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Beginning Python®: Using Python 2.6 and Python 3.1
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xxvii

Part I: Dipping Your Toe into Python

Chapter 1: Programming Basics and Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Chapter 2: Numbers and Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chapter 3: Variables — Names for Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Part II: Python Language and the Standard Library

Chapter 4: Making Decisions ....................................................................... 51
Chapter 5: Functions ................................................................................... 71
Chapter 6: Classes and Objects ................................................................... 93
Chapter 7: Organizing Programs ................................................................. 111
Chapter 8: Files and Directories ................................................................. 127
Chapter 9: Other Features of the Language ................................................ 143
Chapter 10: Building a Module ................................................................... 157
Chapter 11: Text Processing ...................................................................... 189

Part III: Putting Python to Work

Chapter 12: Testing ................................................................................... 207
Chapter 13: Writing a GUI with Python ....................................................... 227
Chapter 14: Accessing Databases.............................................................. 239
Chapter 15: Using Python for XML ............................................................. 265
Chapter 16: Network Programming ............................................................ 287

Continues
Chapter 17: Extension Programming with C................................................ 337
Chapter 18: Numerical Programming .......................................................... 367
Chapter 19: An Introduction to Django ....................................................... 387
Chapter 20: Web Applications and Web Services ........................................ 407
Chapter 21: Integrating Java with Python ................................................... 481

Part IV: Appendices

Appendix A: Answers to the Exercises........................................................ 515
Appendix B: Online Resources.................................................................... 549
Appendix C: What’s New in Python 3.1 ....................................................... 553
Appendix D: Glossary................................................................................. 559

Index ........................................................................................................ 569

Beginning
Python®
 Beginning
Python®
Using Python 2.6 and Python 3.1

James Payne

Wiley Publishing, Inc.

Beginning Python®: Using Python 2.6 and Python 3.1
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com
Copyright © 2010 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
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 To my patient and loving wife, Whitney, who believed in me before I did. And to my parents,
Ronnie and Sharon Payne, who raised me to believe I could do anything I put my mind to, even
when I told them I wanted to be Santa Claus. For my brother, Ron, who read my work even when
it was bad, Dorjan, Eric, Clem, and Nick because they know things about me and
will tell them if I don’t include them.
About the Author
James Payne (Margate, FL) is Editor-in-Chief of Developer Shed, Inc. and has been writing and
programming since the age of seven years old. Proficient in many languages, he has written over
400 articles covering practically every major programming language. As a contractor, he develops
proprietary software for the financial industry using Python and likes to dabble in Django in his
spare time.
 Credits
Executive Editor Production Manager
Carol Long Tim Tate

Project Editor Vice President and Executive Group Publisher

Ed Connor Richard Swadley

Technical Editor Vice President and Executive Publisher

Chris McAvoy Barry Pruett

Production Editors Associate Publisher

Amy Weintraub and Tim Tate Jim Minatel

Copy Editor Project Coordinator, Cover

Kim Cofer Lynsey Stanford

Editorial Director Proofreaders

Robyn B. Siesky Scott Klemp and Kristy Eldredge, Word One

Editorial Manager Indexer

Mary Beth Wakefield Ron Strauss

Marketing Manager Cover Image

David Mayhew © istockphoto.com/Frank_U
 Acknowledgments

I would like to acknowledge the gang at Developer Shed: Jack and Jay Kim, whose constant hatred is an
inspiration, Charles Fagundes, who made me an editor and not just a writer, Keith Lee, who provided
coding support, and a special thanks to Jenny Ruggieri, who got me the job that got me this book. Lastly,
I’d like to thank all of the people that worked on the previous editions of this book for laying the
groundwork, and the Editors Carol Long, Jenny Watson, Ed Connor, and Chris McAvoy who helped me
meet deadlines no matter how much I didn’t want to.

I would also like to acknowledge Guido Von Rossum, without whom there would be no language to
write about.
 Contents

Introduction xxvii

Part I: Dipping Your Toe into Python 1

Chapter 1: Programming Basics and Strings 3
How Programming is Different from Using a Computer 3
Programming is Consistency 4
Programming is Control 4
Programming Copes with Change 5
What All That Means Together 5
The First Steps 5
Installing Python 3.1 on Non-Windows Systems 6
Using the Python Shell 6
Beginning to Use Python — Strings 7
What is a String? 7
Why the Quotes? 7
Why Three Types of Quotes? 8
Using the print() Function 8
Understanding Different Quotes 9
Putting Two Strings Together 11
Joining Strings with the Print() Function 12
Putting Strings Together in Different Ways 12
Summary 13
Exercises 14

Chapter 2: Numbers and Operators 15

Different Kinds of Numbers 15
Numbers in Python 16
Program Files 18
Using the Different Types 19
Basic Math 21
Some Surprises 23
Using Numbers 24
Order of Evaluation 24
Number Formats 25
Contents
Mistakes Will Happen 26
Some Unusual Cases 27
Summary 28
Exercises 29

Chapter 3: Variables — Names for Values 31

Referring to Data — Using Names for Data 31
Changing Data Through Names 33
Copying Data 33
Names You Can’t Use and Some Rules 34
Using More Built-in Types 34
Tuples — Unchanging Sequences of Data 34
Lists — Changeable Sequences of Data 37
Dictionaries — Groupings of Data Indexed by Name 39
Treating a String Like a List 41
Special Types 42
Other Common Sequence Properties 43
Referencing the Last Elements 43
Ranges of Sequences 44
Growing Lists by Appending Sequences 45
Using Lists to Temporarily Store Data 45
Working with Sets 46
Summary 47
Exercises 48

Part II: Python Language and the Standard Library 49

Chapter 4: Making Decisions 51
Comparing Values — Are They the Same? 51
Doing the Opposite — Not Equal 53
Comparing Values — Which One Is More? 54
More Than or Equal, Less Than or Equal 55
Reversing True and False 56
Looking for the Results of More Than One Comparison 56
How to Get Decisions Made 57
Repetition 60
How to Do Something — Again and Again 60
Stopping the Repetition 62
Handling Errors 65
Trying Things Out 65

xvi
 Contents
Summary 67
Exercises 69

Chapter 5: Functions 71
Putting Your Program into Its Own File 71
Functions: Grouping Code under a Name 73
Choosing a Name 75
Describing a Function in the Function 75
The Same Name in Two Different Places 76
Making Notes to Yourself 78
Asking a Function to Use a Value You Provide 79
Checking Your Parameters 81
Setting a Default Value for a Parameter—Just in Case 83
Calling Functions from within Other Functions 84
Functions Inside of Functions 86
Flagging an Error on Your Own Terms 87
Layers of Functions 88
How to Read Deeper Errors 88
Summary 89
Exercises 90

Chapter 6: Classes and Objects 93

Thinking About Programming 93
What is an Object? 93
Objects You Already Know 94
Looking Ahead: How You Want to Use Objects 95
Defining a Class 96
How Code Can Be Made into an Object 96
Objects and Their Scope 104
Summary 107
Exercises 108

Chapter 7: Organizing Programs 111

Modules 112
Importing a Module So That You Can Use It 112
Making a Module from Pre-existing Code 113
Using Modules — Starting with the Command Line 115
Changing How Import Works — Bringing in More 118
Packages 118

xvii
Contents
Modules and Packages 120
Bringing Everything into the Current Scope 120
Re-importing Modules and Packages 121
Basics of Testing Your Modules and Packages 124
Summary 124
Exercises 125

Chapter 8: Files and Directories 127

File Objects 127
Writing Text Files 128
Appending Text to a File 129
Reading Text Files 130
File Exceptions 131
Paths and Directories 131
Exceptions in os 132
Paths 132
Directory Contents 135
Obtaining Information about Files 136
Renaming, Moving, Copying, and Removing Files 137
Example: Rotating Files 138
Creating and Removing Directories 140
Globbing 140
Summary 142
Exercises 142

Chapter 9: Other Features of the Language 143

Lambda and Filter: Short Anonymous Functions 143
Map: Short-Circuiting Loops 144
Decisions within Lists — List Comprehension 145
Generating Iterators for Loops 146
Special String Substitution Using Dictionaries 148
Featured Modules 149
Getopt — Getting Options from the Command Line 149
Using More Than One Process 152
Threads — Doing Many Things in the Same Process 154
Summary 156
Exercises 156

xviii
 Contents

Chapter 10: Building a Module 157

Exploring Modules 157
Importing Modules 159
Finding Modules 159
Digging through Modules 160
Creating Modules and Packages 162
Working with Classes 163
Defining Object-Oriented Programming 163
Creating Classes 163
Extending Existing Classes 165
Finishing Your Modules 166
Defining Module-Specific Errors 166
Choosing What to Export 167
Documenting Your Modules 168
Testing Your Module 176
Running a Module as a Program 178
Creating a Whole Module 179
Installing Your Modules 183
Summary 187
Exercises 188

Chapter 11: Text Processing 189

Why Text Processing Is So Useful 189
Searching for Files 190
Clipping Logs 191
Sifting through Mail 192
Navigating the File System with the os Module 192
Working with Regular Expressions and the re Module 199
Summary 203
Exercises 204

Part III: Putting Python to Work 205

Chapter 12: Testing 207
Assertions 208
Test Cases and Test Suites 209
Test Fixtures 213
Putting It All Together with Extreme Programming 216

xix
Contents
Implementing a Search Utility in Python 216
A More Powerful Python Search 222
Formal Testing in the Software Life Cycle 224
Summary 225

Chapter 13: Writing a GUI with Python 227

GUI Programming Toolkits for Python 228
Tkinter Introduction 229
Creating GUI Widgets with Tkinter 229
Resizing the Widget 230
Configuring Widget Options 231
Putting the Widgets to Work 231
Creating Layouts 232
Packing Order 233
Controlling Widget Appearances 233
Radio Buttons and Checkboxes 235
Dialog Boxes 236
Other Widget Types 237
Summary 238
Exercises 238

Chapter 14: Accessing Databases 239

Working with DBM Persistent Dictionaries 240
Choosing a DBM Module 240
Creating Persistent Dictionaries 241
Accessing Persistent Dictionaries 243
Deciding When to Use DBM and When to Use a Relational Database 245
Working with Relational Databases 245
Writing SQL Statements 247
Defining Tables 249
Setting Up a Database 250
Using the Python Database APIs 252
Downloading Modules 252
Creating Connections 253
Working with Cursors 253
Working with Transactions and Committing the Results 260
Examining Module Capabilities and Metadata 261
Handling Errors 261
Summary 262
Exercises 263

xx
 Contents

Chapter 15: Using Python for XML 265

What Is XML? 265
A Hierarchical Markup Language 265
A Family of Standards 267
What Is a Schema/DTD? 268
What Are Document Models For? 268
Do You Need One? 268
Document Type Definitions 268
An Example DTD 268
DTDs Aren’t Exactly XML 270
Limitations of DTDs 270
Schemas 270
An Example Schema 270
Schemas Are Pure XML 271
Schemas Are Hierarchical 271
Other Advantages of Schemas 271
XPath 272
HTML as a Subset of XML 272
The HTML DTDs 273
HTMLParser 273
XML Libraries Available for Python 274
What Is SAX? 274
Stream-based 275
Event-driven 275
What Is DOM? 275
In-memory Access 275
Why Use SAX or DOM 275
Capability Trade-Offs 276
Memory Considerations 276
Speed Considerations 276
SAX and DOM Parsers Available for Python 276
xml.sax 276
xml.dom.minidom 277
Intro to XSLT 280
XSLT Is XML 280
Transformation and Formatting Language 280
Functional, Template-Driven 280
What Is lxml? 280
Element Classes 281
Adding Text to Elements 282

xxi
Contents
Parsing with lxml 283
Parsing Files 284
Summary 285
Exercises 285

Chapter 16: Network Programming 287

Understanding Protocols 289
Comparing Protocols and Programming Languages 289
The Internet Protocol Stack 290
A Little Bit About the Internet Protocol 292
Sending Internet E-mail 293
The E-mail File Format 294
MIME Messages 295
Sending Mail with SMTP and smtplib 303
Retrieving Internet E-mail 305
Parsing a Local Mail Spool with mailbox 305
Fetching Mail from a POP3 Server with poplib 307
Fetching Mail from an IMAP Server with imaplib 309
Secure POP3 and IMAP 313
Webmail Applications Are Not E-mail Applications 313
Socket Programming 314
Introduction to Sockets 314
Binding to an External Hostname 316
The Mirror Server 317
The Mirror Client 318
SocketServer 320
Multithreaded Servers 321
The Python Chat Server 322
Design of the Python Chat Server 323
The Python Chat Server Protocol 323
The Python Chat Client 329
Single-Threaded Multitasking with select 331
Other Topics 332
Miscellaneous Considerations for Protocol Design 333
The Peer-to-Peer Architecture 333
Summary 334
Exercises 335

Chapter 17: Extension Programming with C 337

Extension Module Outline 338
Building and Installing Extension Modules 340

xxii
 Contents
Passing Parameters from Python to C 342
Returning Values from C to Python 345
The LAME Project 346
The LAME Extension Module 350
Using Python Objects from C Code 363
Summary 366
Exercises 366

Chapter 18: Numerical Programming 367

Numbers in Python 368
Integers 368
Long Integers 369
Floating-point Numbers 369
Formatting Numbers 370
Characters as Numbers 373
Mathematics 374
Arithmetic 374
Built-in Math Functions 375
Complex Numbers 378
Arrays 380
The array Module 382
Summary 384
Exercises 384

Chapter 19: An Introduction to Django 387

What Are Frameworks and Why Would I Use One? 388
Other Features of Web Frameworks 388
Django — How It All Began 389
Installing Django 389
Understanding Django’s Architecture 390
Initial Project Setup 391
Creating a View 394
Working with Templates 396
Using Templates and Views 398
Models 401
Creating a Model: First Steps — Configure the Database Settings 401
Creating a Model: Creating an Application 403
Working with Models: Installation 404
Summary 405
Exercises 406

xxiii
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
 REMEDIES.
Undoubtedly the most efficient remedy for the bedbug is to
fumigate the infested house or rooms with hydrocyanic-acid gas.
This gas will penetrate into every crevice in the house or room
where the bedbugs conceal themselves and has an immediate
effectiveness which gives it an important recommendation, especially
when the infestation is considerable or of long standing. This
method of fumigation should be intelligently employed, as the gas is
deadly poisonous. A bulletin giving directions for such fumigation has
been issued by the Department of Agriculture.[15]
[15] Howard, L. O., and Popenoe, C. H. Hydrocyanic-acid gas
against household insects. U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmers' Bul. 699. 8 p.
1916.

The fumes of burning sulphur are also a very efficient means of

control where the conditions are such that this method can be used,
readily destroying the insect in all stages, including the egg. The
treatment is inexpensive compared with the use of hydrocyanic-acid
gas and offers much less risk of danger to human beings. There is,
however, a considerable risk of injury to household fabrics,
furnishings, and wall papers from the strong bleaching quality of
sulphur fumes. This danger will be somewhat diminished if the
fumigation can be done at a time when the room or house is
thoroughly dried out, as in winter by a furnace or other heating
system. Further precautions should be taken by removing all metallic
surfaces from the room or building, or by protecting them with a
coating of vaseline. Two pounds of sulphur are recommended for
each 2,000 cubic feet of space, and the building should be closed for
the treatment for at least 5 or 6 hours, or preferably for 24 hours.
Sulphur candles may be used where available, or the sulphurous gas
or fumes can be generated by burning the sulphur in a dish placed
in the center of the room, and for protection set within a larger
vessel. Thorough-going precautions must be taken to prevent
accidental overflowing or the starting of a fire, and after the
fumigation the house should be given a thorough airing.
Other gases have been experimented with, such as formalin and
the vapors of benzine, naphthaline, and camphor, but these gases
are of little value. Similarly, insect powders are of little value, largely
from the difficulty of getting them into the crevices and other places
of concealment of the insects.
Where the use of poisonous gas is difficult or objectionable,
especially if only one room is infested, the pests may be eliminated
by the application of kerosene, benzene, or any of the lighter
petroleum oils, by means of a small hand sprayer. The liquid should
be directed at close range into all cracks and crevices in the walls
and behind loose wall paper. Open spaces back of baseboards and
picture moldings should be liberally treated. The bedstead and
springs should receive the same attention, care being taken to spray
the liquid into all crevices. The mattress should likewise be carefully
gone over. All seams and spaces beneath tuftings should be
thoroughly dosed. At the expiration of 10 days the entire treatment
should be repeated with the same care, regardless of whether any
bugs are seen or not. If the two applications are made with
painstaking care this should be sufficient for complete eradication.
Temperature control.—The possibility of temperature control is
indicated in the discussion elsewhere of the effect of temperature on
this insect. A temperature maintained below freezing for 10 or 15
days destroys the eggs, and this temperature continued for 15 days
to a month will destroy the newly hatched young. It may be,
therefore, that if infested houses in cold climates should be opened
up and allowed to remain at a temperature well below freezing for a
considerable period, all eggs and the young, and possibly most if not
all of the adults, would be exterminated. This method of control
might perhaps be practicable at least in the case of summer houses
in the north which are left untenanted in the winter.
 The maintaining of high temperatures may be an even more
efficient method of control. The activity of the bedbug is at its
greatest between 60° and 70° to 75°. As indicated elsewhere, in a
temperature of 96° to 100° F., accompanied with a high degree of
humidity, newly hatched bedbugs perish within a few days, and, if
this temperature is raised to 113° F., in a few minutes. A
temperature of 113° will also destroy the eggs, and with these
higher temperatures the item of humidity is not apparently
important.
A very practical test of this method of control was made in
Ontario, Canada, by the Dominion Entomological Department,[16]
adapting the method of control of insects infesting granaries and
flour mills by superheating. In this instance an eight-room, two-story
frame house, badly infested with bedbugs, was during the month of
July brought to a very high degree of heat by making up good fires
in the heating furnace and other stoves in the house and closing up
the house to retain the heat. Recording thermometers placed in
different rooms indicated a gradual rise of temperature from 77° to
160° during the period from 9.30 in the morning to 7.30 in the
evening, the outside temperatures during the same period ranging
from 64° to 73° F. At 1.30, when the temperature in the different
rooms ranged from 109° to 130°, many adults and immature forms
had already succumbed. By 4.30 the temperature was ranging from
127° to 148° in different rooms, and all the insects were dead. The
continuation of the experiment was on the supposition that it would
probably require a higher degree of temperature to destroy the
eggs. The eradication of the bedbug from this house was complete,
and no damage was done to the house or its contents. That the
temperatures ranged much higher than was necessary is indicated
by the temperature experiments referred to elsewhere, which
indicated that the eggs as well as larvæ are destroyed within a few
minutes at a temperature of 113° F. The latter temperature was also
sufficient to destroy quickly the adults of fleas, cockroaches, and
other insects. It would seem, therefore, that superheating of houses
in midsummer to a temperature of 120° to 130° F. may prove to be
one of the simplest and most effective means of eradication of this
and perhaps other household pests.
[16] Ross, W. A. Eradication of the Bedbug by Superheating.
In Canadian Entomologist, vol. 48, No. 3, pp. 74-76. 1916.

ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED STATES

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE WHEN THIS
PUBLICATION WAS LAST PRINTED
Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace.
Under Secretary Rexford G. Tugwell.
Assistant Secretary M. L. Wilson.
Director of Extension Work C. W. Warburton.
Director of Personnel W. W. Stockberger.
Director of Information M. S. Eisenhower.
Director of Finance W. A. Jump.
Solicitor Seth Thomas.
Chester C. Davis,
Agricultural Adjustment Administration
Administrator.
Bureau of Agricultural Economics Nils A. Olsen, Chief.
Bureau of Agricultural Engineering S. H. McCrory, Chief.
Bureau of Animal Industry John R. Mohler, Chief.
Bureau of Biological Survey J. N. Darling, Chief.
Bureau of Chemistry and Soils H. G. Knight, Chief.
Office of Cooperative Extension Work C. B. Smith, Chief.
Bureau of Dairy Industry O. E. Reed, Chief.
Bureau of Entomology and Plant
Lee A. Strong, Chief.
Quarantine
Office of Experiment Stations James T. Jardine, Chief.
Food and Drug Administration Walter G. Campbell, Chief.
Forest Service Ferdinand A. Silcox, Chief.
Grain Futures Administration J. W. T. Duvel, Chief.
Bureau of Home Economics Louise Stanley, Chief.
Library Claribel R. Barnett, Librarian.
Bureau of Plant Industry Knowles A. Ryerson, Chief.
Bureau of Public Roads Thomas H. MacDonald, Chief.
Weather Bureau Willis R. Gregg, Chief.

U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1934

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. Price 5 cents

Transcriber Note
Illustrations move to prevent splitting paragraphs. Minor
typos may have been corrected. Produced from files
generously made available by USDA through The Internet
Archive. All resultant materials are placed in the Public
Domain.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE BEDBUG
[1934] ***

Updated editions will replace the previous one—the old editions will
be renamed.

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