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Table of Contents
Ansible Configuration Management Second Edition
Credits
About the Author
About the Reviewers
www.PacktPub.com
Support files, eBooks, discount offers, and more
Why subscribe?
Free access for Packt account holders
Preface
What this book covers
What you need for this book
Who this book is for
Conventions
Reader feedback
Customer support
Downloading the example code
Errata
Piracy
Questions
1. Getting Started with Ansible
Hardware and software required
Installation methods
Installing from your distribution
Installing from pip
Installing from the source code
Setting up Ansible
Setting it up on Windows
First steps with Ansible
Module help
Summary
2. Simple Playbooks
The target section
 The variable section
The task section
The handlers section
The playbook modules
The template module
The set_fact module
The pause module
The wait_for module
The assemble module
The add_host module
The group_by module
The slurp module
Windows playbook modules
Cloud Infrastructure modules
The AWS modules
Summary
3. Advanced Playbooks
Running operations in parallel
Looping
Conditional execution
Task delegation
Extra variables
The hostvars variable
The groups variable
The group_names variable
The inventory_hostname variable
The inventory_hostname_short variable
The inventory_dir variable
The inventory_file variable
Finding files with variables
Environment variables
External data lookups
Storing results
Processing data
Debugging playbooks
The debug module
 The verbose mode
The check mode
The pause module
Summary
4. Larger Projects
Includes
Task includes
Handler includes
Playbook includes
Roles
Role metadata
Role defaults
Speeding things up
Provisioning
Tags
Ansible's pull mode
Storing secrets
Summary
5. Custom Modules
Writing a module in Bash
Using a custom module
Writing modules in Python
External inventories
Extending Ansible
Connection plugins
Lookup plugins
Filter plugins
Callback plugins
Summary
Index
Ansible Configuration
Management Second Edition
Ansible Configuration
Management Second Edition
Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored

in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means,
without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the
case of brief quotations embedded in critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to

ensure the accuracy of the information presented. However, the
information contained in this book is sold without warranty, either
express or implied. Neither the author nor Packt Publishing, and its
dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages caused
or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information

about all of the companies and products mentioned in this book by
the appropriate use of capitals. However, Packt Publishing cannot
guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: November 2013

Second edition: April 2015

Production reference: 1220415

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place

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Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78528-230-0

www.packtpub.com
Credits
Author

Daniel Hall

Reviewers

Maykel Moya

Fernando F. Rodrigues

Patrik Uytterhoeven

Commissioning Editor

Ashwin Nair

Acquisition Editor

Reshma Raman

Content Development Editor

Rahul Nair

Technical Editor

Manali Gonsalves

Copy Editor

Laxmi Subramanian

Project Coordinator

Judie Jose
Proofreaders

Paul Hindle

Clyde Jenkins

Indexer

Monica Ajmera Mehta

Production Coordinator

Nilesh R. Mohite

Cover Work

Nilesh R. Mohite
About the Author
Daniel Hall started as a systems administrator at RMIT University
after completing his bachelor's in computer science in 2009. After
spending 5 years improving deployment processes at
realestate.com.au, he became the sole Systems Engineer at
Melbourne lighting startup LIFX. Like many system administrators,
he is constantly trying to make his job easier, and has been using
Ansible to this effect. Daniel also wrote the first edition of this book.

I would like to thank my partner, Eliza, for her continued support

while writing this book. I would also like to thank my reviewers
for their insightful corrections. Finally, I would like to thank
everybody at Packt for giving me this opportunity to follow up on
the first edition of my book.
About the Reviewers
Maykel Moya has been working in Systems and Network
Administration since 1999. Previously, he was at two of the largest
ISPs in his hometown of Cuba, where he managed HA clusters, SAN,
AAA systems, WAN, and Cisco routers. He entered the GNU/Linux
landscape through RedHat, but today his main experience lies in
Debian/Ubuntu systems. He identifies with the Free Software
philosophy.

Convinced through personal experience that human intervention in

computer operations doesn't scale and is error-prone, he is
constantly seeking ways to let software offload the tedious and
repetitive tasks from people. With a background in Puppet, he
looked for alternatives and discovered Ansible in its early days.
Since then he has been contributing to it.

He is currently employed by ShuttleCloud Corp., a company

specialized in cloud data migration at scale. Here, he works as a
Site Reliability Engineer, ensuring that the machine fleet is always
available, runs reliably, and manages resources in an optimal
manner. Ansible is one of the many technologies he uses to
accomplish this on a daily basis.

Fernando F. Rodrigues is an IT professional with more than 10

years of experience in systems administration, especially with Linux
and VMware. As a system administrator, he has always focused on
programming and has experience in working on projects from the
government sector to financial institutions. He is a technology
enthusiast, and his areas of interest include cloud computing,
virtualization, infrastructure automation, and Linux administration.

He is also the technical reviewer of the books VMware ESXi

Cookbook and Learning Ansible, both by Packt Publishing.
Patrik Uytterhoeven has over 16 years of experience in IT. Most
of this time was spent on HP Unix and Red Hat Linux. In late 2012,
he joined Open-Future, a leading open source integrator and the
first Zabbix reseller and training partner in Belgium.

When Patrik joined Open-Future, he gained the opportunity to

certify himself as a Zabbix-certified trainer. Since then, he has
provided training and public demonstrations not only in Belgium but
also around the world, in countries such as the Netherlands,
Germany, Canada, and Ireland.

Because Patrik also has a deep interest in configuration

management, he wrote some Ansible roles for Red Hat 6.x and 7.x
to deploy and update Zabbix. These roles, and some others, can be
found in the Ansible Galaxy at
https://galaxy.ansible.com/list#/users/1375.

Patrik is also a technical reviewer of Learning Ansible and the

author of the Zabbix cookbook. Both the books are published by
Packt Publishing.
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Preface
Since CFEngine was first created by Mark Burgess in 1993,
configuration management tools have been constantly evolving.
Followed by the emergence of more modern tools such as Puppet
and Chef, there are now a large number of choices available to a
system administrator.

Ansible is one of the newer tools to arrive into the configuration

management space. Where other tools have focused on
completeness and configurability, Ansible has bucked the trend and,
instead, focused on simplicity and ease of use.

In this book, we aim to show you how to use Ansible from the
humble beginnings of its CLI tool, to writing playbooks, and then
managing large and complex environments. Finally, we teach you
how to build your own modules and extend Ansible by writing
plugins that add new features.
What this book covers
Chapter 1, Getting Started with Ansible, teaches you the basics of
Ansible, how to install it on Windows and Linux, how to build an
inventory, how to use modules, and, most importantly, how to get
help.

Chapter 2, Simple Playbooks, teaches you how to combine multiple

modules to create Ansible playbooks to manage your hosts, it also
covers a few useful modules.

Chapter 3, Advanced Playbooks, delves deeper into Ansible's

scripting language and teaches you more complex language
constructs; here we also explain how to debug playbooks.

Chapter 4, Larger Projects, teaches you the techniques to scale

Ansible's configurations to large deployments using many
complicated systems, including how to manage various secrets you
may use to provision your systems.

Chapter 5, Custom Modules, teaches you how to expand Ansible

beyond its current capabilities by writing both modules and plugins.
What you need for this book
To use this book, you will need at least the following:

A text editor
A machine with the Linux operating system
Python 2.6.x or Python 2.7.x

However, to use Ansible to its full effect, you should have several
Linux machines available to be managed. You can use a
virtualization platform to simulate many hosts, if required. To use
the Windows modules, you will need both a Windows machine to be
managed and a Linux machine to be the controller.
Who this book is for
This book is intended for people who want to understand the basics
of how Ansible works. It is expected that you have rudimentary
knowledge of how to set up and configure Linux machines. In parts
of the book, we cover the configuration files of BIND, MySQL, and
other Linux daemons; a working knowledge of these would be
helpful, but is certainly not required.
Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of styles of text that distinguish
among different kinds of information. Here are some examples of
these styles, and an explanation of their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames,

file extensions, pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter
handles are shown as follows: "This is done in a similar way using
the vars_files directive."

A block of code is set as follows:

[group]
machine1
machine2
machine3

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code

block, the relevant lines or items are set in bold:

tasks:
- name: install apache
action: yum name=httpd state=installed

- name: configure apache

copy: src=files/httpd.conf
dest=/etc/httpd/conf/httpd.conf

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

ansible machinename -u root -k -m ping

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that
you see on the screen, in menus or dialog boxes for example,
appear in the text like this: "clicking the Next button moves you to
the next screen".

Note
Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tip
Tips and tricks appear like this.
Reader feedback
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To send us general feedback, simply send an e-mail to

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Downloading the example code

You can download the example code files for all Packt books you
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Chapter 1. Getting Started
with Ansible
Ansible is profoundly different from other configuration
management tools available today. It has been designed to make
configuration easy in almost every way, from its simple English
configuration syntax to its ease of setup. You'll find that Ansible
allows you to stop writing custom configuration and deployment
scripts and lets you simply get on with your job.

Ansible only needs to be installed on the machines that you use to

manage your infrastructure. It does not need a client to be installed
on the managed machine, nor does it need any server infrastructure
to be set up before you can use it. You should even be able to use it
merely minutes after it is installed, as we will show you in this
chapter.

The following are the topics covered in this chapter:

Installing Ansible
Configuring Ansible
Using Ansible from the command line
Using Ansible to manage Windows machines
How to get help

Hardware and software

required
You will be using Ansible from the command line on one machine,
which we will call the controller machine, and use it to configure
another machine, which we will call the managed machine.
Ansible currently only supports a Linux or OS X controller machine;
however, the managed machine can be Linux, OS X, other Unix-like
machines or Windows. Ansible does not place many requirements
on the controller machine and even less on the managed machine.

The requirements for the controller machine are as follows:

Python 2.6 or higher

paramiko
PyYAML
Jinja2
httplib2
Unix-based OS

The managed machine needs Python 2.4 or higher and simplejson;

however, if your Python is 2.5 or higher, you only need Python.
Managed Windows machines will need Windows remoting turned
on, and a version of Windows PowerShell greater than 3.0. While
Windows machines do have more requirements, all the tools are
freely available and the Ansible project even includes the script to
help you easily set up the dependencies.
Installation methods
If you want to use Ansible to manage a set of existing machines or
infrastructure, you will likely want to use whatever package
manager is included on those systems. This means that you will get
updates for Ansible as your distribution updates it, which may lag
several versions behind other methods. However, it means that you
will be running a version that has been tested to work on the
system you are using.

If you run an existing infrastructure, but need a newer version of

Ansible, you can install Ansible via pip. Pip is a tool used to manage
packages of Python software and libraries. Ansible releases are
pushed to pip as soon as they are released, so if you are up to date
with pip, you should always be running the latest version.

If you imagine yourself developing lots of modules and possibly

contributing back to Ansible, you should be running a version
installed from source code. As you will be running the latest and
least-tested version of Ansible, you may experience a hiccup or two.

Installing from your distribution

Most modern distributions include a package manager that
automatically manages package dependencies and updates for you.
This makes installing Ansible via your package manager by far the
easiest way to get started with Ansible; usually it takes only a
single command. It will also be updated as you update your
machine, though it may be a version or two behind. The following
are the commands to install Ansible on the most common
distributions. If you are using something different, refer to the user
guide of your package or your distribution's package lists:

Fedora, RHEL, CentOS, and compatible:

 $ yum install ansible

Ubuntu, Debian, and compatible:

$ apt-get install ansible

Note
Note that RHEL and CentOS require the EPEL repository to be
installed. Details on EPEL, including how to install it can be
found at https://fedoraproject.org/wiki/EPEL.

If you are on Ubuntu and wish to use the latest release instead
of the one provided by your operating system, you can use the
Ubuntu PPA provided by Ansible. Details on setting this up can
be found at
https://launchpad.net/~ansible/+archive/ubuntu/ansible.

Installing from pip

Pip, like a distribution's package manager, will handle finding,
installing, and updating the packages you ask for and its
dependencies. This makes installing Ansible via pip as easy as
installing from your package manager. It should be noted, however,
that it will not be updated with your operating system. Additionally,
updating your operating system may break your Ansible installation;
however, this is unlikely. If you are a Python user, you might want to
install Ansible in an isolated environment (virtual environment):
This is not supported as Ansible tries to install its modules to the
system. You should install Ansible system-wide using pip.

The following is the command to install Ansible via pip:

$ pip install ansible

Installing from the source code
Installing from the source code is a great way to get the latest
version, but it may not be tested as correctly as the released
versions. You also will need to take care of updating to newer
versions yourself and making sure that Ansible will continue to work
with your operating system updates. To clone the git repository
and install it, run the following commands. You may need root
access to your system to do this:

$ git clone git://github.com/ansible/ansible.git

$ cd ansible
$ sudo make install

Tip
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You can download the example code files for all Packt books you
have purchased from your account at http://www.packtpub.com.
If you purchased this book elsewhere, you can visit
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Setting up Ansible
Ansible needs to be able to get an inventory of the machines that
you want to configure in order to manage them. This can be done in
many ways due to inventory plug-ins. Several different inventory
plug-ins are included with the base install. We will go over these
later in the book. For now, we will cover the simple host's file
inventory.

The default Ansible inventory file is named hosts and is placed at

/etc/ansible. It is formatted like an INI file. Group names are
enclosed in square braces, and everything underneath it, down to
the next group heading, gets assigned to that group. Machines can
be in many groups at one time. Groups are used to allow you to
configure many machines at once. You can use a group instead of a
hostname as a host pattern in later examples, and Ansible will run
the module on the entire group at once.

In the following example, we have three machines in a group

named webservers, namely site01, site02, and site01-dr. We also
have a production group that consists of site01, site02, db01, and
bastion.

[webservers]
site01
site02
site01-dr

[production]
site01
site02
db01
bastion

Once you have placed your hosts in the Ansible inventory, you can
start running commands against them. Ansible includes a simple
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
 CHAP. XXIV.
PROVINCE OF SOLIMOES.

Jurisdiction—Origin of its Name—Boundaries and Extent—Partially

known—Division into Six Districts—Rivers—Various Indians—
Customs—Povoaçoes.
The province of Solimoes, and the western part of Guianna, with
the western portion of Mundrucania, form a government, subordinate
to Grand Para. The eastern part of Guianna is immediately under the
jurisdiction of Para. The first Portuguese who proceeded up the
Amazons, from the mouth of Rio Negro, gave it the name of
Solimoes, by which it is yet designated; not in allusion to the venoms
with which the Indians of these latitudes, as well as those of the low
Amazons, infected their arrows, nor to the tribes inhabiting the banks
of Rio Negro, who used the same weapon, but to the nation
denominated Soriman, and, by corruption, Solimao and Solimoes.
The province of Solimoes is bounded on the north by the river of
the same name, or rather the Amazons; on the west by the Hyabary,
which separates it from the Spanish dominions; on the south by the
same dominions, the divisionary line between the two territories
having been adjusted by the Portuguese and Spanish
commissioners in the year 1751, and ratified in 1757; and on the
east by the Madeira.
It is two hundred and fifty miles on the eastern side, from north to
south, nearly six hundred miles from east to west, and lies between
3° 23′ and 7° 30′ south latitude. It is a country but little known
excepting along the Madeira, and in the vicinity of the Amazons: it is
occupied by numerous Indian nations, speaking divers idioms, and
watered by many large and navigable rivers. It produces all the
quadrupeds, reptiles, and birds of the provinces, eastward of the
river Madeira; a vast variety of plants and trees known to be of great
utility, amongst which are the clove, cupahyba, or capivi, cocoa,
elastic gum, puchery, and cotton. It is well known also that the soil is
highly adapted to the culture of Indian corn, rice, legumes, the cane,
tobacco, mandioco, coffee, bahunilha, or vanilla, inhumes, (growing
like potatoes,) potatoes, and a variety of fruits: however, these
articles will not prosper equally in all parts. Domestic cattle are
universally in small numbers, and their augmentation depends upon
the Christian portion of population, which, at present, is very
inconsiderable. Nothing satisfactory is known of the mineralogy of
the province; but it appears natural that the minerals peculiar to the
adjoining provinces should also be found here.
The five following large rivers, Hyutahy, Hyurba, Teffe, Coary, and
Puru, which traverse the province from south to north, with the
Madeira and Hyabary, divide it into six districts of unequal size, and
almost of the same length from north to south: each one takes the
name of the river that serves for its western limit. We will describe
the above districts according to the following order:—
Puru
Coary
Teffe
Hyurba
Hyutahy
Hyabary.

The principal povoaçoes, or towns, of these districts, four having

only one each, another two, and the last three, were founded by the
Slippered Carmalites. Condamine, the French writer, says, “Toute la
partie découverte des bords de Rio Negro est peuple de missions
Portugaises, des mêmes religieux du Mont Carmel que nous avions
rencontres en descendant l’Amazone, depuis que nous avions laisse
les missions Espagnoles.”
District of Puru.

Puru, which lies between the Madeira, and the river from which it
derives its name, has been more explored than any of the
contiguous districts, and enjoys the best situation for commerce.
From its centre various other considerable rivers flow into the three
which form its confines. The Capanna and the Uhautas are the
largest amongst those which run to the Madeira.
 The Capanna empties itself one hundred and forty miles above
the town of Borba, after having traversed a considerable lake, which
receives divers small streams, and from whence there is also an
outlet to the river Puru. Its environs are inhabited by the Catauixi and
Itatapriya Indians, who are great hunters and fishers.
The Uhautas, which has a course of fifty miles, discharges itself
fifteen miles from Borba, and originates in a lake of the same name,
which is vast and studded with islands that are overspread with the
clove-tree.
From this lake, which is the receptacle of various small streams,
two other rivers issue and flow to the Amazons; one of them enters it
eight miles above the mouth of the Madeira, and the other, called
Paratary, one hundred miles further to the west. Eighteen miles
below the principal mouth of the Rio Negro is the lake d’El Rey, near
the southern margin of the Amazons. The Purupuru Indians, who
inhabit the central part of the country, give their chief the name of
Maranuxauha.
The margins of the Amazons and the Rio Negro, upwards, are
infested with a small musquito, called pium, whose painful sting
leaves a red mark, accompanied with insufferable itching and a
disposition to ulcerate. One hundred and sixty miles is about the
width of this district on the northern side.
Cratto, yet a small town, but well situated upon the margin of the
Madeira, a considerable distance above Borba, has a church
dedicated to St. Joam Baptista, and its inhabitants are generally
Indians and Mesticoes, who collect some cocoa, cloves, and
sarsaparilla, with provisions of the first necessity. They catch great
numbers of the tortoise at the beach of Tamandoa, which they keep
in an enclosure in the water. It is one of the ports for canoes coming
from Matto-Grosso, and many circumstances concur in warranting
the prediction that it will become one of the principal towns of
Solimoes.
District of Coary.
 This district extends between the river from which it takes its
name and the principal arm of the Puru, with one hundred and
twenty miles of width on the northern part. The Muras possess the
environs of the Amazons; the Purupurus, and the Catauixis, the
centre of the country, with other uncivilized nations. Three channels
from the Puru irrigate a portion of the eastern part of this comarca in
the proximity of the Amazons;—the Cochiuara which discharges
itself twenty-five miles from the mouth of its superior; the Coyuanna,
twenty miles above the preceding; and the Arupanna, more to the
westward. The first gives also its name to this portion of the district;
the margins of the whole afford cocoa, sarsaparilla, and the oil of
capivi.
Alvellos, a small town, is situated upon a large bay, fifteen miles
above the mouth of the Coary, of which it formerly had the name. Its
inhabitants, for the main part descendants of the Uamanys,
Sorimoes, Catauyseys, Jumas, Irijus, Cuchiuaras, and Uayupes,
collect cloves, cocoa, capivi, and sarsaparilla, and make butter from
the eggs of the Tortoise, which are very numerous; and they are also
employed in making earthenware, mats, and in weaving cotton cloth.
The ants are here particularly destructive.
This town was commenced upon the eastern margin and twenty-
five miles above the month of the river Paratary, from whence the
Padre, Frey Joze da Magdalena, removed it to the same side of the
Guanama, which enters the northern side of the Amazons, below the
eastern arm of the Hyapura: from hence the Padre, Frey Antonio de
Miranda, removed it to the site of Guarayatyba, more to the eastward
upon the margin of the Amazons, eight miles below the Puru, from
whence it was finally removed by Frey Mauricio Moreyra to its
present situation.
The islands with which the Amazons in this part is studded, were
for some time inhabited by Cambeva, otherwise Omagoa Indians—
names which signify flat heads, from the custom which the mothers
had of compressing their children’s heads between two boards, thus
distinguishing them from other nations. This custom ceasing, their
descendants are at the present day unknown.
 District of Teffe.

This comarca, situated between the river from which it is named,

and the Coary, that separates it from the preceding one, is nearly
ninety miles in width along the Amazons. The two first rivers are very
considerable; but their origins are not yet ascertained, nor the
number and names of their principal confluents, which issue from the
centre of the district. All accounts are equally silent as to any
mountains existing in the interior, while the lands in the vicinity of the
Amazons, although flat, are never inundated by the floods, which
overflow a considerable portion of its northern margin, in
consequence of being lower.
The Coary discharges itself into a bay of the Amazons, almost
seven miles in width, and near it the Urucuparana, and the Urauba,
or Cuanu, both of short navigation.
Forty miles above, the river Catua enters the Amazons, and
twenty more, westward, the Cayama, its margins abounding with
sarsaparilla; and, further on, the small river Giticaparana, a name
implying the river of potatoes. Its mouth is fifteen miles below the
Teffe. From the number of Christians being so small, and the only
persons who clear away any of the woods for the purposes of
agriculture, the country exhibits the same aspect to the navigators of
the Amazons at this day that was presented to its first discoverers.
The majestic size of various kinds of trees demonstrates the
fecundity and substantial nature of the soil.
Ega, a middling town, well situated upon the right bank of the
Teffe, is eight miles from the Amazons, with a church dedicated to
St. Thereza de Jezus. Almost all its inhabitants are pure Indians,
descended from the Uayupys, Sorimoes, Coretus, Cocurunas,
Jumas, Hyupiuhas, Tamuanas, and Achouaris, and cultivate
mandioca, feijao, rice, Indian corn, hortulans, and fruits, in sufficient
quantities for their subsistence; they gather honey, and collect some
cocoa, cloves, and pechurim, from the proceeds of which they
supply themselves with iron tools, baize, and other manufactures for
dresses. They all pursue hunting and fishing. The women spin
cotton, of which they manufacture nets and coarse cloths. This town
was begun in the island of Veados, which is below the mouth of the
river Hyurba, from whence Frey Andre da Costa removed it to the
situation where it now exists.
District of Hyurba.

This district is confined on the north by the Amazons; on the west

by the river from which it derives its name; on the south by the
Spanish dominions; and on the east by the river Teffe, which
separates it from the comarca of that name. It has eighty miles of
width on the northern part, and abounds in timber. The rivers are
stored with the same fish as the Amazons, and the woods with a
great variety of birds and game, as well as formidable wild beasts,
that wage war with the central Indians, of whom little more is known
than the names.
Nogueyra, a middling town, pleasantly situated upon the left of
the river Teffe, almost in front of Ega, is ten miles from the Amazons
and ornamented with a church of Nossa Senhora do Rozario. The
houses are intermixed with orange trees, and the streets, being full
of them, have the appearance of groves. Its inhabitants are
principally Indians of divers nations, and Mesticos, respiring a fresh
and salubrious atmosphere. They are fond of fishing, collect
abundance of the necessaries of life peculiar to the country, some
articles of exportation, and possess cattle. The first site of this town
was more to the west, on the southern bank of the Amazons, for the
habitation of a numerous assemblage of Indians, namely, Jumas,
Ambuas, Cirus, Catauixis, Uayupes, Hyauhauhays, and Mariaranas,
brought together by the Carmalite priests. From that situation it was
removed to Point Parauary, five miles higher upon the same side of
the river, where Condamine found it with the name of that point in
1743, and from whence the priest, Frey Joze de Santa Thereza
Ribeyro removed it, in the year 1753, to the place where we have
stated it to be situated.
Alvarens, originally and at times yet called Cahissara, is a small
town, situated upon a lake, near the margin of the Amazons,
eighteen miles above the river Teffe. Its church is dedicated to St.
Joaquim. The population is an accumulation of various tribes of
Indians, with many Mesticos, who, besides absolute necessaries,
cultivate some cocoa and sarsaparilla, but are much incommoded by
the pium musquito, and alike annoyed by the voracity of the ants. Its
first situation was upon the channel connecting the Hyapura with the
lake Amana, two days’ voyage from the Amazons. The Ambuas and
Uaruecocas were then its inhabitants; it was removed from thence to
its present site, by one Giraldo Gonsalves, in 1758. In Nogueyra
there is a creek or outlet, opened by nature, by which canoes, &c.
proceed to Alvarens when the rivers are overflowed.
District of Hyutahy.

This district is confined by the Amazons on the north; by the river

of its name on the west; by the Spanish possessions on the south;
and by the district of Hyurba on the east: its width along the
Amazons is about sixty miles. The middle and southern parts are not
better known than the same portions of the surrounding districts, in
consequence of being in the power of various untamed Indian tribes,
such as the Marauhas, Catuquinas, Urubus, Cauaxis, Uacarauhas,
Gemias, Toquedas, Maturuas, Chibaras, Buges, and Apenaris, with
some others, who pass the rivers into the adjoining districts, and use
the esgaravatana, bow and arrow, and envenomed lance, when they
go to war.
It remains in a state of uncertainty whether the rivers Hyurba,
upwards of six hundred yards in width at its mouth, the Hyutahy, still
more spacious, and the before-mentioned Teffe and Puru, the largest
of all, have their origins in the serras of Peru or issue from the lake of
Rogagualo; their sources have been attributed to both, without any
exploration of their courses or any satisfactory evidence being
adduced in support of those statements. The extensive volume of
water which each brings to the Amazons indicates a very
considerable course from remote origins. It will be interesting to the
future traveller to explore their unknown sources and extending
margins. The Portuguese do not carry their researches amongst the
central Indians; and, when they advance up the rivers any distance,
they never proceed beyond the limits of the pacific Indians, with
whom they have some commerce.
 Fonteboa, a middling povoaçao, is situated on the eastern margin
of the small river Cayarahy, two miles above its mouth, twenty miles
from the embouchure of the Hyurba, and thirty-five below that of the
Hyutahy. It has a church dedicated to Nossa Senhora de Guadalupe.
The first site of this town was upon the small river Capury, which
empties itself into another called Moroentyba, and which latter
discharges itself below the Manhana, the third branch of the
Hyapura. From the Capury it was removed to the mouth of the
Moroentyba, and from thence to the situation of Taracoatyba, a short
distance from the Manhana, from whence it was removed seven
miles below the mouth of the Hyutahy, where Condamine says he
saw it, and which situation was changed for its present one. It is not
known what nation were its first inhabitants. When it was in the
fourth station—the Padre, Frey Joam St. Jeronymo, collected in it
many Pacuna Indians, who were previously living in aldeias upon the
eastern margin of the river Icapo: these were afterwards joined by
the Araycas, Marauhas, and Momanas, and, ultimately, by the
Tacunas, Tumbiras, and Passes. The whole are now agriculturists,
fishermen, and hunters.
Between Fonteboa and the Hyurba the Annamapiu is discharged;
and, in the interval, between that town and the Hyutahy, five rivers
more—the Campina, Gurumaty, Puruini, Mannarua, and Icapo,
which afford so many sheltering places for the canoes at the periods
of tempests in the Amazons.
District of Hyabary.

This district, which is the most westerly, is confined on the north

by the Amazons, as the others are on the west by the river from
which it takes its name, separating it from the Spanish dominions; on
the south by the line of demarcation between the two countries,
common to the other districts; and on the east by the Hyutahy, from
whose mouth to that of the Hyabary may be computed one hundred
and seventy miles. Both these boundary rivers produce the same
fish as the Amazons, and both afford extensive navigation for the
exportation of such productions as may be collected upon their
respective margins. In the vicinity of both there is sarsaparilla, and
also cocoa. Their confluents are totally unknown.
Their extensive woods, which produce in vain, for the benefit of
man, the most precious timber, are occupied by the wild boar, anta,
deer, and other quadrupeds and bipeds, which are pursued as game
by the hitherto savage nations of Marauhas, Uaraycus, and the
Tapaxanas, who inhabit the lower part of the country in the vicinity of
the Amazons. At a greater distance are the Panos and the
Mayurunas, who make a crown upon the top of the head, and allow
the hair to grow to the utmost length. They have perforations in the
nose and lips, into which they introduce long thorns; in the corners of
the mouth they carry feathers of the macaw; from the lower lip and
the extremity of the nose and ears strings of shells are pendant.
They are cannibals, and, when any are seriously ill, their relations kill
and eat them, before the disease can cut the thread of life. The
Chimanos and the Culinos are well known, amongst other tribes,
from having the face very round and the eyes extremely large.
Castro d’ Avelaens is inhabited by Indians of different nations,
with a church dedicated to St. Christovam, on the margin of the
Amazons, twenty miles above the mouth of the Ica. It was first
established lower down, between the small rivers Aruty and Matura,
in the territory of the Cambevas, and experienced four other
changes, similar to the preceding povoaçoes, before it was finally
fixed in its present situation. In the interval from this town to the river
Hyutahy, the small rivers Capatana, Aruty, Matura, Maturacupa, and
the Patia enter the Amazons.
Ollivença, ci-devant St. Paulo, by which name it is yet
occasionally called, is a small place, well situated upon the margin of
the Amazons, forty miles above Castro d’Avaleans. It has had
several removals, and was incorporated with the aldeia of St. Pedro,
about one mile above the place where it now stands. Its first
inhabitants were Cambeva, Tecuna, Juri, and Passe Indians. In the
interval between Castro d’Avaleans and Ollivença the small rivers
Acuruhy and Jandiatiba discharge themselves.
 The town of St. Joze, situated upon the Amazons, thirty-five miles
from Ollivença and ten below the Hyabary, is occupied by Tacuna
Indians, who cultivate the necessaries of life and pursue hunting and
fishing. Between this town and Ollivença are the rivers Acuty,
Camatia, Pacuty, Macapuana, and Hyuruparitapera, and between
the same town and the Hyabary is the lake Maracanatyba.
Near the embouchure of the Hyabary is the prezidio of Tabatinga,
dedicated to St. Francisco Xavier. Upwards of sixteen hundred miles
are computed by the canoe-men from Para to this place, and they
consume eighty-seven days in the voyage.
 CHAP. XXV.
PROVINCE OF GUIANNA.

Boundaries—Islands—Rivers—Towns—Indians.
Guianna forms the eastern and southern portion of the region
denominated Terra Firma, confined on the north by the ocean and
the river Oronoco; on the south by the Amazons; on the east by the
ocean; and on the west by the rivers Hyapura and Oronoco.
The Portuguese Guianna, which includes that belonging to the
French since 1809, comprises the southern part of that vast province
and celebrated island, and is bounded on the north by the Spanish
possessions and Surinam: the other boundaries are those already
mentioned. It is nine hundred miles in length from east to west, and
three hundred at its greatest width, and extends from 6° north to 4°
south latitude. The days and nights, with very little variation, are
equal all the year, and the climate is exceedingly warm. The territory
is not generally fertile, and has more of a flat than mountainous
aspect. In many parts of the interior it is very stony, with indications
of ancient volcanos. It is irrigated by many navigable rivers, some of
which originate in an extensive range of mountains, of no great
altitude, prolonged with the Amazons from east to west, but at a
considerable distance from it.
Trees are only of magnitude in the vicinity of the rivers and in the
substantial and humid soils. The most useful are those of the clove,
pechurim, capivi, Indian rubber, and cocoa.
Minerals of iron have been found; there are symptoms of silver,
and some stones of estimation.
North Cape (Cabo do Norte) is the principal cape, situated in 2°
north.
Islands.—Terra dos Coelhos is between the mouths of the
Aruary and the Carapapury, with a channel on the west and the
ocean on the east, on which side is the point called North Cape
above mentioned.
Maraca is an island eighteen miles in length, with proportionable
width, a little to the north-west of the Coelhos. It has in the centre a
large lake, stored with fish, and its eastern coast is assailed by the
Pororoca.
Between Macappa and North Cape a narrow channel is formed
by the islands which range along the coast; and here is remarked a
singular phenomenon, denominated pororoca, (the same term we
have already described as given to the contention of the waters at
the mouth of the Mearim, in the province of Maranham,) which
continues three days, at the periods of the change and full moon,
when the tides are at the highest. An immense volume of water,
twelve to fifteen feet in height, rolls from one beach to the other,
followed by a second, and third, and sometimes a fourth, of equal
magnitude, with little interval, and with such prodigious rapidity that it
destroys every thing opposed to its overwhelming course. The tide,
in place of gradually rising in six hours, reaches its greatest height in
one or two minutes, with such a terrific noise that it is heard seven or
eight miles off.
The island of Penitencia, called Baylique by the Portuguese, in
consequence of the tossing which the canoes here sustain from the
sea, is six miles long, and sixty south of North Cape.
The islands of Croa are five in a file, separated by narrow
channels, and lie to the south-west of Baylique. The whole are flat,
and covered with mangroves, where there is an infinity of musquitos
and insects.
The river Nhamunda, by corruption Jamunda, divides this vast
province into eastern and western, serving also for a limit between
the jurisdictions of the ouvidores of Para and of Rio Negro.
Rivers.—In the western part are, first, the Hyapuru and the Rio
Negro; afterwards the Rio Branco (White River); the Matary, with two
mouths; the Urubu, communicating with the river Aniba by the great
lake Saraca, which is near the Amazons, and is there discharged by
six mouths.
In the eastern part are the Trombetas, originally Oriximina, large,
and entering the Amazons below Rio Negro; the Gurupatuba; the
Anauirapucu, by corruption Arannapucu, the Vaccarapy, and the
Aruary, which enters the ocean.
The river Hyapura originates in the province of Popayan, and,
after having watered eleven hundred miles of country, running
towards the south-east, forming numerous islands of all dimensions,
incorporates itself with the Amazons by its several mouths. Its
adjacent lands are flat, inundated, and bad: Caqueta is its first name
in the country where it rises.
The Rio Negro rises also in the province of Popayan, to the
north-east of the Hyapura, with which it runs parallel an equal
distance. Forty miles before it enters the Amazons it is divided into
two unequal branches. Condamine says that he measured the
eastern branch, ten miles from the Amazons, and that he found it in
the narrowest part seven thousand two hundred and eighteen feet in
width. This river augments considerably as it approaches the
Amazons, is in parts from twelve to eighteen miles in width, and is
divided into various branches by numerous islands, which render the
navigation not unfavourable. Its water exhibits such a dark aspect
that it has been said to appear like black ink; it is, notwithstanding,
transparent, diuretic, and salubrious, retaining its clearness for many
leagues after it enters the bed of the Amazons. It has the same fish
as the latter, and affords navigation to the centre of various districts.
The greatest floods are in August. We will describe its numerous
confluents, together with the povoaçoes upon its margins.
The towns of the eastern portion of the province are
 Macappa
Mazagao
Villanova
Arrayollos
Espozende
Almeyrim
Outeyro
Montalegre
Prado
Alemquer
Obydos
Faro
Cayenna.

The towns of the western portion are

Sylves
Serpa
Marippy
Rio Negro
Barcellos
Moura
Thomar.

Macappa is the most considerable town of the province, situated

upon the margin of the Amazons, four miles north of the equator, on
elevated land, with a very good fort, a church dedicated to St. Joze,
an hospital, tolerable streets, and houses covered with tiles. It had its
commencement twelve miles further to the west, at the embouchure
of the Matapy. Its inhabitants cultivate Indian corn, mandioca, rice,
some cocoa, cotton, and various fruits. Amongst other trees of
estimation in its environs there is one called quatiara, the wood of
which is yellow, having black stripes; also the macaco wood.
Sixty-five miles east of Macappa is Robordello, reduced to little
note by the desertion of the Indians who inhabited it. It is situated
upon the southern margin of the island of Cavianna, which is thirty-
five miles in length and twenty in width; the land is flat and fertile,
with a fine farm or fazenda of cattle, belonging to the Hospital da
Santa Caza, (Holy House,) of Mizericordia, at Para. It produces the
macaco wood, and the whole of its circuit abounds with fish.
Villanova is situated on the eastern bank, and twenty-five miles
above the embouchure of the considerable river Anauirapucu, which
originates in the territory of the Armabutos. It was founded for the
establishment of white people, but is going into a state of decay in
consequence of its desertion by them; those who remain are
cultivators of mandioca, Indian corn, and rice; and fish in the
channels of the island of Croa. It possesses fine campinhas for
breeding cattle; and in its environs the macaco wood grows, which is
heavy,—those growing in dry lands are entirely red, and others in a
different soil are shaded with black.
Mazagao originated on an island at the mouth of the Matapy,
experienced several changes of situation, and was ultimately fixed
five miles above the bar of the Matuaca, where it runs into the
Amazons, and nearly fifteen miles west of the Anauirapucu. St. Anna
was its primitive name, which it lost on the establishment in it of the
people of the Praca de Mazagao, from the kingdom of Marrocos,
who were afterwards augmented by various families from the Azore
islands. Cotton and rice are the riches of its dwellers, who are
diminishing in consequence of the prevalence of fevers. In its
districts there are various excellent earths for potteries, but their
productions are very indifferent.
Forty miles to the south-west of Mazagao, and near twenty-five
from the Amazons, is the parish of Fragozo, on the right margin of
the Jary, with a church of St. Antonio. Its inhabitants collect cloves,
cocoa, cotton, sarsaparilla, &c. and advance up the Amazons in
search of the tortoise. Between Fragozo and Mazagao is the parish
of St. Anna, on the margin of the fine river Cajary: rice, cotton, and
some cocoa, are its productions.
Arrayollos is a small town, agreeably situated upon a small hill
near the eastern margin, and fifteen miles above the mouth of the
Aramucu. It has two large open spaces, with some semblance to
squares, a church dedicated to Nossa Senhora do Rozario, and
inhabitants who are agriculturists and fishermen.
 Espozende a Villota, or Small Town, in an elevated situation upon
the Tubare, commanding fine views of the surrounding Campinhas,
has a church of Our Lady do Rozario, and is ten miles north-west of
Arrayollos. Fishing, hunting, the cultivation of cotton, Indian corn,
rice, and mandioca, is the occupation of its inhabitants.
Almeyrim is a middling town, occupying an advantageous site at
the mouth of the Paru, of which it first took the name, and originating
in a Dutch fort, which is yet preserved. There is a diversity of
excellent timber in its environs, and the inhabitants are fishermen,
and cultivate mandioca, Indian corn, rice, legumes, and cotton.
Twenty miles above Almeyrim is the parish of Our Lady of Desterro,
at the mouth of the considerable Vaccarapy. Fishing, hunting, and
the culture of cotton and common necessaries, occupy its
inhabitants.
Outeyro, a middling town, well supplied with fish, is situated upon
a small hill on the eastern side of the lake Urubuquara, formed by
the river of the same name; it is fifteen miles from the Amazons, and
sixty-five west of Almeyrim. The church is dedicated to Nossa
Senhora of Graca, and its productions are similar to those of the
preceding place.
Montalegre, a considerable town, also abounding with fish, is
situated on the highest portion of a small island, near the eastern
margin of the Gurupatuba, which forms it. It is thirty-five miles above
Outeyro, and seven from the Amazons, and was one of the principal
missions of the Jesuits, whose Hospicio is now the residence of the
vicar. Mandioca, feijao, cotton, cocoa, and coffee, are its
productions. In its district the clove-tree prospers, and it has a saw-
pit, on account of the treasury, for sawing the trunks of the cedars
that the floods of the Amazons deposit upon a neighbouring island.
Prado is yet a small place, upon the eastern branch of the river
Surubui, twenty miles from the Amazons, and fifty west of
Montalegre. Its inhabitants are Indians, and live by some agriculture,
hunting, and fishing.
Alemquer is a considerable town, supplied with excellent meat,
and well situated upon the central embouchure of the lake Surubui,
fifteen miles from the Amazons, and fifty north of Santarem. It is a
country infested with the musquito, called carapana. The church is
dedicated to St. Antonio. Mandioca, Indian corn, rice, tobacco, and
cocoa, are its productions.
Curuamanema is the name of the third and western outlet of the
lake Surubui.
Obydos, formerly Pauxis, the name of the Indians for whose
establishment it began, is a considerable town, upon a small hill, with
some regularity, and a large square in the centre, near the eastern
mouth of the Trombetas, with an extensive view of the Amazons, the
whole of whose waters here rapidly descend by a channel about a
mile in width, but of such profundity, that the attempts to find the
bottom by sounding, have been unsuccessful. It has a magnificent
church, dedicated to St. Anna, and is fifty miles west of Alemquer.
The inhabitants cultivate divers necessaries of life, cotton, and a
large quantity of cocoa, which is in the highest repute at the capital.
Faro is a middling town, near a large lake, traversed by the river
Jamunda, forty miles west-north-west of Obydos, and above twenty
from the Amazons. Its church is dedicated to St. Joam Baptista, and
the soil is well adapted to the produce of cocoa, the principal wealth
of its inhabitants.
Sylves is a small place, situated upon the summit of an island
near the margin of the lake Saraca, eighty miles west-north-west of
Faro, and twenty distant from the Amazons. It abounds in fish and
the necessaries of life peculiar to the country. It has a church of St.
Anna, and the inhabitants are of various classes and colours, as are
those of the other towns, and cultivate excellent tobacco, cotton,
cocoa, cloves, and sarsaparilla.
Serpa is a middling town upon a small island of the Amazons,
near its northern bank, fifty miles from Sylves, and thirty-five below
the mouth of the Madeira. It has a church of Nossa Senhora of
Rozario, and inhabitants who derive a partial benefit from the rich
productions that nature has bestowed upon this country.
 Forty miles to the north-west of Serpa is the parish of Our Lady of
Conceiçao, advantageously situated on the margin of the great lake
Canuma. Its productions are among the commerce and necessaries
of life. Twenty miles north-west of the preceding, and forty from the
Amazons, the parish of St. Raymundo, on the margin of the Urubu,
is occupied by Indians, who collect some articles of exportation. Fifty
miles west of Conceiçao and forty from the Amazons, is the parish of
Nossa Senhora do Socorro, near the lake of Matary, with
productions similar to the preceding one.
Fifteen miles above the parish of St. Raymundo is that of St.
Pedro Nolasco, also on the margin of the Urubu. Its inhabitants are
Indians, and their mode of life and productions do not differ from the
others.
Marippy is a middling town, on the left bank of the Hyapura, thirty
miles from the Amazons, the church is of St. Antonio, and its
inhabitants are an accumulation of divers Indian nations, amongst
whom are the Miranhas, who possessed part of the territory between
the Hyapura and the Ica. They are fishermen and hunters, and
collect a portion of the productions of nature in its environs. Fevers
do not permit Europeans to reside here in any number.
Rio Negro, a considerable and flourishing town, capital of the
province, and head of the Ouvidoria of the same name, has a church
of Nossa Senhora da Conceiçao, and is situated near a small hill, on
the left margin of the eastern branch of the Rio Negro, ten miles from
the Amazons. Its origin was a fort, now existing, near which various
families were established, of the Bamba, Barre, and Passe nations.
It is the depository of divers mercantile productions, which descend
by the river, and are destined for exportation. It has a manufactory of
cord from piacaba, one for weaving cotton cloth, and a pottery, all
worked on account of the treasury. The main part of the cattle killed
here are embarked from the royal fazendas of Rio Branco. Above
the extremity of the town the Cachoeira discharges itself, which, four
miles distant, forms a handsome cataract, whose murmuring descent
is heard at this place.
 One hundred miles above the capital is the parish of Ayrao, with
a church of St. Elias, on the southern margin of the Rio Negro. It first
began upon a large bay near the capital, for the habitation of the
Taruma and Aroaqui Indians. In the interval between these places
the Rio Negro receives, on the southern margin, the Hyborena, and
on the northern, the Ayurim, the Anauene, and the small rivers
Cunamau, Mapauhau, and Uacriuan, which empties itself almost in
front of Ayrao.
Moura is a small town, forty miles above Ayrao, of an agreeable
aspect, and with some regularity, upon the right bank of the Rio
Negro. The church is of St. Ritta, and its inhabitants are principally
descendants of whites and Indian females. It originated in the
assemblage of four Indian nations—the Carahyahys, Cocuannas,
Mannaus, and Jumas, after which it had one or two removals
previously to being fixed in its present situation. A little above Ayrao,
the Jaumuhi enters the Rio Negro, and fifteen miles below Moura the
Anany, both connecting the river that receives them with the Cadaya,
the eastern arm of the Hyapura, through the medium of the large
lake Atinineni, in whose vicinity the cupahyba, or capivi, trees
abound. The Hyanapary, by corruption Jaguapiri, enters the northern
margin of the Rio Negro, almost in front of Moura. This river, whose
waters are white, has an extensive course. The Aroaqui Indians
extend themselves from its banks to those of the before-mentioned
Anauene.
Twenty-eight miles above Moura, on the southern margin of the
Rio Negro, is the parish of Carvoeyro, having experienced several
changes of situation, with a church of St. Alberto, and inhabitants
mainly of the Manau, Parauanno, and Maranacuacena nations.
Between Moura and Carvoeyro not one river enters the Rio Negro by
the southern bank; on the northern the large river Branco, (White,)
so called from the colour of its waters, discharges itself by four
mouths, three very near, being formed by two small islands, the
other, called Amayauhau, is fifteen miles above. This river is the
largest confluent of the Rio Negro, and rises in the southern skirts of
the serra Barocayna, receiving, on the eastern side, in the following
order, the small river Macoary, the outlet of the lake Uadauhau, the
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