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Table of Contents
Learning Reactive Programming with Java 8
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewers
www.PacktPub.com
Support files, eBooks, discount offers, and more
Why subscribe?
Free access for Packt account holders
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Downloading the example code
Errata
Piracy
Questions
1. An Introduction to Reactive Programming
What is reactive programming?
Why should we be reactive?
Introducing RxJava
Downloading and setting up RxJava
Comparing the iterator pattern and the RxJava Observable
Implementing the reactive sum
Summary
2. Using the Functional Constructions of Java 8
Lambdas in Java 8
Introducing the new syntax and semantics
Functional interfaces in Java 8 and RxJava
Implementing the reactive sum example with lambdas
Pure functions and higher order functions
 Pure functions
Higher order functions
RxJava and functional programming
Summary
3. Creating and Connecting Observables, Observers, and Subjects
The Observable.from method
The Observable.just method
Other Observable factory methods
The Observable.create method
Subscribing and unsubscribing
Hot and cold Observable instances
The ConnectableObservable class
The Subject instances
Summary
4. Transforming, Filtering, and Accumulating Your Data
Observable transformations
Transformations with the various flatMap operators
Grouping items
Additional useful transformation operators
Filtering data
Accumulating data
Summary
5. Combinators, Conditionals, and Error Handling
Combining the Observable instances
The zip operator
The combineLatest operator
The merge operator
The concat operator
The conditional operators
The amb operator
The takeUntil(), takeWhile(), skipUntil(), and skipWhile()
conditional operators
The defaultIfEmpty( ) operator
Handling errors
The return and resume operators
The retrying technique
An HTTP client example
 Summary
6. Using Concurrency and Parallelism with Schedulers
RxJava's schedulers
Debugging Observables and their schedulers
The interval Observable and its default scheduler
Types of schedulers
The Schedulers.immediate scheduler
The Schedulers.trampoline scheduler
The Schedulers.newThread scheduler
The Schedulers.computation scheduler
The Schedulers.io scheduler
The Schedulers.from(Executor) method
Combining Observables and schedulers
The Observable<T> subscribeOn(Scheduler) method
The Observable<T> observeOn(Scheduler) operator
Parallelism
Buffering, throttling, and debouncing
Throttling
Debouncing
The buffer and window operators
The backpressure operators
Summary
7. Testing Your RxJava Application
Testing using simple subscription
The BlockingObservable class
The aggregate operators and the BlockingObservable class
Testing with the aggregate operators and the BlockingObservable
class
Using the TestSubscriber class for in-depth testing
Testing asynchronous Observable instances with the help of the
TestScheduler class
Summary
8. Resource Management and Extending RxJava
Resource management
Introducing the Observable.using method
Caching data with Observable.cache
Creating custom operators with lift
 Composing multiple operators with the Observable.compose
operator
Summary
Index
Learning Reactive
Programming with Java 8
Learning Reactive
Programming with Java 8
Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in

a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the
case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure
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First published: June 2015

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Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

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ISBN 978-1-78528-872-2
www.packtpub.com
Credits
Author

Nickolay Tsvetinov

Reviewers

Samuel Gruetter

Dávid Karnok

Timo Tuominen

Shixiong Zhu

Commissioning Editor

Veena Pagare

Acquisition Editor

Larrisa Pinto

Content Development Editor

Adrian Raposo

Technical Editor

Abhishek R. Kotian

Copy Editors

Brandt D'mello

Neha Vyas
Project Coordinator

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Proofreader

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Indexer

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Production Coordinator

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Cover Work

Conidon Miranda
About the Author
Nickolay Tsvetinov is a professional all-round web developer at
TransportAPI—Britain's first comprehensive open platform for
transport solutions. During his career as a software developer, he
experienced both good and bad and played with most of the popular
programming languages—from C and Java to Ruby and JavaScript.
For the last 3-4 years, he's been creating and maintaining single-
page applications (SPA) and the backend API architectures that
serve them. He is a fan of open source software, Rails, Vim, Sinatra,
Ember.js, Node.js, and Nintendo. He was an unsuccessful musician
and poet, but he is a successful husband and father. His area of
interest and expertise includes the declarative/functional and
reactive programming that resulted in the creation of ProAct.js
(http://proactjs.com), which is a library that augments the JavaScript
language and turns it into a reactive language.

First of all, I want to thank my wife, Tanya. I wrote this book

because she told me that I was capable of doing this. She was
with me all these months; I worked late at night and on
weekends, but she didn't mind that. She also helped me with the
content of this book. Thank you, Tanya; I love you and I dedicate
this book to you. I want to thank my baby girl, Dalia. She is the
one who makes me learn and do new things. One day, I want her
to be proud of me—she is my sun. I want to thank my colleagues
from TransportAPI, especially Dave, who helped me with my
English, and Jonathan and Martin, who gave me the courage to
finish the book.

I want to thank Astea Solutions, as they gave me space to write,

as well as my parents, Georgi and Dimana, who did the same for
me on weekends. Finally, I want to thank all my friends who
supported me—Simeon, Rosen, Deyan, Pavel, my sister, Marina,
and many more.
Thank you!
About the Reviewers
Samuel Gruetter holds a BSc degree in computer science from
École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. As
a student assistant and member of the Scala team at EPFL, he
developed RxScala, which is a Scala adaptor for the RxJava
Reactive Extensions library. In this way, he contributed to RxJava.
He was also a teaching assistant for the Principles of Reactive
Programming massive open online course on Coursera, which is the
first online course on reactive programming.

Dávid Karnok is a research assistant and PhD student at the

Research Laboratory on Engineering and Management Intelligence
of the Institute for Computer Science and Control of the Hungarian
Academy of Sciences.

He has been working with Java and related core technologies since
2005 to bring Java's benefits to manufacturing and logistic
companies.

He was the first to port Microsoft's Rx.NET framework to Java back

in 2010; however, the concept was so ahead of its time that his
library didn't catch much attention until Netflix came out with the
independent RxJava port in 2013. He joined the project not much
later and is a core collaborator and has contributed to about 30
percent of the code in the library over the years. With several years
of reactive programming experience and as a core developer of
RxJava, he frequently answers questions about the library on Stack
Overflow, where he reviews pull requests on the RxJava GitHub
project page and posts bug fixes and enhancements on a regular
basis.

Timo Tuominen develops large-scale software projects from

conception to completion for clients, including major telcos and
device manufacturers. As the technical lead, he has created dozens
of products and services both for consumer and business use.
Working with Futurice, he started using RxJava in 2013 and
designed one of the first pure RxJava architectures on Android. His
novel approach was a result of the uncompromising functional
reactive programming principles that he applied to an existing
platform. Several apps and thousands of code commits later, he is
now convinced that RxJava and FRP represent a new and better
way to build software.

I would like to dedicate this book to everyone who has put up

with my RxJava innovations.

Shixiong Zhu is an RxJava committer and also maintains the

RxScala project. He received his master's of science degree in
computer science from Peking University, China. After that, he joined
MicroStrategy and worked on several big data projects. He has also
worked on the infrastructure team at Xiaomi. Currently, he is living in
Beijing and working on the Apache Spark project, which is a fast and
general platform for large-scale data processing.
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Preface
Reactive programming has been around for decades. There has
been a few implementations of reactive programming from the time
Smalltalk was a young language. However, it has only become
popular recently and it is now becoming a trend. Why now you ask?
Because it is good for writing fast, real-time applications and current
technologies and the Web demand this.

I got involved in it back in 2008, when the team I was part of was
developing a multimedia book creator called Sophie 2. It had to be
fast and responsive so we created a framework called Prolib, which
provided objects with properties which could depend on each other
(in other words, we implemented bindings for Swing and much more
—transformations, filtering, and so on). It felt natural to wire the
model data to the GUI like this.

Of course, this was far away from the functional-like approach that
comes with RX. In 2010, Microsoft released RX and, after that,
Netflix ported it to Java—RxJava. However, Netflix released RxJava
to the open source community and the project became a huge
success. Many other languages have their port of RX and many
alternatives to it. Now, you can code using reactive programming on
your Java backend and wire it to your RxJava's frontend.

This book tries to explain to you what reactive programming is all

about and how to use it with RxJava. It has many small examples
and it explains concepts and API details in small steps. After reading
this book, you will have an idea of RxJava, functional programming,
and the reactive paradigm.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, An Introduction to Reactive Programming, will introduce
you to the concept of reactive programming and will tell you why you
should learn about it. This chapter contains examples that
demonstrate how RxJava incorporates the reactive programming
concept.

Chapter 2, Using the Functional Constructions of Java 8, will teach

you how to use the new lambda constructions of Java 8. It will
explain some functional programming concepts and will show you
how to use them with RxJava in your reactive programs.

Chapter 3, Creating and Connecting Observables, Observers, and

Subjects, will show you the basic building blocks of the RxJava
library called the Observables. You will learn the difference between
'hot' and 'cold' Observables and how to subscribe to and
unsubscribe from them using a subscription instance.

Chapter 4, Transforming, Filtering, and Accumulating Your Data, will

walk you through the basic reactive operators, which you will learn
how to use to achieve step-by-step computations. This chapter will
give you an idea of how to transform the events the Observables
emit, how to filter only the data we need, and how to group,
accumulate, and process it.

Chapter 5, Combinators, Conditionals, and Error Handling, will

present you with more complex reactive operators, which will allow
you to master observable chaining. You will learn about the
combining and conditional operators and how the Observables
interact with each other. This chapter demonstrates the different
approaches to error handling.

Chapter 6, Using Concurrency and Parallelism with Schedulers, will

guide you through the process of writing concurrent and parallel
programs with RxJava. This will be accomplished by the RxJava
Schedulers. The types of Schedulers will be introduced and you will
come to know when and why to use each one of them. This chapter
will present you with a mechanism that will show you how to avoid
and apply backpressure.

Chapter 7, Testing Your RxJava Application, will show you how to

unit test your RxJava applications.

Chapter 8, Resource Management and Extending RxJava, will teach

you how to manage the resources used as data sources by your
RxJava applications. We will write our own Observable operators
here.
What you need for this book
In order to run the examples, you will need:

Java 8 installed, which you can download from Oracle's site

http://www.oracle.com/technetwork/java/javase/downloads/jdk8-
downloads-2133151.html
Gradle to build the project—2.x, which you can download from
https://gradle.org/downloads
Eclipse to open the project. You will also need the Gradle plugin
for Eclipse, which can be downloaded from the Eclipse
MarketPlace. Of course, you can use Gradle from the command
line and go through the code with Vim or any other arbitrary text
editor
Who this book is for
If you are a Java developer who knows how to write software and
would like to learn how to apply your existing skills to reactive
programming, this book is for you.

This book can be helpful to anybody no matter if they are beginners,

advanced programmers, or even experts. You don't need to have
any experience with either Java 8's lambdas and streams or with
RxJava.
Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish
between different kinds of information. Here are some examples of
these styles and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames,

file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter
handles are shown as follows: "We can include other contexts
through the use of the include directive."

A block of code is set as follows:

Observable
.just('R', 'x', 'J', 'a', 'v', 'a')
.subscribe(
System.out::print,
System.err::println,
System.out::println
);

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code

block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:

Observable<Object> obs = Observable

.interval(40L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.switchMap(v ->
Observable
.timer(0L, 10L, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS)
.map(u -> "Observable <" + (v + 1) + "> : "
+ (v + u)))
);
subscribePrint(obs, "switchMap");

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you
see on the screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in
the text like this: "Interfaces of this type are called functional
interfaces."
Note
Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tip
Tips and tricks appear like this.
Reader feedback
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