QUARTER 1 – MODULE

WEEK 1-8
Install and Configure Computer System

AUTHORS:
MICHELLE HAZEL BARBUDO
Secondary Teacher III, TLE 10
LYDIA AGUILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
MARIANNE M. CHAVEZ
Secondary School Teacher II, TLE 10
LYDIA AGUILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL

CONSULTANTS:

DR. MARITES A. GUZMAN

Education Program Supervisor, EPP/TLE/TVL
Officer-in-Charge
Zapote Elementary School

MR. NELSON A. IMACULATA JR.

Assistant Principal II, Lydia Aguilar National
High School

MR. MAR P. EYAS

Head Teacher I, TLE Department

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l Ca pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Piñ a s Ci t y
LYDIA AGUILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
BLOCK 17 LOT 24 CAMIA ST. T.S. CRUZ SUBD., ALMANZA II, LAS PIÑAS CITY

NAME: ________________________________________ SCORE: __________________

GRADE & SECTION __________________________ TEACHER: _________________________

MODULE IN TLE 10
First Quarter
Week 1
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

LO 1: Computer Hardware

)
OBJECTIVE/S:

• Identify different type and parts of computer.

• Explain hardware component of a computer.

Pretest

DIRECTIONS: Identify the correct answer on each number. Write your answer on
the space provided.

_____________1. An electronic device that manipulates information, or "data."

_____________2. Any part of your computer that has a physical structure
_____________3. Is battery or AC-powered personal computer that are more
portable than desktop computers, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.
_____________4. Any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.
_____________5. A display technology that uses quantum dots to emit light.

1
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

THE COMPUTER

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or "data." It can

store, retrieve, and process data. You can use a computer to type documents,
send email, and browse the internet. You can also use it to handle spreadsheets,
accounting, database management, presentations, games, and more.

Computers Simplified

For beginning computer users, the computer aisles at an electronics store can be
quite a mystery, not to mention overwhelming. However, computers really aren't
that mysterious. All types of computers consist of two basic parts:

1. Hardware is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as
the computer monitor or keyboard.

Image 1.1 From left to right, monitor, and printer are examples of hardware

2. Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do. It is
what guides the hardware and tells it how to accomplish each task. Some
examples of software are web browsers, games, and word processors such as
Microsoft Word.

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 Image 1.2 Microsoft Office Word 365 Screenshot

The first electronic computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and

Computer (ENIAC), was developed in 1946. It took up 1,800 square feet and
weighed 30 tons.

What are the different types of computers?

When most people hear the word "computer" they think of a personal computer
such as a desktop or laptop computer. However, computers come in many shapes
and sizes, and they perform many different functions in our daily lives. When you
withdraw cash from an ATM, scan groceries at the store, or use a calculator,
you're using a type of computer.

• Desktop Computers

Desktop computers are designed for use at a desk or table. They are typically
larger and more powerful than other types of personal computers. Desktop
computers are made up of separate components. The main component, called the
system unit, is usually a rectangular case that sits on or underneath a desk.
Other components, such as the monitor, mouse, and keyboard, connect to the
system unit.

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 Image 1.3 All in One Desktop Computer

• Laptop

Is battery or AC-powered personal computer that are more portable than desktop
computers, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.

Image 1.4 A Laptop running with Windows 10

Since a laptop is smaller than a desktop, it's more difficult to access the internal
components. That means you may not be able to upgrade them as much as a
desktop. However, it's usually possible to add more RAM or a bigger hard drive.

• Server
Is a computer that "serves up" information to other computers on a network

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 Image 1.5 Server

Servers also play an important role in making the internet work: they are where
web pages are stored. When you use your browser to click a link, a web server
delivers the page you requested.

OTHER TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Today, there lots of everyday devices those are basically specialized computers,
even though we don't always think of them as computers. Here are a few common
examples:

• Tablet Computers: These use a touch-sensitive screen for typing and

navigation. Since they don't require a keyboard or mouse, tablet computers
are even more portable than laptops. The iPad is an example of a tablet
computer.
• Mobile Phones: Many mobile phones can do a lot of things a computer can
do, such as browsing the internet or playing games. These phones are often
called smartphones.

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 Image 1.6 From left to right, Windows Phone, iPhone, Android, and Blackberry.

• Game Consoles: A game console is a specialized kind of computer that is

used for playing video games. Although they are not as fully-featured as a
desktop computer, many newer consoles, such as the Nintendo Wii, allow
you to do non-gaming tasks like browsing the internet

Image 1.7 From left to right, Nintendo Wii, PlayStation, and Xbox logos

• Smart TV: Many TV Display now include applications (or apps) that let you
access various types of online content. For example, you can view your
Facebook news feed or watch streaming movies on Netflix.

Image 1.8 Smart TV

Two Main Style of Personal Computer

Personal computers come in two main "styles": PC and Mac. Both styles are fully
functional, but they do have a different look and feel, and many people prefer one
or the other.

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 PC: This type of computer began with the
original IBM PC that was introduced in
1981. Other companies began to create
similar computers, which were called IBM
PC Compatible (often shortened to PC).

Image 1.9 PC
Today, this is the most common type of personal computer, and it typically
includes the Microsoft Windows operating system.

Mac: The Macintosh computer was

introduced in 1984, and it was the first
widely sold personal computer with a
Graphical User Interface, or GUI
(pronounced gooey). All Macs are made by
one company, Apple Inc., and they almost
always use the Mac OS X operating system.

Image 1.10 Mac Desktop

Although PC can refer to an IBM PC Compatible, the term can also be used to refer to
any personal computer, including Macs.

BASIC PARTS OF COMPUTER

System Unit

The system unit is the core of a computer system.

ATS
Usually it's a rectangular box placed on or underneath
your desk. Inside this box are many electronic CPU
components that process information. The most
important of these components is the central processing
unit (CPU), or microprocessor, which acts as the "brain"

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of your computer. Another component is random access memory (RAM),
which temporarily stores information that the CPU uses while the computer is on. The
information stored in RAM is erased when the computer is turned off.

Almost every other part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The
cables plug into specific ports (openings), typically on the back of the system unit.
Hardware that is not part of the system unit is sometimes called a peripheral device or
device.

The Mouse

Mouse is used to interact with items on your computer screen. You can move
objects, open them, change them, throw them away, and perform other actions,
all by pointing and clicking with your mouse.

Image 1.12 Mouse

Image source: Windows 7 help file

Understanding Mouse Buzzwords

When mice burst into the PC world in the early ’80s, Macintosh models had one button.
PC models came with two buttons. Then somebody introduced a three-button mouse for
PCs, and the world went wild.

Kinds of Mouse

• Mouse ball: A little rubber ball rests in the belly of a mouse; when you move the mouse,
you also roll the little ball. The movement of the ball tells the computer the direction and
speed to move the on- screen pointer. Optical: Optical mice ditch the ball/roller
mechanics for a small glowing light and a sensor. Trackball:

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Trackballs are, in essence, upside-down mice. TrackPoint/AccuPoint: Found on
some laptops, this pointing device looks like a pencil eraser protruding from the
middle of your keyboard.

• Touchpads: Found on many laptops, this square pad lets you move the cursor
by dragging your finger across its surface.

Scroll wheel: This little wheel protrudes from the mouse’s back, usually between
the two buttons.

Wireless: Wireless mice work just like their keyboard counterparts; in fact, some
share the same receiving unit, which plugs into your computer’s USB or mouse
PS/2 port.

PS/2: An older mouse comes with a PS/2-style connector, which still work fine.
Just don’t ever unplug the mouse while the computer is turned on, the mouse
will stop working — even after you frantically plug it back in.(Restart the
computer, and the mouse will begin working again.)

The Monitor

Your PC’s video circuits send images to your monitor, where you can see the
action. Because monitors and your PC’s video circuits (known as video cards or
display adapters) work as a team. When you shop for either a monitor or video
card, these words show up on newspaper ads, showroom signs, and the fine print
of product boxes.

Monitors come in different types, each described below.

•CRT(cathode ray tube)
By comparison, old school CRT monitors seem boring and bulky. Fading fast
from the marketplace, CRT (Cathode Ray Tube), shown in Figure 3-2, monitors
resemble small (but expensive) TV sets. Although some CRT monitors call
themselves “flat screen,” that merely means their glass screens are relatively
flat. They’re not flat panel monitors, an honor belonging only to LCD monitors.

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 Image 1.13 Cathode Ray Tube Monitor

Image source: Windows 7 help file

• LCD (liquid LCD monitors look crystal display)

The most popular Crystal Display) laptop screens monitors, like

the called flat-panel slim and hip on any desktop. monitor
today, LCD (Liquid monitors look much like large mounted on
a stand. LCD one shown above, are also monitors.

Image 1.14 Liquid Image source: Crystal Display Windows 7 help file

• Quantum dot LED

A display technology that uses quantum dots to emit light. QLED is expected to
be more power efficient than OLED and less costly to manufacture. QLED is also
ultra-thin, transparent and flexible.

• OLED (organic light emitting diode)

A display technology that offers bright, colorful images with a wide viewing
angle, low power, high contrast ratio and fast response time for sports and
action movies. The OLED technology differs greatly from the screens in
plasma and LCD/LED Monitors/Display.

• LED (light emitting diode)

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 An LED display is a flat panel display, which uses an array of light- emitting
diodes as a video display. An LED panel is a small display, or a component
of a larger display.

Image 1.15 Light Emitting Diode Display

The differences between OLED and LED are much more substantial than an extra
vowel in their names. OLED is not just next-generation LED; it's an all- new
technology that results in different pros and cons when it comes to performance,
design, and energy consumption.

LED display are very similar to existing LCD display. The difference lies in how
the screens are lit. While traditional LCD Display use florescent backlights, LED
display use smaller, more energy-efficient LEDs. Though LED display are slimmer
than traditional LCDs, the need for backlighting still makes LED display larger
than they could be. While LED screens produce great color, the brightness of the
lights can also wash out blacks on the screen.

OLED display have elements that generate their own light and don't require an
extra lighting source. Their screens can produce vibrant colors by drawing on
electrical current, and don't need active current at all to produce a true black
color. This means thinner sets, better blacks, and lower energy consumption.

Keyboard

Keyboard is input device the main way to enter information into your computer.
But did you know you can also use your keyboard to control your computer?

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Learning just a few simple keyboard commands (instructions to your computer)
can help you work more efficiently.

The keys on your keyboard can be divided into several groups based on
function:

• Typing (alphanumeric) keys. These keys include the same letter, number,
punctuation, and symbol keys found on a traditional typewriter.
• Control keys. These keys are used alone or in combination with other keys
to perform certain actions. The most frequently used control keys

are Ctrl, Alt, the Windows logo key , and Esc.

• Function keys. The function keys are used to perform specific tasks. They
are labeled as F1, F2, F3, and so on, up to F12. The functionality of these
keys differs from program to program.

Image 1.16 Keyboard Image source:

Windows 7 help file

• Navigation keys. These keys are used for moving around in documents or
webpages and editing text. They include the arrow keys, Home, End, Page
Up, Page Down, Delete, and Insert.

• Numeric keypad. The numeric keypad is handy for entering numbers quickly.
The keys are grouped together in a block like a conventional calculator or adding
machine.

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NOTES:

• Keyboard comes with three ports supported technology USB, PS2, and Wireless.
• Specialized keyboard keys require special drivers. Those specialized keys won’t work until you
install the keyboard’s bundled software.
• Wireless keyboards bear no cords, making for tidy desktops. Most come in two parts: the
keyboard and a receiving unit, which plugs into your PC’s USB part. Unfortunately, they’re
battery hogs.

Speaker

Speakers are used to play sound. They can be built into the system unit or
connected with cables. Speakers allow you to listen to music and hear
sound effects from your computer.

The Modem

To connect your computer to the Internet, you need a modem.

A modem is a device that sends and receives computer
information over a telephone line or high-speed cable.
Modems are sometimes built into the system unit, but higher-
speed modems are usually separate components.

Image 1.18 Modem

Image source: Windows 7 help file

Printer

Like most computer peripheral, printers come with their own secret vocabulary.

Image 1.19 from left to right, Inkjet Printer, Laser Printer, All in One Printer Image source: Windows 7
help file

Kinds of Printer

• Inkjet

Popular for their low price and high quality, inkjet printers (shown in figure below) squirt
ink onto a page, creating surprisingly realistic images in color or black and white.

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• Laser

Laser printers might sound dangerous, but these printers) use technology similar to their
ho-hum equivalent, copy machines; they sear images into the paper with toner. Black-
and-white laser printers cost a little more than inkjet printers; double that price for color
laser printers. Although laser printers can’t print digital photos, they’re cheaper in the
long run for general office paperwork.

Warning:

Laser printers are supposed to heat up. That’s why you shouldn’t keep dust covers on laser printers
when they’re running. If you don’t allow for plenty of air ventilation, your laser printer might overheat.
After you’re through using your laser printer, let it cool off; then put on the dust cover to keep out lint
and small insects.

• All-in-one (AIO): Popular with small offices, this type of printer combines
a laser or inkjet printer, copy machine, scanner, and a fax machine into
one compact package.
• Photo Printer: Many color inkjet printers do a fair job at printing digital
photos, but photo printers contain extra colors, letting them print with
more finesse. Some photo printers print directly from your camera’s
memory card, letting you print without firing up your PC.

Posttest

DIRECTIONS: Identify the correct answer on each number. Write your answer on
the space provided.

_____________1. An electronic device that manipulates information, or "data."

_____________2. Any part of your computer that has a physical structure
_____________3. Is battery or AC-powered personal computer that are more
portable than desktop computers, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.
_____________4. Any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.
_____________5. A display technology that uses quantum dots to emit light.

14
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l Ca pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Piñ a s Ci t y
LYDIA AGUILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
BLOCK 17 LOT 24 CAMIA ST. T.S. CRUZ SUBD., ALMANZA II, LAS PIÑAS CITY
NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________
GRADE & SECTION __________________________ TEACHER: ________________

MODULE IN TLE 10
First Quarter
Week 2
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

LO 2: Internal Hardware
OBJECTIVE/S
)
• Identify different type and parts of computer.
• Explain hardware component of a computer.

Pretest

DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the space
provided.
______1. The main circuit board within a typical desktop computer
A. Motherboard C. HDD
B. RAM D. Power Supply
______2. created a super-fast, super-expensive memory in the late 1990s and covered the chips with
a cool-looking heat shield.
A. RDRAM C.DDR2
B. DDR D. DDR3
______3. Are the most common, and they plug into all sizes of ATX and BTX motherboards.
A. Motherboard C. HDD
B. RAM D. Power Supply
______4. It is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program
by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.
A. Clock Speed C.L2 Cache
B. CPU D. FSB
____5. is a processor’s rating that measure a certain number of information processed per second.
A. Clock Speed C.L2 Cache
B. CPU D. FSB

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WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

THE INTERNAL HARDWARE

Motherboard
Motherboard is the main circuit board within a typical desktop computer,

laptop or server. Its main functions are as follows:

• To serve as a central backbone to which all other modular parts such as

CPU, RAM, and hard drives can be attached as required to create a
computer.
• To accept (on many motherboards) different components (in particular CPU
and expansion cards) for the purposes of customization.
• To distribute power to PC components.
• To electronically co-ordinate and interface the operation of the

components.

Form factor is the specification of a motherboard – the dimensions, power

supply type, location of mounting holes, number of ports on the back panel,
etc.

Image 1.20 Motherboard form factors

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 Image 1.21 Different Form Factors

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

The PC processor also called the central processing unit. It is the hardware within
a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program by performing
the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.

Clock Speed is a processor’s rating that measure a certain number of information

processed per second.

FSB Front Side Bus serves as the processors connection to the system memory.
FSB transfer speed allows better processor performance.

L2 Cache enables the processor to speedily access recently used information.

Currently a processor operates on Level2 (L2) which provides faster data transfer
between processor and main system memory.

32-bit (x86) CPU vs. 64-bit (x64)

There are two different types of CPUs. There is a 32-bit CPU and there is a 64- bit
CPU. The main difference between these two processors is the structure. The older
processor which is the 32-bit processor has a structure that can process
instructions less efficiently than a 64-bit processor.

APU Accelerated Processing Unit is a processing system that includes

additional processing capability designed to accelerate one or more types of
computations outside of a CPU. Is a term AMD gave their CPU that also has a

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graphics core inside the CPU chip. Is a simply a processor that combines CPU
and GPU elements into a single architecture.

Multicore Processor enables the system to handle more than one thread at a
time by switching the threads between the core to provide faster information
processing.

Integrates multiple physical processors on a single chip dividing the application

between the processors to allow the system function faster by running multiple
threads.

Software is like a rope made up of individual threads. It uses one thread at a time,
and other use many thread called multi- thread.

In the figure shown right is the best illustration how multi core perform and boost
your pc.

Overclocking is the term used in pushing a processor to operate higher than

what is officially rated by its vendor. It enables the system to extend its
capabilities by almost or more than 25%, definitely a high boost to computer
performance.

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)

Although manufacturers have created many types of memory over the years, all
of the memory looks pretty much the same: A fiberglass strip about four inches
long and an inch tall, with little notches in its sides and edges. Different types of
memory fit into different types of socket little slots that hold the strip’s bottom
and sides. The notches on the memory module must mesh with the dividers and
holders on their sockets. If they don’t line up, you’re inserting the wrong type of
memory into the socket.

•The Main Types Of Memory

SIMMs come in two main sizes, as shown in figure below, so both sizes require a
different-size socket. Ancient, pre-Pentium computers use the smaller size (31⁄2
inches long), which has 30 pins and usually holds less than 20MB of memory.
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Early Pentium computers used a larger size (4 1⁄4 inches long), which has 72 pins and
usually holds no more than 64MB of memory. Both types simply push into a socket, held
in place by friction.

Image 1.23 30 pin SIMM(Above), 72 pin SIMM(Below)

NOTES: SIMMs are yesterday’s technology from early ’90s computers. Don’t buy SIMMs for modern PCs

• SDRAM DIMM (Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory Dual In-line

Memory Modules)

To meet the increased memory demands of newer and more powerful Pentium
and AMD CPUs, designers created the speedier SDRAM DIMMs. With 168 pins,
the 5 1⁄4-inch DIMMs (as shown below) look much like longer SIMMs. They slide
into newly designed slots with little clips holding them in place.

Image 1.24 168 pin SDRAM DIMM

NOTES: Usually called simply

SDRAM, DIMMs ruled the computer
world through most of the ’90s.

• RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory) or RIMM

Rambus, Inc., created a super-fast, super-expensive memory in the late 1990s

and covered the chips with a cool-looking heat shield. The speedy 5 1⁄4-inch-long
memory modules, shown in the figure below, enchanted Intel so much that the
CPU maker designed its Pentium 4 CPUs and motherboards around them. The
rest of the computer industry ignored RDRAM because of its high price and
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licensing fees. Intel’s main competitor, AMD, stuck with standard motherboards
and SDRAM, the existing industry standard. RDRAM and SDRAM use different
slots, so stick with the type of memory your computer is built around.

Image 1.25 RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random-Access Memory)

NOTES: Unless you’re using a Pentium 4 with an Intel motherboard, you probably won’t be using
RDRAM.

• DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM)

The biggest competitor to RDRAM, this stuff does some tricky piggybacking on
the memory bus to speed things up dramatically. The catch? Because your
motherboard must be designed to support it, these 5 1⁄4-inch memory modules
use slots with different notches than those designed for traditional SDRAM. That
means that DDR SDRAM modules, like the one in the figure shown below, don’t
fit into a regular SDRAM slot or an RDRAM slot.

Image 1.26 DDR SDRAM

NOTE: Pentium 4 computers that don’t use RDRAM often use DDR SDRAM memory. However, make sure
your motherboard specifically supports DDR SDRAM before buying it. (DDR is also known as Dual
Channel.)

• DDR2 SDRAM (Double Data Rate2 SDRAM)

Short for double data rate two, DDR2 is the second generation of DDR
memory that was released in September 2003. DDR2 is capable of
operating at greater speeds than DDR, offers a greater bandwidth
potential, operates on less power, and generates less heat. Due to
architectural differences, DDR2 memory modules are incompatible with
DDR slots.

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 Image 1.20 DDR2
SDRAM

• DDR3 SDRAM (Double Data Rate 3 SDRAM)

is a type of SDRAM (synchronous dynamic random-access memory)
released in June 2007 as the successor to DDR2. DDR3 chips have bus
clock speed of 400 MHz up to 1066 MHz, range in size from 1 to 24 GB,
and consume nearly 30% less power than their predecessors.

Image 1.20 DDR3 (Double Data Rate 3)

• DDR4 SDRAM (Double Data Rate 4 SDRAM)

DDR4 is a type of system memory known as SDRAM and was released in

September 2014 as the successor to DDR3. DDR4 has bus clock speeds that
range from 800 to 1600 MHz and range in storage capacity from 4 to 128 GB per
DIMM. DDR4 is also more efficient at 1.2 V when compared to DDR3's 1.5 to 1.65
V range.

HARD DISK

Hard drives constantly move to new technologies to pack more information into
successively smaller spaces. These words describe the storage technology built
into the drives found today and yesterday.

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Common HDD Terms to Remember

• IDE/ATA/PATA (Integrated Drive Electronics or Intelligent Drive

Electronics):

Today, most hard drives still use some form of IDE technology, often referred to
as ATA (ATAttachment). Because these drives use technology called parallel,
they’ve picked up the acronym PATA to describe all drives from this old school.

• UDMA, UIDE, AT-6, Fast ATA, Ultra ATA, UDMA, and more:

These subsequent flavors of IDE/ATA technology each add new technologies and
longer acronyms. The result? More speed and more storage capacity.

• SATA (Serial ATA)

The newest incarnation of the IDE/ATA drives, these offer still greater
performance. Older drives moved information to your computer through
awkward, stubby ribbon cables. SATA drives transfer their information faster
through sleek, thin cables that route through your computer’s innards more
easily.

• External SATA
You guessed it, external SATA drives live outside your PC and plug into special
eSATA ports you can add to your PC.

• SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface), Fast Wide SCSI, Ultra SCSI,
WideUltra2 SCSI)

Pronounced “scuzzy,” this popular drive variety worked its way into the hearts
of power users and network administrators. Today, SATA supersedes SCSI away
from even those folks.

Speed and Space

The following terms appear on nearly every hard drive’s box to help you find the
drive with the size and speed you need:
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 • Capacity: The amount of data the hard drive can store; the larger, the
better. When buying a new drive, look for something with 50 gigabytes (GB)
or more. Always buy the biggest drive you can possibly afford.
• Access or seek time: The time your drive takes to locate stored files,
measured in milliseconds (ms). The smaller the number, the better.
• DTR (Data Transfer Rate): How fast your computer can grab information
from files after it finds them. Larger numbers are better. Data transfer rates
are broken down into burst and sustained each described next.
• Burst/sustained:. The burst rate determines the speed at which your
computer can fetch one small piece of information from your hard drive.
The sustained rate, by contrast, refers to how fast it constantly streams
data fetches a large file, for example. Naturally, burst rates are much faster
than sustained rates.
• 5000/7200/10000 RPM: The speed at which your hard drive’s internal
disks spin, measured in revolutions per minute (RPM). Bigger numbers
mean faster and more expensive drives. (For some reason, techies leave out
commas when discussing RPM.)

NOTES:

• When you’re purchasing a drive for everyday work or sound/video editing, buy a very fast one. If
you’re looking to simply store large amounts of data, such as MP3s, videos, text, or similar items, save
money by buying a slower drive.

• For further information read storage devices section.

POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU)

Converts high-voltage alternating current (AC) power into the lower voltage direct
current (DC) power that your motherboard and drives need.

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 Image 1.27 Power Supply Unit

Power Supply Form Factors

Power supply form factors mirror motherboard form factors. ATX power supplies
are the most common, and they plug into all sizes of ATX and BTX motherboards.
You can find smaller power supplies that fit microATX, FlexATX, and microBTX
motherboards as well.

Image 1.28 PSU Connectors

Image 1.29 Power Connectors and Voltages

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Notes:

• Mini is also called berg connector.

• P1 (20- wire, 24 wire) is also called 24 pin ATX power connector or 20 pin
ATX power connector.
• P4 connector is also called 12V 4 pin power connector.

GRAPHICS CARD

Image 1.30 System Unit with on board and

attached video card

Graphics Card (also called a video

adapter, display card, graphics card,
graphics board, display adapter or
graphics adapter) is an expansion
card which generates a feed of output
images to a display.

Common Types of Graphics Card

• Peripheral Component
Interconnect (PCI)

Short for Peripheral Component

Interconnect, PCI was introduced by
Intel in1992. The PCI bus came in
both 32-bit (133MBps) and 64-bit versions and was used to attach hardware to a
computer. Although commonly used in computers from the late 1990s to the early
2000s, PCI has since been replaced with PCI Express. Most PCs sold before the
late 1990s came with a video card in one of their PCI slots. But today, this type

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of slot is not use for graphics card however, it is use for several add on cards such
as, audio card LAN card, and other type of PCI cards.

Image 1.31 PCI Video Card

• AGP Accelerated Graphics Port (often shortened to AGP)

Short for Accelerated Graphics Port, AGP is an advanced port designed for Video
cards and 3D accelerators. Designed by Intel and introduced in August of 1997,
AGP introduces a dedicated point-to-point channel that allows the graphics
controller direct access to the system memory. Below is an illustration of what
the AGP slot may look like on your motherboard. AGP slot The AGP channel is
32-bits wide and runs at 66 MHz, which is a total bandwidth of 266 MBps and
much greater than the PCI bandwidth of up to 133 MBps. AGP also supports
two optional faster modes, with a throughput of 533 MBps and 1.07 GBps. It
also allows 3-D textures to be stored in main memory rather than video
memory. AGP is available in three different versions, the original AGP version
mentioned above, AGP 2.0 that was introduced in May of 1998, and AGP 3.0
(AGP 8x) that was introduced in November of 2000. AGP 2.0 added 4x signaling
and was capable of operating at 1.5V and AGP 3.0 was capable of double the
transfer speeds. By mid-2009, PCIe cards dominated the market; AGP cards
and motherboards were still produced, but OEM driver support was minimal.

26
 Image 1.32 AGP Video Card

• PCI-E Peripheral Component Interconnect Express

Officially abbreviated as PCIe, is a high-speed serial computer expansion bus
standard designed to replace the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards.

Originally known as 3rd Generation I/O (3GIO), PCI Express, or PCIe, was
approved as a standard on July 2002 and is a computer bus found in
computers. PCI Express is a serial bus designed to replace PCI and AGP and is
available in different formats: x1, x2, x4, x8, x12, x16, and x32.

Image 1.33 PCI-E Video Card

What’s on the card?

• DisplayPort is a digital display interface developed by the Video Electronics

Standards Association (VESA). The interface is primarily used to connect a
video source to a display device such as a computer monitor, though it can
also be used to transmit audio, USB, and other forms of data.

27
 Image 1.34 DisplayPort

• (HDMI) High Definition Multimedia Interface simultaneously

transmitting visual and audio data via the same cable.

Image 1.35 HDMI Port

• (DVI) Digital Visual Interface Digital-based standard designed for displays

such as flat-panel displays (LCDs, plasma screens, wide high-definition
television displays) and video projectors

Image 1.36 DVI Port

• Analog D-Sub is standard interface for analog monitor. It was designed for CRT displays.

Image 1.37 15 pin Analog D-Sub

Common Graphics Card Terms

• Fill Rate
GPU’s speed in drawing pixels depending on the number of (ROP)
Raster Operation Pipeline units of the graphics card.
• GART Graphics Address Remapping Table
A capability of reading texture directly from the memory without the
need to copy them to video memory.
• Pixel Pipeline
Pixels pass through GPU unit called Pipeline which crunch complex
vertex and pixel shaders programs for lighting and effects. The more
pipelines, the better.

28
 Cheaper cards usually have four pipelines while mid-range to high
end have 8-16 pipelines o more.
• Pixel Shader
Also called as pixel processor and unified shaders-usually used for
realism gamming. Pixel and Vertexshaders
• SLI (Scalable Link Interface) and Crossfire [ATI]
New technologies that allow two or more graphics cards installation
for certain intensive graphics application.
• DirectX
Software that programmers use to create advanced visual tricks with
video circuitry. Many games use DirectX to display three-
dimensional fire-breathing dragons and other spectacular effects. My
computer use DirectX version 11 running Windows 7 Ultimate
operating system.
• Driver
A piece of software that lets Windows talk to your hardware in this
case, your video card. Without the right driver, your card won’t work
properly.
• Port
A computer buzzword for connector, this is one of connectors on your
PC where you plug in cables. The plug on the end of your monitor’s
cable must match your PC’s video port

PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse

Keyboard and Mice Connectors - Old Style 5 Pin DIN Keyboard connector. The 5
pin DIN connectors are rarely used anymore. Most computers use the mini-DIN
PS/2 connector, but an increasing number of new systems are dropping PS/2
connectors in favor of USB. Adapters are available to convert 5 pin din to PS/2.

FACTS:

• PS2 Keyboard (Purple) and Mouse (Green). NOT interchangeable.

• Newer Motherboards may have a single PS2 connector with 1/2 purple and 1/2 Green.

29
 Image 1.38 PS/2 Mouse and PS/2 Keyboard Ports

1. Serial Port

Serial or COM-1 port Used for External Modems and old Mice. Being phased out on newer
computers. Replaced by USB.

Image 1.39 Serial Port

FACTS:

Today, serial ports usually remain empty. Modems, their prime users, usually live inside the computer. A
handful of other gadgets cling to them, mostly older PocketPCs, Palm Pilots, label printers, and similar
nerdy gadgets. Most high-end PCs still include a serial port, but the budget models leave them off.

Parallel / Printer Port

Also called as Line Printer Terminal (LPT Port) used for old printers. It is not be found on newer
computers.

30
 Image 1.40 Parallel Port

FACTS:

• Like serial ports, parallel ports are being replaced by USB ports. A few printers
still use them, though, so they haven’t yet dropped off high-end PCs. You probably
won’t find one on a budget PC.

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Ports

Use the USB ports to connect USB devices. (Universal Serial Bus) Used for just
about everything attached in a computer.

Image 1.41 USB standard ports and symbol

31
FACTS: For the past ten years, manufacturers have shipped their computers with
USB ports small, rectangular-shaped holes ready to accept small, rectangular-
shaped plugs. At first, everybody ignored them. But slowly, companies began
creating items to plug into those holes.

Firewire

Firewire connectors should not be confused with USB connectors, they look
almost the same. Fire Wire is used to connect external devices like hard drives.
Sometimes Fire Wire is called IEEE1394a or i-link.

Image 1.42 Firewire

Audio and Game Ports

SPDIF is a standard for transmitting high-quality digital audio without going

through an analogue conversion process. The SPDIF interface can be
implemented in two different ways, Coaxial and Optical.

32
 Image 1.43 Audio Ports, (Green) Line Out, (Pink) Mic In, (Blue) Line In

Ethernet Port

Connects an RJ-45 jack to the LAN port to connect your computer to the
Network.

Image 1.44 (Left) Ethernet cable (Right) Ethernet port

Posttest

DIRECTIONS: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write your answer on the space
provided.
______1. The main circuit board within a typical desktop computer
A. Motherboard C. HDD
B. RAM D. Power Supply
______2. created a super-fast, super-expensive memory in the late 1990s and covered the chips with
a cool-looking heat shield.
A. RDRAM C.DDR2
B. DDR D. DDR3
______3. Are the most common, and they plug into all sizes of ATX and BTX motherboards.
A. Motherboard C. HDD
B. RAM D. Power Supply
______4. It is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a computer program
by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system.
A. Clock Speed C.L2 Cache
B. CPU D. FSB
____5. is a processor’s rating that measure a certain number of information processed per second.
A. Clock Speed C.L2 Cache
B. CPU D. FSB

33
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l Ca pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Piñ a s Ci t y
LYDIA AGUILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
BLOCK 17 LOT 24 CAMIA ST. T.S. CRUZ SUBD., ALMANZA II, LAS PIÑAS CITY

NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________

GRADE & SECTION __________________________ TEACHER: ________________

MODULE IN TLE 10
First Quarter
Week 3
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

LO 3: System’s Specification

)
OBJECTIVES

• Identify the computer’s system specifications.

• Know the different method in getting system’s information.

Pretest Direction: Identify the correct answer on each number.

Write your answer on the space provided.

1. It allows you to play movie using optical disc.

2. These cards are installed inside a PC and are responsible for determining the
quality of the audio and visuals (graphics and video) output by the computer.
3. It allows a computer to be connected to a network.
4. Displays general information about your computer and the operating system,
such as the computer name and manufacturer, the type of basic input/output
system (BIOS) your computer uses, and the amount of memory that's installed.
5. Displays information about drivers, network connections, and other program-
related details.

34
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

SYSTEM SPECIFICATION

The specification or ‘spec’ is a list of the key components that make up the
computer. It is provided by retailers to help buyers decide which PC, and which
combination of features, they need. When buying a PC, it is important to start by
deciding what it is you want the PC to do. This then informs what specification
you actually need.

When reviewing a computer specification, the most important components to take

account of are the processor, the amount of RAM and the size of the hard drive
as these are central to the overall capability of the system. If it is planned to use
specialized programs for students with special needs (e.g., scan/read software), it
is advisable to purchase a suitable specification computer to meet the system
requirements for these programs.

Understanding A Specification

35
Purchasing Considerations

Consider the following points when purchasing PCs

• What is the intended use of the PC and will the chosen specification fulfil
these aims?
• Is the PC compatible with existing computer equipment and software?
• Is the technical support service satisfactory?
• A minimum 3 year warranty including next business day (NBD) onsite,
including full parts and labor is recommended
• Will added peripherals be required such as headphones, optical and mice?
• Easy access of multiple USB ports.
• Operating System licensing options.

The hardware specifications of a computer will vary depending on what an

individual user will be doing with it. A person that wants to use their
computer for graphically intense games or video editing will need a totally
different configuration than somebody that just wants to browse the
Internet and type word documents. Take a look at this advertisement that
was copied from an online store.

Specification
Component
CPU Intel® Socket 1150 for 4th Generation CoreTM i7/CoreTM i5/CoreTM
i3/Pentium®/Celeron® Processors

Supports Intel® 22 nm CPU

Supports Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 2.0

* The Intel® Turbo Boost Technology 2.0 support depends on the CPU
types.

* Refer to www.asus.com for CPU support list

Chipset Intel® H81
Memory 2 x DIMM, Max. 16GB, DDR3 1600/1333/1066 MHz Non- ECC, Un-
buffered Memory

Dual Channel Memory Architecture

Supports Intel® Extreme Memory Profile (XMP)

36
 * Hyper DIMM support is subject to the physical characteristics of
individual CPUs.

* Refer to www.asus.com for the Memory QVL (Qualified Vendors Lists).

* Due to Intel® chipset limitation, DDR3 1600 MHz and higher memory
modules on XMP mode will run at the maximum transfer rate of DDR3
1600 Mhz.
Storage Intel® H81 chipset :
2 x SATA 6Gb/s port(s), yellow
2 x SATA 3Gb/s port(s), dark brown,

Supports Intel® Rapid Start Technology, Intel® Smart Connect

Technology *1
LAN Realtek® 8111G, 1 x Gigabit LAN Controller(s)
Audio Realtek® ALC887 8-Channel High Definition Audio CODEC *2

- Supports : Jack-detection, Multi-streaming, Front Panel Jack-

retasking
USB Ports 2 x USB 3.1 Gen 1 port(s) (2 at back panel, blue)
6 x USB 2.0 port(s) (2 at back panel, black, 4 at mid-board)
Operating Windows® 8.1
System Windows® 8
Support Windows® 7
Back I/O 1 x PS/2 keyboard (purple) 1 x PS/2 mouse (green)
Ports 1 x DVI
1 x D-Sub
1 x LAN (RJ45) port(s)
2 x USB 3.1 Gen 1 (blue)
2 x USB 2.0
1 x Parallel port(s)
3 x Audio jack(s)
Internal I/O Ports
2 x USB 2.0 connector(s) support(s) additional 4 USB 2.0 port(s)
1 x COM port(s) connector(s)
2 x SATA 6Gb/s connector(s)
2 x SATA 3Gb/s connector(s)
1 x CPU Fan connector(s) (1 x 4 -pin)
1 x Chassis Fan connector(s) (1 x 4 -pin) 1 x S/PDIF out header(s)
1 x 24-pin EATX Power connector(s)
1 x 4-pin ATX 12V Power connector(s)
1 x Front panel connector(s)
1 x Front panel audio connector(s) (AAFP) 1 x Internal speaker
connector(s)
1 x Clear CMOS jumper(s)
Accessories
User's manual
I/O Shield
2 x SATA 6Gb/s cable(s)
Form uATX Form Factor
Factor 8.9 inch x 7.2 inch ( 22.6 cm x 18.3 cm )
37
What is system information?

System Information shows details about your computer's hardware configuration,

computer components, and software, including drivers.

System Information lists categories in the left pane and details about each
category in the right pane. The categories include:

• System Summary. Displays general information about your computer and the
operating system, such as the computer name and manufacturer, the type of
basic input/output system (BIOS) your computer uses, and the amount of
memory that's installed

38
• Hardware Resources. Displays advanced details about your computer's
hardware, and is intended for IT professionals.

Components. Displays information about disk drives, sound devices, modems, and
other components installed on your computer.

• Software Environment. Displays information about drivers, network connections,

and other program-related details.

o System Drivers
o Environment Variables
o Print Jobs
o Network Connections
o Running Tasks
o Loaded Modules
o Services
o Program Groups
o Startup Programs
o OLE Programs
o Windows Error Reporting

39
Other method of viewing system information of a computer
Using DirectX diagnostic tool
How to use dxdiag.exe?
1. Click start button > Choose run > then type dxdiag.exe > Press enter

Image 1: Dxdiag.exe

Using msinfo32.exe diagnostic tool

How to use msinfo.exe?

1. Click start button > Choose run > then type dxdiag.exe > Press enter

Image 2: msinfo32.exe

Using speccy

It is an advance freeware application for displaying information of a computer.

How to use Speccy?

40
1. Download the application at https://www.piriform.com/speccy

2. Install your computer.

3. Run the program.

Image 3: Speccy Interface

Posttest

Direction: Identify the correct answer on each number. Write your answer on the space
provided.

1. It allows you to play movie using optical disc.

2. These cards are installed inside a PC and are responsible for determining the
quality of the audio and visuals (graphics and video) output by the computer.
3. It allows a computer to be connected to a network.
4. Displays general information about your computer and the operating system,
such as the computer name and manufacturer, the type of basic input/output
system (BIOS) your computer uses, and the amount of memory that's installed.
5. Displays information about drivers, network connections, and other program-
related details.

41
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l Ca pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Piñ a s Ci t y
LYDIA AGUILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
BLOCK 17 LOT 24 CAMIA ST. T.S. CRUZ SUBD., ALMANZA II, LAS PIÑAS CITY

NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________

GRADE & SECTION __________________________ TEACHER: ________________

MODULE IN TLE 10
First Quarter
Week 4
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

LO 4: Computer System Design

)
OBJECTIVES:

• select computer components based on the customer’s needs

• identify the components best suited for a particular computing environment
• know how to design for specific computer subsystems, such as the video or storage subsystem

Pretest

DIRECTIONS: Encircle the correct answer on each number. Write your answer
on the space provided.

1. These computers are used in manufacturing plants by engineers or design

engineers to create things.
a. CAD/CAM and Graphics Design Workstations
b. Gaming PCs
c. Audio/Video Editing Workstations
d. Virtualization Workstation
2. A workstation that has at least one operating system, in its own virtual
machine that is separate from the host operating system.
a. CAD/CAM and Graphics Design Workstations
b. Gaming PCs
c. Audio/Video Editing Workstations
42
 d. Virtualization Workstation
3. It is a desktop or laptop that has a display, mouse, keyboard, and network
connectivity and runs applications from a server.
a. CAD/CAMandGraphicsDesignWorkstations
b. Gaming PCs
c. Audio/Video Editing Workstations
d. Thin Client Workstations
4. It is used to store data, function as a web server, print server, or file server,
control media streaming, be accessible from outside the home, control
devices, and manage backups of other computers.
a. CAD/CAMandGraphicsDesignWorkstations
b. Home Server
c. Audio/Video Editing Workstations
d. Thin Client Workstations
5. It is used for a specific industry. For example, in a car repair shop, the
standard computers used both inside the showroom and in the service and
repair center might be in an enclosure or have keyboard coverings.
a. CAD/CAMandGraphicsDesignWorkstations
b. Home Server
c. Industrial computer
d. Thin Client Workstations

43
WHAT I NEED TO KNOW
COMPUTER SYSTEM DESIGN

Computer users need different types of computer systems. What the user does

with the computer dictates the components and peripherals needed. Looking at

the computer systems by purpose is a good place to start with design.

CAD/CAM and Graphics Design Workstations

Computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) systems

are used in manufacturing plants by engineers or design engineers to create

things.

A graphics/CAD/CAM design workstation would need the following key

components:

• Powerful multi-core processor(s)

• Maximum system RAM

• High-end video card(s) with maximum video RAM and graphics processing

unit (GPU) Large display or dual displays Large-capacity hard drive(s) and

an

• SSD Possible peripherals include digital tablets, scanners, plotters, and 3D

printers Quality mouse or input device.

44
 Image 2 CAD/CAM Design workstation

Gaming PCs

Gaming computers are a set of their own. Gamers frequently build their own
systems, but some computer manufacturers do make gaming PCs. A gaming PC
(see Figure 3) tends to have the following key components:

• Powerful multi-core processor(s)

• High-end video cards (with maximum video RAM and specialized GPU)
• High-definition sound card and speakers
• High-end system cooling Large amount of RAM Large display or dual
displays
• Quality mouse Possible gaming console Headphones with microphone
Possible 3D glasses (if supported by the video card and monitor).

Audio/Video Editing Workstations

An audio/video editing workstation (see Image 4) is used to manipulate sounds

(shorten, add, overlay, and so on) or video. This type of system requires a lot of
hard drive space and RAM. Here are the most common configuration elements for
such a computer:

• Specialized video card with maximum video RAM and GPU

• Specialized audio (sound) card and speakers

45
 • Very fast and large-capacity hard drive
• Dual monitors Powerful multi-core processor(s)
• Large amount of system RAM Quality mouse Possible digital tablet or
scanner

Virtualization Workstations

A virtualization workstation can mean two things: (1) a workstation that has at
least one operating system, in its own virtual machine that is separate from the
host operating system (see Image 5), or (2) a workstation that uses hardware and
software virtualization techniques to provide an end user with a controlled
workstation environment. Each of these situations requires different hardware
and software. A virtualization workstation is considered to be the first example (a
computer that has more than one operating system in a virtual environment). A
virtualization workstation would have the following components:

• Maximum CPU cores

• Maximum RAM Multiple, fast, large-capacity hard drives
• Possible SSDs
• Possible network-attached storage (NAS) for increased storage space that
can be shared with other devices

Thin Client Workstations

A thin client workstation is a desktop or laptop that has a display, mouse,

keyboard, and network connectivity and runs applications from a server. Thin
client computers are less expensive than a normal workstation (but the network
infrastructure such as servers, software, storage area network [SAN], and so on
to support thin clients costs money). Storage tends to be cloud-based or on remote
storage media. Both the hardware (hard drives, number of processors, and so on)
and software environment could be virtualized (commonly called desktop
virtualization) in order to provide a controlled environment. Corporations use thin
clients. Characteristics to look for in a thin client computer include the following:

• Meets minimum requirements for selected operating system

46
 • 1Gb/s preferred network connectivity
• Basic applications Optional display privacy screen

Thick Client Workstations

In contrast to a thin client workstation, a thick client computer is the most

common type of desktop or laptop in the work environment. Applications are
installed and documents are commonly stored on the local hard drive. An all-in-
one computer could be a thick client computer. Computers in small businesses
tend to be thick client workstations. A standard thick client computer has the
following characteristics:

• Meets recommended hardware requirements for selected operating system

• Meets recommended hardware and software requirements for running
desktop applications
• Optional dual displays

Home Servers

A home server computer is used to store data, function as a web server,

print server, or file server, control media streaming, be accessible from
outside the home, control devices, and manage backups of other
computers. Notice in Image 6, how the home server in the top-right corner
physically connects to the wireless router. Typical components found in a
home server include the following:

• Multiple hard drives in a RAID array configuration

• 1Gb/s (1000Mb/s) NIC Medium to large case
• Multiple processors or multiple cores in the processor
• Lots of RAM
• Server applications including media streaming, file sharing, and print
sharing
• Possible NAS
• Possible KVM switch

47
 Image 3: Home server

Industrial Computers

An industrial computer is one used for a specific industry. For example, in a car
repair shop, the standard computers used both inside the showroom and in the
service and repair center might be in an enclosure (see Image 7) or have keyboard
coverings. A kiosk in a mall or school might contain or be controlled by a
computer. A kiosk is commonly used to show maps, provide directions, locate
personnel, or provide information. Here are some things to consider for an
industrial computer:

• Meets recommended hardware requirements based on applications

installed
• Optional enclosure for wet, dry, or outdoor environments
• Optional enclosure for a laptop’s external keyboard and mouse for unsecure
or outdoor environments
• Optional LCD enclosure for harsh, outdoor, public, high-traffic, or
industrial environments
• Optional privacy display screen
• Case with air filters that may be removable for cleaning.

48
Mobile Computers

A mobile computer for someone who travels as part of his job also needs special
design considerations. Considerations for an “on-the-road” computer design
include the following:

• Laptop, Ultrabook, or tablet Sufficient RAM Might need mobile broadband

connectivity
• Possible SSD (if shaking or dropping due to handling is a concern or if high
speed is needed)
• Compatible smartphone
• Possible projector Possible thermal printer for sales-oriented tasks
• Possible portable speakers and headphones with noise cancellation

When you are planning to design an entire computer system, looking at what the
user will be doing with the computer is important. Keep in mind that there are
many ways to go green and conserve energy in your computer design. The
company requesting the design may require green specifications. Cases,
motherboards, processors, power supplies, printers, displays, and other
computing devices can be designed with energy conservation in mind.

The Electronic Product Environmental Assessment Tool (EPEAT) can help with
that. The EPEAT rating system was designed to work with the EPA in identifying
products that have a green (and clean) design. ENERGY STAR is another program
that has strict energy efficiency standards that a product must meet in order to
be ENERGY STAR compliant. Products that earn the ENERGY STAR rating today
have low total energy requirements, low power modes, and efficient power
supplies. You can also be conscientious of energy requirements when designing
a subsystem. Many times, the request for an upgrade will not be for the entire
computer, but only for a subsystem. In such a case, the best practice is to look
at the subsystem as a unit.

49
MOTHERBOARD AND ASSOCIATED COMPONENT DESIGN

The motherboard, chipset, and CPU are all directly related to one another and
should be designed in conjunction with one another. Some technicians choose a
motherboard based on a specific chipset. Why? Because there might be issues
with a specific chipset, but the customer might still need high-end video or USB
version 3.0 ports. There might be only one chipset that gives you two PCIe v3.0
slots for bridging video cards or a high number of USB 3.0 ports. In any case, this
is something to consider. You also have to remember that things change all the
time. Newer technologies such as Skylake, Broadwell, USB 3.1, Thunderbolt, and
DDR4 may influence your choices. Choosing a processor involves selecting Intel
or AMD, determining how many processor cores you want, and selecting a specific
model. Throughout the years, both manufacturers tend to have had a low-end
model for cheaper, less powerful computers, a midrange processor that gives
pretty good bang for the buck (price), and very powerful processors. Don’t forget
CPU cooling either. If you select one of the high- end CPUs, you must have
appropriate cooling for it. Memory ties into processor technology because the type
of motherboard/chipset you have will dictate the type of memory supported, the
maximum amount of memory the motherboard manufacturer might consider
putting on the motherboard, and the maximum memory speed that can be used.
Whenever a technician is upgrading or replacing a motherboard, compatibility
with existing components is a must.

The most important design consideration for memory is to take advantage of dual-
, triple-, and quad-channeling when possible. Ensure that the DIMMs and SO-
DIMMS are purchased together and installed according to the recommendations
set forth in the motherboard/computer manual. Encourage the end user to buy
as much RAM as he or she can initially afford. This area is one of the most
influential considerations on the user computing experience. Beef up this
subsystem component as much as possible.

When dealing with the motherboard, consider the following:

• Motherboard form factor

50
 • Chipset
• Whether the CPU is included or needs to be purchased separately
• CPU size
• Motherboard socket size

Power Supply and Case Design

When selecting a power supply, it is all about the size (form factor), total
wattage for specific voltage levels, number of connectors, and power
efficiency. One issue you must consider is how many connectors connect
to the same cable. When you have several high-powered devices, you want
to be able to connect them with separate power cables, if possible, instead
of using two connectors along the same cable. Also, be careful with cables
that do not have at least four wires. These are peripheral cables to power
12-volt fans and are normally labeled as fan connectors. Some power
supplies have detachable cables that connect between a power supply
connector and a device connector. You attach the number and type of
cables you need. Buy additional cables of a specific type, as needed. Image
.8 shows detachable cables.

Image 4: power connectors

When replacing, upgrading, or purchasing a power supply, consider the following:

Enough power cables for video cards

Number and type of power cables (SATA, Molex, PCIe, and fan)

• Form factor Wattage for the 12-volt line

51
 • Total wattage—use an online power-use calculator
• Quietness
• Mean time between failures (MTBF)
• Overvoltage, overcurrent, undervoltage, and short-circuit protection
• Warranty

Keep in mind that the power supply and the case (and the motherboard, too)
have to be the same form factor. Some cases accept multiple motherboard form
factors. Cases may or may not include the fans that go with the cases. Most
cases have at least two locations for fans—one at the front of the case and one
at the rear. Fans tend to come in 40-, 60-, 80-, 90-, 92-, 120-, or 140-mm
sizes. Look for the following key features in a new case:

Size (ATX, micro-ATX, BTX, ITX, mini-ITX, and so on), type (desktop, tower,
or all-in- one), and physical dimensions

o Number and type of front panel ports

o Number and placement of fans
o Cable management
o Number of expansion slots (need to match or come close to how many
are on the motherboard)
o Number and type of accessible drive bays including internal or
external
o Outside texture and design (metal, aluminum, plastic, acrylic, see-
through)
o Ease of cover removal
o Method of securing expansion cards (screw, plastic tab, and single
plastic bar)
o Ability to lock case panels to deter entry

Use Design considerations

Graphic/CAD/CAM, gaming PC, Server PC, 500-W or higher power supply ATX
audio, /video editing computer, or virtualization mid or full-size tower, two or more
computer cooling fans
300-W or higher power supply ATX
Home media center, or thin client
mini or micro-sized tower
300-W or higher power supply ATX-
Thick client or normal user
mini, micro, or mid-sized tower.

Power Supply and case design

52
Storage Design

The storage subsystem consists of magnetic or flash technologies for internal or

external hard drives, flash storage (including SSDs), or optical drives. When
adding, replacing, or building a storage subsystem, you must consider the
customer needs, how long the customer plans on storing the data, and how long
the customer thinks the storage subsystem will be in use before being upgraded
or replaced.

Storage subsystem design considerations

Feature Design considerations

Internal
SATA or M.2
connectivity
Internal power Molex or SATA power connector
Internal physical 1.8, 2.5, 3.5, or 5.25 inches nd must have available expansion slots
size in the case.
USB,IEEE 1394 (Firewire), eSATA, and eSATAp port. A NIC may be
Externa
required for cloud storage. May need media reader for flash media.
connectivity

Magnetic (hard drive or optical drive); SATA 1.5,3 or 6Gb/s (SATA1,

Storage
SATA2, SATA3), M.2, flash memory (SSD, flash drives, and flash
technology
media) or hybrid (magnetic and SSD)
Special storage RAID requires multiple drives. NAS to share storage with other
consideration computers
5400, 5900,7200,10000,15000 RPM for magnetic drives. Transfer
Storage device rate for SSDs. Input/output operations per seconds (IOPS) for both
speed magnetic drives and SSDs, which is measurement that considers
sequential reads/writes as well as random reads/writes.
Optical drive
Red-violet and/or blue lasers
capability
Both hard drives and optical drives can have buffers that can
Drive buffers
increase data transfer rates.
External What other devices may share the port. External cages/enclosures
considerations can be purchased to turn an internal device into external device.

53
AUDIO SUBSYSTEM DESIGN

The audio design consists of the audio ports and speakers. When upgrading or
building, let the customer listen to the speakers, if possible.

Audio design considerations

Feature Design consideration

Two for casual use or gamer.
Three to seven for a music, video, gaming enthusiast.
A 5.1 surrounds-sound systems commonly has a center channel
Number of speaker, two front channel speakers for left/right audio, two rear
speakers channel speaker for left/right audio, and a sub-woofer for low frequency
(bass) sound effects. A 7.1 surrounds-sound system has the same
speakers as 5.1, with two additional center channel speakers for
left/right audio
Integrated into the display, headset, or external. Headset is the best for
Microphone conference calls.

A 2.0 audio system has two channels (left/right), with the amplifier with
one of the two speakers.
2.0,2.1
A 2.1 audio system has two speakers and subwoofers for the low
frequency sounds.
Port
3.5mm mini plug, S/PDIF TOSLINK, S/PDIF fiber, or wireless
connectivity
PCI, PCIe, or integrated into the motherboard. Number of type of ports
Sound card
need to match speaker connectivity.
Avoid trip hazards.
Logistics Shelving, wall plates, wall inserts, wall hangers, speaker location
planning.

Display Subsystem Design Displays are important to the computing experience.

With respect to replacing, upgrading, and installing displays, design
specifications are important.

Design considerations for displays

Feature Design considerations

Physical location, space available, and cost are normally the
Size/aspect ratio dictating features. Common aspect ratio includes 4:3, 16:9, 16:10,
1.9:1.
Two display or single wide screen display is popular in home and
Number of displays
work environments.
Plasma, LCD with CCFL backlight, LCD with LED backlight (LED),
Type of display
OLED or FlexOLED
54
Display
conferencing Integrated microphone or webcam
features
Contrast ratio A higher number is better (but not all vendors give true numbers).
Video adapter Slot type
Number and type of ports
Number of cards and support for sharing of resources (scalable
link interface [SLI] and CrossFire for example). RAM
GPU
Power and cooling requirements
Power and connectivity requirements

Mobility Design

Today’s computing environment has a lot of mobile devices. Mobile devices are
critical to a design solution. Mobile devices will most likely be in addition to more
stationary devices such as workstations, printers, and scanners. Laptops and
Ultrabooks frequently have external peripherals, and few internal parts except for
the memory and the SSD can be upgraded. Tablets and smartphones have few or
no internal upgradable components. Keep in mind that these components are
constantly being upgraded, and new processors and memory speeds, for example,
may be available in different models.

Desktop and laptop comparison

Components Desktop Laptop

Intel or AMD processors that use the Intel or AMD mobile processor
Processor
following sockets: Intel LGA 775, that are either surface
1155,1156,1366, and 2011; AMD socket mounted and socketed.
AM3, AM3+, FM1, FM2, and FM2+
DDR3 SO-DIMMs
DDR3 DIMMs 1066,
1066,1333,1600,1866, or
1333,1600,1866,2000,2400,2600
2133
Memory ,2666,2800,2933,3000, 3100, or 3200.
DDR4 DIMMs
DDR4 SO-DIMMs
2800,3000,3200,3300,3333,3400
2133,2400,2666,2800
Power ATX, mini-ATX, micro-ATX, ITX or
Proprietary
supply proprietary
10/100 or 10/100/1000Mbps
Network 10/100 or 10/100/1000Mbps port
port
802.11
May be installed Normally included
wireless
Internal 2.5 or 3.5-inch SATA 3Gbps or Internal 1.8 or 2.5-inch SATA
Hard drive 6Gbps running at 5400,5900, or 7200 1.5, 3, or 6Gbps running at
RPM, SSD, or hybrid mechanical/SSD 5400, 5900, or 7200 RPM,

55
 SSD, or hybrid
mechanical/SSD.
Bluetooth May be installed May be installed.
SATA 3Gbps or 6Gbps CD/DVD RW SATA 1.5, 3 or 6Gbps
Optical drive
and/or Blu-ray CD/DVD RW and/or Blu-ray
Keyboard Wired or wireless Integrated
Integrated touch pad/touch
Mouse Wired or wireless
stick

Mobile device design

Mobile
Common features
device
Requires higher-than-normal RAM and video, if used for gaming
Normally has the most powerful processor, RAM, and storage
Laptop
capability of mobile devices
Possible touch screen Possible SSD
No optical drive
May not be able to upgrade RAM Low weight
Ultrabook Low cost
Possible touch screen
Possible SSD
Touch screen
Android, Apple iOS, Windows or Google chrome OS, proprietary operating
Tablet PC system Little, if any, port connectivity
Integrated camera
Integrated microphone
Android, Apple iOS, Windows, or proprietary operating system
Upgradable flash media
Smartphone
Touch screen
Integrated camera Integrated microphone

If you can design computer subsystems or an entire computer, you know a lot
about the pieces that go into a computer and how they interact. Practicing with
different scenarios can help, and there are exercises at the end of the chapter to
help you build this skill. You won’t believe how much you will learn by looking at
component specifications. Investigate component specifications when you shop to
increase your know

56
 Posttest

DIRECTIONS: Encircle the correct answer on each number. Write your answer
on the space provided.

1. These computers are used in manufacturing plants by engineers or design

engineers to create things.
a. CAD/CAM and Graphics Design Workstations
b. Gaming PCs
c. Audio/Video Editing Workstations
d. Virtualization Workstation
2. A workstation that has at least one operating system, in its own virtual
machine that is separate from the host operating system.
a. CAD/CAM and Graphics Design Workstations
b. Gaming PCs
c. Audio/Video Editing Workstations
d. Virtualization Workstation
3. It is a desktop or laptop that has a display, mouse, keyboard, and network
connectivity and runs applications from a server.
a. CAD/CAMandGraphicsDesignWorkstations
b. Gaming PCs
c. Audio/Video Editing Workstations
d. Thin Client Workstations
4. It is used to store data, function as a web server, print server, or file server,
control media streaming, be accessible from outside the home, control
devices, and manage backups of other computers.
a. CAD/CAMandGraphicsDesignWorkstations
b. Home Server
c. Audio/Video Editing Workstations
d. Thin Client Workstations

57
5. It is used for a specific industry. For example, in a car repair shop, the
standard computers used both inside the showroom and in the service and
repair center might be in an enclosure or have keyboard coverings.
a. CAD/CAMandGraphicsDesignWorkstations
b. Home Server
c. Industrial computer
d. Thin Client Workstations

58
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l Ca pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Piñ a s Ci t y
LYDIA AGUILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
BLOCK 17 LOT 24 CAMIA ST. T.S. CRUZ SUBD., ALMANZA II, LAS PIÑAS CITY

NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________

GRADE & SECTION __________________________ TEACHER: ________________

MODULE IN TLE 10
First Quarter
Week 5
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

LO 5: Storage, Input and Output Devices

)
OBJECTIVES:

• identify the output and input device

• explain, elaborate and classify the different computer peripherals and its
components

Pretest

IDENTIFICATION

1.________________________________a hardware device capable of holding information.

2._________________________________ is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to

communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such
as acomputer) which converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form.

3._________________________________ is the primary storage device.

4. ________________________________ are typically removable and rewritable, much smaller than a

floppy disk. Storage capacities typically range from 64 MB to 64 GB.

5._________________________________ is a model of networked enterprise storage where data is

stored not in the user's computer, but in virtualized pools of storage which are generally hosted
by third parties.

59
 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

A peripheral is a piece of computer hardware that is added to a computer in order

to expand its abilities. The term peripheral is used to describe those devices that
are optional in nature, as opposed to hardware that is either demanded or always
required in principle. There are all different kinds of peripherals you can add your
computer. The main distinction among peripherals is the way they are connected
to your computer. They can be connected internally or externally.

A computer peripheral is any external device that provides either input or output.
Peripherals typically fall into the hardware category and include optional system
components.

Computer peripherals are add-on hardware to the computer to expand its abilities
or improve its performance. By adding memory, computers are able to perform a
lot better, or by adding video cards, the computers graphics create more detail.
These are just some of the peripherals, although there is a lot more you can put
on your PC some of them may not be compatible.

INPUT DEVICE

In computing, an input device is any peripheral (piece of computer hardware

equipment) used to provide data and control signals to an information processing
system such as a computer or other information appliance. Examples of input
devices include keyboards, mouse, scanners, digital cameras and joysticks.

Many input devices can be classified according to:

• modality of input (e.g. mechanical motion, audio, visual, etc.)

• the input is discrete (e.g. key presses) or continuous (e.g. a mouse's
position, though digitized into a discrete quantity, is fast enough to be
considered continuous)
• the number of degrees of freedom involved (e.g. two-dimensional traditional
mice, or three-dimensional navigators designed for CAD applications)
60
Pointing devices, which are input devices used to specify a position in space,
can further be classified according to:

Whether the input is direct or indirect. With direct input, the input space
coincides with the display space, i.e. pointing is done in the space where visual
feedback or the pointer appears. Touchscreens and light pens involve direct input.
Examples involving indirect input include the mouse and trackball.

Whether the positional information is absolute (e.g. on a touch screen) or relative

(e.g. with a mouse that can be lifted and repositioned)

Commonly used input devices

• A 'keyboard' is a human interface device which is represented as a layout of

buttons. Each button, or key, can be used to either input a linguistic character
to a computer, or to call upon a particular function of the computer.

Traditional keyboards use spring-based buttons, though newer variations employ

virtual keys, or even projected keyboards.

o A pointing device is any human interface device

that allows a user to input spatial data to a
computer. In the case of mice and touchpads, this is
usually achieved by detecting movement across a
physical surface.

• Audio input devices

In the fashion of video devices, audio devices are used to either capture or
create sound. In some cases, an audio output device can be used as an
input device, in order to capture produced sound.

o Microphones
o MIDI keyboard or other digital musical instrument

61
 • Image and Video input devices are used to digitize images or video from
the outside world into the computer. The information can be stored in a
multitude of formats depending on the user's requirement.

o Digitalcamera
o Digitalcamcorder
o Webcam
o MicrosoftKinectSensor o Imagescanner
o Fingerprintscanner
o Barcodereader
o 3Dscanner
o Laserrangefinder

OUTPUT DEVICE

An output device is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to

communicate the results ofdata processingcarried out by aninformation
processing system (such as a computer) which converts the electronically
generated information into human-readable form.

A display device is an output device that visually conveys text, graphics, and
video information. Information shown on a display device is calledsoft
copybecause the information exists electronically and is displayed for a temporary
period of time. Display devices include CRT monitors, LCD monitors and displays,
gas plasma monitors, and televisions.

62
The following are also examples of input devices

• Speakers – an output device that produce sounds

• Headphones – it is an output device use to listen sounds in a single mode
function. Normally used for a single person who do not want to interrupt in
specific area with annoying noise. E.g. public places.
• Screen (Monitor)
• Printer
• Voice output communication aid
• Automotive navigation system
• Braille embosser
• Plotter
• Television
• Radio
• Punched card input/output
• Projector

STORAGE DEVICE

What are storage devices?

A storage, storage media, or storage medium, a storage device is a hardware

device capable of holding information. The computer has many types of
data storage devices. Some of them can be classified as the removable data
Storage Devices and the others as the non-removable data Storage
Devices.

63
Primary Storage is also known as main storage or memory, is the main area in
a computer in which data is stored for quick access by the computer's processor.

Secondary Storage

Referred to as external memory and secondary storage is a storage medium that

holds information until it is deleted or overwritten regardless if the computer has
power. It refers to storage devices and storage media that are not always directly
accessible by a computer. This differs from primary storage technology, such as
an internal hard drive, which is constantly available.

Hard disk drive vs. Solid state drive

Meanwhile, a hard drive uses a mechanical arm with a read/write head to

move around and read information from the right location on a storage
platter. This difference is what makes SSD so much faster. As an analogy,
what’s quicker? Having to walk across the room to retrieve a book to get
information or simply magically having that book open in front of you when
you need it? That’s how an HDD compares to an SSD; it simply requires
more physical labor (mechanical movement) to get information.

64
Solid State Drive

65
 Hard Disk Drive

http://www.storagereview.com/ssd_vs_hdd

To aid you even more, here are some rules to follow when you decide which
drive is best for you:

If:

• You need lots of storage capacity, up to more TB

• Don’t want to spend much money
• Don’t care too much about how fast a computer boots up or opens programs
- then get a hard drive (HDD).

If:

• You are willing to pay for faster performance

• Don’t mind limited storage capacity or can work around that - then get a
solid-state drive (SSD).

ODD (Optical Disc Drive)

• CDs tend to be used for large files (but smaller than 1Gb) which are too big
for a floppy disc to hold such as music and general animation.
• DVDs are used to hold very large files (several Gb) such as movie films. Both
CDs and DVDs are portable i.e. they can be transported from one computer
to another. Both can be used to store computer data.

66
 • CD ROM/DVD ROM Applications which require the prevention of deletion
of data, accidentalor otherwise. CDs used by software companies for
distributing software programs and data.

• CD R/DVD R Application which require a single

‘burning’ of data e.g., CDs recording of music
downloads from the internet, recording of music from
MP3 format, recording of data for archiving or back-up purposes. DVDs-
recoding of film, movies and television programs.

• CD RW/DVD RW Applications which require the updating of information

and ability to record over old data. Not suitable for music recording but is
very useful for keeping generation of files. DVDs have between five and ten
times the capacity of CDs.

USB flash drives are typically removable and rewritable, much

smaller than a floppy disk. Storage capacities typically range
from 64 MB to 64 GB. USB flash drives offer potential
advantages over other portable storage devices,
particularly the floppy disk.

Flash memory cards

A memory card or flash memory card is a solid-state electronic flash memory data
storage device used with digital cameras, handheld and Tablet/Mobile computers,
music players, video game consoles, and other electronics.

67
External/Portable hard disk are good fun because you can carry data about all
over the place and transfer information, programs, pictures, etc. between
computers.

Nowadays, most new PCs have built-in slots for a variety of memory cards;
Memory Stick, CompactFlash, SD, etc. Some digital gadgets support more than
one memory card to ensure compatibility.

Cloud Storage

It is a model of networked storage where data is stored not in the user's computer,
but in virtualized pools of storage which are usually hosted by third parties.

• OneDrive formerly SkyDrive is a file hosting service that allows users to

upload and sync files to cloud storage and then access them from a Web
browser or their local device.

68
 • Dropbox is a cloud storage service that lets you easily store and share files
with other people, and it lets you access your files from a mobile device as
well.
• Evernote lets you type notes, clip web pages, take photos, and organize all
of them from your computer or mobile device.
• Mozy and Carbonite can automatically back up your data in case your
computer is lost, stolen, or damaged.
• Google Drive - is a cloud storage service that owned by Google, Inc. let’s
you save and retrieve files anytime, anywhere

Network-attached storage (NAS) is file-level computer data storage connected

to a computer network providing data access to a heterogeneous group of
clients.

Posttest

IDENTIFICATION

1.________________________________a hardware device capable of holding information.

2._________________________________ is any piece of computer hardware equipment used to

communicate the results of data processing carried out by an information processing system (such
as acomputer) which converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form.

3._________________________________ is the primary storage device.

4. ________________________________ are typically removable and rewritable, much smaller than a

floppy disk. Storage capacities typically range from 64 MB to 64 GB.

5._________________________________ is a model of networked enterprise storage where data is

stored not in the user's computer, but in virtualized pools of storage which are generally hosted
by third parties.
69
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l Ca pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Piñ a s Ci t y
LYDIA AGUILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________
BLOCK 17 LOT 24 CAMIA ST. T.S. CRUZ SUBD., ALMANZA II, LAS PIÑAS CITY
GRADE & SECTION __________________________ TEACHER: ________________

MODULE IN TLE 10
First Quarter
Week 6
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

LO 6: Basic Input Output System

OBJECTIVES: )
• Know how to configure a computer basically.
• Set the computer system properly

Pretest

Direction: Write T if the statement is correct and F if False.

_________ 1. BIOS is a chip located on all motherboards.

______________ 2. BIOS Setup Utility enables you to configure software.
_________ 3. UEFI supports the traditional master boot record (MBR) method of
hard drive partitioning.
______________ 4. Main menu screen appears when you enter the Advanced Mode
of the BIOS Setup program.
______________ 5. Advanced menu items allow you to change the settings for the
CPU and other system devices.

70
 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Basic Input/output System, the BIOS, ROM BIOS, or System BIOS is a chip
located on all motherboards that contain instructions and setup for how your
system should boot and how it operates. In the picture below, is an example of
what a BIOS chip may look like on your computer motherboard. In this example,
this is a picture of an early AMIBIOS, a type of BIOS manufactured by the AMI.
Another good example of a BIOS manufacturer is Phoenix.

In IBM PC compatible computers, the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), also

known as System BIOS, ROM BIOS or PC BIOS, is a de facto standard defining a
firmware interface. The name originated from the Basic Input/Output System
used in the CP/M operating system in 1975. The BIOS software is built into the
PC, and is the first software run by a PC when powered on.

The four main functions of a PC BIOS

• POST - Test the computer hardware and make sure no errors exist before
loading the operating system.
• Bootstrap Loader - Locate the operating system. If a capable operating
system is located, the BIOS will pass control to it.
• BIOS drivers - Low level drivers that give the computer basic operational
control over your computer's hardware.
• BIOS or CMOS Setup -Configuration program that allows you to configure
hardware settings including system settings such as computer passwords,
time, and date.

BIOS (Basic Input and Output System)

Setup Utility displays the system’s configuration status and provides you with
options to set system parameters. The parameters are stored in battery-backed-
up CMOS RAM that saves this information when the power is turned off. When

71
the system is turned back on, the system is configured with the values you stored
in CMOS.

The BIOS Setup Utility enables you to configure:

• Hard drives, diskette drives and peripherals

• Video display type and display options
• Password protection from unauthorized use
• Power Management features

The settings made in the Setup Utility affect how the computer performs.
Before using the Setup Utility, ensure that you understand the Setup Utility
options.

The Standard Configuration

A standard configuration has already been set in the Setup Utility. However,
we recommend that you read this chapter in case you need to make any
changes in the future.

This Setup Utility should be used:

• when changing the system configuration

• when a configuration error is detected, and you are prompted to make
changes to the Setup Utility
• when trying to resolve IRQ conflicts
• when making changes to the Power Management configuration
• when changing the password or making other changes to the Security
Setup

UEFI

The Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI) is a specification that defines

a software interface between an operating system and platform firmware. UEFI is
meant to replace the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) firmware interface,
present in all IBM PC-compatible personal computers. In practice, most UEFI

72
images provide legacy support for BIOS services. UEFI can support remote
diagnostics and repair of computers, even without another operating system.

The original EFI (Extensible Firmware Interface) specification was developed by

Intel. Some of its practices and data formats mirror ones from Windows. In 2005,
UEFI deprecated EFI 1.10 (final release of EFI). The UEFI specification is managed
by the Unified EFI Forum.

BIOS vs. UEFI

UEFI enables better use of bigger hard drives. Though UEFI supports the
traditional master boot record (MBR) method of hard drive partitioning, it doesn't
stop there. It's also capable of working with the GUID Partition Table (GPT), which
is free of the limitations the MBR places on the number and size of partitions.
GPT ups the maximum partition size from 2.19TB to 9.4 zettabytes.

UEFI may be faster than the BIOS. Various tweaks and optimizations in the UEFI
may help your system boot more quickly it could before. For example: With UEFI
you may not have to endure messages asking you to set up hardware functions
(such as a RAID controller) unless your immediate input is required; and UEFI
can choose to initialize only certain components. The degree to which a boot is
sped up will depend on your system configuration and hardware, so you may see
a significant or a minor speed increase.

Technical changes abound in UEFI. UEFI has room for more useful and usable
features than could ever be crammed into the BIOS. Among these are
cryptography, network authentication, support for extensions stored on non-
volatile media, an integrated boot manager, and even a shell environment for
running other EFI applications such as diagnostic utilities or flash updates. In
addition, both the architecture and the drivers are CPU-independent, which
opens the door to a wider variety of processors (including those using the ARM
architecture, for example).

However, UEFI is still not widespread. Though major hardware companies have
switched over almost exclusively to UEFI use, you still won't find the new firmware

73
in use on all motherboards—or in quite the same way across the spectrum. Many
older and less expensive motherboards also still use the BIOS system.

A master boot record (MBR) is a special type of boot sector at the very beginning
of partitioned computer mass storage devices like fixed disks or removable drives
intended for use with IBM PC-compatible systems and beyond. The concept of
MBRs was publicly introduced in 1983 with PC DOS 2.0.

BIOS Environment (Asus UEFI BIOS Utility)

The boot device options vary depending on the devices you installed to the system.

The Boot Menu(F8) button is available only when the boot device is installed to
the system.

74
Main menu

The Main menu screen appears when you enter the Advanced Mode of the BIOS
Setup program. The Main menu provides you an overview of the basic system
information, and allows you to set the system date, time, language, and security
settings.

Ai Tweaker menu

The Ai Tweaker menu items allow you to configure overclocking-related items.

75
Advanced menu

The Advanced menu items allow you to change the settings for the CPU and other
system devices.

Monitor menu

The Monitor menu displays the system temperature/power status and allows you
to change the fan settings.

76
Boot menu

The Boot menu items allow you to change the system boot options.

Tools menu

The Tools menu items allow you to configure options for special functions. Select
an item then press <Enter> to display the submenu.

77
Exit menu

The Exit menu items allow you to load the optimal default values for the BIOS
items and save or discard your changes to the BIOS items. You can access the EZ
Mode from the Exit menu.

Posttest

Direction: Write T if the statement is correct and F if False.

_________ 1. BIOS is a chip located on all motherboards.

______________ 2. BIOS Setup Utility enables you to configure software.
_________ 3. UEFI supports the traditional master boot record (MBR) method of
hard drive partitioning.
______________ 4. Main menu screen appears when you enter the Advanced Mode
of the BIOS Setup program.
______________ 5. Advanced menu items allow you to change the settings for the
CPU and other system devices.

78
 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l Ca pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Piñ a s Ci t y
LYDIA AGUILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
BLOCK 17 LOT 24 CAMIA ST. T.S. CRUZ SUBD., ALMANZA II, LAS PIÑAS CITY

NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________

GRADE & SECTION __________________________ TEACHER: ________________

MODULE IN TLE 10
First Quarter
Week 7
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

LO 7: Operating System

OBJECTIVES: )
• Know the meaning of OS.
• Explain types of operating system and its function.

Pretest

I. Multiple Choice Directions: Read each question and their corresponding

answers carefully and completely. Choose the answer that best fits the question.
Please circle the appropriate letter.

1. What is OS?

a. Operating System b. Operation System c. Operate System d. Operation

System

2. What is the correct sequence of diagram describes the operation of operating

system.

a. Hardware-Apps-User-OS

79
b. OS-User-Apps-Hardware

c. User-Apps-OS-Hardware

d. OS-User-Hardware-Apps

3. It lets you use your mouse to click on icons, buttons, and menus, and
everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and
text.

a. CLI b. GUI c. OS d. Apps

4. It manages the computer's memory, processes, and all of its software and
hardware.

a. Operating System b. software c. Windows 7 d. Application Software

5. According to Stat Counter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than __%
of the operating systems market as of January 2013.

a. 1% b. 10% c. 100% d. 50%

80
 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

Operating system is a system software commonly simplified as “OS”.

An operating system is the most important software that runs on a computer. It

manages the computer's memory, processes, and all its software and hardware.
It also allows you to communicate with the computer without knowing how to
speak the computer's "language." Without an operating system, a computer is
useless.

The Operating System's Job

Computer's operating system (OS) manages all of the software and hardware on
the computer. Most of the time, there are several different computer programs
running at the same time, and they all need to access your computer's central
processing unit (CPU), memory, and storage. The operating system coordinates
all of this to make sure each program gets what it needs.

How OS Works

The figure shows below describe the sequential arrangement

Figure 1.1 OS Diagram

81
TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEMS

Operating systems usually come preloaded on any computer that you buy. Most
people use the operating system that comes with their computer, but it is possible
to upgrade or even change operating systems.

The three most common operating systems for personal computers are

Microsoft Windows, Apple Mac OS X, and Linux.

From left, Windows Logo, Mac OS X logo, and Linux Logo

Modern operating systems use a Graphical User Interface, or GUI (pronounced

"gooey"). A GUI lets you use your mouse to click on icons, buttons, and menus,
and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics
and text.

Each operating system's GUI has a different look and feel, so if you switch to a
different operating system it may seem unfamiliar at first. However, modern
operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the basic principles
are the same.

Figure1.3 The Windows 8.1 GUI Figure1.4 Mac OS X Yosemite GUI

Before GUIs, computers had a command-line interface, which meant the user
had to type every single command to the computer, and the computer would only
display text.

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Microsoft Windows

Windows 10 version 1903, showing the Start menu and Microsoft Store

Microsoft created the Windows operating system in the mid-1980s. Over the
years, there have been many different versions of Windows, but the most recent
ones are Windows 10 (released in 2015), Windows 8 (2012), Windows 7 (2009),
and Windows Vista (2007). Windows comes pre-loaded on most new PCs, which
helps to make it the most popular operating system in the world.

Apple Mac OS X

Figure1.6 MAC OS X Yosemite GUI

Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/OS_X_Yosemite_Desktop.png

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Mac OS is a line of operating systems created by Apple. It comes preloaded on all
new Macintosh computers, or Macs. All of the recent versions are known as OS X
(pronounced O-S Ten), and the specific versions include El Capitan (released in
2015), Yosemite (2014), Mavericks (2013), Mountain Lion (2012), and Lion
(2011).

According to StatCounter Global Stats, Mac OS X users account for less than
10% of global operating systems—much lower than the percentage of Windows
users (more than 80%). One reason for this is that Apple computers tend to be
more expensive. However, many people do prefer the look and feel of Mac OS X
over Windows.

Linux

Figure1.7 Linux Ubuntu 18.10 Desktop Interface

Linux (pronounce LINN-ux) is a family of open source operating systems, which

means that they can be modified and distributed by anyone around the world.
This is very different from proprietary software like Windows, which can only be
modified by the company that owns it (Microsoft). The advantages of Linux are
that it is free, and there are many different distributions (or versions) that you
can choose from. Each distribution has a different look and feel, and the most
popular ones include Ubuntu, Mint, and Fedora.

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Linux

is named after Linus Torvalds, who created the Linux kernel in 1991. The kernel
is the computer code that is the central part of an operating system.

According to StatCounter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than 2% of
global operating systems. However, most servers run Linux because it's relatively
easy to customize.

Remix OS

is a computer operating system for personal computer and based on the ARM
architecture and preinstalled on a number of 1st – and 3rd party devices. Remix
OS for PC allows users to run Android applications on any compatible Intel-based
PC. It is an Android PC Operating system developed by Jide Technology.

OPERATING SYSTEMS FOR MOBILE DEVICES

The operating systems that we've been talking about were designed to run on
desktop or laptop computers. Mobile devices such as phones, tablet computers,
and mp3 players are very different from desktop and laptop computers, so they
run operating systems that are designed specifically for mobile devices. Examples
of mobile operating systems include Apple iOS, Windows Phone, and Google
Android.

Windows 10 Mobile is a mobile operating system developed by Microsoft. It is an

iteration of the Windows Phone product line and a
successor to Windows Phone 8.1,but is marketed as being
an edition of Windows 10, Microsoft's operating system for
personal computers, as part of Microsoft's plans to unify
Windows' application platform across multiple device
classes.

It is designed for use on smartphones and phablets,

running on ARM as well as IA-32 processor architectures.
Windows 10 Mobile entered public beta for selected Lumia brand smartphones
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on February 12,2015. The first Lumia smartphones powered by Windows 10
Mobile were released on November 20, 2015 while eligible Windows Phone
devices began receiving updates to Windows 10 Mobile on March 17, 2016,
pursuant to manufacturer and carrier support.

Android "Q" is the upcoming tenth major release and the 17th
version of the Android mobile operating system. The first beta
of Android Q was released on March 13, 2019 for all Google
Pixel phones. The final release of Android Q is scheduled to be
released in the third quarter of 2019.

Features of Android Q include: Allows users to control when

apps have permission to see their location: never, only when
the app is in use (running), or all the time (when in the
background).

• New permissions to access in background photos, video and audio files.

• Built-in screen recorder.
• Background apps can no longer jump into the foreground.
• Improved privacy: limited access to non-resettable device identifiers.
• Sharing shortcuts, which allow sharing content with a contact directly.
• Floating settings panel, that allow changing system settings directly from apps.
• Dynamic depth format for photos, which allow changing background blur after
taking a photo.
• Support for the AV1 video codec, the HDR10+ video format and the Opus audio
codec.
• A native MIDI API, allowing interaction with music controllers.
• Better support for biometric authentication in apps.
• Built-in foldable phone support for apps and Android itself.

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iOS 12 is the twelfth and current major release of the iOS mobile operating system
developed by Apple Inc., being the successor to iOS 11. It was
announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference
on June 4, 2018. It is similar in aesthetics to iOS 11 but contains
numerous performance and battery life improvements and
security updates, in addition to added functionalities within
native applications. It was released to the public on September
17, 2018.

Operating Systems for mobile devices generally aren't as fully-

featured as those made for desktop or laptop computers, and they aren't able to
run all of the same software. However, you can still do a lot of things with them,
such as watching movies, browsing the internet, managing your calendar, playing
games, and more.

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 Posttest

I. Multiple Choice Directions: Read each question and their corresponding answers
carefully and completely. Choose the answer that best fits the question. Please circle the
appropriate letter.

1. What is OS?

a. Operating System b. Operation System c. Operate System d. Operation

System

2. What is the correct sequence of diagram describes the operation of operating system.

a. Hardware-Apps-User-OS

b. OS-User-Apps-Hardware

c. User-Apps-OS-Hardware

d. OS-User-Hardware-Apps

3. It lets you use your mouse to click on icons, buttons, and menus, and everything is
clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of graphics and text.

a. CLI b. GUI c. OS d. Apps

4. It manages the computer's memory, processes, and all of its software and hardware.

a. Operating System b. software c. Windows 7 d. Application Software

5. According to Stat Counter Global Stats, Linux users account for less than __% of the
operating systems market as of January 2013.

a. 1% b. 10% c. 100% d. 50%

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 Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
N a t i o n a l Ca pi t a l Re g i o n
Sc h o o l s D i v i s i o n O f f i c e o f La s Piñ a s Ci t y
LYDIA AGUILAR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
BLOCK 17 LOT 24 CAMIA ST. T.S. CRUZ SUBD., ALMANZA II, LAS PIÑAS CITY

NAME: _______________________________________ SCORE: ___________________

GRADE & SECTION __________________________ TEACHER: ________________

MODULE IN TLE 10
First Quarter
Week 8
MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING COMPETENCY

LO 8: Driver/Device Driver

OBJECTIVES:
)
• Know the definition of device driver
• Identify its function and purpose in conducting software installation.

Pretest

Directions: True or False: Read each statement and identify if the statement is
true or false. Write F if statement is false, otherwise, write T if statement is true.

_________1. We don’t need driver during installation/formatting process.

_________2. All devices are not working without installer driver.

_________3. Driver is the linker of the computer’s devices attached to it.

_________4. You are trying to reformat a laptop. The first thing you need to do is
to obtain its hardware specification.

_________5. Plug and play meaning, the devices will not work without requiring
driver installation.

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_________6. If system’s drivers are not installed, Manufacturers default software
are not possible to use

_________7. A device is enabled without a driver.

_________8. Driver is the linker of a certain hardware to computer.

_________9. Scanner is not able to scan without the presence of its required
driver.

_________10. Before installation/reformatting we should check first all device

drivers needed in installation process.

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 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

A device is disabled without a driver.

Compare to real life scenario a device will not perform its specific task without a
device driver or a software that acts as an activator to activate certain device in
order to perform its full functionality.

In this information, you are about to learn the definition of driver, its function
and its purpose in conducting software installation. How to prepare driver for
installation.

DRIVER

A driver or device driver is a software program that enables a specific hardware

device to work with a computer's operating system.

Figure 3.1
Driver’s
function

Drivers may
be required
for internal
components,
such as
video cards
and optical media drives, as well as external peripherals, such as printers and
monitors. But most modern hardware is "plug and play" meaning the devices will
work without requiring driver installation. However, even if a hardware device is
recognized by the operating system, installing the correct drivers may provide
additional options and functionality for the device.

For example, most mice work automatically when they are connected to a PC.
However, installing the appropriate mouse driver may allow you to customize the

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function of each button and adjust the mouse sensitivity. Some keyboard drivers
allow you to assign functions to specific keys, such as controlling the volume or
opening specific applications.

Driver is the linker of a certain hardware to computer. A hardware without driver

is like a plane without a pilot. It is still a machine but it does not act like a machine
itself.

Source: http://www.techterms.com

Before installation/reformatting we should check first all device drivers needed in

installation process. Failure to do so, it may leads to different errors that may
cause the computer and its connected devices to work improperly. The following
errors may occurs if device drivers are not properly installed.

1. If system’s drivers are not installed.

a. No sounds input and output (mic and speaker are not working
properly)
b. Not able to connect to the network
c. Poor video display
d. Manufacturers default software are not possible to use
e. Not able to print, if printer’s driver is not installed
f. And some IO ports are not usable (e.g, sd card reader)
2. If add-on devices’ drivers are not installed, including input and output
devices.

a. Devices are not possible to work properly according to its specificity.

E.g.,

Scanner is not able to scan without the presence of its required driver.

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Preparing Driver for Installation

Procedures in preparing driver for installation.

1. Check the installation driver disc attached in a newly purchased computer.

2. If don’t have driver disc, try to identify the specificity of a computer,
including its brand name and code then search over the internet the
equivalent needed drivers.
3. If internet connection is not available, make it sure that you prepared the
all in one (AIO) DriverPack Solution app for you to install the required
drivers for installation.

Choosing the right drivers

In choosing the correct drivers, you must to consider the following:

Check the specific required drivers for its equivalent devices.

E.g.
You lose your disc driver attached upon purchasing your laptop.

You are trying to reformat a laptop. The first thing you need to do is to obtain its
hardware specification, get the specific brand name and code of your device.
Search the code in the internet and find its exact specification and download the
drivers.

Every devices has an equivalent drivers, except those Plug and Play (PnP) devices
which do not requires drivers in order to use it.

CREATING ALL IN ONE DRIVER

Downloading all drivers may require ample time and wide variety resource. It may
occupy large space on a disc. And also, there are hundreds of different devices
which may requires hundreds of different drivers. As a technician we need to have
all drivers in our hand which is impossible to obtain. But using Driver Pack
application which enable us to possess most recent drivers for different kinds of

93
devices. With this driver we can install any drivers for any devices in any point of
time.

Procedure in Preparing DriverPack (All-in-One Driver)

1. Download DriverPack app at https://drp.su/en/foradmin

Figure 3.2 Screenshot of download page of DriverPack solution website

3. You will see a “DriverPack-Offline.torrent” downloaded file and the bottom

corner of the browser then click to install if download file is not visible press
CTRL+ J to view downloaded files.

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 Figure 3.3 Screenshot of downloaded torrent file using google chrome

Note: You need a torrent downloader such as, bitTorrent/uTorrent in order to

download the torrent file. If you don’t have installed torrent app you can download
bitTorrent application at http://www.bittorrent.com/ after downloading the file you
need to install this tiny app.

Visit http://www.wikihow.com/Install-the-BitTorrent-Client to proceed the

installation. Note: Using bitTorrent downloader is solely use in this
procedure to download free application. Downloading cracked/pre-
activated proprietary software are strongly prohibited.

4. After clicking the file the image shown below will appear then click ok to
download it.

Figure 3.4 Dialog box confirm the installation of torrent

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5. The installation is started, wait for several hours to complete the installation.

96
 Posttest

Directions: True or False: Read each statement and identify if the statement is
true or false. Write F if statement is false, otherwise, write T if statement is true.

_________1. We don’t need driver during installation/formatting process.

_________2. All devices are not working without installer driver.

_________3. Driver is the linker of the computer’s devices attached to it.

_________4. You are trying to reformat a laptop. The first thing you need to do is
to obtain its hardware specification.

_________5. Plug and play meaning, the devices will not work without requiring
driver installation.

_________6. If system’s drivers are not installed, Manufacturers default software

are not possible to use

_________7. A device is enabled without a driver.

_________8. Driver is the linker of a certain hardware to computer.

_________9. Scanner is not able to scan without the presence of its required
driver.

_________10. Before installation/reformatting we should check first all device

drivers needed in installation process.

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Answer Key:

Week 1: Week 6:

1. Computer 1.T
2. Hardware 2.F
3. Laptop 3.T
4. Software 4.T
5. Quantum Dot LED 5.T

Week 2: Week 7:

1. A 1. A
2. A 2. C
3. C 3. C
4. B 4. A
5. A 5. A

Week 3: Week 8:

1. Blu-ray 1. F
2. Graphic and Sound Card 2. F
3. LAN Card 3. T
4. System Summary 4. T
5. Software Environment 5. F
6.T
7.F
8.T
9.T
10.T
Week 4:

1. A
2. D
3. D
4. B
5. C

Week 5:

1. Storage device
2. Output devices
3. Memory/RAM
4. Flash Drive
5. Cloud Storage

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