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Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1257

Vijendra Singh
Vijayan K. Asari
Sanjay Kumar
R. B. Patel Editors

Computational
Methods
and Data
Engineering
Proceedings of ICMDE 2020, Volume 2
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing

Volume 1257

Series Editor
Janusz Kacprzyk, Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Warsaw, Poland

Advisory Editors
Nikhil R. Pal, Indian Statistical Institute, Kolkata, India
Rafael Bello Perez, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Computing,
Universidad Central de Las Villas, Santa Clara, Cuba
Emilio S. Corchado, University of Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
Hani Hagras, School of Computer Science and Electronic Engineering,
University of Essex, Colchester, UK
László T. Kóczy, Department of Automation, Széchenyi István University,
Gyor, Hungary
Vladik Kreinovich, Department of Computer Science, University of Texas
at El Paso, El Paso, TX, USA
Chin-Teng Lin, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Chiao
Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Jie Lu, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology,
University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
Patricia Melin, Graduate Program of Computer Science, Tijuana Institute
of Technology, Tijuana, Mexico
Nadia Nedjah, Department of Electronics Engineering, University of Rio de Janeiro,
Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Ngoc Thanh Nguyen , Faculty of Computer Science and Management,
Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland
Jun Wang, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering,
The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
The series “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” contains publications
on theory, applications, and design methods of Intelligent Systems and Intelligent
Computing. Virtually all disciplines such as engineering, natural sciences, computer
and information science, ICT, economics, business, e-commerce, environment,
healthcare, life science are covered. The list of topics spans all the areas of modern
intelligent systems and computing such as: computational intelligence, soft comput-
ing including neural networks, fuzzy systems, evolutionary computing and the fusion
of these paradigms, social intelligence, ambient intelligence, computational neuro-
science, artificial life, virtual worlds and society, cognitive science and systems,
Perception and Vision, DNA and immune based systems, self-organizing and
adaptive systems, e-Learning and teaching, human-centered and human-centric
computing, recommender systems, intelligent control, robotics and mechatronics
including human-machine teaming, knowledge-based paradigms, learning para-
digms, machine ethics, intelligent data analysis, knowledge management, intelligent
agents, intelligent decision making and support, intelligent network security, trust
management, interactive entertainment, Web intelligence and multimedia.
The publications within “Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing” are
primarily proceedings of important conferences, symposia and congresses. They
cover significant recent developments in the field, both of a foundational and
applicable character. An important characteristic feature of the series is the short
publication time and world-wide distribution. This permits a rapid and broad
dissemination of research results.
Indexed by SCOPUS, DBLP, EI Compendex, INSPEC, WTI Frankfurt eG,
zbMATH, Japanese Science and Technology Agency (JST), SCImago.

More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11156

Vijendra Singh Vijayan K. Asari
• •

Sanjay Kumar R. B. Patel

•

Editors

Computational Methods
and Data Engineering
Proceedings of ICMDE 2020, Volume 2

123
Editors
Vijendra Singh Vijayan K. Asari
School of Computer Science Department of Electrical
University of Petroleum and Energy Studies and Computer Engineering
Dehradun, Haryana, India University of Dayton
Dayton, OH, USA
Sanjay Kumar
Department of Computer Science R. B. Patel
and Engineering Department of Computer Science
SRM University Delhi-NCR and Engineering
Sonepat, Haryana, India Chandigarh College of Engineering
and Technology (CCET)
Chandigarh, Punjab, India

ISSN 2194-5357 ISSN 2194-5365 (electronic)

Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing
ISBN 978-981-15-7906-6 ISBN 978-981-15-7907-3 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7907-3
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part
of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission
or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this
publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from
the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this
book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the
authors or the editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the material contained
herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard
to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore 189721,
Singapore
Preface

We are pleased to present Springer Book entitled Computational Methods and Data
Engineering, which consists of the Proceedings of International Conference on
Computational Methods and Data Engineering (ICMDE 2020), Volume 2 papers.
The main aim of the International Conference on Computational Methods and
Data Engineering (ICMDE 2020) was to provide a platform for researchers and
academia in the area of computational methods and data engineering to exchange
research ideas and results and collaborate together. The conference was held at the
SRM University, Sonepat, Haryana, Delhi-NCR, India, from January 30 to 31,
2020.
All the 41 published chapters in the Computational Methods and Data
Engineering book have been peer-reviewed by the three reviewers drawn from the
scientific committee, external reviewers and editorial board depending on the
subject matter of the chapter. After the rigorous peer-review process, the submitted
papers were selected based on originality, significance and clarity and published as
chapters.
We would like to express our gratitude to the management, faculty members and
other staff of the SRM University, Sonepat, for their kind support during organi-
zation of this event. We would like to thank all the authors, presenters and delegates
for their valuable contribution in making this an extraordinary event.
We would like to acknowledge all the members of honorary advisory chairs,
international/national advisory committee members, general chairs, program chairs,
organization committee members, keynote speakers, the members of the technical
committees and reviewers for their work.
Finally, we thank series editors, Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing,
Aninda Bose and Radhakrishnan for their high support and help.

Dehradun, India Vijendra Singh

Dayton, USA Vijayan K. Asari
Sonepat, India Sanjay Kumar
Chandigarh, India R. B. Patel

v
Contents

Software Quality Optimization of Coupling and Cohesion Metric

for CBSD Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
M. Iyyappan and Arvind Kumar
Detecting WSN Attacks Through HMAC and SCH Formation . . . . . . . 21
Neetu Mehta and Arvind Kumar
Literature Review of Various Nature-Inspired Optimization
Algorithms Used for Digital Watermarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Preeti Garg and R. Rama Kishore
Geospatial Knowledge Management-Fresh Fuel for Banking
and Economic Growth? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Anupam Mehrotra
Neural Network and Pixel Position Shuffling-Based Digital Image
Watermarking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Sunesh Malik and Rama Kishore Reddlapalli
Hybrid Optimized Image Steganography with Cryptography . . . . . . . . 79
Vineet Nandal and Parvinder Singh
TxtLineSeg: Text Line Segmentation of Unconstrained Printed Text
in Devanagari Script . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Rupinder Pal Kaur, M. K. Jindal, and Munish Kumar
Intelligent Strategies for Cloud Computing Risk Management
and Testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Vinita Malik and Sukhdip Singh
Effective Survey on Handwriting Character Recognition . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
G. S. Monisha and S. Malathi
Enhancement in Braille Systems—A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
K. M. R. Navadeepika and V. D. Ambeth Kumar

vii
viii Contents

A Critical Review on Use of Data Mining Technique for Prediction

of Road Accidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
Navdeep Mor, Hemant Sood, and Tripta Goyal
Rio Olympics 2016 on Twitter: A Descriptive Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
Saurabh Sharma and Vishal Gupta
A Survey on Vehicle to Vehicle Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Tanay Wagh, Rohan Bagrecha, Shubham Salunke, Shambhavi Shedge,
and Vina Lomte
OBD-II and Big Data: A Powerful Combination to Solve the Issues
of Automobile Care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Meenakshi, Rainu Nandal, and Nitin Awasthi
OBU (On-Board Unit) Wireless Devices in VANET(s) for Effective
Communication—A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
N. Ganeshkumar and Sanjay Kumar
Chinese Postman Problem: A Petri Net Based Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Sunita Kumawat
Weather Dataset Analysis Using Apache Pig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
Anmoldeep Kaur and Arpan Randhawa
Analysis of Learner’s Behavior Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation
in Online Learning Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
N. A. Deepak and N. S. Shobha
An Overview of Recent Developments in Convolutional Neural
Network (CNN) Based Face Detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
Rahul Yadav and Priyanka
A Review of Artificial Intelligence Techniques for Requirement
Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Kamaljit Kaur, Prabhsimran Singh, and Parminder Kaur
Data-Driven Model for State of Health Estimation of Lithium-Ion
Battery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
Rupam Singh, V. S. Bharath Kurukuru, and Mohammed Ali Khan
Trusted Sharing of IOT Data Using an Efficient Re-encryption
Scheme and Blockchain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Preeti Sharma and V. K. Srivastava
Clustering of Quantitative Survey Data: A Subsystem of EDM
Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
Roopam Sadh and Rajeev Kumar
Smell-O-Vision Device . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
P. Nandal
Contents ix

A Dynamic Approach for Detecting the Fake News Using Random

Forest Classifier and NLP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
J. Antony Vijay, H. Anwar Basha, and J. Arun Nehru
Automated Essay Grading: An Empirical Analysis of Ensemble
Learning Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343
Shakshi Sharma and Anjali Goyal
Survey of Scheduling and Meta Scheduling Heuristics in Cloud
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Savita Khurana and Rajesh Kumar Singh
A Novel Idea for Designing a Speech Recognition System Using
Computer Vision Object Detection Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375
Sukrobjon Toshpulotov, Sarvar Saidov,
Selvanayaki Kolandapalayam Shanmugam, J. Shyamala Devi,
and K. Ramkumar
Empirical Classification Accuracy Assessment of Various Classifiers
for Clinical Diagnosis Datasets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 383
Sabita Khatri, Narander Kumar, and Deepak Arora
Comparison of Transform-Based and Transform-Free Analytical
Models Having Finite Buffer Size in Non-saturated IEEE 802.11
DCF Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393
Mukta and Neeraj Gupta
An Overview of Learning Approaches in Reflection Removal . . . . . . . . 411
Rashmi Chaurasiya and Dinesh Ganotra
Comparison of Bioinspired Algorithms Applied to the Timetabling
Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
Jose Silva, Noel Varela, Jesus Varas, Omar Lezama, José Maco,
and Martín Villón
Algorithm for Detecting Polarity of Opinions in Laptop
and Restaurant Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 439
Jose Silva, Noel Varela, Danelys Cabrera, Omar Lezama, Jesus Varas,
and Patricia Manco
Prediction of the Yield of Grains Through Artificial Intelligence . . . . . . 447
Jose Silva, Noel Varela, Danelys Cabrera, and Omar Lezama
A Secured Steganography Algorithm for Hiding an Image and Data
in an Image Using LSB Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
Vaibhav Singh Shekhawat, Manish Tiwari, and Mayank Patel
Data Rate Analysis of LTE System for 2  2 MIMO Fading Channel
in Different Modulation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469
Dimple Jangir, Gori Shankar, and Bharat Bhusan Jain
x Contents

Prediction of Defects in Software Using Machine Learning

Classifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 481
Ashima Arya, Sanjay Kumar, and Vijendra Singh
Energy-Efficient Schemes in Underwater Wireless Sensor Network:
A Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495
Poonam, Vikas Siwach, Harkesh Sehrawat, and Yudhvir Singh
Information Hiding Techniques for Cryptography
and Steganography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 511
Bhawna, Sanjay Kumar, and Vijendra Singh
Affect Recognition using Brain Signals: A Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
Resham Arya, Ashok Kumar, and Megha Bhushan
“Memorize, Reproduce, and Forget” Inclination; Students’
Perspectives: A Study of Selected Universities in Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
John Kani Amoako, Yogesh Kumar Sharma, and Paul Danquah

Author Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

About the Editors

Prof. Vijendra Singh is working as Professor in the School of Computer Science

and Engineering at The University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun,
Uttarakhand, India. Prof. Singh received his Ph.D. degree in Engineering and
M.Tech. degree in Computer Science and Engineering from Birla Institute of
Technology, Mesra, India. He has 20 years of experience in research and teaching
including IT industry. Prof. Singh major research concentration has been in the
areas of data mining, pattern recognition, image processing, big data, machine
learning, and soft computation. He has published more than 65 scientific papers in
this domain. He has served as Editor-in-Chief, Special Issue, Procedia Computer
Science, Vol 167, 2020, Elsevier; Editor-in-Chief, Special Issue, Procedia
Computer Science, Vol 132, 2018, Elsevier; Associate Editor, International Journal
of Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics, IGI Global, USA; Guest
Editor, Intelligent Data Mining and Machine Learning, International Journal of
Healthcare Information Systems and Informatics, IGI Global, USA;
Editor-in-Chief, International Journal of Social Computing and Cyber-Physical
Systems, Inderscience, UK; Editorial Board Member, International Journal of
Multivariate Data Analysis, Inderscience, UK; Editorial Board Member,
International Journal of Information and Decision Sciences, Inderscience, UK.

Prof. Vijayan K. Asari is a Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering and

Ohio Research Scholars Endowed Chair in Wide Area Surveillance at the
University of Dayton, Dayton, Ohio. He is the Director of the University of Dayton
Vision Lab (Center of Excellence for Computer Vision and Wide Area Surveillance
Research). Prof. Asari had been a Professor in Electrical and Computer Engineering
at Old Dominion University, Norfolk, Virginia, till January 2010. He was the
Founding Director of the Computational Intelligence and Machine Vision
Laboratory (ODU Vision Lab) at ODU. Prof. Asari received the bachelor’s degree
in Electronics and Communication Engineering from the University of Kerala
(College of Engineering, Trivandrum), India, in 1978, the M.Tech. and Ph.D.
degrees in Electrical Engineering from the Indian Institute of Technology, Madras,
in 1984 and 1994, respectively. Prof. Asari received several teachings, research,

xi
xii About the Editors

advising, and technical leadership awards. Prof. Asari received the Outstanding
Teacher Award from the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in
April 2002 and the Excellence in Teaching Award from the Frank Batten College of
Engineering and Technology in April 2004. Prof. Asari has published more than
480 research papers including 80 peer-reviewed journal papers co-authoring with
his graduate students and colleagues in the areas of image processing, computer
vision, pattern recognition, machine learning, and high-performance digital system
architecture design. Prof. Asari has been a Senior Member of the IEEE since 2001
and is a Senior Member of the Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers
(SPIE). He is a Member of the IEEE Computational Intelligence Society (CIS),
IEEE CIS Intelligent Systems Applications Technical Committee, IEEE Computer
Society, IEEE Circuits and Systems Society, Association for Computing Machinery
(ACM), and American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE).

Prof. Sanjay Kumar is working as Professor in the Computer Science and

Engineering Department, SRM University, India. He received his Ph.D. degree in
Computer Science and Engineering from Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of
Science and Technology (DCRUST), Murthal (Sonipat), in 2014. He obtained his
B.Tech. and M.Tech. degrees in Computer Science and Engineering in 1999 and
2005, respectively. He has more than 16 years of academic and administrative
experience. He has published more than 15 papers in the international and national
journals of repute. He has also presented more than 12 papers in the international
and national conferences. His current research area is wireless sensor networks,
machine learning, IoT, cloud computing, mobile computing and cyber, and network
security. He chaired the sessions in many international conferences like IEEE,
Springer, and Taylor & Francis. He is the Life Member of Computer Society of
India and Indian Society for Technical Education.

Prof. R. B. Patel is working as Professor in the Department of Computer Science

and Engineering, Chandigarh College of Engineering and Technology (CCET),
Chandigarh, India. Prior to joining the CCET, he worked as Professor at NIT,
Uttarakhand, India, and Dean, Faculty of Information Technology and Computer
Science, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal,
India. His research areas include mobile and distributed computing, machine and
deep learning, and wireless sensor networks. Prof. Patel has published more than
150 papers in international journals and conference proceedings. He has supervised
16 Ph.D. scholars and currently 02 are in progress.
Software Quality Optimization
of Coupling and Cohesion Metric
for CBSD Model

M. Iyyappan and Arvind Kumar

Abstract The component-based software engineering is a part of the traditional

development of component like a Commercial off the shelf and selecting the quality
components. In the CBSD application are used for reusable software packages are
adapting and re-assembling among the software modules. The major purpose of using
the reusable component, to decrease the development time, reducing the complexity,
cost of development became very less and increase the overall quality characteristics
as well as quality attributes of various software applications. The proposed approach
of this paper followed the architecture diagram for the software quality, which consist
of COTS repository, various Quality factor and metric measurement of software. In
this process followed the selection, adaptation, verification, measurement, installa-
tion and up-gradation of the Component-based software development. Two activities
majorly focused on this topic: Software Quality and Software Metric. The Soft-
ware quality contains various aspects measure the metric relationship between soft-
ware characteristic and sub-characteristics among module. Software Metric followed
the package level measurement among the cohesion with the real data set value
with correlation coefficient which is proposed by Karl Pearson’s. Also, this metric
proposed to measure complexity among the software system with the parameter of
Component inside, component outside and Average calculation both component.
So the comparative analysis of the quality factor is applied to the coupling metric
and package cohesion which is helpful to reduce the complexity and increase the
reliability of the software system without fault, failure and error protection of the
system.

Keywords Software quality · Reusability · Functionality · Reliability ·

Maintainability · Software component model · ISO standard 9126 · Package
class · Coupling · Cohesion and complexity metric

M. Iyyappan (B) · A. Kumar

Department of Computer Science and Engineering, SRM University Delhi-NCR, Sonepat,
Haryana 131029, India
e-mail: iyyappan.m@srmuniversity.ac.in
A. Kumar
e-mail: arvind.k@srmuniversity.ac.in

© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021 1

V. Singh et al. (eds.), Computational Methods and Data Engineering,
Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing 1257,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7907-3_1
2 M. Iyyappan and A. Kumar

1 Introduction

In the software engineering main concern about constructing the software and assem-
bling the hardware, with the help of reuse component device as well as reuse the
software development [1]. The component-based software development (CBSD)
approach to build the well-defined system and independent development source code
component based on software reuse [2]. This process reduced the project development
time and effort, also decrease the cost of expenditure and increased software produc-
tivity. In the development of project [3] “A coherent package of software artifacts,”
the individual components are developed and deliver the entire software component,
to adapt the client software system [4]. Few industries developed software compo-
nent are available in the market for the in-house development or third party software
component like a commercial software or open-source [5]. Few example companies
like an: Microsoft’s Component Object Model, DCOM,.NET Framework, Sun’s Java
Beans, Enterprise Java Beans, J2EE Specification and Object Management Group,
Common Object Request Broker Architecture[6]. Commercial off the shelf (COTS)
product is readymade available software like a plug-and-play nature, which can be
tested by the company and source code cannot be modified. “A COTS product as
one that is (i) sold, leased, or licensed to the general public, (ii) offered by a vendor
trying to profit from it, (iii) supported and evolved by the vendor, (iv) available in
multiple identical copies, or (v) used without modification of the internals” [7].
After this introduction, Sect. 2 defines the literature review of various component-
based quality models. Section 3 discusses the software quality standard for the
component. In Sect. 4 about the architecture of software quality for CBSD model.
Section 5 discusses the theoretical approach for Cohesion and Coupling measurement
of packages. In Sect. 6 discussion about the conclusion.

2 Literature Review of Various Component-Based Quality

Models

Lai et al. (2011) in the Component-based software development mainly focus on the
effort estimations of software like a cost and schedule prediction [3]. This paper is
more focused about implementation and testing component of the module, which
can exactly mention identifying the suitable component according to their project
requirements and architectural design. It is not a developer based component adapta-
tion, so component we can identify, assessing and system selection based on budget
and schedule of completion. Lai et al. (2011) in the Component-based software devel-
opment mainly focus on the effort estimations of software like a cost and schedule
prediction. This paper more focused about implementation and testing component of
the module, which can exactly mention identifying the suitable component according
to their project requirements and architectural design. It is not a developer based
Software Quality Optimization of Coupling and Cohesion … 3

component adaptation, so component we can identify, assessing and system selec-

tion based on budget and schedule of completion [3]. Chopra et al. (2014) in this
software application consist of various module, phases and component which contain
the different line of source code [8]. The combination of these entire process provides
a better software application, for that, have chosen the higher quality component and
integrate the module, which will increase the efficiency of the software system.
So they followed similar properties of components like a: individual module and
exchangeable, perfect system structural design, proper working software interface
with another module. Moreover, in this paper, discuss the various quality assurance
attributes and its testing methodology also. Soni et al. (2014) for the development of
software engineering domain are mainly concern about the reusable existing compo-
nent which is used for reducing the development time and increase performance. In
the CBSD model quality assurance provide various observation result on the system
development [5]. This paper discuss component activities like Analysis, Develop-
ment, Certification, Customization, Design, Integration and Testing for the quality
assurance. Bansal et al. (2013) in this software quality measurement analyze the
functional module and its activities of the software but not a quality assessment of
the system [9]. For that, are utilizing the ISO 9126 standard model, for assessing the
various characteristics like an: analyze, replace, stable and testing the component.
This type of quality assessment is used for client satisfaction as per the requirement
of the software system. Patil et al. (2014) in the part of effort estimation, measure
the size of the software package and prediction of the project source codes are very
difficult because it follows the nature of black-box testing component [10]. So that
estimation of the project with ambiguous data and irrelevant as well as not an accurate
result. To analyze this concept of reliability and accurate result on effort estimation,
the author has proposed Fuzzy logic model of size prediction for CBSD. In this
logic, a model followed four different characteristics like an: Fuzzification separate
module, the quantifiable result of Defuzzication, Rule-based system and Inference
engine of fuzzy. Kahtan et al. (2012) this paper discuss the interdependencies among
the software component are not suitable at the time of component implementation
phase [11]. The coupling and cohesion interdependencies module are mainly used
for the requirement, component evaluation, component selection, design, architec-
ture and implementation along with testing. Varies security features are included
in this comparative analysis study of dependability, reliability, integrity, safety and
maintainability. Chen et al. (2011) in this component-based software system for
the developing new components are focused on the reusable module because it’s
reduced the complexity, decreased the development effort, lesser time and cheaper
budget [12]. For the reusable components of the project, mandatory required the soft-
ware quality certification which is helpful for the prediction of software attribute and
characteristics. In this paper discuss the coupling, cohesion, interface and complexity
these functionalities followed for the better quality of software. High cohesion and
low coupling between the components, higher-level component interface among
the other module, and reduced the software complexity avoiding the various issues.
Kumari et al. (2011) in this paper discuss the complexity metrics of size and interface
among the software component [13]. This metric measurement used for the purpose
4 M. Iyyappan and A. Kumar

to control and minimize the complexity, reduced software design, software testing
and system maintenance. An interaction complexity measures the total average of
interface component base system not exceed than the overall component-based soft-
ware development. If it increases we cannot control the complexity and reliability
of the system & software attribute. It has been proved in the empirical study. Tomar
et al. (2010) this author explains about the Component-based software development
of reusability also ensure that the functionality and quality of the system [14]. The
more complicated process of software measurement on the component-based soft-
ware system utilized the methodology of verification and validation [15] testing. X
model approach is used in this paper for the independent development of software
and commercial off-the-shelf package [16]. According to the client requirement for
the software, projects are moved into the component repository select the suitable
component, assemble the software package and integrate into the system.

3 Software Quality Standard for Component

In the field software engineering mainly focused on the quality of the software [17],
it is trying to improve the performance of the system as well as increased reliability
among the system software. According to the IEEE Standard Glossary of Software
Engineering Terminology [18] software quality is defined as “the degree to which a
system, system component, or process meets specified requirements “, or “the degree
to which a system, system component, or process meets customer or user needs
or expectations [19]. There are several methodologies we followed like a quality
assurance of software, metric assessment of the system and controlled quality of the
software [20]. In the software system hold various characteristic of analyzing the set
of attribute and significant features of a product, which meets the customer or user
expectations [21]. For measuring software quality mainly followed the IEEE standard
which expresses the client satisfaction and future modification [22]. A high-quality
product is one which has associated with it many quality factors. The product quality
focused on the ISO-15504-5 and ISO/IEC JTC1 used in the Process quality [23].
In this quality, model differentiates two different steps for measuring the software
quality using the characteristics and sub-characteristics [24]. The evaluation of a
software system using the hierarchical model to show the various factors relationship
among other factor elements depends upon the following steps:

3.1 Software Characteristics of Quality

This module focused on the functionality. The functional activities of the entire
software package, which is related to the high-level programming language. Maintain
the proper system according to client response, as well as update the functional
module as per the client request.
Software Quality Optimization of Coupling and Cohesion … 5

3.2 Software Sub-characteristics of Quality

In this sub-characteristic module focused on the accurate functionality of the soft-

ware module. Analyze the perfect component module with the use of the testing
methodology.

3.3 Software Quality Attributes

This module provide a piece of special information about the software system factor
and sub-factor with the accurate testing result.

3.4 Software Metrics of Quality

To measure the performance of the software package, analyze the complexity and
increase the usability of the system. For measuring the quality of software’s are
analysing on basis of Testing phases it holds two different methodologies like a White
box testing and Black box testing. In this assessment source code of programming
languages can measure in white box testing but not in black-box testing. Black box
testing was used to measure the COTS component of in-house development and
characteristic applied to the other software packages (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1 A standard
measurement of component
quality
6 M. Iyyappan and A. Kumar

4 The Architecture of Software Quality for CBSD Model

In this proposed architecture model describe the various phases of the software devel-
opment life cycle. For the business application development, a major concern about
the client requirement and their satisfaction, are the big challenges for the software
developer. This module explains the client requirement and analysis, select the suit-
able component from the repository for the COTS package, also check the adaptation
of software component with the help of various quality factors. After the prediction
of various quality attributes then moved to the metric measurement of the quality
model. Then the final step of our proposed methodology is the integration on the
client software system as well as monitoring process are enabled like maintainability
and replaceability.

4.1 Client Requirement Phase

Client prerequisite component for the new software system. Analysis phase and
specification of the software are majorly required to build the new component system,
to satisfy the client software.

4.2 Component Analysis and Specification on Repository

This module describes the various component repository which can hold more
components according to the client requirement for the business application. This
repository contains various component specification and design module which helps
analyse the client software system.

4.3 Commercial Off-the-Shelf

This COTS package contain a module of warehouse artifacts plays an important

role for the development of new model because it contains a library repository of
all existing components as well as a new component. Artifacts will check whether
suitable source code is available from the repository or not if the suitable component is
available select that component from the repository. According to client requirement,
we used Design and Construction of Component with Reuse as a two-level processing
step like an, select the suitable component from the repository without modification
of domain engineering otherwise select the modified suitable component from the
repository with modification of code modules Fig. 2. In the warehouse, a component
Software Quality Optimization of Coupling and Cohesion … 7

Fig. 2 Software quality architecture model

with Reuse is not compatible for client requirement then repository starts to develop
the new component approach to the member of the pool.

4.4 Software Component Adaptation

The developer will verify and validate that selected suitable component from the
repository of warehouse artifacts. This COTS component package is perfectly fixed
on the software system because this reuse process is reducing cost, time, increase
the efficiency, reduced complexity and increased the reliability.
8 M. Iyyappan and A. Kumar

4.5 Software Quality and Metric Factor

For maintaining a higher level of quality among the software we are following the
ISO/IEC standard quality model. In this standard followed various characteristics like
a System functionality, Software reliability, usability of software, Time efficiency,
System maintainability and portability compliance. In addition to those standard
quality measurement using Security and System compatibility.
• System Functionality—System Functionality holds the group of an attribute
which is reflected from the existing available functional model and its proper-
ties of the system. This functionality model provided various services and its
operations as per the client requirement because it contains faster delivery of soft-
ware products with the lower cost of the budget. In this software sub-characteristic
of the quality model for the following, steps are used like as a set of attributes
that bear on the existence of a set of functions and their specified properties (ISO
1991). It means that the software should provide the functions and services as
per the requirement when used under the specified Condition. Pre-existing soft-
ware with low cost, faster delivery of end product. The sub-characteristics under
functionality are System Suitability, Software Accuracy, Interoperability module,
Security of System and Functionality Compliance.
• System Suitability—System Suitability depends upon the developer requirement,
either it’s perfectly fit into software packages or not. Because measuring the
software at the time development it is very difficult, so this suitability moves
according to the fitness function.
• Software Accuracy—In this system functionality, the developer used to measure
the software packages to analyze the accurate result system performance and its
suitable module. From this accuracy, the developer can decide either to continue
the package development or not.
• Interoperability Module—In this interoperability module, Attributes of soft-
ware package that bear on its ability to interact with specified software systems.
This indicates whether the format of the data, handled by the target software is
compliant with any international standard. For using this type of interaction and
standard, it increased the functionality of the system.
• Security of System—In this functionality module, the protection of system items
from accidental damage or malicious access of another user, modification of soft-
ware and destruction of programming. We can avoid such a problem to protect
the functionality of the system database.
• Functionality compliance—Functionality compliance is a method of stan-
dard procedures are followed properly for the software products, like a func-
tional guiding factor, standard rule and regulations. It is also improved func-
tional bonding among the software packages and recognized by the standard
certifications.
• Software Reliability—In reliability, mainly discuss the probability of failure and
creating a problem on the system or software at a specific period of moment. For
Software Quality Optimization of Coupling and Cohesion … 9

avoiding such a problem we used to maintain the fault-tolerance on the specific

period. Software Reliability main concern about increase performance reduced
complexity and avoid failure among system as well as software on the specific
time. Reliability is broken into the following sub-characteristics: Maturity, Fault
tolerance, Recoverability and Reliability compliance.
• Software Maturity—In this maturity level of metric measurement between the
software and system. To analyze the failure of the software and fault of the system
based on reliability. The software maturity provides, it deals with the number of
commercial versions of the software and the time interval between each version.
• Fault Tolerance of Reliability—It evaluates the robustness of the software or
system. In this method, a constant level of performance is maintained between
the system as well as software. To avoid such a failure and fault of the system
result, increased reliability. Software Fault avoidance: To avoid or prevent the
introduction of faults by engaging various design methodologies, techniques and
technologies, including structured programming, object-oriented programming,
software reuse, design patterns and formal methods. Software Fault removal: To
detect and eliminate software faults by techniques such as reviews, inspection,
testing, verification and validation. Software Fault tolerance: To provide a service
complying with the specification despite tolerance and run the component of
remaining software modules.
• Software Recoverability—In this module focused on the software recovery, when
the software faced unexpected error or failure of the system. This module recover
lost of data directly and re-establish the performance on that period.
• Software Reliability Compliance—Whether this module followed the proper,
international standard for maintaining the quality and increasing the reliability.
In this standard module focus on the fault, failure and error predictions among
system as well as software.
• Usability of Software—In this module of usability software depends upon the
system developer and client user, whether the software application is suitable for
all the criteria or not. These criteria are mainly focused like a domain under-
standing, program code usage, system configuration and software execution. For
applying this methodology, users are benefitted like a lower complexity, higher
reusability and proper adaptability of the system. Software sub characteristics of
Usability are defined as under.
• Client recognizable—It is a major task clients have to understand the system
behaviour and system performance and its functionality task. Client recognizes
that depend task can perform properly on the software module or not.
• Client Documentation for understanding—This module is focused on client
requirements, which help to improve the better system of software development.
The developer has to learn the software characteristics and make a system with
easy understandable for the user.
• Project Appearance—In this client usable system focus on the attractiveness of
website or project appearance. If the developer has very good knowledge of the
graphical user interface design, will provide an attractive module of the final
appearance.
10 M. Iyyappan and A. Kumar

• Usability Standard—In this topic focused on the International standard or Inter-

national certification. This usability module according to the client requirements
and developer implementation, both characteristics are properly recognized by
the standard organization or not.
• Software Efficiency—This module of software quality is the main concern about
the efficiency of the software system. Software efficiency is reduced because of
using trendy technology and latest programming in the real world. In this module,
performance are improved based on programming optimization, checking their
internal module and testing their inside component. This type of performance
measurement won’t affect the specific design in the programming language, it is
only testing the inside module.
• Software Behaviour—This behaviour represents a time relationship between the
software modules. It’s able to perform a particular task on a specific period of
execution which we can apply certain limitations. In this measurement focus on
request time, response time, processing time and throughput time, etc.
• Infrastructure Behaviour—In the software programming development and usage
of the system depend upon the resource behaviour. In this behaviour concepts
completely utilized all those software resources, on the specific time and particular
condition also.
• Software Compliance—Efficiency are compared to the performance result of
the software system. For this performance analysis of efficiency, compliance is
properly approved by the standard organization or not
• System Maintainability—System maintenance depends of the software
programming code changes as well as software modification. In source code
changes, these phases of modification focus about up-gradation of the software
programming. But some of the maintenance phases of the system, which depends
upon the component module because it holds only reusable COTS component. The
reusable component is required to adapt the system, checking the test workflow
and integration process on the system.
• Software Customizability—In most of the software, system focus only about the
readymade available reusable component of COTS software package. It can easily
adapt the system, configuration among the software, test the component workflow
and finalize the implementation module. For this customizability not require any
source code programming languages.
• Software Testing—In this maintenance, phases depend upon the testing compo-
nent or testing source code. In testing, it can analyze performance, integrated
module and functionality of the system.
• Software Stability—Stability provides an analysis result of, if any changes are
done in the software it will provide a similar output of the module or it will provide
any unexpected changes. If that changes affect the system maintenance or not. In
other words, it is the degree to which software is composed of discrete softwares
such that a change to one software has zero impact on the other software or the
system.
• Software Analysability—Analysis is a very important phase for deciding on soft-
ware maintenance. If the particular software has to be updated or not, needed little
Software Quality Optimization of Coupling and Cohesion … 11

modification or not, the existing component is working or not. According to this

statistics, results are looking about further modification of the software system.
• Software Portability—Software portability among the software system main
concern about the implementation or integration of the system. In this level,
the software has been changing from one environment to another environment
with similar modifications at the time of software installation. These activi-
ties are reducing the cost of expenditure and schedule of time to complete
the task. The specification of software should be platform-independent. Various
sub-characteristics defined under portability are:
• Software Replaceability—Replace is the main concern about updating the soft-
ware or modification of programming. It is followed by the previous version of
the software in our system, it is mandatory to check about the new version of the
software with modification or not. This means that the new software can substitute
the previous ones without any major efforts.
• System Adaptability—It refers to whether the software can be adapted to different
specified platforms.
• System Installability—It is the capability for software to be installed easily on
different platforms.

5 The Theoretical Approach for Cohesion and Coupling

Measurement of Packages

These following modules, are used the Inheritance of hierarchy steps like a tree
structure which is related to the packages, classes and methods similar to the
object-oriented programming. In this Empty Packages are helpful to measure the
null value of the software system which behaves like an idle performance of
the system. The major concern about the Complexity of Low cohesion (CLC)
and the Complexity of High cohesion (CHC) is used for measuring software
package as on the base theoretical approach. Coupling and cohesion depend on
the direct measurement and indirect measurement between the high cohesion and
low coupling. Here, took a similar project of existing real data set value which is
used to measure the CLC and CHC to show the comparative result of new metric
real data (Table 1).

Table 1 Sample data for

S. No. Project name
software package metric
1 Byte Code Engineering Library (BCEL)
2 Bean Scripting Framework (BSF)
3 Jakarta-ORO
4 Element Construction Set (ECS)
5 XGen Source Code Generator
6 Junit
12 M. Iyyappan and A. Kumar

Table 2 Descriptive statistics

Statistical parameter CLC CHC
of the analyzed package
cohesion component Maximum value 7.75 18
complexity measure for Low Minimum value 0 0
and High cohesion metric
Median 0 2.5
Mean 0.453 3.39
Standard deviation 1.53 3.572

Table 3 Comparison with the correlation coefficient values of low and high other metrics
Parameters CLC CHC PCoh LCOM LCOM1 ICH SCC
Correlation coefficient 0.20 0.48 0.69 −0.32 −0.34 0.12 0.27
Significance value 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05

Analysis of experimental results of Proposed Low complexity and high

complexity. Table 2 shows the package name with the total number of classes,
number of elements with their calculated filtered class and it is termed as R(D)
& R(DUI). The number of relations is termed as CDI and finally with all these
the Complexity of Low and High cohesion is calculated with the help of Package
also compared with existing research work of package cohesion measurement. To
analyze the better performance and result of the cohesion metric.

From the above results of Table 3, it can be concluded that we can reject the
null hypothesis and can trust the alternative hypothesis. Hence there is a strong
relationship between the calculation of package cohesion component complexity
metric and the component reusability.

5.1 Density Calculation on the Interface Level Measuring

the Coupling and Cohesion

In this, proposed algorithm is used the approach of a quantitative measure of

cohesion and coupling. The measure of coupling and cohesion density used to
analyse the relationship between the Interface density module (IDM1, IDM2,
IDM3 and IDM4) of modular software system given as follows:

CCIin
MCCD = (1)
CCIin + CCIout

where CCIin is the number of coupling and cohesion interaction input within
modules, and CCIout is the number of coupling and cohesion interaction output
between the distinct modules.
Software Quality Optimization of Coupling and Cohesion … 13

5.2 Proposed Coupling Measurement for Classes of Direct

and Indirect Interaction

Component-based software system for the development mainly used cohesion

and coupling. In this method, two-component are coupled if and only if at least
one of them acts upon others. For the development of coupling, metrics used a
Graph (G) because it contains node and edges. In this, directed graph represented
5 nodes like an A, B, C, D, E and each is a node connected with other nodes with
the use of edge interface interaction. Five parameters are mainly used for the node
and edges connectivity of a graph. A starting point, Endpoint, Regular parameter,
Neutral parameter, Crucial parameter for measuring coupling metrics.
• Complexity of Coupling and Cohesion measurement using the Average
Component
– Average Component In-Parameter (ACIP)—The complexity measurement
of Coupling and Cohesion mainly used the concept of Average component of
Input Parameter which is used to measure the inside available components.


M
CIPi
ACIP = (2)
i=0
m

– Component In-Parameter—CIPi has taken into 8 parallel input to measure the

complexity of the component from the coupling and cohesion. In the summa-
tion of component maximum value will mention ‘n’ term and minimum value
represent i = 0.

0.10 ≤ X i ≤ 30
n
(Input parameter )
CIPi = (3)
Value
i=0
0(No parameter)

– Average Component Out-Parameter (ACOP)—For the complexity measure-

ment of Coupling and Cohesion mainly used the concept of Average compo-
nent of Output Parameter which is used to measure the interaction of outside
available component.


M
COPi
ACOP = (4)
i=0
m

– Component Out-Parameter—COPi has taken into eight parallel interaction

output measure the complexity of component from the coupling and cohesion.
In the summation of component maximum value will mention ‘n’ term and
minimum value represent i = 0.
14 M. Iyyappan and A. Kumar

Table 4 Calculate the component value and comparison of complexity level

Interface COPi ACOP CIPi ACIP AIOBC
I1 1.6 12.4 0.20 1.5 13.9
I2 0.8 0.10
I3 2.4 0.30
I4 1.2 0.20
I5 1.5 0.20
I6 1.4 0.10
I7 1.5 0.10
I8 2.0 0.30


n
COPi = (ORi ∗ Wr ) + (ONi ∗ Wn ) + (OCi ∗ Wc ) (5)
i=0

5.3 Comparison of In and Out Parameter

In this comparison, the table result is observed from the experimental study which
contains the real data set value for measuring the complexity of component from
coupling and cohesion. From the experimental study taken a proposed value of 8
different developed components which is used for the interaction among the coupling
and cohesion, refer Table 4.

5.4 Average of In-Parameter and Out-Parameter of Both

Component

To measure the complexity of coupling metrics component and cohesion metric

component used the terminology of average calculation of inside parameter and
outside parameter. To measure an interface complexity of component based system
using the AIOBC. AIOBC add both components of inside parameter and outside
parameter for the average calculation of component complexity, refer Table 4.

AIOBC = ACIP + ACOP, AIOBC = 12.4 + 1.5 = 13.9 (6)

From the below results in it can be concluded that the components having the
high values of cohesion and low coupling associated with their proposed algorithm
of Hexa-oval, interface density module, the Component parameter of inside, outside
and average calculation of optimum components selection framework.
Software Quality Optimization of Coupling and Cohesion … 15

5.5 Client System Integration and Testing

Assets Management of Warehouse Artifacts—Select the suitable component from

the warehouse repository of the commercial off-the-shelf, then adapt to the developer
system and verify the various quality factor. In this factor, we observed various func-
tionality of the system component and its specific characteristics. The Complexity
also measured in the phase of the system, then moved to the next phase of System
Integration and System Testing to assemble the component into the system then
verify the process.

5.6 Maintenance and Software Upgradation

In this phase regular monitoring the software and system behaviour how it’s
responding to every module of the source-code programming. The Client feedback
is a necessary consideration of the system maintenance on the CBSE process. If
existing software applications are not up to the business market standard, so the
developer tries to replace the new component based on software reusability.
In Fig. 3 complexity measurement of Component Low Cohesion and Component
High Cohesion result are compared and observed the result from MATLAB software.

Fig. 3 Complexity measurement of CLC & CHC

16 M. Iyyappan and A. Kumar

Fig. 4 Comparison of various metric parameter for complexity

For observing the cohesion metric measurement uses the correlation coefficient value
with the real data set package of the component software. The lower value consists of
less cohesiveness among the one software module to another programming module
but if it is preferred to choose the higher value of interaction provide improved
performance of high cohesiveness among the two different software packages. Here
blue bar diagram mentioning about low and yellow bar chart representing higher
relations. In Fig. 4 comparisons among the various metric parameters to analyse the
complexity of the software component. This reduced level of complexity improves
the efficiency and reliable performance of the system. The existing metrics like a
PCoh, LCOM, LCOM1, ICH and SCC are compared with the proposed cohesion
measurement of CLC and CHC provide the better result with the positive observation
from the complexity measurement of the software package.
In Fig. 5 examination result is seen from the MATLAB Optimization and Simulink
programming are utilized to watch the exhibition and think about the product quality
for the open-source part. In this procedure interface segments are required for the
bundle estimation of source code which is accessible for the created segment and
creating segment. This interface part is utilized to watch the unpredictability among
the useful modules for programming upkeep and framework usage. So advanced
metric estimation of coupling and cohesion worth is utilized for interface among the
two distinct parts.
Software Quality Optimization of Coupling and Cohesion … 17

Fig. 5 Comparison of complexity level between interface component

6 Conclusion

The product quality paper totally talks about the different parameters and quality
variables. The product attributes and submodule qualities are utilized to quantify
the measurement estimation of the quality characteristic. Besides, the procedure is
isolated about the standard quality estimations utilizing framework usefulness and
programming execution for the in-house part improvement. At that point select the
reasonable segment from the COTS bundle, adjust the segment into the product
framework. At that point, the following procedure is to examine the variables of
programming quality with various standard functionalities. The metric estimation
assumes a significant job in the part based programming improvement to make an
interface between coupling and union, intricacy estimation of inside and outside
parameter. This paper watched near aftereffect of attachment estimation between the
elevated level bundle and low-level bundle, at that point demonstrated the cyclo-
matic multifaceted nature result for the coupling connection of low-level interface.
In this, connection of useful and non-useful factor are watched for the better nature
of programming and its dependability. Here recommended ensuring the best possible
starting arranging, gathering the best possible prerequisite, source code plan and ideal
usage with the assistance of testing improved the product quality for segment-based
programming advancement.
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Of starry Plato bow.
Above them gaze from lofty stands
The high-browed kings of thought,
Their furrowed lineaments divine
In placid marble wrought.

VI.
Beyond the blazoned window lies
A far-stretched prospect grand;
Lakes, emerald lawns, and rustling woods
O’erlooking all the land.
There in the sunshine, to and fro
Slow stalks a solemn wight,
Attended by a tiny page,
A pert and saucy sprite.

VII.
A blue pavilion farther on
Is pitched beneath the trees;
Begirt by tents, whose pennons float
And dally with the breeze.
A bevy fair of dark-eyed girls
Beneath their folds abide;
Unto the vows of yonder lords
What fortune will betide!

VIII.
Sometimes they scour the flowery meads,
On nimble palfreys white;
Sometimes they dance beneath the shade
Through all the balmy night.
Their merry songs, their jocund notes,
Are borne from grove to grove;
Fill up your ears with molten wax,
Ye enemies of love!

IX.
Short was the siege those damsels laid—
The king has gone away,
In lonely woods his lady’s wrath
By penance to allay.
The famous lords, who round him sat,
Each, at his maid’s command,
Attend a year the couch of death,
Ere he can win her hand.
 THE PLAGUE IN SUMMER.
Oh golden hours! Elysian day,
Adorned with all things bright and gay;
Green boughs, and winds, and summer beams,
Lovely as Eden’s transient gleams!
But ah! the glorious robes ye wear
Deride the depths of man’s despair,
Since, lurking mid your gladsome rays,
The Plague of Ganges stalks and slays.
For he from Indian vales has come,
Following the circle of the sun;
Through Balk, and over Oxus’ stream,
Gliding as soundless as a dream,
Into the cities of the West,
That quail before the giant pest.
The stir of life in silence dies,
Where’er the mighty vampyre flies;
The voice of mirth is hushed and mute;
The viol shrill, the festal lute;
Alike o’er towns and hamlets brood
Silence, and Death, and Solitude;
While in the shadow of the pall
The busy worms hold carnival!
 EUTHANASIA.
In the dawn of her life and the bloom of her spring,
Dark Asrael fanned her to sleep with his wing;
And her form, when the spirit had flown from its shrine,
Lay like marble, that’s moulded by chisel divine.

Oh, why was she garnered in life’s early bloom

To grace with her beauty the clods of the tomb?
There were victims for death, who were weary and old,
And who longed for the slumber unbroken and cold.

But her loveliness lives, for escaped from its urn,

In blossoms and odors her dust shall return—
And the Hesper-like glory, that shone in her eye,
To-night will be beaming a star in the sky.
 THE FORGOTTEN.
Many a sword hath nobly wrought,
Many a warrior bravely fought,
Whose name the lyre hath never taught
To swell his nation’s minstrelsy.
In lonely woods their ashes sleep,
Whose dewy leaves above them weep,
And wild birds chant their dirges sweet—
But none e’er list their melody.

Oh, when we pledge our father’s fame,

One flowing goblet let us drain
To those, the long forgotten slain
Whose relics moulder silently;
And o’er their foes, the warriors red,
Who for their fenceless acres bled,
Let none a tear refuse to shed—
’Tis due to Nature’s chivalry.

What more becomes a noble foe,

Than o’er the brave, his sword laid low,
To let the tears of sorrow flow?
They glorify his victory.
No deathless bard their valor blest,
Or Paugus, Ajax of the West,
And Philip had not sunk to rest,
Enfolded in obscurity.
 TO W. P. R.
The links of amity that bind
Our souls together evermore,
Are forged as strong as those that joined
The brave and beautiful of yore.

Though many a valley-darkening hill

And ocean billow may divide,
My heart retains thine image still,
Through every change of time and tide.

Though lapsing years are friendship’s bane,

And absence brings forgetfulness,
Yet these exert their might in vain,
They cannot make our love the less.

Across the billows of the sea,

Where rolls the legend-haunted river,
My dreaming spirit flies to thee,
Like arrow drawn from Phœbus’ quiver.

About thy hearth-stone, dim and cold,

Forsaken Lares droop and moan;
They miss the faces, that of old
Within their joyous precincts shone.

Full soon the halls of Dis shall hide

Both thee and me and all we love,
For, bubbles on a rushing tide,
Our evanescent beings move.

While yet the stars above us shine,

And youth and hope and love remain,
O, pilgrim seek thy natal clime,
And glad my heart and eyes again!
 THE SONG OF ENEAS’ MEN.
Joy to us, for yonder river
Opens up a pathway calm
To the green and silent inland,
Under forests dropping balm.
Wandering Lares, ye shall nestle
In the hearth-light once again—
Ye shall drift no more at random,
Sport of tempest and of rain.
Though the gentle household voices,
Wont of old your ears to thrill,
By the banks of far Scamander
Are forever hushed and still;

Kindred hands shall heap your altars,

Kindred knees before you bow,
In the country of the stranger,
Into which we enter now.
Woodland carols bid us welcome
From the Siroc and the foam;
Safe escaped from moaning surges
We at length have found a home.
Shepherds’ fires on mountain headlands,
We shall watch your gleams no more,
Gazing wildly from the billows,
To the wished-for, tranquil shore.

Twins of Leda, on our quarters

Ye shall never flame again;
We shall bow to rustic altars,
Not the trident of the main.
Softly rolls the yellow river
Eddying to the briny sea,
Soon upon his waves to carry
Battle-ship and argosy;
Soon to change his rippling murmur
Into ocean’s clangor wild,
And be mingled with the waters
In which nations are inisled.
Joy to us, his gentle current
Opens up a pathway calm
To the green and silent inland,
Under forests dropping balm.
 THE AUTHORESS OF THE
MYSTERIES OF UDOLPHO.
Her genius had its dwelling in the light
Of setting suns, and the deserted halls
Of ivy-clad chateaux, where, undisturbed,
Arachne plies her gossamer loom, filming
The sumptuous tapestries, embroidered o’er
With flowers and gay Ovidian phantasies,
And the refulgent mirrors, long ago
Wafted in argosies from the lagunes
Of wealthy Venice. Through the silent night,
The rippling shadows of the ancient trees
Dapple the floors, and ’neath the fireless hearths,
The crickets chirrup shrill—while from the walls
The painted semblance of some Lady Blanche,
Or rose-lipped Maude, or Eleanore looks down,
Long since enveloped in the robes of death.
In summer, when the luscious peach is ripe,
Through the great windows opening westward lie
Delicious prospects; lawns and wooded slopes,
Orchards of grapes—and o’er the tree-tops high
The glittering ocean backed by sunset skies,
With gold and amethystine vapors hung.
 MONODY OF THE COUNTESS OF
NETTLESTEDE.
Oh vernal sun, how cold thy beams to me!
Since they can never more illume
His face, my heart’s idolatry,
That now, alas! immersed in urnal gloom,
Far, far below thy golden glances lies,
Wrapt from these yearning arms and weeping eyes!
In vain for me, sweet flowers, ye reassume
Your vestments rare of oriental dyes;
Your subtle fragrance and your glorious bloom
But call to mind a sweeter far than you—
My Prince and Lord, my Beautiful and True,
Whose cheek was burnished with as bright a hue
As decks your leaves, whose eyes were wont to shine
Upon my glowing face like stars benign.
Again I hear the South wind’s murmurs low
Making the earth with life and beauty glow,
But now more icy than the Sarsar’s breath,
In deserts old the minister of death,
Around my worn and wasted frame it sighs,
Recalling soft Elysian memories.
How oft engraven in the oaken rind,
My hapless name with his I see entwined.
Dear hand, that carved these love knots, ’neath the mould
Thou now alas! art shrunken, pulseless, cold!
And has he left the world forevermore,
That still contains his ill-starred paramour?
Oh, woe is me! Oh sickening, keen distress!
Oh solemn, strange, and mighty loneliness!
That makes to issue from my riven breast
Sob after sob of anguish unrepressed
And irrepressible, till, nerveless down
My cold limbs sink upon the sun-warm ground.—
Thence up aloft I gaze with yearning eyes
Into the vast and azure-flowing skies,
Far, far beyond whose airy curtains stand
The many mansions of the angel land.
There, girt with seraphs sits the mother mild,
And there in glory reigns her sinless child.
Oh, Holy One! Thy countenance benign
Unto thy weary worshipper incline!
My lonely spirit quickly call away
From earth, and its pale tenement of clay!
The sunlit hills, woods, vales, and waters clear,
And home and household faces once so dear—
All these fair sights since his departure seem
Mournful and strange,—a vision and a dream.
Oh, Saviour merciful! whate’er his fate
Beyond the grave, let me participate.
If garmented in light, he walks serene
By thy still waters, through thy pastures green,
My soul make pure so long by sin defiled,
And, raised to heaven, acknowledge me thy child!
But if, Erinnys-like, the bloody Doom,
That here on earth pursued him to the tomb,
Lured by his sins relentless pass beyond,
And hunt him to the gulfs of woe profound,
Together let our erring sprites be hurled
Afar into some sad autumnal world—
Some land of withered leaves and sighing winds,
Where twined in one we may bewail our sins!
Father in Heaven, forgive this impious prayer!
Thou know’st it rises from my deep despair,
Be merciful unto my wretched state—
Indeed, indeed, I am unfortunate!
Far, far from me the loved one buried lies—
His sepulchre unknown to these dim eyes—
In that sad chapel, whose dark aisles contain
Full many a haughty heart and guilty brain,
Beauty and strength resolved to dust again.
There languish now henceforth in dull decay
Those eyes, that glistened with a star-like ray.
From his blanched lip and cheek forevermore
Fades the fresh rose which blossomed there before.
Gory and dank, bereft of all their grace
His tresses hang about his marble face—
Not as of old, when flowing unconfined,
Their odors wooed the amorous summer wind.
Livid and blue those beauteous lips, whose kiss,
The seal of love, imparted perfect bliss.
The rosy twilights and the moons of May,
Beneath whose beams we loved the hours away,
Are gone—and gone the ruddy ember-gloom,
That filled with lurid light our silent room,
When o’er our hall the wintry tempest flew,
And love our yearning hearts together drew.
My stay, my life, my hope, my star is gone—
And I am left in sorrow and alone;
The oak is stricken from the vine’s embrace,
And on the earth its tendrils run to waste!
Close, close by Aidenn’s happy portals
My tent is pitched forevermore,[2]
Through which to join the bright immortals,
My loved and lost have gone before.

In noontide trance and starry dream

Their forms transfigured oft I see;
Though Death’s cold river flows between,
Their gentle whispers come to me.

And Aidenn’s walls I see in dreams,

Its shining turrets golden-tiled;
But swiftly fade their lovely gleams,
And leave behind a longing wild.

There cleansed and pure from earthly stain,

Full many a martyred spirit dwells,
Through fire and wrong that did attain
Those far celestial citadels.

Ye white-robed warders, strong and bright,

That on those shining summits stand,
Entreat for me the Prince of Light,
That I may reach his happy land.

[2] The idea in the first four lines of this piece was borrowed
from a beautiful passage occurring in a biographical sketch of a
late distinguished poet.
 PAN AND LAÏS.
I.
Once on a time, grown tired of shepherd’s fare,
From hilly Arcady with swift descent,
Rough Pan in tunic wove of subtile air,
Invisible to sacred Corinth went;
Through his aerial vesture vision-proof,
No mortal eye could see or horn or hoof.

II.
With soundless tread he passed from street to street,
Through which as arteries the sea-winds blew;
And gorgeous shows the mighty rustic greet,
Where’er from right to left his glance he threw;
Poor seem his pastoral hills and forests all,
Matched with the Isthmus’ peerless capital.

III.
For now its rampires, palaces, and shrines,
Lit up by morning’s golden glances stood;
A pillared labyrinth, through which there winds
With ceaseless flow a various multitude.
Nobles and merchants swiftly roll along,
On radiant cars by Thracian coursers drawn.

IV.
And hoary priests, in robes of purest white,
Lead slowly up the pomp of sacrifice
To stately fanes, where wreaths of incense light
From fuming altars climb the purple skies;
While slender pipes by youthful minions blown,
With softest melodies the rites make known.

V.
From foam-born Aphrodite’s voluptuous seat
On Acrocorinth’s lofty summit pour,
Their raven tresses dropping unguents sweet,
Her thousand handmaids to the busy shore,
Where they entangle in their wanton wiles
The voyagers come from continents and isles.

VI.
As on he passed, the Arcadian god admires,
Between tall sculptured piles that line the way,
Cool lymph in crystal jets, and sheaf-like spires,
From marble gorges spouted ceaselessly;
Whose myriad drops with charmed eyes he sees,
Bestrode by interwoven Irides.

VII.
Weary at length of wandering here and there,
His eyes sore dazzled by the eternal gleam
Of sun-kissed marbles, on a shady stair,
Near which uprose a fountain’s liquid sheen,
Pan sought repose, and heard a minstrel tell
In plastic verse of Here’s potent spell;

VIII.
Which, on a mountain-couch of vernal flowers,
Lulled by its might the Thunderer to sleep,
Who lay, regardless of the ebbing powers
Of Ilion’s champion, locked in swoonings deep.
Here, while he sat, a sudden silence fell
On all the street, that, quiet as the cell

IX.
Of Indian saint by Ganges’ marge afar,
 Within a moment’s interval became;
For on a rose-ensanguined ivory car,
Of swanlike shape, and lovelier than the wain
Of Dawn, came Laïs, Eros’ idol fair,
Delicious, soft, and warm as vernal air.

X.
A golden tiar begirt her forehead white,
Which flashed with many an orient amethyst,
With jacinth, pearl, and opal’s fire-red light;
Each gem the guerdon of a burning kiss
On Asian lords bestowed, who wore the crowns
Of those voluptuous Ionian towns—

XI.
Miletus, Smyrna, and the rest, that line
The eastern margin of the central sea;
Whence many a burnished galley o’er the brine
To Corinth crosses, drawn by witchery
Of laughter-swimming eyes and rosy lips,
Wherein she doth all other towns eclipse.

XII.
Slow rolled proud Laïs’ wheels—while here and there,
On warrior, bard, and sage, who spell-bound stood,
She showered familiar smiles, that flushed the air,
And thrilled each heart in all the multitude;
Her partial glances raised a prouder glow
Than all the wreaths that glory could bestow.

XIII.
Pan, at her presence, felt his cloud-robe turn
Fire-red, like vapors round the sinking sun;
Not thus for dreamy Dian did he burn;
And how a kiss might from her lips be won,
He of his horn-clad brain assistance sought,
Which, full of schemes, struck out a subtle thought.

XIV.
For swift as light, from some far river’s meads,
A hornet flying drove his venomed sting
Into the foreheads of her glossy steeds;
They, bolting upward, made a sudden spring,
That snapped, like gossamer threads, each leathern trace,
And dashed the chariot on a statue’s base.

XV.
By arms invisible the falling dame
Was held unwounded in the yielding air;
And on her brow there fell a fiery rain
Of kisses, caught from lips in ambush there;
Then gently to the earth her form declined,
While rose a reed-like murmur on the wind.
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