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Chapter 7: Minorities in Policing
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The first African American police officers were appointed in what city?
a. Chicago c. New Orleans
b. New York d. Miami
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 194
OBJ: To describe the history and problems of minorities in policing
3. Which of the following was not one of the duties relegated to early female police officers?
a. issuing parking tickets c. performing routine clerical tasks
b. guarding female prisoners d. patrolling
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 193
OBJ: To illustrate how discrimination affects minorities in obtaining employment and promotions in
policing
4. Which of the following is not one of the possible causes for the acceptance of women in police
departments in the late 1960s and early 1970s?
a. the women’s rights movement
b. efforts by females officers to gain the right to perform patrol duty to achieve equality with
male officers
c. pressure applied on behalf of women by the International Association of Chiefs of Police
d. 1964 Civil Rights Act
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 193-194
OBJ: To illustrate how discrimination affects minorities in obtaining employment and promotions in
policing
5. Before the 1940s, no black police officers worked in the Deep South; they were eliminated from the
hiring process because they:
a. posed a threat to white supremacy
b. did not have a high school diploma
c. were involved in too many use-of-force issues
d. refused to work under white commanders
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 194
OBJ: To describe the history and problems of minorities in policing
6. What organization represented African American police officers in New York City?
a. Guardian Angels
b. Guardians Association
c. American Civil Liberties Union
d. African American Equalization Association
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 194
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
7. Which of the following is not an example of discrimination against African American police officers
in the early 1900s?
a. only assigned to patrol black neighborhoods
b. were not allowed to arrest whites
c. received a lower salary than white officers
d. chances of promotion to higher ranks were limited
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 194
OBJ: To describe the history and problems of minorities in policing
8. Alice Stebbins Wells was the first woman appointed to the ____________________ Police
Department.
a. Dallas c. Los Angeles
b. New York d. Chicago
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 192 | p. 212
OBJ: To describe the history and problems of minorities in policing
9. The book Black in Blue found that black police officers suffered from ____________________.
a. double marginality c. singular marginality
b. double taxability d. all of these choices
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 194
OBJ: To describe the history and problems of minorities in policing
10. In the early 1900s, policewomen were often called ____________________ and were employed to
bring order and assistance to the lives of women and children.
a. city mothers c. matrons
b. mother McCredies d. mother superiors
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 192
OBJ: To describe the history and problems of minorities in policing
11. Stephen Leinen attributed the disappearance of institutional discrimination against African Americans
in police departments in recent years to all of the following except:
a. legal events of the civil rights era
b. the urban riots of the 1960s
c. efforts of black police officer organizations
d. social and political events of the civil rights era
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 195
OBJ: To illustrate how discrimination affects minorities in obtaining employment and promotions in
policing
12. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit job discrimination based on all but
which of the following?
a. race and color c. national origin
b. sexual orientation d. gender
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 196
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
13. The most prevalent form of discrimination has been ____________________.
a. separate job titles c. de facto discrimination
b. disparate recruiting d. standard discrimination
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 197
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
14. A substantially different rate of selection resulting from hiring, promotion, and other employment
decisions that work to the disadvantage of members of a particular race, gender, or ethnic group is
called ____________________.
a. reverse discrimination c. cultural discrimination
b. reverse impact d. adverse impact
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 197
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
15. The Supreme Court case that established the concept that hiring requirements must be job related was:
a. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
b. Brown v. Mississippi
c. Griggs v. Duke Power Company
d. United States v. Paradise
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 197
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
16. The concept that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and to
redress past discrimination is called:
a. reverse discrimination c. affirmative action
b. adverse impact d. de facto opportunity
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 199
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
18. An agreement between parties in a court action before, and instead of, a decision by a judge is called a:
a. consent agreement c. lawsuit
b. consent decree d. modus operandi
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 205
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
20. Which of the following is not consistent with the findings of Professor Sean Grennan in his study of
patrol teams in New York City?
a. There were no basic differences between the way males and females working as a patrol
team reacted to violent confrontations.
b. Female police officers, in most cases, were far more emotionally stable than their male
counterparts.
c. Female officers were more likely to calm a potentially violent situation.
d. Female officers were more likely to suffer on-the-job injuries.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 202
OBJ: To introduce the academic studies showing the performance of minorities in police work
21. Kristen Leger found that there has been a growing acceptance by the public for
____________________ in the law enforcement role.
a. women c. African Americans
b. Hispanics d. gay people
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 202
OBJ: To illustrate how discrimination affects minorities in obtaining employment and promotions in
policing
22. A Bureau of Justice Statistics publication reported that in 2007, ____________________ percent of
sworn personnel in local police departments were women.
a. 11.9 c. 3.9
b. 15.3 d. 21.2
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 204
OBJ: To introduce the academic studies showing the performance of minorities in police work
23. According to the Department of Justice, ____________________ percent of sworn personnel in local
police departments in 2007 were African Americans.
a. 19.5 c. 11.9
b. 22.7 d. l.8
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 206
OBJ: To introduce the academic studies showing the performance of minorities in police work
26. Until the 1970s, it was presumed that women were not as capable of performing the same type of
patrol duty as men because:
a. of their gender and size
b. they could not testify in court
c. they were not good drivers
d. they would side with women in domestic disputes
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 200
OBJ: To illustrate how discrimination affects minorities in obtaining employment and promotions in
policing
27. The simultaneous expectation by white officers that African American officers will give members of
their own race better treatment and hostility from members of the African American community who
consider black officers to be traitors to their race is known as ____________________.
a. double marginality c. adverse impact
b. de facto discrimination d. reverse discrimination
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 194
OBJ: To portray a sense of the problems minorities still face in law enforcement, even in the
twenty-first century
28. A study conducted by James David in Texas and Oklahoma revealed that arrest rates for men and
women police officers are:
a. almost identical c. significantly higher for women
b. slightly higher for men d. slightly higher for women
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 201
OBJ: To introduce the academic studies showing the performance of minorities in police work
29. The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders is also known as the:
a. Warren Commission c. Kerner Commission
b. O’Connor Commission d. Johnson Commission
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 195
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
30. The primary instrument governing employment equality, as well as all equality, in U.S. society is the
____________________ Amendment to the United States Constitution.
a. First c. Fourteenth
b. Second d. Twenty-first
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: pp. 195-196
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
31. Title ____________________ of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was designed to prohibit all job
discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.
a. I c. IV
b. III d. VII
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: p. 196
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
32. What act was enacted with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of crime
by increasing the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal justice
system?
a. Civil Rights Act of 1964
b. Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968
c. Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972
d. Civil Rights Act of 1991
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 196
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
33. The type of discrimination that is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to
discriminate but do, in fact, discriminate is called ____________________ discrimination.
a. de facto c. reverse
b. by-product d. circumlocutory
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 197
OBJ: To illustrate how discrimination affects minorities in obtaining employment and promotions in
policing
35. What was the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Ricci v. DeStefano?
a. The city’s decision to invalidate the promotion test violated Title VII of the Civil Rights
Act of 1964.
b. The city did not violate any constitutional protections.
c. The city approved an invalid test due to disparate impact, so the court reversed the
decision of the district court.
d. The city was in violation of the Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 for
discriminating against African American employees who took the promotion exam.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: p. 200
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
36. ____________________ agencies tend to lead the way with the employment of Asian Americans in
law enforcement.
a. Texas c. New York
b. California d. Arizona
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: p. 209
OBJ: To portray a sense of the problems minorities still face in law enforcement, even in the
twenty-first century
COMPLETION
1. _____ is the unequal treatment of persons in personnel decisions (hiring, promotion, and firing) on the
basis of their race, religion, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation.
ANS:
Discrimination (Job discrimination)
Job discrimination (Discrimination)
Discrimination
Job discrimination
2. The __________ was enacted with the goal of assisting local governments in reducing the incidence of
crime by increasing the effectiveness, fairness, and coordination of law enforcement and the criminal
justice system.
3. In the early days of female policing, women were normally used in only three actual police-related
jobs. They were __________, __________, and __________.
4. The simultaneous expectation by white officers that African American officers will give members of
their own race better treatment and hostility that African American officers receive from the African
American community because they are perceived as traitors to their race is known as __________.
5. The primary instrument governing employment equality, as well as all equality, in U.S. society is the
__________ Amendment to the U.S. Constitution.
ANS:
Fourteenth
14th
6. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibited all job discrimination based on: __________, __________,
__________, __________, or __________
ANS: race, color, religion, sex, national origin (in any order)
7. The __________ extended the 1964 Civil Rights Act and made its provisions applicable to state and
local governments.
9. __________ is the indirect result of policies or practices that are not intended to discriminate but do, in
fact, discriminate.
10. If a certain examination results in the vast majority of females failing that test while the vast majority
of males pass it, that exam can be said to have __________ on females.
11. In __________ the court ruled that the Baltimore Police Department’s height requirement of 5 feet 7
inches was a prima facie case of sex discrimination.
ANS: Vanguard Justice Society v. Hughes
12. Previous forms of physical ability testing for police jobs generally have been replaced by __________
tests.
13. The job analysis must include the __________, __________, and abilities needed to perform the tasks
of the job being tested for.
ANS:
knowledge, skills
skills, knowledge
14. __________ means that employers must take active steps to ensure equal employment opportunity and
to redress past discrimination.
15. A major concept behind the affirmative action movement, and possibly the most disturbing concept to
many, is the establishment of __________
ANS: quotas
TRUE/FALSE
1. The United States has a long history of job discrimination against women and minorities.
3. As late as the mid-1970s, female officers in some jurisdictions experienced different sets of rules from
those for male officers.
4. Prior to the 1960s, African American police officers employed by the NYPD were assigned only to
African American neighborhoods and were not assigned to specialized, high-profile units.
5. The National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders stated that discriminatory police employment
practices did not contribute to the riots of the middle and late 1960s.
6. In 1969, the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) confirmed its policy of opposing the
employment of gay officers.
7. The Supreme Court decision in Griggs v. Duke Power Company established the concept that job
requirements must be job related—they must be necessary for the performance of the job a person is
applying for.
8. The vision requirement was probably the strongest example of discrimination against female
candidates in police tests.
9. The most controversial method of ending job discrimination is the concept of affirmative action.
10. Critics of affirmative action argue that it is unfair to select police officers based on their race or gender
even though such a practice does not actually violate the 1964 Civil Rights Act and is not
discriminatory.
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ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: pp. 199-200
OBJ: To discuss the provisions of the U.S. legal system that enabled minorities to overcome job
discrimination
11. In a 1995 case, a state police agency agreed to provide back pay to white male troopers who claimed
they were unfairly passed over for promotions in favor of minority troopers.
12. Academic research has shown that female officers can do patrol work effectively and are well received
by the public.
ESSAY
1. Discuss the many ways that African Americans and women have been discriminated against in
policing.
ANS:
Answer varies.
2. Describe the methods used by women and other minorities to earn their proper place in U.S. police
departments.
ANS:
Answer varies.
3. Detail the case of Griggs v. Duke Power Company and explain the impact that this case has had on
police hiring.
ANS:
Answer varies.
4. What percentage of our police departments today consists of women? African Americans? Hispanics?
How do these numbers compare to earlier years?
ANS:
Answer varies.
PTS: 1 REF: pp. 204-208
OBJ: To illustrate how discrimination affects minorities in obtaining employment and promotions in
policing
5. Describe the role the federal government played in removing equal employment opportunity barriers to
women and minorities in policing.
ANS:
Answer varies.
6. How have police standards and testing procedures changed in recent years to enable more women and
minorities to enter policing?
ANS:
Answer varies.
7. How effective are women as patrol officers as compared to their male counterparts?
ANS:
Answer varies.
8. How have affirmative action policies affected white males in hiring and promotional policies?
ANS:
Answer varies.
9. Discuss the problems women and other minorities still face in policing.
ANS:
Answer varies.
10. Detail the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) and explain its impact on how police departments
handle female officers who are pregnant.
ANS:
Answer varies.
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