erected for their reception. They were wisely
distributed and well received.

SWITZERLAND.

Grants voted to Switzerland, £146 14s.

 RUSSIA.

St. Petersburg.—Twenty-three new tracts have been printed—121,000

copies—at a cost of £80 to the Society. They are chiefly translations
from English tracts, and all contain the Gospel of our Lord.
The sales, including nearly 8,000 German tracts and books, have
reached during the past year 115,823 copies. The gratuitous
circulation has been, in addition, 2,600 tracts.
At Riga, M. Loeswitz still pursues his tract publication in the German,
Lettish, Esthonian, and Polish languages. His scheme involved the
printing of 90,000 tracts and books in these tongues at a cost of
over £300, towards which the Committee contributed £100.

SWEDEN AND NORWAY.

The Stockholm Missionary Union, of which the Rev. Mr. Wiberg is

Secretary, has issued sixteen new tracts, in editions of 10,000 each,
at a cost of £44, towards which the Committee have voted £20.
The gratuitous circulation during the year amounts to 80,000, by the
hands of sixteen agents employed in various parts of the kingdom.
Through the Rev. J. Storjohann, the Norwegian Chaplain to the Port
of London, the Committee have printed six tracts in Norse,
amounting to 15,500 copies.

GERMANY.

Hamburg.—The Lower Saxony Tract Society has received the usual

grant of £350. It has printed during the year 870,000 publications,
and circulated by sale and gift 1,060,000.
Mr. Oncken’s circulation for the year ending March 31, 1870, was
1,030,306. The grants made to him have been £300 for tract
printing, £100 for the purchase of tracts from other German
Societies, and £13 for Spanish and Russian tracts.
The Bremen Society, conducted by Dr. Jacobi, has received £85,
principally for German versions of the Society’s English tracts.
The miscellaneous grants are two of £20 each to Mr. Lehmann, of
Berlin, one of whose distributors has been imprisoned for giving
away a tract under prohibited circumstances; £30 to Dr. Adelberg, of
Erlangen; £10 to Pastor Tretzel, Nüremberg; £20 to Nassau; £30 to
Baden; and £20 English books for the daughter of the late Dr.
Fliedner, at Hilden.

HUNGARY.

The sums expended in this field amount to £460:—35,000 copies of

tracts in Hungarian have been printed, and 13,000 in Slavonian.

ITALY.

The books printed at the Typographia Claudiana, at the cost of the

Society, during the past year amounted to 40,500 copies.
Grants voted to Italy, £819 4s.

SPAIN.

From November, 1868, to February, 1870, 1,500,000 tracts have

been printed at Madrid, at a cost of £1,490.
“Tracts are a mighty power rightly used, but tracts can be wasted
and the tract brought into contempt. The rule we desire to see
carried out in Spain is, tracts given to all who purchase Gospels; an
assortment to purchasers of Bibles and Testaments, given to those
who can read, or who have sons or children who can read for them.”

TURKEY.

The works printed during the past year at the cost of the Committee
by the American Missionaries in Constantinople, who have received
the usual grant of £300, have amounted to 13,000 copies in Arabo-
Turkish; 8,000 in Armenian; 3,000 in Armeno-Turkish; and 6,000 in
Bulgarian.

ASIATIC OPERATIONS.

INDIA.

The report from India speaks of movement and progress both in

printing and circulation.
Madras writes:—“The past year records the largest number of
distinct publications that have ever been published in any one year.
The average number of new publications has only been seven: this
year seventy-seven distinct publications have been issued, sixty-four
of which are new tracts and books. The printing is about the
average.”
From Bombay, Mr. Bowen says:—“Our circulation is much in advance
of what it ever was. Our financial condition is good.”
From Colombo Mr. Murdoch says:—“The subscriptions are somewhat
in advance of the preceding year; but the most encouraging feature
is the great increase, amounting to 45 per cent. beyond former
sales.”
The amount of paper granted to the various printing presses during
the past year has been considerably increased, being 3,062 reams;
while 754,110 books and tracts have been printed during the year by
the various Indian Auxiliaries.
CHINA.

The total grants during the year have amounted to £247. Returns of
publications printed not received in time for the Report.

BRITISH NORTH AMERICA.

The grants of tracts and Sunday-school libraries made to this part of

the field amount to £546.
 WEST INDIES, ETC.

Including Jamaica, Antigua, Turk’s Island, Demerara, Cuba, Brazil,

Honduras, Mexico, have received grants to the amount of £169.

AUSTRALIA, NEW ZEALAND, TASMANIA.

The grants during the year to our brethren in these distant parts of
the globe were as follows:—
Adelaide, £35 14s.; Goulburn, £5; Hobart Town, £13; Melbourne,
£10; Victoria—Miscellaneous, £22; Sydney, £104 10s.; Launceston,
£6; Queensland, £7 15s.; Miscellaneous, £10; Total, £204.

AFRICA.

The grants made to this continent amount to £73.

FUNDS.
The benevolent receipts, including legacies, amount to £15,479; but
as £500 of this sum is by the will of the testator, Mr. William Hollins,
directed to be kept distinct, the dividends upon it have alone been
available, thus reducing the amount to £14,979.
The grants for the year, including money, paper, and publications,
have amounted to £17,223, making the excess of grants over the
receipts £2,244.

CIRCULATION.
The total circulation for the year is about forty-one millions of
publications from the Home Depository; and about eight millions
more from Foreign Depôts.

PRIVILEGES OF SUBSCRIBERS.
All Subscribers to the Parent Society are allowed a discount of 25 per
cent. on all their purchases; while the Subscription itself is
appropriated to the Society’s Grants at Home and Abroad.

DEPOSITORIES: 56, PATERNOSTER ROW; 65, ST. PAUL’S CHURCHYARD;

164, PICCADILLY; AND 31 WESTERN ROAD, BRIGHTON.
 SOCIETY’S PERIODICALS.

THE TRUE CATHOLIC.

Published in the Interests of Scriptural Truth. One Penny, Monthly.
THE COTTAGER AND ARTIZAN.
A Monthly Periodical for the Labouring Classes. In large type, with fine
Illustrations. Price One Penny.
The Volume for 1869, with cover printed in oil colours, 1s. 6d.
NEW SERIES OF
THE TRACT MAGAZINE.
Monthly, price One Penny. For Loan Circulation and Family Reading.
Volume for 1869, 1s. 6d., with coloured Frontispiece and Engravings.
THE CHILD’S COMPANION AND JUVENILE INSTRUCTOR.
Published Monthly, price One Penny. Printed in small quarto size,
and embellished with large tinted and other Engravings by the best
English and Foreign Artists.
The Volume for 1869, 1s. 6d., fancy cover; 2s. extra cloth, gilt.
THE LEISURE HOUR.
A Family Journal of Instruction and Recreation. Coloured and Wood
Engravings. Weekly, One Penny; Monthly Parts, Sixpence.
THE SUNDAY AT HOME.
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