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Haksun Li, PhD

Numerical Methods Using Kotlin

For Data Science, Analysis, and Engineering
Haksun Li, PhD
Hong Kong, China

ISBN 978-1-4842-8825-2 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-8826-9

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-8826-9

© Haksun Li, PhD 2023

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress

Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
Dedicated to my beloved children, Tintin, Yiyi and Abigail, who will one
day find the one sentence in this book about how to solve any problems.
Preface
When I was a boy, I liked to organize my math notes. I did not really like
math (or any studies) at all until I met my first math teacher, who
enlightened me. It was Professor Bīn Hé (何斌) who showed me how
interesting math could be and taught me math at the Sun Yat-sen
University in the summers when I was in junior high school. To him, I
am forever grateful. Mathematical training shaped the way I think and
opened the door to learning other science subjects like physics. Those
summers changed my life from being a mediocre student to a top one.
I found mathematics interesting because there are structures in
numbers. For example, prime numbers build all numbers; there are no
“holes” in the real number line. There are so many ways to prove the
same thing, e.g., the Pythagorean theorem. There are again structures
and relationships among geometric shapes, as well as between shapes
and numbers. It is fascinating why. I thought I was pretty good at
mathematics until my first year taking an honor’s class in real analysis
at the university. Some of my classmates were way beyond my league. I
did not see myself becoming a mathematician, so I switched to
computer science in graduate school, thinking that it might be easier.
Studying computer science is never about learning to program. It
turned out that I was a pretty good coder, or so I thought, after coding
C++ almost a decade at universities. I had the good aptitude of spending
hours and even days doing nothing other than debugging a
segmentation fault, fixing a memory leak, or comparing numbers down
to the last decimal place. (I still remember when it took me three days
to figure out a very obscure bug at UBS.) It turned out that I was
ignorantly over-confident when my first mentor introduced design
patterns to me. Dr. Anil Kumar asked me to design a singleton during a
job interview and guided me through designing the double-checked
locking pattern. Luckily, he still hired me onto his team for my first job. I
am thankful for his training, guidance, and mentorship, which jump-
started my career of becoming a professional quantitative trader.
My training in mathematics and computer science, with a
specialization in artificial intelligence, has been powering my career as
a quantitative trader and applying mathematics to solve business
problems. It is a rare combination of skills. Most mathematicians
cannot code (Excel/MATLIB/R is not really professional coding), and
most programmers do not read mathematics. We often needed to
translate R code into Java code and back and forth between the
mathematicians who created the trading models and the programmers
who implemented them in an order-execution system. So, one day I
decided to make myself useful by creating a programming library of
mathematics, using both of my skills. This is kind of a continuation of
my childhood hobby of organizing my math notes, because now I am
organizing math algorithms in a more useful form. The objective is that
quantitative programmers can code mathematics in the same language
that they use to build applications. There will be no more “lost in
translation” issues.
I was lucky to hire Dr. Ken Yiu in 2007, starting out as an intern and
then going full-time, who is a cofounder of the startup. Ken is the best
software engineer I have ever met. He is smart, quick-witted, careful,
and above all responsible. I cannot thank him enough for traveling with
me through this adventure of learning and building the math library,
trading strategies, and systems. He has taught me a lot about computer
science and programming.
In 2008, Dr. Kevin Sun joined the team as an intern. I was fortunate
to have Kevin later join the startup as another cofounder. He is now the
brains behind our team and is the key person creating many
mathematical models in trading and gambling. He has excellent
mathematical-thinking and problem-solving skills. I am still impressed
by how he could back then (and still can) solve in a nice and elegant
way just about every problem we threw at him. He always saves the
team before deadlines with his incredible math and R skills. He has
taught me a lot about mathematics and statistics.
Also, I am forever grateful to my brother, Kevin, for all his moral
support, teamwork, contributions, encouragement, advice, connections,
precious time, and financial assistance through all the ups and downs,
laughs and tears, and hopes on this journey with me. Nothing would
have been possible without his tremendous effort and resources. I
thank God for having him in life.
This is the story of how NM Dev, the math library, started. Today, the
library has been adopted by big-name commercial organizations as well
as academic institutions. NM Dev is the cornerstone of all the work that
we do. We build trading strategies, financial analytics (AlgoQuant),
fixed-income analytics (SuperCurve), data-driven decision-making
systems (NM Optim), and high-performance solvers and optimizers
(NM Solver) based on this Java numerical programming library.

Source Code
All source code used in this book can be downloaded from
github.com/apress/numerical-methods-kotlin.
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the
author in this book is available to readers on GitHub
(github.com/apress). For more detailed information, please visit
www.apress.com/source-code.
Acknowledgments
I never knew that writing a book would be such a tremendous effort,
especially for this book with such wide coverage. It started out as a one-
year project and then was extended to become an almost two-year
project. For eight months in 2021, I basically did nothing other than
write this book, pretty much every day. What would be a better thing to
do during the indefinite COVID-19 lockdown?
This book covers a lot of topics in basic college applied
mathematics, supplemented with a lot of sample code and more than
300 images for illustration. It was a tremendous effort to put the
materials together. I want to thank my team for their incredible support
throughout the writing of this manuscript. They are amazing and this
book would not have happened without them: Kehao Feng, Jingqi Guo,
Shihao Liu, Yang Lu, Hengyu Luo, and Dr. Xueying Ni.
Although we have never met in person, I thank Steve Anglin for
inviting me to write this book, something that I have wanted to do for a
long time but never found sufficient motivation to do. I thank you Mark
Wickham for carefully reviewing my book and making a lot of good
comments and suggestions. Last but not least, I must thank Mark
Powers for pushing me to submit the manuscript. He provided a huge
push for me to sit down at my computer and start typing and meet the
always-missed-and-always-late deadlines. I thank you all for your
patience!
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Introduction to Numerical Methods in Kotlin/​S2
1.​1.​Library Design
1.​1.​1.​Class Parsimony
1.​1.​2.​Java vs C++ Performance
1.​2.​Java Scripting
1.​2.​1.​Kotlin Programming Language
1.​3.​S2
1.​3.​1.​R Replacement
1.​3.​2.​Python Replacement
1.​3.​3.​S2 Online IDE
1.​4.​About This Book
1.​4.​1.​Sample Code
Chapter 2:​Linear Algebra
2.​1.​Vector
2.​1.​1.​Element-Wise Operations
2.​1.​2.​Norm
2.​1.​3.​Inner Product and Angle
2.​2.​Matrix
2.​2.​1.​Matrix Operations
2.​2.​2.​Element-Wise Operations
2.​2.​3.​Transpose
2.​2.​4.​Matrix Multiplication
2.​2.​5.​Rank
2.​2.​6.​Determinant
2.​2.​7.​Inverse and Pseudo-Inverse
 2.​2.​8.​Kronecker Product
2.​3.​Matrix Decomposition
2.​3.​1.​LU Decomposition
2.​3.​2.​Cholesky Decomposition
2.​3.​3.​Hessenberg Decomposition and Tridiagonalizati​on
2.​3.​4.​QR Decomposition
2.​3.​5.​Eigen Decomposition
2.​3.​6.​Singular Value Decomposition
2.​4.​System of Linear Equations
2.​4.​1.​Row Echelon Form and Reduced Row Echelon Form
2.​4.​2.​Back Substitution
2.​4.​3.​Forward Substitution
2.​4.​4.​Elementary Operations
2.​4.​5.​Gauss Elimination and Gauss-Jordan Elimination
2.​4.​6.​Homogeneous and Nonhomogeneous Systems
2.​4.​7.​Overdetermined Linear System
2.​5.​Sparse Matrix
2.​5.​1.​Dictionary of Keys
2.​5.​2.​List of Lists
2.​5.​3.​Compressed Sparse Row
2.​5.​4.​Sparse Matrix/​Vector Operations
2.​5.​5.​Solving Sparse Matrix Equations
Chapter 3:​Finding Roots of Equations
3.​1.​An Equation of One Variable
3.​2.​Jenkins-Traub Algorithm
3.​3.​The Bisection Method
 3.​4.​Brent’s Method
3.​4.​1.​Linear Interpolation Method, False Position Method,
Secant Method
3.​4.​2.​Inverse Quadratic Interpolation
3.​4.​3.​Brent’s Method Implementation
3.​5.​The Newton-Raphson Method
3.​5.​1.​Halley’s Method
Chapter 4:​Finding Roots of System of Equations
4.​1.​System of Equations
4.​2.​Finding Roots of Systems of Two Nonlinear Equations
4.​3.​Finding Roots of Systems of Three or More Equations
Chapter 5:​Curve Fitting and Interpolation
5.​1.​Least Squares Curve Fitting
5.​2.​Interpolation
5.​2.​1.​Linear Interpolation
5.​2.​2.​Cubic Hermite Spline Interpolation
5.​2.​3.​Cubic Spline Interpolation
5.​2.​4.​Newton Polynomial Interpolation
5.​3.​Multivariate Interpolation
5.​3.​1.​Bivariate Interpolation
5.​3.​2.​Multivariate Interpolation
Chapter 6:​Numerical Differentiation and Integration
6.​1.​Numerical Differentiation
6.​2.​Finite Difference
6.​2.​1.​Forward Difference
6.​2.​2.​Backward Difference
 6.​2.​3.​Central Difference
6.​2.​4.​Higher-Order Derivatives
6.​3.​Multivariate Finite Difference
6.​3.​1.​Gradient
6.​3.​2.​Jacobian
6.​3.​3.​Hessian
6.​4.​Ridders’ Method
6.​5.​Derivative Functions of Special Functions
6.​5.​1.​Gaussian Derivative Function
6.​5.​2.​Error Derivative Function
6.​5.​3.​Beta Derivative Function
6.​5.​4.​Regularized Incomplete Beta Derivative Function
6.​5.​5.​Gamma Derivative Function
6.​5.​6.​Polynomial Derivative Function
6.​6.​Numerical Integration
6.​7.​The Newton-Cotes Family
6.​7.​1.​The Trapezoidal Quadrature Formula
6.​7.​2.​The Simpson Quadrature Formula
6.​7.​3.​The Newton-Cotes Quadrature Formulas
6.​8.​Romberg Integration
6.​9.​Gauss Quadrature
6.​9.​1.​Gauss-Legendre Quadrature Formula
6.​9.​2.​Gauss-Laguerre Quadrature Formula
6.​9.​3.​Gauss-Hermite Quadrature Formula
6.​9.​4.​Gauss-Chebyshev Quadrature Formula
6.​10.​Integration by Substitution
 6.​10.​1.​Standard Interval
6.​10.​2.​Inverting Variable
6.​10.​3.​Exponential
6.​10.​4.​Mixed Rule
6.​10.​5.​Double Exponential
6.​10.​6.​Double Exponential for Real Line
6.​10.​7.​Double Exponential for Half Real Line
6.​10.​8.​Power Law Singularity
Chapter 7:​Ordinary Differential Equations
7.​1.​Single-Step Method
7.​1.​1.​Euler’s Method (Polygon Method)
7.​1.​2.​Runge-Kutta Family
7.​1.​3.​Convergence
7.​1.​4.​Stability
7.​2.​Linear Multistep Method
7.​2.​1.​Adams-Bashforth Method
7.​3.​Comparison of Different Methods
7.​4.​System of ODEs and Higher-Order ODEs
Chapter 8:​Partial Differential Equations
8.​1.​Second-Order Linear PDE
8.​1.​1.​Parabolic Equation
8.​1.​2.​Hyperbolic Equation
8.​1.​3.​Elliptic Equation
8.​2.​Finite Difference Method
8.​2.​1.​Numerical Solution for Hyperbolic Equation
8.​2.​2.​Numerical Solution for Elliptic Equation
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