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1
Ruby is an agile object-oriented language, borrowing some of the best features from LISP, Smalltalk, Perl,
CLU, and other languages. Its popularity has grown tremendously in the five years since the first edition of
this book.
The Ruby Way takes a "how-to" approach to Ruby programming with the bulk of the material consisting of
more than 400 examples arranged by topic. Each example answers the question "How do I do this in Ruby?"
Working along with the author, you are presented with the task description and a discussion of the technical
constraints. This is followed by a step-by-step presentation of one good solution. Along the way, the author
provides detailed commentary and explanations to aid your understanding.
Coverage includes
• Operations on hashes, arrays, and other data structures such as stacks, trees, and graphs
• Working with image files, PDFs, YAML, XML, RSS, and Atom
1
2
• Web development tools including Rails, Nitro, Wee, IOWA, and more
The source code for the book can be downloaded from www.rubyhacker.com
Hal Fulton has worked for over 15 years with variousforms of Unix, including AIX, Solaris, and Linux. He
was first exposed to Ruby in 1999, and in 2001 he began work on the first edition of this bookthe second
Ruby book published in the English language. He has attendednumerous Ruby conferences and has given
presentations at several of those, including the first European Ruby Conference.
He has two degrees in computer science from the University of Mississippi and taught computer science for
four years before moving to Austin, Texas to work as a contractor for variouscompanies, including IBM
Austin. Hal currently works at Broadwing Communications in Austin, Texas, maintaining a large data
warehouse and related telecom applications, working daily with C++, Oracle, and, of course, Ruby.
Copyright
Foreword
Acknowledgments
About
the
Author
Introduction
Chapter
1.
Ruby
in
Review
Section
1.1.
An
Introduction
to
Object
Orientation
2
3
Section
1.2.
Basic
Ruby
Syntax
and
Semantics
Section
1.3.
OOP
in
Ruby
Section
1.4.
Dynamic
Aspects
of
Ruby
Section
1.5.
Training
Your
Intuition:
Things
to
Remember
Section
1.6.
Ruby
Jargon
and
Slang
Section
1.7.
Conclusion
Chapter
2.
Working
with
Strings
Section
2.1.
Representing
Ordinary
Strings
Section
2.2.
Representing
Strings
with
Alternate
Notations
Section
3
4
2.3.
Using
Here-Documents
Section
2.4.
Finding
the
Length
of
a
String
Section
2.5.
Processing
a
Line
at
a
Time
Section
2.6.
Processing
a
Byte
at
a
Time
Section
2.7.
Performing
Specialized
String
Comparisons
Section
2.8.
Tokenizing
a
String
Section
2.9.
Formatting
a
String
Section
2.10.
Using
Strings
As
IO
Objects
Section
2.11.
Controlling
Uppercase
4
5
and
Lowercase
Section
2.12.
Accessing
and
Assigning
Substrings
Section
2.13.
Substituting
in
Strings
Section
2.14.
Searching
a
String
Section
2.15.
Converting
Between
Characters
and
ASCII
Codes
Section
2.16.
Implicit
and
Explicit
Conversion
Section
2.17.
Appending
an
Item
Onto
a
String
Section
2.18.
Removing
Trailing
Newlines
and
Other
Characters
Section
2.19.
Trimming
Whitespace
from
a
5
6
String
Section
2.20.
Repeating
Strings
Section
2.21.
Embedding
Expressions
Within
Strings
Section
2.22.
Delayed
Interpolation
of
Strings
Section
2.23.
Parsing
Comma-Separated
Data
Section
2.24.
Converting
Strings
to
Numbers
(Decimal
and
Otherwise)
Section
2.25.
Encoding
and
Decoding
rot13
Text
Section
2.26.
Encrypting
Strings
Section
2.27.
Compressing
Strings
Section
2.28.
Counting
Characters
in
Strings
Section
2.29.
6
7
Reversing
a
String
Section
2.30.
Removing
Duplicate
Characters
Section
2.31.
Removing
Specific
Characters
Section
2.32.
Printing
Special
Characters
Section
2.33.
Generating
Successive
Strings
Section
2.34.
Calculating
a
32-Bit
CRC
Section
2.35.
Calculating
the
MD5
Hash
of
a
String
Section
2.36.
Calculating
the
Levenshtein
Distance
Between
Two
Strings
Section
2.37.
Encoding
and
Decoding
base64
Strings
7
8
Section
2.38.
Encoding
and
Decoding
Strings
(uuencode/uudecode)
Section
2.39.
Expanding
and
Compressing
Tab
Characters
Section
2.40.
Wrapping
Lines
of
Text
Section
2.41.
Conclusion
Chapter
3.
Working
with
Regular
Expressions
Section
3.1.
Regular
Expression
Syntax
Section
3.2.
Compiling
Regular
Expressions
Section
3.3.
Escaping
Special
Characters
Section
3.4.
Using
Anchors
Section
3.5.
Using
Quantifiers
Section
8
9
3.6.
Positive
and
Negative
Lookahead
Section
3.7.
Accessing
Backreferences
Section
3.8.
Using
Character
Classes
Section
3.9.
Extended
Regular
Expressions
Section
3.10.
Matching
a
Newline
with
a
Dot
Section
3.11.
Using
Embedded
Options
Section
3.12.
Using
Embedded
Subexpressions
Section
3.13.
Ruby
and
Oniguruma
Section
3.14.
A
Few
Sample
Regular
Expressions
Section
3.15.
Conclusion
Chapter
9
10
4.
Internationalization
in
Ruby
Section
4.1.
Background
and
Terminology
Section
4.2.
Coding
in
a
Post-ASCII
World
Section
4.3.
Using
Message
Catalogs
Section
4.4.
Conclusion
Chapter
5.
Performing
Numerical
Calculations
Section
5.1.
Representing
Numbers
in
Ruby
Section
5.2.
Basic
Operations
on
Numbers
Section
5.3.
Rounding
Floating
Point
Values
Section
5.4.
Comparing
Floating
Point
Numbers
10
11
Section
5.5.
Formatting
Numbers
for
Output
Section
5.6.
Formatting
Numbers
with
Commas
Section
5.7.
Working
with
Very
Large
Integers
Section
5.8.
Using
BigDecimal
Section
5.9.
Working
with
Rational
Values
Section
5.10.
Matrix
Manipulation
Section
5.11.
Working
with
Complex
Numbers
Section
5.12.
Using
mathn
Section
5.13.
Finding
Prime
Factorization,
GCD,
and
LCM
Section
5.14.
Working
11
12
with
Prime
Numbers
Section
5.15.
Implicit
and
Explicit
Numeric
Conversion
Section
5.16.
Coercing
Numeric
Values
Section
5.17.
Performing
Bit-level
Operations
on
Numbers
Section
5.18.
Performing
Base
Conversions
Section
5.19.
Finding
Cube
Roots,
Fourth
Roots,
and
so
on
Section
5.20.
Determining
the
Architecture's
Byte
Order
Section
5.21.
Numerical
Computation
of
a
Definite
Integral
Section
5.22.
12
13
Trigonometry
in
Degrees,
Radians,
and
Grads
Section
5.23.
More
Advanced
Trigonometry
Section
5.24.
Finding
Logarithms
with
Arbitrary
Bases
Section
5.25.
Finding
the
Mean,
Median,
and
Mode
of
a
Data
Set
Section
5.26.
Variance
and
Standard
Deviation
Section
5.27.
Finding
a
Correlation
Coefficient
Section
5.28.
Generating
Random
Numbers
Section
5.29.
Caching
Functions
with
memoize
Section
13
14
5.30.
Conclusion
Chapter
6.
Symbols
and
Ranges
Section
6.1.
Symbols
Section
6.2.
Ranges
Section
6.3.
Conclusion
Chapter
7.
Working
with
Times
and
Dates
Section
7.1.
Determining
the
Current
Time
Section
7.2.
Working
with
Specific
Times
(Post-epoch)
Section
7.3.
Determining
the
Day
of
the
Week
Section
7.4.
Determining
the
Date
of
Easter
Section
14
15
7.5.
Finding
the
Nth
Weekday
in
a
Month
Section
7.6.
Converting
Between
Seconds
and
Larger
Units
Section
7.7.
Converting
To
and
From
the
Epoch
Section
7.8.
Working
with
Leap
Seconds:
Don't!
Section
7.9.
Finding
the
Day
of
the
Year
Section
7.10.
Validating
a
Date/Time
Section
7.11.
Finding
the
Week
of
the
Year
Section
7.12.
15
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of My
experiences while out of my body
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with
almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away
or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License
included with this ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you
are not located in the United States, you will have to check the
laws of the country where you are located before using this
eBook.
Language: English
BY
REV. CORA L. V. RICHMOND
Copyright, 1915
By Rev. Cora L. V. Richmond
Christopher Press
Boston
DEDICATION
Primarily
To My Heavenly Guides:
Those Teachers and Inspirers who, in early childhood,
awakened and have unfolded the Spiritual gifts that were
mine, and have borne forward to the present hour the
work appointed me to do; and
The Release
It was true then: I was suddenly and finally released from my body;
“this time,” I said, or thought: “I will not have to return.”
Many times, almost numberless, I had experienced the wonderful
consciousness of being absent from my human form, of mingling
with arisen friends in their higher state of existence, but, until this
time I had always known that it was only for a brief season and that
there was a tie—a vital and psychic tie—binding me to return to my
earth form. But now; now; could it be true? Was I set free to live
and work with the Beloved—the dear ones—in this their higher, more
perfect state?
The Best Beloved, those who had preceded me into this wondrous
life, came thronging around, by degrees, to welcome me: not all at
once, but first those who were by tenderest ties the nearest and the
dearest.
They did not answer my question: “Have I really come to stay”?
The Guide—the Guardian, took me gently in charge that I might not
even think of the form I had so lately left. A great sense of relief; of
being set free from the limitations of the body, filled me, far greater
than I had ever experienced before. A feeling pervaded me that all
of me was released. It surely seemed that my work in the human
body was done: that the last word was spoken, the last pen-stroke
made.
O, the wonder, the unspeakable joy of thus being united with the
Beloved—those whom I knew had never died, but had thrown off
their garments of dust for the more beautiful raiment of the spirit!
In a narrative written for others to read one cannot dwell minutely
on the sacred meetings with those who were ever nearest and
dearest; those of the household, related by ties of consanguinity and
those who were kindred in spirit, united to one in thought and
aspiration. All that such reunion means, more than can be dreamed
or imagined where one is in the human state, was now my
possession.
“Turn away, turn away from all thought of the Earth-form;” said the
one appointed to lead and guide me in this newer, grander flight.
One by one—or in groups—the dear ones of the Earth-home joined
us, welcoming me ever, yet ever evading the oft recurring question,
“Am I really here to stay?”
My attention was continually attracted to some group or company
that had not been seen by me—always a surprise to find them “all
there.” They would smile and seem to answer, “Yes, all here, in our
own particular states, and doing our own appointed work.”
A Vast Congregation
It is well known to those who may be interested in reading these
pages that during all the years of my mortal life (since the age of
eleven) I have been brought before audiences and assemblies of
people—many thousands; among them were hundreds who became
friends—some of them life-long, some of later years. I had known of
the “passing on” of very many who had been members of those
audiences and of my own “Flock,” but I was not prepared for the
vast congregation that came out of their respective groups
composing a still greater concourse to meet me, nor was I prepared
to realize that I knew most of them as friends on Earth!
There were those who had heard the utterances of my Guides
through my lips when I was a child; those who had attended and
were my personal friends when I was “still in my ’teens”; and those
who in later years had been of the audiences in many places; and
those of my own beloved Congregation!
How difficult to realize that they were all gathered into the larger
“Congregation of the skies.” Each and all unfolding, working in
whatever line of knowledge and work was theirs to attain and
achieve! And to find all the treasured jewels of friendship more
bright in the added lustre of the larger life; the flowers in the Garden
of true Affection growing more and more transcendently fair!
This is indeed Heaven! Next in blessedness to the Homes of the Best
Beloved which are the very Kingdom of Heaven!
Ministrations of Spirits
It was wonderful to note the ministrations of spirits to those in other
less fortunate states—especially to those in Earthly forms. Wherever
the ties of consanguinity were also of real affection the spirit
guardians of the household responded to the “call,” perhaps only a
thought, a longing, or a silent prayer for aid and strength, or a need
unknown to the one ministered unto.
Time is not a factor on the spirit side, the response to a need—an
aspiration, a prayer is instantaneous. Where there seems to be
delay, and often doubt in the minds of those on Earth as to the
presence and ministration of the loved one who has been
summoned, it is because of Earthly barriers, because those in the
human state cannot perceive—and many, alas, are not willing to
receive the spirit friend. I saw that the usual barriers are:
Uncontrolled, selfish grief—mourning for the one who has “passed
on” and often forgetting the other dear ones of the household who
are left; seeking for the communion to forward a purely selfish
purpose; and, in general, the obstruction of false education,
theological and material, through which the spiritual faculties have
been closed for generations.
When human hands and hearts, even though the latter is wrung by
pain, seek to help others who are in sorrow or need, then the way is
opened and the helpers are helped by the ministering ones.
To mourn the friend as utterly “gone” who has only dropped the
outer garments of the dust is to close, for the time, the avenue of
communication or ministration. Long must the spirit helpers work
and wait for people to be ready to receive their response to the call
for aid. So many did I see who could not reach the recognition of
their loved ones that I wished over and over again that there were
more real “Message bearers,” more to give comfort to those that
mourn! And then the Presence answered: “Not all are ready to
whom the Messages now are given, nor are those protected
adequately who are the chosen Instruments for Message bearing,
but the seed is being sown and will take root in thousands of lives.”
Thought-Forms
I was shown those who existed in the thought-forms and scenes of
their recent human states: Such as these were surrounded with the
“things” (forms of things) familiar to them on Earth, and apparently
necessary to their happiness even in the new state of existence.
These scenes illustrated that our lives even in the human state,
consist largely of “states of mind,” that we see the things we are
accustomed to see, or have trained our minds or wishes to see
omitting many and sometimes most of the things of beauty and of
import that we might see.
The spirit states that are “exactly like the scenes of Earth” are
composed of the thought-forms of the spirits’ imaging or
reproduction, and are the reality to them. I recalled the weaving of a
web that I had once seen an industrious spider perfect and he was
afterward caught in his own web. I wondered if we are not often in
human life—and the states that immediately follow the weavers of
many such “cobwebs”? These thought-webs seemed to proceed
from the minds of the spirits fashioning them and in which the spirits
seemed to be ensphered, sometimes enshadowed. Before my
questionings had taken form in my mind the answer came from the
Presence: “No, they are not enmeshed by the thought-forms; their
creation is the result of the present condition; remove the power to
produce thought-forms, i.e., to create ones own environment and
you remove all activity of mind. As the Spirit unfolds the thought-
forms change and then disappear as perception takes the place of
limitation by the senses.”
With the almost axiomatic proposition that “our world of life is what
we make it” our spirit-surroundings and conditions the result of our
states of unfoldment, it became less difficult even when returning to
the limitations of human organism to understand the conditions of
existence in the “next stage” of personal experience beyond the
“transition” misnamed “death.”
Spirit states are as varied as are the personal states of those
composing them; the knowledge—or lack of it—possessed by the
person is the spirit state, i.e., knowledge of spiritual principles.
Oh, if one could coin new words, or new understandings, in order
better to express that which one knows when set free from Earthly
environment! Yes, the New Understanding; that is the great need;
and that must really be attained by unfoldment, growth from within,
the pervading all illuminating power of the spirit.
Those in the spirit states who were reproducing the familiar scenes
of their recent Earth conditions were satisfied and even very happy—
especially when the scenes so reproduced were of a nature that had
brought comparative happiness in Earth life—in their ability to make
things seem “exactly as they did in Earth life,” not even knowing that
this similitude was the result of their own thought-forms instead of
being inherent or organic in the “spirit land.”
Interesting and absorbing as were these lessons of observing, the
process of weaving their thoughts into the forms most desired or
needed by the spirits producing them, there were many whose
reproductions were of the shadowed kind and were not voluntary,
but results of the deep impress that the shadows of Earth-
experiences had made upon their minds. No one illustration could
serve—but all states and conditions that I could realize were shown.
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