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1. Electric charge is measured in units of
A) coulombs.
B) watts.
C) volts.
D) newtons.

2. The mathematical form of Coulomb's law is similar to that of

A) the second law of thermodynamics.
B) the second law of motion.
C) Kepler's second law.
D) the law of gravitation.

3. A system of an electron, a proton, and a neutron has a net charge of

A) +1.6  10-19 C.
B) –1.6  10-19 C.
C) 3.2  10-19 C.
D) zero.

4. A system of 16 electrons, 11 protons, and 4 neutrons has a net charge of

A) –8.0  10-19 C.
B) 8.0  10-19 C.
C) –1.6  10-19 C.
D) –5.0  10-19 C.
E) 1.6  10-19 C.

5. A system of 12 electrons and 11 protons has a net charge of

A) –1.6  10-19 C.
B) 1.6  10-19 C.
C) 16.0  10-19 C.
D) –1.0  10-19 C.
E) –16.0  10-19 C.

6. A system of 11 protons and 9 neutrons has a net charge of

A) 17.6  10-19 C.
B) –17.6  10-19 C.
C) 32.0  10-19 C.
D) 11.0  10-19 C.
E) –32.0  10-19 C.

Page 1
 7. A system of 8 electrons and 4 neutrons has a net charge of
A) –12.8  10-19 C.
B) 12.8  10-19 C.
C) –6.4  10-19 C.
D) –8.0  10-19 C.
E) 6.4  10-19 C.

8. A system of an electron and a neutron has a net charge of

A) +1.6  10-19 C.
B) –1.6  10-19 C.
C) 3.2  10-19 C.
D) zero.

9. A system of a proton and a neutron has a net charge of

A) +1.6  10-19 C.
B) –1.6  10-19 C.
C) 3.2  10-19 C.
D) zero.

10. A system of a proton and an electron has a net charge of

A) +1.6  10-19 C.
B) –1.6  10-19 C.
C) 3.2  10-19 C.
D) zero.

11. An object that is negatively charged will

A) attract a rubber rod stroked with fur.
B) attract a glass rod stroked with silk.
C) be polarized.
D) none of these

12. An object that is positively charged will

A) attract a rubber rod stroked with fur.
B) attract a glass rod stroked with silk.
C) be polarized.
D) none of these

Page 2
13. An object that is negatively charged will
A) repel a rubber rod stroked with fur.
B) repel a glass rod stroked with silk.
C) be polarized.
D) none of these

14. An object that is positively charged will

A) repel a rubber rod stroked with fur.
B) repel a glass rod stroked with silk.
C) be polarized.
D) none of these

15. The unit for current is the

A) ampere.
B) ohm.
C) coulomb.
D) volt.

16. Ohm's law gives the relationship between

A) current and voltage.
B) work and current.
C) current and charge.
D) force and current.

17. In a conductor, what moves?

A) Electrons
B) Neutrons
C) Quarks
D) Protons

18. One ampere  one second is a unit of

A) power.
B) current.
C) voltage.
D) electric charge.
E) resistance.

Page 3
19. The unit of resistance is called a(n)
A) volt.
B) ampere.
C) coulomb.
D) ohm.
E) watt.

20. The abbreviation of the unit of resistance is

A) 
B) 
C) 
D) 
E) 

21. Which of the following would be the least conductive?

A) Copper
B) Salt water
C) Glass
D) Mercury

22. For an ohmic conductor, current is

A) inversely proportional to voltage.
B) inversely proportional to resistance.
C) independent of resistance.
D) independent of voltage.

23. For an ohmic conductor, current is

A) directly proportional to voltage.
B) directly proportional to resistance.
C) independent of resistance.
D) independent of voltage.

24. The electrical power dissipated by a resistance R is

A) inversely proportional to I.
B) directly proportional to I2.
C) directly proportional to I.
D) none of these.

Page 4
25. The electrical power dissipated in an appliance depends on
A) voltage.
B) current.
C) resistance.
D) all of these.

26. If work is done on an electric charge, a ______________ is present.

A) resistance
B) current
C) voltage
D) transformer
E) bigger charge

27. A component in an automobile 12-V electrical system has a resistance of 30 . How

much current is in the component when in operation?
A) 42 A
B) 0.4 A
C) 2.5 A
D) 360 A

28. A component in an automobile 12-V electrical system has a resistance of 90 . How

much energy is dissipated by the component each second?
A) 0.63 J
B) 1.6 J
C) 7.5 J
D) 0.13 J

29. Voltage is defined as the ______________ per unit ______________.

A) charge; current
B) work; current
C) charge; work
D) work; charge

30. The electric company charges a home on the basis of consumption of

A) resistance.
B) energy.
C) current.
D) voltage.
E) power.

Page 5
31. If the voltage across a resistor is doubled, the current will
A) remain the same.
B) be cut to one-fourth.
C) be cut in half.
D) be doubled.
E) be quadrupled.

32. If the voltage across a resistor is quadrupled, the current will

A) remain the same.
B) be cut to one-quarter.
C) be cut by one-quarter.
D) be quadrupled.
E) be multiplied by sixteen.

33. Three resistors, 40 , 60 , and 50 , are wired in series and connected to a 120-V
battery. What is the equivalent resistance for this circuit?
A) 150 
B) 16 
C) 0.062 
D) 120000 

34. Three resistors, 60 , 80 , and 80 , are wired in series and connected to a 120-V
battery. What is the equivalent resistance for this circuit?
A) 220 
B) 24 
C) 0.042 
D) 384000 

35. Three resistors, 10 , 10 , and 10 , are wired in parallel and connected to a 120-V
battery. How much current flows in this circuit?
A) 4 
B) 36 
C) 400 
D) 0.12 

Page 6
36. Three resistors, 80 , 40 , and 60 , are wired in series and connected to a 120-V
battery. How much current flows in this circuit?
A) 0.67 
B) 6.5 
C) 2200 
D) 0.00063 

37. In a battery circuit with different resistors in parallel,

A) the total resistance is larger than the value of the largest resistor.
B) the current is the same through each resistor.
C) the total resistance is larger than the value of the smallest resistor.
D) the voltage is the same across each resistor.

38. For electrical safety,

A) electrical shocks caused by 1 A of current are of no concern.
B) fuses or circuit breakers are wired in series in circuits.
C) fuses larger than the rated value can be placed in a circuit.
D) fuses and circuit breakers are wired in parallel in circuits.

39. The source of magnetism is

A) polarization.
B) magnetic monopoles.
C) electrons.
D) protons.

40. Magnetism results from

A) the movement of magnetic particles.
B) the movement of electric charge.
C) Earth's magnetic field.
D) the movement of magnetic charge.

41. The direction of the magnetic field of a bar magnet is

A) in the direction a compass would point.
B) in any direction.
C) away from the south pole.
D) toward the north pole.

Page 7
42. The direction of the magnetic field of a bar magnet is
A) in the direction opposite to that in which a compass would point.
B) in any direction.
C) toward the south pole.
D) toward the north pole.

43. The direction of the magnetic field of a bar magnet is

A) in the direction opposite to that in which a compass would point.
B) in any direction.
C) away from the south pole.
D) away from the north pole.

44. Earth's magnetic field

A) results from a huge bar magnet within the planet.
B) is believed to arise from currents within the planet's core.
C) is always parallel to the planet's surface.
D) is always in the same direction.

45. A ferromagnetic material is magnetized by the alignment of

A) domains.
B) atoms.
C) single magnetic dipoles.
D) poles.

46. The angle between true north and the direction in which a compass needle points is
called the angle of
A) attack.
B) inclination.
C) declination.
D) dip.

47. A ferromagnetic material loses this property above the ______________ temperature.
A) domain
B) Faraday
C) Curie
D) Coulomb

Page 8
48. A motor converts
A) electricity into magnetism.
B) electrical energy into mechanical energy.
C) mechanical energy into electrical energy.
D) force into power.

49. Consider a wire at rest in a magnetic field as shown in the following figure. What will
happen to the wire?

A) A current will flow in the wire.

B) The wire will be pushed perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic field.
C) The wire will be pushed toward the north pole.
D) Nothing will happen.

50. Consider a wire in a magnetic field, as shown in the following figure, with a current
flowing through it. What will happen to the wire?

A) The wire will be forced toward the north pole.

B) The wire will be forced perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic field.
C) The current will cease flowing.
D) Nothing will happen.

Page 9
51. Consider a wire in a magnetic field, as shown in the following figure, with a current
flowing upward through it. What will happen to the wire?

A) The wire will be forced toward the north pole.

B) The wire will be forced perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic field, into the
page.
C) The wire will be forced perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic field, out of the
page.
D) The current will cease flowing.
E) The wire will be forced toward the south pole.

52. Consider a wire in a magnetic field, as shown in the following figure, with a current
flowing downward through it. What will happen to the wire?

A) The wire will be forced toward the north pole.

B) The wire will be forced perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic field, into the
page.
C) The wire will be forced perpendicular to the plane of the magnetic field, out of the
page.
D) The current will cease flowing.
E) The wire will be forced toward the south pole.

53. A transformer with 400 turns on the primary coil is used to decrease the voltage from
3000 V to 120 V for home use. How many turns should be in the secondary coil?
A) 400 turns
B) 10000 turns
C) 16 turns
D) 3520 turns

Page 10
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54. An ac voltage can be increased or decreased easily using a
A) battery.
B) transformer.
C) fuse.
D) motor.
E) generator.

55. A generator is a device that converts

A) heat energy into mechanical energy.
B) chemical energy into electrical energy.
C) mechanical energy into electrical energy.
D) electrical energy into mechanical energy.

56. A(n) ______________ is an elementary particle with a charge of +1.6  10-19 C.

A) electron
B) neutron
C) proton
D) atom

57. A(n) ______________ is an elementary particle with no charge.

A) electron
B) neutron
C) proton
D) atom

58. A(n) ______________ is an elementary particle with a charge of –1.6  10-19 C.

A) electron
B) neutron
C) proton
D) atom

59. An insulator has a positive electric charge of 4  10 -17 C. How many electrons were
added or removed?
A) 250 electrons removed
B) 40 electrons removed
C) 250 electrons added
D) 40 electrons added

Page 11
60. An insulator has a negative electric charge of 2.4  10 -17 C. How many electrons were
added or removed?
A) 150 electrons removed
B) 67 electrons removed
C) 150 electrons added
D) 67 electrons added

61. If a negatively charged object is brought near a suspended, positively charged object,
the suspended object will be
A) repelled.
B) charged more.
C) discharged.
D) attracted.

62. If a positively charged object is brought near a suspended, positively charged object, the
suspended object will be
A) repelled.
B) charged more.
C) discharged.
D) attracted.

63. If a negatively charged object is brought near a suspended, negatively charged object,
the suspended object will be
A) repelled.
B) charged more.
C) discharged.
D) attracted.

64. If a positively charged object is brought near a suspended, negatively charged object,
the suspended object will be
A) repelled.
B) charged more.
C) discharged.
D) attracted.

65. A(n) ______________ is an elementary particle with a charge of +1.6  10-19 coulomb.

66. If a negatively charged object is brought near a suspended, positively charged object,
the suspended object will be ______________.

Page 12
67. Two oppositely charged particles ______________ one another.

68. The rate of flow of electric charge is measured in units called ______________.

69. The unit of electric current is the _____________.

70. According to the law of charges, unlike charges _________.

71. An object may be electrically neutral, but regions may be charged by _____________.

72. In a(n) ______________, electrons do not move freely.

73. Another name for electric potential difference is ______________.

74. Voltage has the units of _____________, which is called a volt.

75. The expression that mathematically describes the force between two static electric
charges is called ______________.

76. The resistances are added in a(n) ______________ circuit.

77. The expression V = IR is called ______________.

78. Power may be expressed as _____________ times resistance.

79. The maximum current would flow in a set of resistors connected in ______________.

80. To prevent a home electric circuit from overheating because of too much current, a(n)
______________ is used.

Page 13
81. The voltage for typical home appliances is ______________.

82. A circuit breaker is connected in ______________ in a circuit.

83. Zero potential in household electricity is called ______________.

84. According to the law of poles, like poles ______________.

85. The law of poles states that like magnetic poles ______________ and unlike magnetic
poles ______________.

86. Magnetic fields can deflect ______________ charges.

87. The north pole of a compass points toward Earth's magnetic ______________ pole.

88. A ferromagnetic material loses this property above the ______________ temperature.

89. A moving electric charge or a current in a magnetic field may experience a(n)
______________.

90. A(n) ______________ converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.

91. A(n) __________ converts electrical energy into mechanical energy.

92. In a dc motor, the polarity and current are reversed by a(n) __________.

93. A step-down transformer has more windings on the ________ coil.

94. AC voltage may be stepped up or stepped down using a(n) ______________.

Page 14
 95. Three resistors, 10 , 20 , and 30 , are wired in series and connected to a 120-V
battery. How much current flows in the circuit?

96. An insulator has a positive electric charge of 2.4  10 -17 C. How many electrons were
added or removed?

97. If two protons are moved 3 times farther apart, the electrical force between them is what
factor of the original force?

98. If two protons are moved 3 times closer together, the electrical force between them is
what factor of the original force?

99. A steady current of 0.15 A exists in a wire for 20 s.

a. How much net charge passes by a point in the wire?
b. How many electrons does this charge represent?

100. A component in an automobile 12-V electrical system has a resistance of 20 .

a. How much current is in the component when the system is in operation?
b. How much energy is dissipated by the component each second?

101. A current of 6.0 A flows through a resistance of 50 . How much power is dissipated?

102. In a 12-V battery circuit, a 10- resistor and a 30- resistor are connected in series.
How much current does the battery supply to the circuit?

103. A 20- resistor and a 30- resistor are wired in parallel and connected to a 9.0-V
battery.
a. How much current is drawn from the battery?
b. How much power is dissipated in the circuit?

104. Three resistors, 10 , 20 , and 30 , are wired in series and connected to a 120-V
battery. How much current flows in the circuit?

105. Three resistors, 10 , 20 , and 30 , are wired in parallel and connected to a 12-V
battery. How much current flows in the circuit?

Page 15
Exploring the Variety of Random
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 ‘Oh, indeed!’ answered Madame Deschwanden, quickly running
her eye over her. ‘You are good-looking, you will do, only fish in a
different pool from Madeleine. But oh, ecstasy! here comes
Madeleine. What has she got?’
Madeleine was indeed visible pushing her way back from the
factory. She had something in her hands, but what, was not
distinguishable. In another minute she was upstairs and had
deposited a beautiful mother-of-pearl box on the table, a box of
considerable size, and of beautiful workmanship.
‘What is in it?’ almost shrieked Madame Deschwanden.
‘My mother, I cannot tell; it is locked, and I have not the key.’
Madeleine was nearly out of breath. She leaned against the table,
put her hand against her side, and panted. She looked so pretty, so
bewitching, that Percenez could hardly be angry with her, though he
knew she had done wrong. Her cheeks were flushed, her dancing
black eyes were bright with triumph, and her attitude was easy and
full of grace. She wore her hair loose, curled and falling over her
neck and shoulders. Her bodice was low, exposing throat and
bosom, both exquisitely moulded; her skirt was short, and allowed
her neat little feet and ankles to be seen in all their perfection.
Gabrielle thought she had never seen so pretty a girl. She herself
was a marked contrast to Madeleine. She was not so slender and
trim in her proportions, nor so agile in her movements; but her face
was full of simplicity, and that was the principal charm. Madeleine’s
features were not so regular as those of Gabrielle, but there was far
more animation in her face. The deep hazel eyes of the peasant-girl
were steady, the dark orbs of the Parisian flower-girl sparkled and
danced, without a moment’s constancy. A woman’s character is
written on her brow. That of Gabrielle was smooth, and spoke of
purity; the forehead of Madeleine expressed boldness and
assurance.
‘You are the joy of my life, the loadstar of my existence!’
exclaimed the mother, embracing her daughter, and then the box,
which she covered with kisses. ‘Oh ecstasy! oh raptures! this is
beautiful. Klaus, lend me one of your tools to force the box open.
Perhaps it contains jewels! Klaus, quick!’
The lad placed his hand on the coffer, and said, gravely: ‘I am
sorry to spoil your pleasure, dear mother; but this mother-of-pearl
box must be returned.’
‘Returned!’ echoed madame with scorn,—‘returned to the mob,
who are breaking everything. I never heard such nonsense.’
‘Not to the mob, but to M. Réveillon.’
‘To M. Réveillon! what rubbish you do talk! I shall keep the box
and cherish it. Mon Dieu! would you tear it from me now that I love
it, that I adore it?’
‘We shall see, when my father comes,’ said Nicholas
Deschwanden. ‘I have no doubt of his decision.’
‘I shall kill myself,’ said Madame Deschwanden, ‘and go to heaven,
where I shall be happy, and you will not be able to rob me of all my
pretty things, and pester me with your conscientious scruples. See if
I do not! or I shall run away with a gentleman who will love me and
gratify all my little innocent whims. See if I do not! And so I shall
leave you and your father to talk your rigmaroles about Alps and
lakes and glaciers, and chant your litanies to Bruder Klaus and
Heiliger Meinrad. See if I don’t!’
The discharge of musketry interrupted the flow of her threats, and
the vehement little woman was next moment again at the window.
‘Oh, how lucky!’ she exclaimed: ‘Madeleine! if you had been ten
minutes later you would have been shot. Count, Étienne; count,
Madeleine; one, two, three, four, oh how many there are down—
killed, poor things! Dear me! I would not have missed the sight for a
thousand livres. Étienne, Madeleine, you Klaus! come, look, they will
fire again. Glorious! Oh, what fun! Ecstasy! raptures!’
After the second discharge madame drew attention to the man
who had been shot through the heart—he with the bottle of leeches.
 ‘How he leaped! He would have made his fortune on the tight-
rope. Oh! what would I not have given to have danced with him. I
am certain he was a superb dancer. Did any of you ever in your life
see a male cut such a caper? Never; it was magnificent, it was
prodigious. More the pity that he is dead. He will never dance again,’
she said, in a low and sad voice; but brightened up instantly again
with the remark, ‘Ah well! we must all die sooner or later. Étienne,
count the dead, now that the soldiers have cleared the street and
square. My faith! what a pity it is that dead men are not made
serviceable for the table; and meat is so dear!’ Then suddenly it
occurred to the volatile lady that her brother and his little companion
had come to take up their abode with her—and meat so dear! She
attacked Étienne at once on the point.
‘My dearest brother, whom I love above everyone—yes, whom I
adore,—I will not deny it, whom I idolize,—tell me, where are you
lodging?’
‘I thought you could give Gabrielle and me shelter for awhile,’
answered Percenez. ‘I am sure Madeleine will share her bed with
Gabrielle, my little ward, and I can litter myself a mattress of straw
anywhere.’
‘And you have not dined yet?’ asked Madame Deschwanden.
‘No; we have not had time to think of dinner.’
‘But you are hungry?’
‘Certainly.’
‘And thirsty?’
‘Very thirsty, I can assure you.’
Madame Deschwanden caught both his hands in hers, and shook
them enthusiastically.
‘My own best-beloved brother! I talk of you all day long, do I not,
Madeleine? You, too, Klaus, can bear me witness. I am rejoiced to
hear that you are hungry and thirsty. And you like thoroughly good
dinners?’
‘Most assuredly, when I can get them.’
‘And you too?’ she looked at Gabrielle, who whispered an
affirmative.
‘And you enjoy a really good bottle of wine?’
‘Trust me,’ answered Stephen.
‘Then,’ said Madame Deschwanden, hugging her brother to her
heart, ‘the best of everything is yours, at the sign of the Boot, two
doors off, on the right hand, and table-d’hôte is in half an hour.
Terms very moderate.’
‘But, my sister!’ said the little colporteur, drawing out of her
embrace, and regarding her with a sly look, ‘I have come to take up
my residence with you.’
‘And dine at the Boot,’ put in the lady. ‘I can confidently
recommend the table there. It is largely patronized by the most
discerning palates.’
‘But, my sister, I am quite resolved to take my meals with you.’
‘You cannot, indeed!’ exclaimed madame; ‘my cookery is vile, it is
baser than dirt. I am an abject cook.’
‘Oh, Josephine, neither Gabrielle André nor I are particular.’
‘André!’ exclaimed Madame Deschwanden. ‘Do you tell me the
name of this seraph is André? Is she the daughter of Matthias André
of Les Hirondelles?’
‘To be sure she is.’
Madame now cast herself on the neck of the peasant girl, sobbed
loudly, and wept copiously.
‘To think it is you! the daughter of Matthias, who adored me,
when I was your age. Yes, child; your father when a young man was
my most devoted admirer; but, ah, bah! every one admired me
then, but he above them all. And if I had accepted him as my
husband—to think you might then have been my daughter. Poor
Matthias! how is he?’
Percenez checked her with a look and shake of the head.
‘Well, well! we all die, more’s the pity; and your mother—dead
too! Ah well! every sentence ends in a full stop, and so does the
long rigmarole of life. Then in pity’s sake let life be a Jubilate and
not a De Profundis.’
‘About meals?’ said Percenez. His sister’s countenance fell at once,
but she rapidly recovered.
‘Exactly. You will hear all the news at the Boot. Superb place for
gossip. Oh you men, you men! you charge us women with tittle-
tattling, and when you get together—’ she wagged her finger at him
and laughed. ‘Now, be quick, Étienne! my brother, and you, my
angel, Mademoiselle André, and get your dinners over quick, and
come here and tell us the news, and we shall have a charming
evening.’
‘My sister,’ said Percenez, ‘you must really listen to my proposal. I
may be in Paris for weeks—perhaps months. I intend to pursue my
business of selling newspapers and pamphlets here in Paris for a
while, that is, during the session of the States-General, and I cannot
think of troubling you with my presence as a guest. Will you let us
lodge with you? I will pay you so much a week for my bed and
board, and Gabrielle shall do the same. She has a mission to
perform in Paris, and though I am not sanguine of her success,
nevertheless she must make an attempt. She can join Madeleine in
selling flowers, and I will guarantee that you are no loser.’
‘My own most cherished brother!’ exclaimed Madame
Deschwanden; ‘do not think me so mercenary as all that. Gladly do I
urge you to stay here, and join us at our frugal table. You are
welcome to every scrap of food in the larder, and to every bed in the
house. Far be it from me to be mercenary. I hate the word—I scorn
to be thought it. I care for money! No one has as yet hinted such a
thing to me! No; you are welcome—welcome to a sister’s hospitality.
The terms, by the way, you did not mention,’ she said, in a lower
voice; ‘we have taken in boarders at——’
She was interrupted by the entrance of Corporal Deschwanden,
her husband, a tall, grave soldier, with a face as corrugated and
brown as that of Percenez; his moustaches and the hair of the head
were iron grey, his eyes large and blue, like his son’s, and lighted
with the same expression of frank simplicity.
The corporal saluted Percenez and Gabrielle, as his wife
introduced them with many flourishes of the arms and flowers of
eloquence.
‘You are heartily welcome, sir,’ said the soldier in broken French;
‘and you, fraulein, the same.’
Then seating himself at the table he rapped the board with his
knuckles and said, ‘Dinner!’
Madame Deschwanden and her daughter speedily served a cold
repast in the lower room, the mother making many apologies for
having nothing hot to offer, as she had been distracted by the
Réveillon riot, and now her head was racked with pain, and she
prayed Heaven would speedily terminate her sufferings with death.
The old soldier during the meal looked over several times at
Gabrielle in a kindly manner, and treated her with courtesy. The girl
raised her timid eyes to his, and saw them beaming with
benevolence. A frightened smile fluttered to her lips, and he smiled
back at her.
‘You have come a long way,’ he said; ‘and you must be tired, poor
child! Ah! if you had our mountains to climb’—he looked at his son
Nicholas—‘they would tire your little feet. Do you remember the
scramble we had up the Rhigi, Klaus? And the lake—the deep blue
lake—Ach es war herrlich! And the clouds brushing across the silver
Roth and Engelberger hörner.’ The old man rose, brushed up his hair
on either side of his ears; his blue eyes flashed, and he sat down
again.
 ‘Now this is against all rule,’ said Madame Deschwanden; ‘here we
are back at that pottering little Switzerland, and the mountains, and
the lake, before dinner is over; we shall have the glaciers next, and
the chamois, and the cowbells, and the gentians, and of course wind
up with the Bruder Klaus.’
‘Relaxation,’ said the soldier, rapping the table with his knuckles,
after consulting his watch. ‘Meal-time up; relaxation begins.’
‘Then you are going to have the lakes and the cowbells and the
Bruder Klaus!’ said Madame Deschwanden.
‘It is their time,’ answered the corporal.
‘Then Madeleine and I are off.’
‘I will rap for prayers,’ said the corporal.
 CHAPTER XX.

Madeleine and her mother retired to the window, and beckoned

Gabrielle to join them.
The corporal and the colporteur lit their pipes, and Klaus with his
knife began to cut a head out of a bit of box-wood he extracted from
his pocket.
‘So, Master Percenez, you have come to witness the great
struggle?’ said the soldier, fixing his blue eyes on the little man.
‘Yes, corporal, I have. I am interested in it,—but who is not? It
seems to me that we must fight now, or give in for ever.’
‘A fight there will be,’ said the soldier; ‘a fight of tongues and hard
words. Tongues for swords, hard words for bullets. Did you ever
hear how we managed to gain our liberty in my country? I tell you
that was not with speeches, but with blows. I doubt if your States-
General will do much. I do not think much of talking, I like action.’
‘And are you free in Switzerland?’ asked Percenez.
‘Yes,’ answered Deschwanden, ‘we are free. We gained our liberty
by our swords. Our brave land was subject to the despotic rule of
the Duke of Austria, and we were reduced to much the same
condition as you French are now. We paid taxes which were
exorbitant, we were crushed by the privileged classes, and robbed of
the just reward of our toil. Then Arnold of Melchthal, Werner
Stauffacher, and Walter Fürst formed the resolution to resist, and
lead the people to revolt, and so they threw off the yoke and
became free.’
 ‘Father,’ said Nicholas, ‘do you remember the inn of the
Confederates on the lake, with their figures painted on the white
wall, five times the size of life?’
‘Ah so!’ exclaimed the corporal; ‘have I not drunk on the balcony
of that same inn over against Grütli? Have I not seen the three
fountains that bubbled up where the Confederates stood and joined
hands and swore to liberate their country from the oppression of
their Austrian governors, to be faithful to each other, and to be
righteous in executing their judgments on the tyrants?’
The old man brushed up the hair on either side of his head, rose
to his feet, filled his tumbler with wine, and waving it above his
head, exclaimed joyously:
‘Here is to the memory of Arnold of Melchthal, Werner Stauffacher,
and Walter Fürst!’
Percenez and young Nicholas drank, standing.
‘Did you ever hear,’ continued the soldier, reseating himself, ‘how
William Tell refused to bow to the ducal cap set up on a pole, the
badge of servitude, and how the governor—his name was Gessler—
bade the valiant archer shoot an apple off his son’s head?’
‘I have heard the story,’ said the colporteur.
‘And I have seen the place,’ cried Nicholas; ‘have I not, father?’
‘We have both seen the very spot where the glorious William
stood, and where grew the tree against which the lad was placed.
The square is no more. Houses have invaded it, so that now Tell
could not send an arrow from his standing-point to the site of the
tree. Ah! he was a great liberator of his country, was Tell. Fill your
glasses, friends! To William Tell!’ He rubbed up his hair, rose to his
feet, and drained his glass again.
‘Have you ever heard how nearly Swiss freedom was lost, by
treachery and gold? You must know that the Confederate States had
vanquished Charles of Burgundy in three great battles, and had
pillaged his camp, which was so full of booty that gold circulated
among the people like copper. The cantons of Uri, of Schwytz, and
Unterwalden—that latter is mine—desired peace, and those of
Lucerne, and Berne, and Zurich desired to extend the Confederacy;
so great quarrels arose, and soon that union which was the source
of their strength promised to be dissolved, and civil war to break
out, and ruin Swiss independence. The Confederates were
assembled for consultation, for the last time, at Stanz. The animosity
of party, however, was so great, that after three sessions of angry
debates, the members rose with agitated countenances, and
separated without taking leave of one another, to meet again,
perhaps, only in the conflict of civil war. That which neither the
power of Austria, nor the audacious might of Charles of Burgundy,
had ever been able to accomplish, my people were themselves in
danger of bringing about by these internal dissensions; and the
liberty and happiness of their country stood in the most imminent
peril.’
‘My faith!’ cried Madame Deschwanden, shrugging her shoulders,
and throwing into her face, as she sat in the window, an expression
of disgust and contempt, ‘they are getting upon the Bruder Klaus.’
‘Yes, wife,’ said the soldier, turning to her, and brushing up his hair,
‘glorious Bruder Klaus! Here’s to his—— but no, you shall hear the
story first. So! up the face of a precipice in the Melchthal lived a
hermit, Nicholas von der Flue. And here I may add that our captain
is called by the same name. Well, then, this hermit, whom we call
Brother Nicholas, or, for short, Brother Klaus, left his cell at the
moment of danger, and sending a messenger before him to bid the
deputies await his arrival, he walked all the way to Stanz without
resting, and entered the town-hall, where the assembly sat. He wore
his simple dark-coloured dress, which descended to his feet; he
carried his chaplet in one hand, and grasped his staff in the other;
he was, as usual, barefoot and bare-headed; and his long hair, a
little touched by the snows of age, fell upon his shoulders. When the
delegates saw him enter, they rose out of respect, and God gave him
such grace that his words restored unanimity, and in an hour all
difficulties were smoothed away; the land was preserved from civil
war, and from falling again,—as in that case it must have fallen,—
under the power of Burgundy or Austria.’
‘I have seen the very coat Bruder Klaus wore,’ said Nicholas, his
large blue eyes full of pride and joy.
‘Yes,’ said the soldier, triumphantly; ‘we have both seen his habit;
we have seen his body, too, at Sachseln. Fill your glasses!’ he rubbed
up his hair, first over his ears and then above his forehead and at the
back of the head, and starting to his feet, pledged Bruder Klaus of
pious memory. Percenez and Nicholas joined enthusiastically.
‘See!’ said the latter, taking his black ribbon from his neck, and
extending the medal to Percenez; ‘on that coin is a representation of
the blessed hermit; that piece has been laid on his shrine, and has
been blessed by the priest of Sachseln.’
‘Fetch him the statue of the glorious brother!’ cried the corporal to
his son; ‘let him see what blessed Nicholas really was like.’
The lad instantly dived out of the room, down a passage, and
presently reappeared with a wooden figure of the hermit, carved by
himself. The face was exquisitely wrought, and the hands delicately
finished. The whole was painted, but not coarsely.
‘He was very pale in the face, almost deadly white, and dark about
the eyes,’ said the soldier. ‘We have his portrait, taken during his life,
in the town-hall of Sarnen——’ all at once the corporal’s eyes rested
on his watch.
‘Herr Je!’ he exclaimed; ‘we have exceeded our time by three
minutes.’ He rapped with his knuckles on the table, and shouted the
order:
‘Music!’
Instantly his son Nicholas produced a flute, and warbled on it a
well-known Swiss air. The corporal folded his hands on his breast,
threw back his head, fixed his eyes on the scrap of blue sky visible
above the roofs of the houses opposite, and began to sing, ‘Herz,
mein Herz warum so traurig’—of which we venture to give an
English rendering:
‘Heart, my heart! why art thou weary,
Why to grief and tears a prey?
Foreign lands are bright and cheery;
Heart, my heart, what ails thee, say?

‘That which ails me past appeasing!

I am lost, a stranger here;
What though foreign lands be pleasing,
Home, sweet home, alone is dear.

‘Were I now to home returning,

Oh, how swiftly would I fly!
Home to father, home to mother,
Home to native rocks and sky!

‘Through the fragrant pine-boughs bending

I should see the glacier shine,
See the nimble goats ascending
Gentian-dappled slopes in line;

‘See the cattle, hear the tinkle

Of the merry clashing bells,
See white sheep the pastures sprinkle
In the verdant dewy dells.

‘I should climb the rugged gorges

To the azure Alpine lake,
Where the snowy peak discharges
Torrents, that the silence break.

‘I should see the old brown houses,

At the doors, in every place,
Neighbours sitting, children playing,
Greetings in each honest face.

‘Oh my youth! to thee returning,

Oft I ask, why did I roam?
Oh my heart! my heart is burning
At the memory of Home.

‘Heart, my heart! in weary sadness

 Breaking, far from fatherland,
Restless, yearning, void of gladness,
Till once more at home I stand.’
As the old man sang, the tears filled his large eyes, and slowly
trickled down his weather-beaten cheeks. He sat for some while in
silence and motionless, absorbed in memory. Now and then a smile
played over his rugged features.
‘I remember walking from Beckenreid to Seelisberg one spring
evening,’ he said, speaking to himself; ‘the rocks were covered with
wild pinks. We never see wild pinks here. And the thyme was
fragrant, multitudes of bees swarmed humming about it. I
remember, because, when tired, I sat on the thyme, and listened to
their buzz. Down below lay the deep blue green lake reflecting the
mountains, still as glass. The bell of Gersau was chiming. The red
roofs were so pretty under the brown rocks of the Scheideck and
Hochflue. A little farther on, upon a mass of fallen rock in the water,
in the midst of a feathery tuft of birch, stood the chapel of
Kindlismord.’ He paused and smiled, and then a great tear dropped
from his cheek to his breast. ‘I saw a foaming torrent rush through
the forest and dart over a ledge and disappear. The golden clouds
overhead were reflected in the lake. I picked a bunch of blue salvias
and a tiger-lily.’ He drew a heavy sigh, brushed his hair down with
his hands, shook his head, looked at his watch, and rapped the table
with the order:
‘Prayers!’
Immediately all rose, and the old soldier led the way down the
passage into Klaus’s workshop.
Klaus, as has already been said, carved statues for churches. His
room was full of figures, some finished and coloured, others half
done; some only sketched out of the block. On a shelf stood a row
of little saints; but the majority were from three to five feet high. In
the corner was a huge S. Christopher, carrying the infant Saviour on
his shoulder, and leaning on a rugged staff. His work-table was
strewn with tools and shavings and chips of wood, and the floor was
encumbered with blocks of oak and box, wood shavings and
sawdust. In a niche in the side of the room, on a pedestal, stood a
life-sized figure of the Swiss hermit, the patron saint of the
Deschwandens, with a pendent lamp before it. A crucifix of ebony
and boxwood stood before the little window which lighted the room,
and was situated immediately above his work-table. The corporal
knelt down, followed by his family and the guests, and recited the
usual evening prayers in a firm voice, ending with the Litany of the
Saints.
After the last response, the corporal made a pause, and rapped
with his knuckles against the bench in front of him, whereupon
Madame Deschwanden rose with a sniff and a great rustle of her
garments, and sailed out of the room, leaning on Madeleine.
‘You had better come, too,’ she said to Percenez and Gabrielle;
‘that father and son there have not done yet. They have their
blessed Swiss saints to invoke in their barbarous jargon. But, as I do
not approve either of their tongue or of their Klauses and Meinrads,
Madeleine and I always leave them to themselves.’
The colporteur and his little ward rose, but not without hesitation,
for the corporal and his son remained kneeling as stiff as any of the
wooden figures surrounding them, with hands joined and eyes
directed immediately in front of them.
‘Oh my faith!’ exclaimed Madame Deschwanden, as she reached
the sitting-room; ‘to think that I have been reduced to this,—to
become the spouse of a clockwork-man made of wood. Heavens!
Étienne, the corporal does everything to the minute; dresses,
washes, eats, prays, dreams of his precious Schweizerland, all by the
watch, and I—poor I—I am in despair. This does not suit me at all.’
Percenez attempted to console his sister, and she rattled on with
her story of grievance, whilst Gabrielle, musing and not speaking,
heard the solemn voice of the old soldier sounding from the
workshop:
‘Heiliger Meinrad!’
 And Nicholas’s response: ‘Bitte für uns[2].’
‘Heiliger Gallus!’
‘Bitte für uns.’
‘Heiliger Beatus!’
‘Bitte für uns.’
‘Heiliger Moritz und deine Gefährte!’
‘Bittet für uns.’
‘Heiliger Bonifacius!’
‘Bitte für uns.’
‘Heilige Verena!’
‘Bitte für uns.’
‘Heiliger Bruder Klaus!’
‘Bitte für uns.’
Shortly after, the corporal and his son returned to the room.
Gabrielle was sitting by herself in the dusk near the door—in fact, in
that corner of the sofa into which Madame Deschwanden had driven
Nicholas, when she wanted the paper with roses and jessamine and
Brazilian humming-birds.
The young man walked towards her somewhat awkwardly, and
leaning on the arm of the sofa with his back to the window, said:
‘You must be puzzled at our relationship in this house.’
‘I do not quite understand the relationship, I own,’ answered
Gabrielle, shyly.
‘I am not the son of madame,’ said he, nodding his head in the
direction of Percenez’s sister, ‘nor is Madeleine my own sister. My
father married again, after my mother’s death, and Madame Chabry
was a widow with an only daughter. Do you understand now?’
‘Yes, thank you.’
 ‘I should like to hear your opinion about the box,’ he continued.
‘Do you think we have any right to keep it? Mamma is set upon it, so
is Madeleine, but the question is, have they any right to it?’
Gabrielle looked at her shawl, and plucked at the fringe.
‘You do not like to answer,’ said Klaus.
‘I think the box ought to be returned,’ she said, timidly, and in a
low, faltering voice.
A smile beamed on the lad’s broad face. He nodded at her in a
friendly, approving manner, and said, ‘So my father says. I consulted
him in the other room. And now the difficulty is to get the box away.
Observe my father.’
Gabrielle looked towards the corporal; he was standing near the
window, with his back to the table on which the mother-of-pearl
coffer lay, and was engaged in animated conversation with Percenez,
Madame, and Madeleine. Gabrielle observed that the old soldier
made a point of addressing his wife and daughter-in-law in turn, and
then directing an observation to Percenez. From sentences she
caught, the girl ascertained that the corporal was attacking the
French character, and was especially caustic on the subject of French
women. His wife was at once in a blaze, and Madeleine caught fire.
Percenez took up cudgels on behalf of his countrywomen, but the
soldier was not to be beaten by the three combined. As soon as the
conversation or argument gave symptoms of flagging, he produced
from his armoury some peculiarly pungent remark, which he cast as
a bomb-shell among them, and which at once aroused a clatter of
tongues.
‘There’s a story told in my country of a man who married a
Frenchwoman,’ said the soldier, fixing his wife with his eye.
‘I will not listen to your stories,’ said Madame Deschwanden; ‘they
are bad, wicked tales. Stop your ears, Percenez, as I stop mine.
Madeleine, don’t listen to him. A Frenchman uses his tongue like a
feather, but a German or Swiss knocks you down with it like a club.’
 ‘There is a story in my country,’ pursued the corporal, turning
composedly towards the colporteur, ‘of a Swiss farmer who married
a French mademoiselle.’
‘Ah! I pity her, poor thing, I do,’ said Madame Deschwanden,
suddenly removing her hand from her ear and fluttering it in her
husband’s face; ‘she doubtless thought him flesh and blood, and
only too late found him out to be a Jacquemart—a wooden doll
worked by springs.’
‘So!’ continued the soldier, calmly, ‘the man died——’
‘Of dry rot,’ interpolated madame; ‘there was a maggot in his
head.’
‘He died,’ the soldier pursued; ‘and then, having left the earth, he
presented himself at the gates of Paradise.’
‘Ah!’ exclaimed madame; ‘and he found that it was peopled with
Bruder Klauses—like the wooden saints your boy carves.’
‘Now you know, Percenez, my good friend, that there is a
preliminary stage souls have to pass through before they can enter
the realm of the blessed; that stage is called purgatory. So! S. Peter
opened the door to the Swiss Bauer and said, “You cannot come in.
You have not been in purgatory!” “No,” answered the farmer, “but I
have spent ten years married to a French wife.” “Then step in,” said
the door-keeper, “you have endured purgatory in life.”’
‘I will not listen to you,’ screamed Madame Deschwanden,
resolutely facing the window and presenting her back to her
husband.
Madeleine followed suit, and was immediately engrossed in what
was taking place in the street.
‘You Frenchwomen!’ called the corporal, tauntingly, as he stepped
backwards with his hands behind him. The mother and daughter
turned abruptly, and facing him exclaimed together, ‘We glory in the
title;’ then reverted to their contemplation of the street.
 ‘Now,’ said Nicholas, in a low voice, ‘observe my father attentively;
he is a skilful general.’
Corporal Deschwanden retreated leisurely backwards, as though
retiring from the presence of royalty, till he reached the table, when
his hands felt for the casket, and took it up; then, still fronting the
window and the women at it, he sidled towards the door, keeping
the mother-of-pearl box carefully out of sight.
Having reached the door, he asked Percenez if he would
accompany him for a stroll. The colporteur gladly consented, and
followed him out of the room.
The mother and daughter still maintained their position at the
open window, till suddenly the former threw up her hands with a cry
of dismay, sprang abruptly into the middle of the room, and shrieked
out, ‘I am betrayed! the thief! the rogue! the malicious one! He has
carried off the mother-of-pearl box. I saw it under his arm. He
showed it to Étienne, and laughed as he crossed the street.
Madeleine! what shall we do? We will take poison, and die in one
another’s arms!’ Then, after a volley of shrieks, she fell on her
daughter’s neck and deluged her with tears.
‘I think that was a skilfully-executed manœuvre of my father’s,’
said Nicholas, aside.
Gabrielle smiled; but then, observing how distressed was her
hostess, she said, in a low voice, ‘I am afraid your mother is heart-
broken over her loss.’
‘Yes, for half an hour, and then she will have forgotten all about it.
You will see, when my father returns, it will be with a locket, or a
brooch, or a ribbon, and then she will be all “ecstasy and raptures,”
and will kiss him on both cheeks, and pronounce him the best of
husbands.’
Gabrielle looked up into his face with an expression of delight in
her eyes and on her lips.
 The young man’s eyes rested on her countenance with pleasure.
After a moment’s hesitation, he said:
‘Mademoiselle Gabrielle, may I ask you one little favour? I know I
have not deserved it by anything I have done, but you will confer a
debt of gratitude on my father and on me if you will accede to my
request.’
‘What is it?’ asked the girl, opening her eyes very wide, and
wondering very greatly what he meant.
‘Will you promise me not to take part with my mother and
Madeleine against the Swiss? My father laughs, and I laugh, but
what they say cuts us,—sometimes deeply. We are proud of our
country;’ he brushed his hair from his brow and straightened himself,
his attitude and action a reproduction of his father. ‘We have reason
to be proud of it, and we do not like to be joked about it, and to
hear slurs cast on it. Oh! Mademoiselle Gabrielle, I do not know why
I ask this of you, but I should feel it dreadfully if you joined them
against us, and so, too, would my father.’
‘I promise with all my heart.’
‘That is delightful!’ exclaimed Nicholas, clapping his hands, whilst a
joyous flush overspread his open countenance; ‘and then, there is
something more.’ His face grew solemn at once. ‘Do not speak
against, or make a joke about, Bruder Klaus. You do not know what
a man that was, what a saint he is, what he did for his country, what
a miraculous life he led, what wonders are wrought yet at his tomb.
You should have seen his portrait—the grave white face, and the
eyes reddened with weeping, and the sunken cheeks! Oh,
Mademoiselle Gabrielle, you may be sure that, among the greatest
of saints, our Bruder Klaus——’
‘What!’ exclaimed Madame Deschwanden, looking up from her
daughter’s shoulder, as she caught the word; ‘if that boy is not
dinning Bruder Klaus into Mademoiselle André’s ear already. Was
ever a woman so overwhelmed, so haunted as I am with these
ragged old Swiss hermits? I have the nightmare, and dream that
Bruder Klaus is dancing on my breast. I look out of the window in
the dark, and see Bruder Klaus jabbering in the gloom, and pointing
at me with his stick. I wish to goodness the precious Bruder had
committed a mortal sin, and his sanctity had gone to the dogs, I do!’
Nicholas drew nearer to Gabrielle, as though shrinking from his
stepmother’s expressions as impious, and willing to screen the girl
from their pernicious influence. He stooped towards her, with his
great blue eyes fastened on her with intensity of earnestness, as he
whispered:
‘You will promise me that? Oh! please do, dear mademoiselle!’
‘Certainly I will,’ answered Gabrielle, frankly looking at him.
He caught her hand and kissed it, and then precipitately left the
room.

END OF VOL. I.
 FOOTNOTES:

[1] The window is described from one existing in the north aisle
of the church of S. Foy, at Conches, the stained glass in which
church is perhaps the finest in Normandy.
[2] Holy Meinrad, &c. Pray for us.
 Transcriber’s Notes

The Table of Contents at the beginning of the book was created by the
transcriber.
Inconsistencies in hyphenation such as “boxwood”/“box-wood” have been
maintained.
Minor punctuation and spelling errors have been silently corrected and, except
for those changes noted below, all misspellings in the text, especially in
dialogue, and inconsistent or archaic usage, have been retained.

Page 56: “epecially noticeable when a band of girls” changed to “especially

noticeable when a band of girls”.
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