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Introducing
.NET MAUI
Build and Deploy
Cross-platform Applications
Using C# and .NET
Multi-platform App UI
Shaun Lawrence
Introducing .NET MAUI: Build and Deploy Cross-platform Applications
Using C# and .NET Multi-platform App UI
Shaun Lawrence
St Ives, UK
Acknowledgments�����������������������������������������������������������������������������xix
Introduction���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xxi
iii
Table of Contents
iv
Table of Contents
v
Table of Contents
VerticalStackLayout�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������132
Data Binding�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������135
Binding��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������136
Applying the Remaining Bindings����������������������������������������������������������������140
MultiBinding������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������141
Command����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������144
Compiled Bindings���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������147
Shell������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������148
ShellContent������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������149
Navigation���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������150
Flyout�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������154
Tabs�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������160
Search���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������160
Taking Your Application for a Spin���������������������������������������������������������������������161
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������163
Source Code������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������164
Extra Assignment����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������164
vii
Table of Contents
Chapter 7: Accessibility��������������������������������������������������������������������199
What Is Accessibility?���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������199
Why Make Your Applications Accessible?���������������������������������������������������������200
What to Consider When Making Your Applications Accessible��������������������������200
How to Make Your Application Accessible��������������������������������������������������������201
Screen Reader Support�������������������������������������������������������������������������������201
Suitable Contrast�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������208
Dynamic Text Sizing�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������210
Testing Your Application’s Accessibility�������������������������������������������������������������215
Android��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������215
iOS���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������215
macOS���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������216
Windows������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������216
Accessibility Checklist��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������216
Summary����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������218
Source Code������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������219
Extra Assignment����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������219
viii
Table of Contents
ix
Table of Contents
x
Table of Contents
xi
Table of Contents
xii
Table of Contents
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������437
xiv
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salutation even to their own fathers, when they draw their sabres in
action, wound the heads of their own horses, and thus cover
themselves and their beasts with blood; this awkwardness of theirs
cause those who see it to utter ejaculations of surprise. In short, it is
evident to men of understanding, that as the talents of reading,
writing, riding on horseback, shooting with the bow, playing on an
instrument, and other similar acquirements, will not come
spontaneously to persons unskilled, and uninstructed in them; so
likewise victory cannot be obtained without a knowledge of the art of
war, which is a particular, and noble branch of science, independent
of others.
There are indeed certain considerations which may induce us to
pardon those calumniators of the Nizam-y-Gedid, who are any wise
connected with the old corps; but do those persons who are by no
means attached to them, and who know the difference between alum
and[88]sugar, and between good and evil, show any sense in daring to
abuse so noble a science? Their perverseness and obstinacy are
astonishing, seeing that, notwithstanding the taste which the infidel
race has always had of our raw troops, they do not allow it to be
sufficiently proved, that if a war should break out, these ignorant
beasts pressing together in masses of one or two thousand men, will
be unable to resist the tactic of the enemy.
SECTION V.
Containing a relation of the footing on which the old corps
of troops originally were, and of their present state.
SECTION VI.
Wherein is explained the purpose for which exercise is
intended.
In the time of his Highness the late Emperor, during the period of
my two captivities, I have often, in the course of conversation with
Russian military men, questioned them, saying, “by what secret
prodigy hath it come to pass, that you Muscovites, who were
formerly a very stupid and easily vanquished nation, have for some
time back obtained such success over the race of Osman?” They, in
reply, said, “Since you are ignorant of the causes of our superiority,
you shall be made acquainted with them. The Russians, in former
times, did not possess the knowledge of tactics, and were therefore
beaten by their enemies. A man called Mad [97]Petro, having in his
travels seen the world, and acquired an intimate knowledge of the
advantages thereof, became Cral of Muscovy, and subjected the
Russians, whether they would or no, to the restraints of discipline. In
order to try what progress they had made in it, he declared war
against the King of Sweden, and avenged himself of him. He then
went in an expedition towards the Crimea, reduced whatever
fortresses he thought proper, and began to break the power of the
Tartars. Afterwards, when we concluded a treaty with you, we
demanded for our Cral the title of Emperor; and as you could not
oppose us, the Sultan Mahmoud Khan (of excellent memory) in
writing to us, granted that title. Then in the war with Sultan
Moustapha, we approached Adrianople, and made peace on our own
terms. And see, in the present war, we have, with very few troops,
defeated your numerous forces; and after taking the fortresses of
Hotim, Bender, Ibraïl, Ismail, and Otchakoff, and conquering
Moldavia and Wallachia from one extremity to the other, we passed
the Danube with eight thousand men, and routed the Ottoman army
consisting of fifty thousand. As you have no troops able to face ours,
know that this time also, after being well beaten, you will make a
worse peace than the former one.” In this manner did they answer
this poor person[98]; and truly before much time had elapsed, it came
to pass that such a treaty was concluded.
SECTION VII.
It is a difficult thing to find out the spies that go to and fro in the
camps of the followers of Islam, and it is necessary to explain how
much injury is done by them. As this matter requires attention above
all others, let us relate some events which have happened to us, with
the consequences resulting from them.
In the war with the Russians, during the reign of the late Emperor,
Sultan Moustapha, two hundred thousand unknown and
undisciplined troops were drawn together. In this multitude no one
knew the other, and if a father had searched for his own son, he
could not have found him. If each day some hundreds separated
themselves and went off, no one knew it, nor even could have said to
them, ‘stop! remain!’ In so disorderly a camp, the spies from the side
of the infidels came and went each day and night, and acquainted the
Russians with every thing that passed in our army, and the secrets of
our government became known to the enemy. For this reason,
whenever a forward movement of our army was resolved upon, they
surprised the camp towards morning, the day before it was to be
executed, and routed so large an army of the Ottoman race, without
allowing them to open their eyes, all being buried in sleep. We have
learned by experience, that as the infidel race are very cunning and
deceitful, they have often effected, merely by wiles and stratagems,
things which we never have been, nor ever will be, able to bring
about with our hundred thousand men. Among all the wiles which
that wicked race have put in practice, there is one extraordinary
stratagem which it is worth while for us to describe. During the said
war, three poor men belonging to the assembly of Janissaries, having
concerted together, went out to gain some information of the
Russians: after it was quite dark they seized, on the Muscovite
borders, a certain Ghiaour, one of those who were employed in
getting forage, and, satisfied with their success, were conducting him
to the camp, when, their prisoner being a cunning hog[99] that
understood Turkish, said to them, “Sirs! if you set me at liberty, my
father, who is a rich man, will recompense you largely.” They,
believing his words, conducted him back to the Russian confines,
where he soon found a surreptitious pimp[99] whom he called father,
to whom they delivered him. This man, who was also a very deceitful
rogue, said to them, “I am greatly pleased at your bringing my son
here and not killing him, and I am very much obliged to you.” With
these and other expressions of gratitude, he gave them five ducats,
and continued thus: “I have not been able to reward you as I ought to
do, but allow me to show you something, and let that be another
recompense.” So saying, he carried them in disguise into his own
camp, and placed them at the edge of a large tent; here the comrades
perceived that there was a great bustle before the tent, and that
within they were weighing gold and silver coin in a large balance, and
were then filling with it some casks placed near. In the tent were men
habited in divers sorts of Mussulman dresses, and the casks filled
with money were continually distributed amongst them. The traitor,
after showing these things to the three comrades, took them to his
own tent, and said to them, “Comrades! see what I have shown you.
Part of this money is to go to your government, and part to the Vezier
and other Generals of your army. We have purchased your country
with money; the sum that has just been given is the price of
Constantinople which we have bought and shall soon enter. My
motive for informing you of this is that you may henceforth look to
yourselves; do not remain in your camp, nor even lose time at
Constantinople; but go to your own country that you may not be
made prisoners. Keep all this secret, and say nothing of it in your
camp.” With these words he led them back to the Ottoman confines.
The comrades returned to our camp, and being all three simple fools,
they gave implicit confidence to the falsehood contrived to deceive
them; and whenever they met their friends and acquaintances they
said to them, “Breh! what did we come here for? Our chiefs have sold
their country and are now receiving the money for it: we have seen it
with our own eyes; why should we stay here? all that passes is but
lost labour.” By this means they struck with consternation many who
were as great asses as themselves, and these spread confusion and
alarm through the whole Imperial camp. Finding this pretext of
going home, a great number of the troops went off and dispersed,
like a flock of young partridges.
The Russian hogs, availing themselves of so favourable an
opportunity, brought the devil among us. But the best of the story is,
that they all laughed at us in relating it to each other, saying that in
order to disperse a Turkish army, they had only to weigh a little gold
in the presence of three of their men, and then send them to inform
the rest of it. Thus, on account of so many ignorant fools, who
understand nothing of the wiles and machinations of the enemy, it is
necessary that we should give our troops such a form of discipline as
may prevent similar disorders, and the danger of the spies who mix
with our men and can never be discovered.
How is it possible for us without such a system, to avenge
ourselves of our enemies, to defend our Empire, or to gain the least
advantage? As the deep cunning of the Russian race was not at first
so well known, our precious heroes of soldiers made use of such
expressions. “The Muscovite infidels are dogs of fishermen, whom
we can suffocate only by spitting upon them; if we each of us throw a
stone, we shall destroy them all.” These Janissaries who are merely
vain boasters, good only for swaggering on the pavements, falling by
thousands into the hands of the Russians through their total
ignorance of military affairs, at length saw and learned the power
and stratagems of the enemies of our faith. But to what purpose?
since the children and daughters of so many noble and pious persons
of the Mahometan community have continued even to this day (a
space of nearly forty years!) in the possession of the Russians; and
the children whom they have produced remain depressed and
afflicted, a weeping prey in the hands of soldiers, officers, and other
reprobates.[100]
If a rabble of men, ignorant of the world, who pass their whole
time in festivity and play, or in buying and selling, or in idleness,
were in the first place to learn thoroughly the things which belong to
purity, and then, in order to preserve their religion unsullied, were to
avoid discourse with infidels and designing men, and examine
whether their own observance of it did not require some correction,
there is no doubt that they might attain to the summit of the good
things, both of this world and of the world to come. If they contend
with us, saying, “We understand questions of purity, we preserve our
religion, and there is no doubt of the validity of our marriage
contract[101]”; in that case, although what they maintain be true, yet,
as the knowledge of the affairs of this world is apt to occasion many
great sins, let them not lengthen their tongues on a subject of which
they certainly know nothing, and to which their understandings
cannot reach. If this business of the Nizam-y-Gedid seem obscure to
them, let them acquire information from men who, like this humble
individual[102], have reached their eighty-seventh year, and have
gained by experience a thorough knowledge of the world, and have
brought to light what things have injured, and what have turned to
the profit of, the Sublime Government. Let them not talk of things
void of sense, for as the troubles of man proceed from his words, so
reason is given him as a defence against his words.
SECTION VIII.
Many simple persons, who do not know why the treasure of the
Nizam-y-Gedid was instituted, and whence this money is collected,
and to what purpose it is expended, say sometimes, “the water of the
old cistern is not exhausted; why then is the new revenue made a
separate treasure?”[103] We have already stated how difficult a thing it
is to explain public affairs to people who are plunged in the darkest
ignorance, and to make those who cannot read the common alphabet
understand science; although we were to labour until the day of
judgment, we should not succeed. If a man is capable of receiving the
words of truth from his outward ears into his mind, we proceed to
relate matters as they really are.
Wars have been carried on for seventy or eighty years in a rude
manner, and with weak and irregular troops, during which time the
followers of Islam having been often defeated, His Highness Sultan
Suleÿman Kannuni thought proper to form the body of the
Janissaries, whom he divided into different divisions, assigning to
each their particular regiments and quarters. He considered,
however, that these troops could not be assembled and kept together
for the love of God only, but that it was also necessary to establish
funds for the purpose of providing meat, drink, &c. for them, as well
as to appoint them a pay suitable to their expenses. After consulting
with the wise and experienced men of the time, he regulated the
administration of the revenue in the following manner. A small part
of the monies drawn from the provinces that had, by right of
conquest, become subject to his illustrious predecessors, was
appropriated to the subsistence of military men who served on
horseback and otherwise. The Emperor appointed by the canon[104]
that, from the annual product of the revenues, and from the sums
which every one who succeeded to the farming of them, paid
according to his means, as an anticipation price, provision should be
made for meeting the expense incident to these corps, whether in
war or in peace. After these arrangements had been made, it
frequently happened that, in good times, no war took place for
twenty years together, during which some of the military men who
belonged to the corps, having turned old, departed in peace. As the
papers granted them to enable them to draw their pay fell into the
hands of their servants, relations, or comrades[105], it was not suffered
that the allowances appointed for several thousand men should be
received by persons who did not belong to the military profession,
who were novices in affairs, or apprenticed to some trade. As few of
them left sons capable of taking the place of their fathers, and
opposing the enemies of our faith, men of war became very scarce,
and it was therefore necessary to levy fresh troops, and assign new
funds for their support, the old revenue being exhausted. Besides
this cause of the impoverishment of the royal treasure, the price of all
commodities had greatly augmented since the time that the canon
was promulgated. For instance, at that period an oke of the flesh of
mutton was sold for four aspers, but in the course of time it rose to
twenty-five paras, and other things were dearer in proportion. Thus
an increase having taken place in the price of the necessaries which
were furnished to the corps at its institution, the royal funds
provided for that purpose were no longer able to meet the expense of
the times, and as they were nevertheless obliged to find some means
of going on, the rents of the Sublime Government began to run into
each other; that is to say, that in order to provide for the expense of
the current year, they sold the revenue of the succeeding one, and so
on. Hence resulted a deficiency in the Imperial finances. Even the
treasures, which had been amassed with a great deal of trouble
previous to the Russian war that broke out during the reign of the
late Sultan Mustapha, were in that war entirely drained and
consumed, although every thing was then very cheap when
compared with present prices, and after peace, the finances could not
recover themselves, but the expense still exceeded the revenue. The
enemies of our religion being informed of our want of money, were
thereby confirmed in their purpose, and obtained complete success.
But besides the difficulties in which our government found itself
involved in peaceable times, owing to the deficiency of the ordinary
revenue which did not suffice for the current expenses, there have
been moments during war in which it stood like a man who has both
his hands tied down to his sides, and knew not which way to turn
itself; for as there was no ready money, nothing could be
accomplished, and nobody showed any inclination to engage in a
holy war; nothing was considered but pay, rations, and the privilege
of being exempted from active service.
Thus hath the want of a well-organised system of finance been
clearly proved, the whole revenue of the state not being sufficient for
the exigencies of these times. The following example will point out
the truth of this to the people at large. Suppose the case of a man,
who twenty or thirty years ago enjoyed an income of one piaster a
day, and regulated his expenses accordingly, if that man continued
on the same scale how could he live at present, when every thing is
four or five times dearer than at that period, and make the two ends
of the year meet with his piaster a day? In like manner, we may apply
this consideration to the actual condition of the Sublime
Government. Behold, while the royal finances are in so great a state
of penury, not a single person, whether rich, poor, or tributary
subject, will give a single piaster to the treasure, under the name of a
voluntary contribution, towards carrying on war; and, in short, no
man will go to war gratis, and at his own expense, only to please God,
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