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 Name:_______________________ CSCI 1302 OO Programming
Armstrong Atlantic State University
(50 minutes) Instructor: Y. Daniel Liang

Part I:

(A)
B’s constructor is invoked
A’s constructor is invoked

(B)
(a) The program has a syntax error because x does not have the compareTo
method.

(b) The program has a syntax error because the member access operator (.) is
executed before the casting operator.

(C)
(1) false
(2) true
(3) false (because they are created at different times)
(4) true

(D) Will statement3 be executed?

Answer: No.

If the exception is not caught, will statement4 be executed?

Answer: No.

If the exception is caught in the catch clause, will statement4 be

executed?
Answer: Yes.

(E) The method throws a checked exception. You have to declare to throw
the exception in the method header.

Part II:

public static Comparable max(Comparable[] a) {

Comparable result = a[0];

for (int i = 1; i < a.length; i++)

if (result.compareTo(a[i]) < 0)
result = a[i];

1
 return result;
}

public class Hexagon extends GeometricObject implements Comparable {

private double side;

/** Construct a Hexagon with the specified side */

public Hexagon(double side) {
// Implement it
this.side = side;
}

/** Implement the abstract method getArea in

GeometricObject */
public double getArea() {
// Implement it ( area = 3 * 3 * side * side )
return 3 * Math.squr(3) * side * side;
}

/** Implement the abstract method getPerimeter in

GeometricObject */
public double getPerimeter() {
// Implement it
Return 6 * side;
}

/** Implement the compareTo method in

the Comparable interface to */
public int compareTo(Object obj) {
// Implement it (compare two Hexagons based on their areas)
if (this.side > ((Hexagon)obj).side)
return 1;
else if (this.side == ((Hexagon)obj).side)
return 0;
else
return -1;
}
}

Part III: Multiple Choice Questions:

1. A subclass inherits _____________ from its superclass.

a. private method
b. protected method
c. public method
d. a and c
e. b and c
Key:e

2
#
2. Show the output of running the class Test in the following code:

interface A {
void print();
}

class C {}

class B extends C implements A {

public void print() { }
}

public class Test {

public static void main(String[] args) {
B b = new B();
if (b instanceof A)
System.out.println("b is an instance of A");
if (b instanceof C)
System.out.println("b is an instance of C");
}
}

a. Nothing.
b. b is an instance of A.
c. b is an instance of C.
d. b is an instance of A followed by b is an instance of C.
Key:d

#
3. When you implement a method that is defined in a superclass, you
__________ the original method.

a. overload
b. override
c. copy
d. call
Key:b

#
4. What is the output of running the class C.

public class C {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Object[] o = {new A(), new B()};
System.out.print(o[0]);
System.out.print(o[1]);
}
}

class A extends B {
public String toString() {
return "A";
}
}

3
class B {
public String toString() {
return "B";
}
}

a. AB
b. BA
c. AA
d. BB
e. None of above
Key:a

#
5. What is the output of running class C?

class A {
public A() {
System.out.println(
"The default constructor of A is invoked");
}
}

class B extends A {
public B(String s) {
System.out.println(s);
}
}

public class C {
public static void main(String[] args) {
B b = new B("The constructor of B is invoked");
}
}
a. none
b. "The constructor of B is invoked"
c. "The default constructor of A is invoked" "The constructor of B
is invoked"
d. "The default constructor of A is invoked"
Key:c

#
6. Analyze the following code:

public class Test1 {

public Object max(Object o1, Object o2) {
if ((Comparable)o1.compareTo(o2) >= 0) {
return o1;
}
else {
return o2;
}
}
}

a. The program has a syntax error because Test1 does not have a main
method.

4
b. The program has a syntax error because o1 is an Object instance
and it does not have the compareTo method.
c. The program has a syntax error because you cannot cast an Object
instance o1 into Comparable.
d. The program would compile if ((Comparable)o1.compareTo(o2) >= 0)
is replaced by (((Comparable)o1).compareTo(o2) >= 0).
e. b and d are both correct.
Key:e

#
7. The method _____ overrides the following method:

protected double xMethod(int x) {…};

a. private double xMethod(int x) {…}

b. protected int xMethod(double x) {…}
c. public double xMethod(double x) {…}
d. public double xMethod(int x) {…}
Key:d

#
8. Which of the following possible modifications will fix the errors in
this code?

public class Test {

private double code;

public double getCode() {

return code;
}

protected abstract void setCode(double code);

}

a. Remove abstract in the setCode method declaration.

b. Change protected to public.
c. Add abstract in the class declaration.
d. b and c.
Key:c

#
9. Analyze the following code.

class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Object x = new Integer(2);
System.out.println(x.toString());
}
}

a. The program has syntax errors because an Integer object is

assigned to x.
b. When x.toString() is invoked, the toString() method in the Object
class is used.
c. When x.toString() is invoked, the toString() method in the
Integer class is used.
d. None of the above.

5
Key:c

#
10. What exception type does the following program throw?
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Object o = new Object();
String d = (String)o;
}
}

a. ArithmeticException
b. No exception
c. StringIndexOutOfBoundsException
d. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
e. ClassCastException
Key:e

#
11. What exception type does the following program throw?
public class Test {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Object o = null;
System.out.println(o.toString());
}
}

a. ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
b. ClassCastException
c. NullPointerException
d. ArithmeticException
e. StringIndexOutOfBoundsException
Key:c

6
Other documents randomly have
different content
 From the foundation of astronomical science long ago,
innumerable [and] repeated observations of both ancient and
modern astronomers, emerged at last from their hiding places.
Made light of by the jests of so many outstanding intellects, they
have so successfully brought to light the paths of the stars and
their motions, which are more complicated to us than the Gordian
knots. Now it is possible for even an amateur in astronomy,
sufficiently instructed, to predict for any given time not only the
mean position of the planets, but also their true longitude and
latitude, and even the true time of their conjunctions, and their
ecliptic oppositions, with all the attendant circumstances. Yet,
until now, no hypothesis has been devised which would force an
automaton to show to us, before our very eyes, the eclipses of
the planets in their true and certain times.
For though there have been men seeking with all their might
to bind by laws their artificial heavens, by I know not how many
and how great calculations, and to systematize the complexities of
the rotations of celestial bodies; nevertheless, all of them, as if by
common agreement, considered themselves to have made great
contributions to mechanico-theoretical astronomy. However, they
have only attained, even though closely, the mean locations of the
secondary mobiles, and those by a certain rather crude
calculation. Some attained by more, some by less, but all by some
degree of wandering from the truth, either worn out by the
intricacies of the motions, or deceived and deceiving by the errors
of their calculations. This fact those well know, who, setting about
to collect information of this kind, even those publicized not long
ago, with true astronomical calculation, have been bored to death
while digging out by the most elementary and superficial
arithmetical torture, the worst of fallacies spontaneously erupting
from thence.
It would seem that true calculations alone can be desired in
mechanico-astronomics. Long study had not only convinced me
that an automaton was within the realm of possibility, but that
there were many mechanical systems by which it could be
achieved. I girded myself for a new project and developed it
theoretically from the ground up, but under such unhappy
auspices that not only did all hope fail that anyone would ever
appear who might have seemed willing to set his hand to the
work, but that the new discovery itself was scoffed at by many as
altogether a nightmarish delirium of an unbridled imagination.
 The first months of the project must have seemed like an inspired dream to the
two men, and then must have followed a period of hopeless depression. Bertolla
undoubtedly felt many times that the clock was an aspiration far beyond their
combined abilities and means, but the priest would not be thwarted in his ambition
and refused to abandon the project. He felt that it was a work that they were
destined to produce. Many times, he wrote, he chided and begged and shamed his
erstwhile partner into resuming the project where it had been last abandoned.
Little by little, the first clock began to take form. As each new difficulty was
encountered, the two men would go back over the notes and sketches to trace the
problem to its source. Often a new part of the mechanism would nullify another
which had thus far operated successfully, and a complete rearrangement would be
required.

Figure 7.—Title Page of Father Borghesi's first

book. The translation in its entirety is: "The
Most Recent, Perpetual, Astronomical Calendar
Clock: Theoretical—Practical: by means of
which besides the hours, the minutes and
seconds; the current year, the month; the day
of the month and the day of the week; the
dominical letter, epact, and thence, the day of
all the feastdays, both fixed and movable; the
solar cycle; the golden number; the Roman
indiction; the dominant planet of any year and
its sign; the phases of the moon and its mean
age: and all the motions of the sun and the
moon as to longitude, latitude, eccentricity,
etc., are immediately seen, so accurately that
[not only] the true new full moons and the true
quadrature, etc., of the sun and moon appear,
but also, all solar and lunar eclipses—both
visible and invisible; as in heaven, so on the
clock, they are conspicuously celebrated in
their true times, and those of the past and
those of the future, with their circumstances of
time and duration, magnitude, etc., can be
quickly determined. All this was devised and
brought to light by the author, Francesco
Borghesi of Anáuni, a secular priest of Trent,
A.A.L.L. & Doctor of Philosophy. (Trent: From
the printshop of Giovanni Battista Monauni,
With Permission of Superiors.)" (Title page
reproduced by permission of the Biblioteca
della Citta di Trento.)

Again and again, Bertolla threw up his hands in despair and begged Father
Borghesi to abandon the enterprise. He protested that he was not capable of
producing such a complicated mechanism; he had neither the tools nor the skill.
The priest wished to produce a clock such as the world had never seen before,
such as the greatest scientists and clockmakers of all time had never been able to
make. But Bertolla felt that he was only a provincial craftsman who could not hope
to surpass them all with only his simple tools and training.
In his book on the first clock, Novissima Ac Perpetua Astronomica…, Father
Borghesi wrote that when he had finally come within a few weeks of the embryo
stage in the development of his clock, he was faced with the problem of bolstering
the sagging enthusiasm of Bertolla. The clockmaker's original enthusiasm had
shown promise of great results, but as the days passed and the problems of the
multiplex and generally unfamiliar apparatus to be forged for the workings of the
automaton became more complex, his ardor decreased. Finally, Bertolla became so
discouraged by the scoffers and frustrated by the fact that the work was
insufficiently organized that Father Borghesi wrote that "it almost became a harder
task for me to bolster up by daily opportunity and importunity the failing patience
of the artisan, frightened away from the work already begun, than it was for me to
extract from the inner recesses of mathematics and astronomy, without light and
without a guide, the whole fabric of the machine itself!"
In spite of Bertolla's protests, Father Borghesi prevailed, reviving his friend's
interest once more until the two were deep in the project again. Months passed as
they worked together on the mechanism and it seemed as if they lived for no
other purpose. Inevitably, Bertolla's health began to suffer, undermined as it was
by the constant nervous tension, and he eventually became ill from mental strain.
He was forced to spend some time in bed, and for many weeks the subject of the
clock was not discussed. Bertolla's other work, by which he made his living,
suffered and it was several months before he was able to return to his little shop.
One year passed into another and the work progressed slowly. The first clock,
which easily should have been finished in less than a year, was not completed until
after three full years had passed. However, when the priest and the clockmaker
put the finishing touches to their great clock, the result surpassed the greatest
possible expectations, for it was truly a masterpiece. Not only did it illustrate the
ecliptic phenomena of the moon, the sun and earth occurring in their proper time,
as well as many other things, but it showed these operations as they succeeded in
proper order, taking place through the centuries.
With mutual feelings of great pride, the two friends surveyed the result of their
three years of endeavor. Bertolla realized that he had reached a point of maximum
achievement in his work. He probably felt that now he could relax again, that his
sleep would no longer be troubled by confused nightmares of wheels and gears
that did not mesh together. Time was to prove otherwise.
 PUBLISHED DESCRIPTION OF THE FIRST CLOCK
Father Borghesi soon came to the conclusion that it would be desirable to have
a written description to explain the mechanism of the clock and its many
indicators. He thereupon wrote out the story of how the clock was made, the
reasons for embarking on the enterprise, the difficulties he had encountered, and
the success which had crowned his and Bertolla's mutual labors. Finally, he
described the operation of the clock's mechanism and the functions of its array of
indicators.
The little book was written in Latin and only a few copies were printed,
presumably at the priest's own expense, on a handpress by Giovanni Battista
Monauni, printer to the Bishop in Trent. The little volume was stated by
contemporary writers to have been published in 1763, although no date appears
on the title page. The title translated is, in part, The Most Recent, Perpetual
Astronomical Calendar Clock, Theoretical—Practical…. The work begins with an
introduction for the reader in which Father Borghesi stated that:

… the little work, which, as far as I was concerned could easily have been
finished in a year, was only completed after about three years. Fortunately,
however, it was so far beyond the expectations of most, that not only am I
able to foretell with certainty all the lunar ecliptic phenomena and the solar, or
rather terrestrial, phenomena, carefully worked out in their true periods,
among many other matters exhibited by the machine; but also, within a few
hours, I can exhibit by altogether tangible evidence to the skeptics and the
doubting those very same phenomena, occurring within the space of many
years, or even centuries, and succeeding one another in proper order, with
their many attendant circumstances. I was not much concerned about the
other eclipses, such as those of Mercury, Venus, and the other stars
wandering through the zodiac, or about the other solar eclipses from the
transit of Mercury or Venus, since they are altogether undiscernible to the
naked eye, and very few compilers of ephemerides wish them to be noted,
probably for the same reason.
Do not, however, expect, star-loving reader, that here anything at all that
you may wish can be drawn forth as from its source, for to demand this would
be almost the same as to seek to drain as from a cup all the vast knowledge
of the many arithmetical sciences from the narrow confines of one book. You
will understand how impossible that is when, through prolonged labor, you
have grown somewhat more mature in this kind of learning.
Wherefore, rather fully, and out of consideration for you, I have decided,
setting aside these prolixities, with completely synoptic brevity and with all
possible clarity to expound for you simply the proportion of the movements,
 the description of the machine, and its usage. As a result, when you have
progressed a little in theoretical mechanics, you will not only be able to
reduce all these things to their astronomical principles, but you may find the
way more smoothly laid out for you even for perfecting the machine itself.
And, thus, you may be more effectively encouraged to a successful
conclusion. Let it be so now for you through the following 10 chapters!

After these rather hopeful assurances, Father Borghesi proceeded to provide a

detailed description of the clock dial and functions in the 10 short chapters which
he had promised, under a separate section entitled "Synopsis Totius Operis
Mechanici," which is translated in its entirety in the appendix.
As Father Borghesi prepared his little volume about his first clock, and
described its unusual features and outlined its functions, which were primarily to
place in evidence the celestial constellations, it occurred to him that it would now
be easier after the experience he had acquired with his first timepiece, to
construct another clock, which would present the motions of the two astronomical
systems, the Ptolemaic and the Copernican. In this first book, he promised the
reader that he would undertake the second project. It is fortunate that Father
Borghesi undertook this project for the second clock is the only example of his
work that is known to exist today. Extensive research has not shown what
happened to the first clock, although several sources state that both timepieces
were presented to Empress Maria Theresa sometime between 1764 and 1780.

Second Borghesi Clock

Father Borghesi lost no time in initiating the project of the second clock. The
first and most important step was to inform Bertolla and enlist his assistance.
Bertolla was adamant: he had had enough of complicated astronomical
movements. He was delighted by the prospect of returning to his former simple
life, producing simple, domestic, elementary movements for his country clients.
Father Borghesi begged and cajoled. The second clock would be a much simpler
one to construct, he persisted. After all, they had gained invaluable experience
from the production of the first clock. Furthermore, he had already completed its
design.
Bertolla apparently wavered in his resolve and, unwillingly and against his
better judgment, he allowed the priest's inducements to prevail. Once again, the
two friends yielded their leisure hours to a study of the priest's books and
drawings as Father Borghesi enthusiastically elaborated his design for the
timepiece, and Bertolla attempted to transcribe astronomical indications into terms
of wheel counts. The second clock was, as Borghesi had
promised, much easier of execution. Within a year, it was
completed and functioned with complete success.
This is the clock now in the
Museum of History and
Technology. It is housed in a tall
case of dark-red mahogany
veneered on oak, with restrained
carving featuring ribands and
foliate motifs. Gilt-brass
decorations flank the face of the
hood, which is surmounted by
three gilt-brass finials in the form
of orbs. A wide door in the waist
may be opened to attend the
weights. The case is 7 feet 8
inches high, 201/2 inches wide at
the waist, and 14 inches in
depth.
The dial is of gilt brass,
measuring 21 inches high and 15
inches in width, with a number
of supplementary silvered dials
visible through its openings.
Instead of hands, the dial utilizes
three concentric rings moving
around a central disc, the
indications of which are read at
two bisecting gilt lines inscribed Figure 8.—The Borghesi
in the glass face. Twelve clock in the Museum of
separate functions are History and
performed by the chapter ring Technology,
assembly alone, and there are constructed in 1764 by
Figure 9.—Another view
Bartolomeo Antonio
of the Borghesi clock. 14 openings on the dial. It is Bertolla of Mocenigo di
estimated that the clock Rumo from the designs
performs 30 separate functions, including striking and of Father Francesco
chiming. Of the multiple chapter rings, the outermost is Borghesi of Rumo and
Mechel.
11/8 inches wide, the center ring is 3/8 inch wide, and the
innermost ring measures 11/4 inches in width.
 THE DIAL-PLATE ENGRAVINGS
The gilt dial is incised throughout with figures and inscriptions in engraving of
the very finest quality, as is evidenced in the illustrations. The frontispiece is
surmounted at its center by the crowned double eagle of the House of Hapsburg,
indicating the identity of the sovereign in whose reign it was made, Emperor
Francis I or the Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. Below the eagle at either side
are flying cherubs supporting ribands with inscriptions. Centered at the bottom of
the frontispiece immediately above the chapter rings is the moving silvered orb
representing the sun. Surrounding it is a tableau of the Holy Trinity, with the Virgin
Mary being crowned by Christ holding a cross at the left and God with a sword in
hand at the right, and a dove representing the Holy Spirit hovering over the
Virgin's head. Father S. X. Winters, S.J., considers it reminiscent of the triptych
"The Coronation of the Virgin" by Fra Lippo Lippi.

Figure 10.—Diagram of the dial Figure 11.—Dial plate of the

plate. Borghesi clock.

KEY TO DIAGRAM OF THE DIAL PLATE

A Dominating planet, represented by its symbol and its house;
B Dominical letter (Lit. Dom.);
C Epacts (Cyc. EpEC);
D Roman indiction (Ind. Rom.), part of the reckoning of the Julian period;
E Solar cycle, (Cyc. Sol.), part of the reckoning for the Julian period;
F Golden number (Num. Aur.), part of the reckoning for the Julian period;
G, H, I, J The era, or the current year; part of the six windows of the Iris,
or rainbow;
K Shuttered winding hole, for winding up the weights; part of the six
windows of the Iris;
L The era, or the month of the current year; part of the Iris, or six
windows of the rainbow;
M The sun in its epicycle;
N The 12 signs of the sun's anomaly;
O, P The first chapter ring representing the equatorial globe of the week,
revolving from left to right;
Q The coming day indicated through the window;
R The second chapter ring; including the synodic-periodic measure of the
tides, the days of the median lunar-synodic age, the signs and
degrees of the signs for mean distance of the moon from the sun;
S Epicycle of the moon with signs of its anomaly;
T Head of the dragon (Cap. Draconis);
U Tail of the dragon (Cauda Draconis), for measuring eclipses of the earth
and of the moon;
V Third chapter ring, with degrees of lunar latitude and some fixed stars;
W Fourth chapter ring, showing firmament of fixed stars, signs of the
zodiac and degrees of the signs, the months of the year, and days of
the months, revolving left to right for the course of a mean
astronomical year;
X Adjustment marked Claudit (it closes) and Aperit (it opens) for
disengaging dial work for the purpose of making astronomical
experiments and computations;
Y Adjustment marked Concitat (it accelerates) and Retardit (it retards) for
fast and slow adjustments of the movement.
 In the upper spandrels of the dial are two more cherubs bearing ribands with
inscriptions. In the lower left corner is a magnificent engraving of Atlas upholding
the globe of the world, inscribed with the zodiac, over his head. The lower right
corner features the figures of two noblemen apparently examining and discussing
an orb upon a table, the significance of which is not clear.

Figure 12.—Empress Maria Theresa,

to whom Father Borghesi is stated
to have presented his two
astronomical clocks. The coin
bearing her portrait is in the
Museum of History and Technology.

THE INSCRIPTIONS
Figure 13.—Portrait of Francis I,
Beginning with the uppermost part of Emperor of the Holy Roman
Empire, to whom Father Borghesi's
the frontispiece, there are nine astronomical clock in the Museum
inscriptions in Latin on the dial plate. The of History and Technology appears
topmost is Franciscvs I sit plan. to have been inscribed.
Dominator aeternvs. The phrase has
reference to Francis I, who was Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, from 1745-
1765, and husband of Empress Maria Theresa of Austria. The phrase may be
translated as "May Francis I be the eternal ruler by favor of the planets" or more
simply "Long Live Francis I, Emperor." [14] Although the dial plate of the Borghesi
clock is inscribed with his name, the records indicate that the clock was presented
to Maria Theresa. Francis I may have already died before the presentation was
made.
From the left to right over the tableau of the Holy Trinity is the phrase "Lavs
sacrosanctae Triadi Vni Deo, et Deiparae" (Praise [be] to the most Holy Trinity, to
the one God, and to the Mother of God).
 Within the upper left and right spandrels is inscribed:

Isthaec, Signum grande apparvit in Coelo * sancta Dei genitrix amicta sole
* Illibato pede Lvnae et serpentis nigra premens Cornva * bis senis
pvlcherrime Coronata syderibvs * Tempe indesinenter clavsa, scatvrigo
signata * Cedrvs in Libano, Cypresvs in Monte Sion * Mater pvrae Dilectionis
sanctaeqve spei * Chara patris aeterni proles, Verbi Mater, sponsaqve
procedentis *, gratiae et gloriae circvmdata varietate.

This inscription is a eulogy to the Virgin Mary assembled from the texts of Holy
Scripture. In addition, each lemma, contained within asterisks, carries out the
chronogram 1764, the year the clock was completed. Each lemma is translated
and identified from the Douay-Rheims version of the Bible:

This woman: a great sign appeared in Heaven (Apocalypse 12:1) * The

Holy Mother of God clothed with the sun (Apocalypse 12:1) * And with
unharmed foot crushing the black horns of the moon (Apocalypse 12:1) and
the serpent (Genesis 3:15) * Most beautifully crowned with twice-six
(Apocalypse 12:1) * A garden [Tempe [15]] enclosed, sealed with a fountain
[spring of water] (Song of Songs 4:12) * Like a cedar in Lebanon, and a
cypress tree on Mount Zion; (Ecclesiasticus 24:17) * Mother of pure love and
of holy hope: Beloved daughter of the Eternal Father, Mother of the Word,
Spouse of the Holy Spirit: (Ecclesiasticus 24:24) * Surrounded with a diversity
of grace and glory (Psalms 44:10).

Figure 14.—The bottom right corner Figure 15.—The bottom left corner of
of the dial plate, showing two the dial plate, showing the
noblemen contemplating an orb, engraving of Atlas, with the
 with the inscription "Diligit inscription "Assidvo proni donant di
Avdaces Trepidos Fortvna cvncta labori." (The favorable gods
Repellet." (Fortune favors the willingly grant all things to the
daring and rejects the timid.) assiduous laborer.)

At the lower left corner below the figure of Atlas upholding the world is the
phrase, Assidvo proni donant di cvncta labori. (The favorable gods willingly grant
all things to the assiduous laborer.) The same phrase is quoted by Father Borghesi
in the text of his second volume. The last inscription appears at the lower right
corner under the figures of the two noblemen, Diligit avdaces trepidos fortvna
repellet. (Fortune favors the daring and rejects the timid.) The last two inscriptions
are in dactylic hexameter. They appear to be original compositions inasmuch as no
classical prototypes have been identified.

Figure 16.—Detail of frontispiece of the Borghesi clock, showing the

apertures for calendar indicators and the details of the engraving.

CENTER DIAL INSCRIPTIONS

In addition to the inscriptions previously noted on the outer dial plate, there
are three major inscriptions in the central dial. The outermost states Circulus
horarius Soli, Lunae, Fixis, Nodis, Aestuique marino communis (the hour circle,
common to the sun, the moon, the fixed stars, the nodes and to the sea tide).
This inscription is divided into four parts by the insertion of four divisions for the
day into canonical hours: [Horae] Nocturnae (night hours); Matutinae (morning
hours); Diurnae (daytime hours) and Vespertinae (evening hours).
The next section of the central dial is inscribed Intumescite—Detumescite (rise
and fall of the tides) repeated at intervals of approximately every six hours. Within
the next section is the following inscription, inscribed continuously around the
ring:
Lege fluunt, refluunt, dormitant hac maris undae: Ad Phoebi et
Phoebes concordia iussa moventur Aequora; discordi iussu
suspensa quiescunt.
Translated, this is:
By this law the sea waves ebb and flow and lie dormant:
When Phoebus and Diana agree in their commands, the waters
are moved; when they disagree, the waters lie silent. [16]
Within the central boss of the dial plate, the name of the maker is inscribed:
Bvrghesio Doctore, et Bertolla Limatore Annaniensibvs*
Translated, this is:
[By] Doctor Borghesi and Bertolla, mechanician citizens of
Anáuni.

INDICATORS IN THE FRONTISPIECE

There are 12 windows in the frontispiece, through each of which appears an
indication relating to time. Beginning at the top of the frontispiece of the dial, the
first opening occurs on the breast of the imperial eagle. This indicates the
dominating planet, represented by its symbol, and its house.
The opening in the eagle's left claw, labeled "Lit. Dom." is the dominical letter.
The first seven days in the month of January are each assigned one of the letters
a through g in order of appearance. The letter which coincides with the first
Sunday within this period is called the dominical letter, and it serves for the
following year. In leap year, two letters are required, one to February 29th and the
letter next proceeding for the remainder of the year. This letter is used in
connection with establishing the date of Easter Sunday. The date of Easter
regulates the dates of the other movable feasts.
The eagle's right claw is labeled "Cyc. EpEC" and represents the epact, or the
age of the moon on January 1st. It serves to find the moon's age by indicating the
number of days to be added to each lunar year in order to complete a solar year.
Twelve lunar months are nearly 11 days short of the solar year, so that the new
moons in one year fall 11 days earlier than they did the preceding year. However,
30 days are deducted as an intercalary month since the moon has made a
revolution in that time, and the remainder, 3, would be the epact.
Below the imperial eagle two winged cherubs support a riband with three
indictions of the Julian period. This period of 7980 years is the product derived
from multiplying together the sums of 28, which represents the cycle of the sun;
19, representing the cycle of the moon; and 15, which represents the Roman
indiction. The Julian period is reckoned to have begun from 4713 B.C. so that the
period will be completed in A.D. 3267. The first of the three openings is marked
"Ind. Rom." or "Roman indiction," which was an edict by the Emperor Constantine
in A.D. 312, providing for the assessment of a property tax at the beginning of
each 15-year cycle. It continues to be used in ecclesiastical contracts. The second
opening, which occurs immediately below the eagle, is marked "Cyc. Sol." (cycle of
the sun). This cycle takes a period of 28 years, after which the days of the week
once again fall upon the same days of the month as they did during the first year
of the former cycle. There is no relationship with the course of the sun itself, but
was invented for the purpose of determining the dominical letter which designates
the days of the month on which the Sundays occur during each year of the cycle.
Since cycles of the sun date from 9 years before the Christian era, it is necessary
to add the digit 9 to the digits of the current year and then divide the result by 28.
The quotient is the number of cycles which has passed, and the remainder will be
the year of the cycle answering to the current year. The third opening on the
riband is labeled "Num. Aur." (golden number). Meton, an astronomer of Athens,
discovered in 432 B.C. that after a period of 19 years the new and the full moons
returned on the same days of the month as they had before, and this is called the
cycle of the moon. The Greeks were so impressed with this calculation that they
had it inscribed in letters of gold upon stone, hence the golden number. The First
Council of Nicaea in A.D. 325 determined that Meton's cycle was to be used to
regulate the movable feasts of the Church.
Immediately above the chapter rings is an opening through which the orb of
the sun is visible.

THE CHAPTER-RING ASSEMBLY

In a separate chapter in his second volume, entitled "Descriptio Authomatis
Summa totius Operis Mechanici" (Description of the Automaton—Summary of the
Complete Mechanism), Father Borghesi provided a description of the functions of
the various indicators, prefixing it with the short poem shown in figure 18. He then
continues:
 In the middle of the frontispiece, as at the center of the
universe, the terraqueous globe of the week revolves, with a daily
motion turning from right to left, bringing with it from the round
window the coming day and at the circumference the circle of
hours common to the sun, to the moon, to the fixed stars, to the
head and tail of the dragon, and to the raging sea.
The second circle revolves the synodic-periodic measure of the
raging sea, the days of the median lunar-synodic age, the signs
and individual degrees of the signs of the distance of the moon
from the middle of the sun within the time of 29 terrestrial
revolutions, hours 12.44.3.13. This circle revolves likewise from
right to left around the center of the earth. In this second circle,
another little orb revolves, bringing with it the epicycle of the
moon, in which the little circle of the moon (whose illuminated
middle always faces towards the sun), running from left to right
through the signs of the anomaly; within 13 revolutions of the
earth, hours 18.39.16. It descends from apogee to perigee and in
just as many others it returns from perigee to apogee, to be
carried down thus to true, back and front from the longitude and
distance from the sun and from the middle of the earth.
The third circle (on which I have tried to indicate
astronomically-geometrically in their places, the degrees of lunar
latitude both in the south and in the north, and some fixed stars,
those, namely, which can be separated by us from the moon
which goes between) from left to right turns around the center of
the earth, stretching out the head and tail of the dragon, on the
inside above the second circle for noting and measuring the sun
(but I should rather say the earth), and the eclipses of the moon,
within 346 revolutions of the earth, hours 14.52.23.
The fourth circle, in which the heaven of the fixed stars,
reduced to the correct ascent of our times, the signs of the zodiac
and the individual degrees of the signs, the months of the year
and the single days of the month can be seen, likewise makes its
journey around the earth from left to right in 365 terrestrial
revolutions, hours 5.48.56.; that is, within a median astronomical
year. Above this annual orb, the sun, in its small epicycle, gliding
through the 12 signs of the anomaly, within the space of 182
terrestrial revolutions, hours 15.6.58., from left to right, falls from
apogee to perigee; and, within the same time, rises from perigee
to apogee, and brings with it, the index, namely its central radius,
 inhering to the axis of the equatorial orb and cutting the four
greatest circles from the center.
When the sun has been moved around, Iris shows from six
windows the era, that is, the current year. Two winged youths
take their place next to Iris, carrying the Julian period: namely,
the Roman indiction, the cycle of the sun and the golden number,
on a leaf of paper held between them. The imperial eagle stands
out on top (as if added to the frontispiece) carrying on its breast
the dominating planet and in its talons the ecclesiastical calends
(that is, the dominical letter and the epact).

ATTACHMENTS FOR ADJUSTMENT

Two attachments, in the form of small superimposed dials are situated at the
base of the dial plate, at either side and immediately below the fourth chapter
ring. In his second volume, Father Borghesi stated that they "are not moved from
inside the clock, but the one at the right [inscribed concitat and retardat] serves
for loosening [accelerating] and tightening [retarding] time; that is, the reins of
the perpendicular."
In other words, the purpose of this attachment is for adjusting the pendulum
to make the clock operate fast or slow. The second attachment, which appears at
the left, and which is inscribed "Claudit" (close) and "Aperit" (open) serves the
purpose of "… preparing the mechanism in a moment, as swiftly as you wish, for
sustaining the astronomical experiments of which you will hear later; when these
things have been done, it restores the mechanism to its natural motion at the
same speed."
This adjustment relates to the final section of Father Borghesi's second book,
entitled "Chronologo-Astronomicus Usus Authomatis" (Chronological-Astronomical
Use of the Automaton), which is translated from the Latin in its entirety:
With one glance at this automaton, you can quickly answer
these questions: What hour the sun shows, the moon, any fixed
star, the head and tail of the dragon. Is the sea swelling with
periodic heat [at high tide?] or is it deflated [low tide], or
quiescent? How many days is it from mean new moon or full
moon? By how many signs and degrees is the moon distant from
the sun, and from its nodes? What sign of the zodiac does the sun
occupy, the moon, the head and tail of the dragon? Is the sun or
the moon, in apogee or perigee, ascending or descending? What
is the apparent speed of the sun and of the moon? What is the
apparent magnitude of the solar and lunar diameter, and of the
 horizontal parallax of the umbra and penumbra of the earth?
What is the latitude of the moon? Is it north or south? Does the
moon hide [occult eclipse] any of the fixed stars from the earth
dwellers, and which of these does it obscure? Is there a true new
or full moon? Is the sun in eclipse anywhere on earth? What is
the magnitude, and the duration of this eclipse, with respect to
the whole earth? Can it be seen in the north or in the south? Is
the moon in eclipse? Total or partial? Of what magnitude, etc.?
What limb of the moon is obscured? How many years have
passed from a given epoch? Is this year a leap year, or a common
year—first, second, or third after leap year? What is the current
month of the year, and what day of the month and of the week?
Which of the planets is dominant? What days of the year do the
various feasts fall on, and the movable feasts during the
ecclesiastical year? And many other similar questions, which I
pass over here for the sake of brevity.
Besides, this device can be so arranged for any time
whatsoever, past or future, and for the longitude of any region,
and can be so manipulated by hand, that within the space of a
very short time there can be provided in their proper order, the
various orbits of the luminous bodies, their alternating eclipses, as
many as have taken place through the course of many years, or
even from the beginning of the world; or those that will be seen
as long as the world itself shall last, with all their attendant
circumstances (year, month, day, duration, magnitude, etc.). All
these can be seen with great satisfaction of curiosity and of
learning, and hence with great pleasure to the soul. In the
meanwhile, the little bells continually play, at their proper,
respective times. So that, all exaggeration aside, a thousand years
pass, in the sight of this clock, as one day!
I am aware of your complaints, O star-loving reader—that my
description is too meager and too succinct. Lay the blame for this
on those cares, hateful both to me and to you, more pressing,
which forbid me and deprive you of a methodical explanation of
the work.

THE CLOCK MOVEMENT

Father Borghesi specified that the entire mechanism was equal in weight to a
seventh part of a Centenarii Germanici, a Germanic hundredweight. This is
probably the Austrian centner which is equivalent to 123.4615 pounds. Therefore,
the clock mechanism weighs approximately 17.6 pounds.
The clock operated for a hundred days and more at a single winding, according
to Father Borghesi, and by means of a pendulum with a leaden bob weighing 60
Viennese pounds, attached at a height of 5 feet. Father Borghesi stated the weight
of the pendulum to be 60 librarum Viennensium, but the Viennese libra does not
appear among the weights of the Austrian Empire. However, using the average
libra, an ancient Roman unit of weight equal to 0.7221 pound, it may be assumed
that the driving weight should be approximately 45 pounds.
Father Borghesi, however, does not venture to provide any description
whatsoever of the movement of his second clock in his book. He gave the
following reasons:
But beyond this, I entirely omit [a description of] the further
apparatus of the very many wheels, etc., inside the clock which
carry on its functions, lest I become too verbose for some
persons. To explain more thoroughly the internal labyrinth of the
entire mechanism, from which the movement of the circles or
heavens, etc., are derived, would seem to entangle in too many
complicated perplexities…. Therefore, that I might not delay
longer, and perhaps to no purpose, I have thought it better to
leave the whole work to the proportionate calculus of the
arithmeticians and the technical skill of mechanics. If they have
any desire to construct a similar mechanism, they will follow the
aforesaid motions of the heavens, etc., not only by one means
alone but by many, more swiftly through thoughtful study than by
any amount of instruction.
For whoever is well versed in the theory of calculus and sets to
work at any given project, will discover any desired motion by a
thousand and more ways, by one or another gearing of wheels;
which an industrious mechanic will carry out in actuality and
without too much difficulty. Nor is there any reason for anyone to
be discouraged, so long as he is not disgusted by the amount of
labor for there is nothing truer than the old saying "The favorable
gods grant everything to the assiduous laborer."
Nay, further, even this little work itself can be improved on and
surpassed by new inventions. Otherwise that other old adage,
almost as old as the world, would prove false, "What you have
found already done, you can easily repeat, nor is it difficult to add
to what has already been invented." Relying on this principle, I
 have already conceived some new things to be added to the
present little work.

Figure 17.—Movement of Borghesi clock viewed from the right side, with
details of chiming mechanism.

THE BELLS
There is a discrepancy between Father Borghesi's written description in his
second book of the number of bells and those which currently exist in the clock. At
the present time, there are two sets of bells attached to the upper part of the
movement. While Father Borghesi indicated that there were two sets of bells in the
clock, he described the first set by stating that:
… there are three bells inside the clock: The largest, when
struck by a little hammer at each mean new moon, signifies the
new moon. The smallest indicates in the same way the full moon
at the time of the mean full moon, by automatic sound. When on
 the equatorial earth, the sun appears anywhere in eclipse, two
bells (the largest and the medium) sounding together
automatically, announce that eclipse at the time of the mean new
moon. (I think it is evident that eclipses of the sun occur at new
moons and eclipses of the moon at full moon.)
When the moon is eclipsed, the smallest and the medium
bells, simultaneously and automatically, announce the event to
the ear at the time of the mean full moon. Besides, at the proper
time and automatically, the largest of these bells announces the
current solar hour and the smallest bell strikes the quarter hours.
In the clock today, the first set consists of a smaller bell fixed within a larger
one. It is presumably these bells that indicate the eclipses and also strike the
hours and quarter hours. A pull cord attached to the striking mechanism repeats
the current hour and quarter hours at will. The second set consists of nine meshed
bells struck with individual hammers operated by means of a pinned cylinder as in
a music box. On the hour, the chimes play one of two melodies, which may be
changed at will. While not identified, these appear to be Tyrolean folk melodies.
The largest of this set of bells is dissimilar to the other chimes, and may be the
third bell described by Father Borghesi to signify the new moon.

CHRONOGRAMS
One of the most curious aspects of the second clock produced by Father
Borghesi and Bertolla, as well as of the second published volume, is the presence
of chronograms which occur repeatedly on the clock dial and throughout the
Novissimum Theorico-Practicum Astronomicum Authoma from the title page to the
end of the book. Interestingly enough, Father Borghesi did not utilize this device
even once in his first little book.
 Figure 18.—A chronogram in the text of Father Borghesi's second
volume, indicating the year 1764. The poem is translated as: "In the
Mount of 'Anáuni,' the inscrutable heavens are led, You learn from
these all the labors of the sun and the moon. Here you are shown and
hear the conjunction of the moon: And a bell brings to the ears by its
sound, all eclipses."

Webster defines a chronogram as an inscription, sentence, or phrase in which

certain letters express a date or epoch. The method used by Father Borghesi for
forming chronograms was a simple one. He used combinations of uppercase and
lowercase letters in two sizes in the inscriptions on the clock dial and in his
writings. At first this curious combination in the inscriptions on the dial plate was a
source of considerable speculation. The extremely fine quality of the engraving
and artistry was such that these combinations could only be deliberate in nature
and not the accidental whims or accidents of the engraver. Accordingly, they must
be chronographic in intention. Such proved to be the case.
Borghesi used the larger size of uppercase letters to form the chronogram, and
each chronogram was complete within a phrase or line. He accomplished this by
using for this purpose those letters of the alphabet which form the Roman
numerals. The uppercase letters found within words are copied off in the order in
which they appear in the inscription or phrase. These are then converted into their
numerical equivalents, and totaled. Taking the uppermost inscription on the clock
dial as the first example:
FranCIsCVs I sIt pLan. DoMInator aeternVs
The letters which are intended to form the chronogram are:
C I C V I I L D M I V

100 1 100 5 1 1 50 500 1000 1 5

 These figures added together total 1764.
The second inscription on the clock dial which forms a chronogram is
LaVs saCrosanCtae TrIaDI VnI Deo, et DeIparae

L V C C I D I V I D D I

50 5 100 100 1 500 1 5 1 500 500 1 = 1764.

The third inscription required a little more planning, because of its greater
length. Accordingly, Father Borghesi divided it into nine parts, each of which is
separated from the other by means of asterisks. Each of the nine parts of the
inscription formed a chronogram which, in every instance, totals to the date 1764,
the year in which the second clock was completed. The same procedure was
followed with the inscriptions in the lower left and the lower right corners of the
dial as well as with the maker's inscription within the central disk. This inscription
is
BVrghesIo DoCtore, et BertoLLa LIMatore AnnanIensIbVs

V I D C L L L I M I I V

5 1 500 100 50 50 50 1 1000 1 1 5 = 1764.

The inscriptions within the chapter ring are not utilized for chronograms,
however. It is apparent that Father Borghesi was required to make a most careful
selection of the texts for his inscriptions in order that none of the phrases included
any additional letters which formed Roman numerals than would total to the date
he desired to indicate, namely, 1764. Where it was necessary, he employed an
asterisk to separate parts of texts so that each would produce the same total. Any
letter that did not form a Roman numeral, even if capitalized or used in a larger
size, did not interfere with the formation of the chronograms.
In spite of his ingenuity in designing a text which would include only such of
the letters representing the Roman numerals which would provide the
chronograms for 1764, Father Borghesi experienced some difficulties, particularly
in place names. He accordingly changed them in order to avoid the inclusion of
letters that would have disturbed his totals. Examples are MEGGL instead of
MECHL, which had an extra C, and RVNNO instead of RVMO, which had an extra
M.

PUBLISHED DESCRIPTION OF THE SECOND CLOCK

 When the clock had been completed and proved to work successfully, Borghesi
once more reduced a description of the clock and its function to published form in
a second little volume published by Monauni. This second work was also in Latin,
the title of which is translated as The Most Recent Theoretical-Practical
Astronomical Clock According to the Equally Most Recent System of the World. As
with his first book, Father Borghesi devoted a number of pages to a preface
addressed to the reader, which is translated from the Latin:
This mechanical instrument was far from being ready for
public notice. A great deal of time and work remained to produce
a machine of this new system from the very foundations; then, by
a most accurate calculation to bring the motions of many wheels
up-to-date with the most recent astronomical observations; and,
finally, to fashion it with the craftsman's file, often enough with a
weary hand. All this work I had performed eagerly, so that, while
in my room, I might contemplate leisurely, both day and night,
the true face of the heavens and the seas unobscured by clouds,
even though I had no astronomical equipment. But, then I
remembered that, in my book on the first clock, I had promised a
description of a new (at least, as far as is known to me) clock.
Moreover, friends with astronomical interest, who took part in the
oft-repeated astronomical experiments concerning this clock,
persuaded me that the intellectual world would enjoy having a
greater knowledge and a description of this work. However, it was
not only the promises nor the desires of many which moved me to
write this work, but I also thought it was necessary to set forth,
before the description of the clock, an exposition of the
astronomical system according to which this clock was
constructed, so that the complete work would be evident to all. I
was concerned about making this timepiece more acceptable and
more understandable to those people who are far distant and
unable to see it, so that this present exposition would obtain
credulity among all. I could find no better method than to set
forth for the reader the theory of the universe which I figured out
after many sleepless nights.
In testing this theory day after day, it not only appeared to be
complete, and true, but each day it appeared more conformable
to reality; it captured my mind in such a way that I finally adhered
to it. I desired, while I lived, to erect this work as a monument to
the theory. To do this, I digressed a bit from the true-to-life
pattern to the mechanical order so that I could transfer all the
movements of the heavens, etc. (which I enjoyed thinking about
more), to the plane surface of the clock's face. In this way, the
ecliptical spectacles of the stars, etc., would appear at their
proper times clearly before the eyes of the viewer. I could also
avoid many difficulties which otherwise, perhaps, even the hands
of the most skillful craftsmen could never solve.

Figure 19.—Movement of the Borghesi clock, viewed from the rear,

showing rear of dial plate.
 Figure 20.—Title page of Father
Borghesi's second book. The
translation in its entirety is:
"The Most Recent Theoretical-
Practical Astronomical Clock
According to the Equally Most
Recent System of the World.
Author: Francesco Borghesi of
Mechel of Anáuni * Priest of
Trent, Doctor of Philosophy *
(The System of the Clock)
Ingeniously connected to new
theoretical laws published
1764: and the constructor,
Bartholomeo Antonio Bertolla
of Rumo, similarly from Anáuni
* who skillfully produced this
work * in this same current
year of Our Lord * which is the
year 5713 [sic] since God
created this earth. (Trent:
From the Printshop of
Giovanni Battista Monauni,
With Permission of the
Superiors.)" (Title page
reproduced by courtesy of the
Biblioteca della Citta di
Trento.)

You ought to know, therefore, that as a result of my nightly

meditations, I have rejected, after much consideration, all the
explanations of the universe thus far published. All other theories
of the make-up of the universe, however admirable, and however
many there are, turn the sun and earth around in an ecliptic in an
annual movement. Thus, Philolaus was the first to move the earth
from the center of the universe and move it through the void;
afterwards, Aristarchus of Samos and then Copernicus moved the
earth with the moon. The Egyptians, as well as Pythagoras,
Ptolemy, Tycho, Riciolus, Longomontanus, etc., thought that the
sun moved through the degrees of the ecliptic each year. But I
attributed this movement to neither earth nor sun for the
movement of both is only apparent. I did not vainly surmise the
annual equilibrium in all astronomical observations to be from the
daily movement of the same axis moved at the poles of the
heavens. Nor, in like manner, is there a better way to satisfy
physical experiments. To you, then, most cultured reader: If you,
perhaps, can make any use or draw pleasure from this most