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AutoCAD Workbook for
Architects and Engineers
Shannon R Kyles
Professor ofArchitecture
Mohawk College, Ontario, Canada

•A Blackwell
..II Publishing
AutoCAD Workbook for
Architects and Engineers
Shannon R Kyles
Professor ofArchitecture
Mohawk College, Ontario, Canada

•A Blackwell
..II Publishing
This edition first published 2008
© 2008 by S.R. Kyles

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell's publishing programme
has been merged with Wiley's global Scientific, Technical, and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

Registered office
John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO 19 8SQ, United Kingdom

Editorial office
9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, United Kingdom

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for
permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at
www.wiley.comlwiley-blackwell.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the
Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted,
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as
permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be
available in electronic books.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand
names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered
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this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the
subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering
professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent
professional should be sought.

Certain images and materials contained in this publication were reproduced with the permission of Autodesk,
Inc. © 1999-2007 All rights reserved. Autodesk, AutoCAD, and AutoCAD LT are registered trademarks or
trademarks of Autodesk, Inc., in the U.SA., Canada, and certain other countries.

Library ofCongress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Kyles, Shannon.
AutoCAD workbook for architects I S.R. Kyles.
p.em.
Includes index.
ISBN-13: 978-1-4051-8096-2 (pbk. : alk. paper)
ISBN-I0: 1-4051-8096-X (pbk. : alk. paper) I. Architectural drawing-Computer-aided
design-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 2. AutoCAD-Handbooks, manuals, etc. 1. Title.
NA2728.K952008
720.28'40285536--dc22
2007033120

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Set in Times New Roman 101l3pt by S.R. Kyles, Canada

Printed in Singapore by C.O.S. Printers Pte Ltd
12008
Contents

Acknowledgments page viii

Introduction ix
Using this Book ix
Disks and File Storage IX

Starting AutoCAD X

Keyboard and Mouse Functions x

Function Buttons Xl

Entering Commands and Coordinates Xl

Windows Toolbars Xl

Scroll Bars XlI

Opening or Accessing Drawings xii

Exiting AutoCAD XlV

Options Dialog Box xiv

1 Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 1

Starting a Drawing in Metric or Imperial I
The UNITS Command 2
Choosing the Origin 3
Using PAN to get Started 4
The LIMITS Command 4
Entry of Points 6
Coordinate Entry using Absolute, Relative, and Polar Values 6
Coordinate Entry using SNAP, ORTHO, POlAR and DYNAMIC 8
Geometry Commands 11
View Commands 13
Alternate Units 17
Tutorial1a Using Draw Commands and Limits 18
Tutoriallb Using Draw Commands without Limits 21
Exercise 1 Units Practice 1 23
Exercise 1 Units Practice 2 24
Exercise 1 Practice 25

Contents ii
 Exercise 1 Architectural 26
Exercise 1 Mechanical 27
Exercise 1 Woodwork 28

2 Help Files, OSNAP, OTRACK, BREAK, TRIM, and ERASE 29

Understanding Command Strings 30
Object SNAPs 32
OTRACK 35
BREAK, TRIM, and ERASE 36
GRIPS 37
ERASE with Window and Crossing 37
UNDO and REDO 37
Tutoria12a Using SNAP, OSNAP, and TRIM 38
Tutoria12b Using OSNAP and OTRACK 42
Exercise 2 Practice 45
Exercise 2 Architectural 46
Exercise 2 Mechanical 47
Exercise 2 Challenger 48

3 Object Selection and Modify Commands 49

Selecting Objects Within the Modify Commands 49
Modify Commands 51
Editing with Grips 56
Setting LINETYPEs 58
Changing LTSCALE 58
Tutoria13a Using ROTATE, COPY, and MIRROR 59
Tutoria13b Using ROTATE, COPY, and MIRROR 61
Exercise 3 Practice 64
Exercise 3 Architectural 65
Exercise 3 Mechanical 66
Exercise 3 Challenger 67

4 STRETCH, TRIM, EXTEND, OFFSET, and ARRAY 69

Removing and Adding Objects 69
More Modify Commands 70
Tutoria14 Modify Commands 80
Exercise4a Practice 83
Exercise4b Practice 84
Exercise 4 Architectural 85
Exercise4a Mechanical 86
Exercise4b Mechanical 87
Exercise 4 Challenger 88

5 Entity Commands with Width 89

The PUNE Command 89
The PEDIT Command 92
The POLYGON Command 94
The SOLID Command 95

iv Contents
 The DONUT Command 95
The TEXT Command 96
Multilines 97
Tutorial 5 Using PLiNE and SOLID 98
Exercise 5 Practice 102
Exercise 5 Architectural 103
Exercise 5 Mechanical 104
Exercise 5 Wood 105
Exercise 5 Challenger 106

6 Entity Properties: Layers, Colors, and Linetypes 107

About LAYERs 107
Creating aNew Layer 108
Changing LTSCALE 110
Match Properties and CHPROP 110
Layer Filtering 111
Tutorial 6 Layers, Colors, and Linetypes 112
Exercise 6 Practice 116
Exercise 6 Architectural 117
Exercise 6 Mechanical 118
Exercise 6 Challenger 119

7 Dimensioning 121
About Dimensioning 121
Entering Dimensions 122
Dimension Styles 126
The Text Tab 126
The Fit Tab 127
The Primary Units Tab 128
The Alternate Units Tab 128
The Symbols and Arrows Tab 128
Saving Dimension Styles 129
Editing Dimensions 129
Tutorial7a Dimensioning for Mechanical Applications 130
Tutorial7b Dimensioning for Architectural Applications 134
Exercise 7 Practice 136
Exercise 7 Architectural 137
Exercise 7 Mechanical 138
Exercise 7 Wood 139
Exercise 7 Challenger 140

8 Text and Pictorial Views 141

Linear Text 141
Paragraph Text 144
Text Styles and Fonts 145
Editing Text 147
Using LEADER to Create Notations 148
SNAP and GRID 149
Tutoria18a Using Text and Text Styles 150

Contents V
 Tutorial8b Using Rotated SNAP and GRID to make a 2D Isometric 155
Exercise 8 Practice 159
Exercise 8 Architectural 160
Exercise 8 Mechanical 161
Exercise 8 Wood Millwork 162
Exercise 8 Challenger 164

9 HATCH, SKETCH, and GRADIENTS 165

The BHATCH Command 165
Solid Hatches 169
Editing Hatches 169
The SKETCH Command 170
Gradient 171
Tutorial 9 HATCH 172
Exercise 9 Practice 175
Exercise 9 Architectural 176
Exercise 9 Wood Millwork 177
Exercise 9 Mechanical 178
Exercise 9 Challenger 180

10 Blocks and Wblocks 181

Using Blocks 181
The BLOCK Command 181
The INSERT Command 182
External Blocks 183
The WBLOCK Command 184
CopylPaste 185
The MINSERT Command 186
Editing Blocks 186
Blocks, Wblocks, Color, and Layers 187
Tutorial 10 BLOCK, WBLOCK, INSERT, and Copy/Paste 189
Exercise 10 Practice 192
Exercise 10 Mechanical ]93
Exercise 1Oa Architectural 194
Exercise lOb Architectural 195
Exercise 10 Challenger 196

11 Setting Up Drawings and Plotting 197

Set Up and Scale for Simple 2D Drawings 197
Using Blocks to Compile Drawings 199
View Titles and Drawing-Related Notations 202
Importing Notations 203
Using Lineweights 204
Plotting 204
Tutorial 11 a Imperial Example 207
Tutorial!! b Metric Example 210
Exercise 11 Practice 213
Exercise 11 Architectural 214

vi Contents
 Exercise 11 Mechanical 215
Exercise 11 Challenger 216

12 Paper Space for 2 Dimensional Drawings 217

Paper Space 217
Accessing Paper Space 218
Scaling Views Within a Drawing 220
Layers Within Viewports 221
The VPLAYER Command 222
Dimensioning in Paper Space 222
AutoCAD~s Template Drawings 223
Tutoriall2a Imperial Example 224
Tutoria112b Metric Example 229
Exercise 12 Practice 236
Exercise 12 Architectural 237
Exercise 12 Mechanical 238
Exercise 12 Wood 239
Exercise 12 Challenger 240

13 POINTS, DIVIDE, MEASURE, and Inquiry Commands 241

Points, Point Display and Point Size Options 241
Using DIVIDE and MEASURE 242
The SPLINE Command 245
Inquiry Commands 246
Tutorial13a Inquiry Commands and SPLINE 252
Tutorial13b MEASURE and DIVIDE with Inquiry Commands 255
Exercise 13 Practice 257
Exercise 13 Architectural 258
Exercise 13 Mechanical 259
Exercise 13 Challenger 260

14 Attributes 261
Introduction 261
Attributes for Title Blocks and Notations 261
Defining the Attributes 262
Editing Attribute Definitions 263
Displaying Attributes 265
Creating Attributes for Data Extraction 265
Editing Attributes 266
Data Extraction 267
Tutorial14a Attributes for a Title Block 268
Tutorial14b Defining, Blocking, and Inserting Attributes 271
Tutorial14c Defining, Blocking, and Inserting Attributes 276
Exercise 14 Architectural 277
Exercise 14 Challenger 278

m~ 2~
Drawings 281

Contents vii
 Acknowledgments

The exercises in this book went through many years ofstudent testing both at Mohawk
College and at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. Since the student
edition appeared in January 1993,there have been many positive suggestions and much
constructive criticism. I would like to thank all my students over the past 27 years of
teaching CAD for working with me on the development ofnew proj ects, and for proof-
ing tutorials and exercises.
I would like to thank Brian McKibbin, Diego Gomez, and Trevor Garwood Jones for
their generosity in letting me use their architectural designs to provide students with
up-to-date architectural work. I would also like to thank Robert Deeks and Henry
Brink for their help in updating the mechanical engineering examples, and Ken Mer-
cer for checking the accuracy of the wood-related drawings.
Finally I would like to thank Catriona Dixon and Madeleine Metcalfe from Blackwell
Publishing for their efforts in polishing this text.

Shanon R. Kyles
Canada

December 2007

viii Acknowledgements
 Introduction
AutoCAD is a very popular, flexible software system that allows the user to create
both 2-dimensional and 3-dimensional models and drawings. This book offers a series
ofexercises to help you learn the 2D drawing techniques ofAutoCAD. Most ofthe 2D
commands in Releases 2006, 2007 and 2008 have not changed since Release 2000i.
These exercises can be used on all releases from 2000i through 2008.
For those who are familiar with computers, learning AutoCAD will be easy, simply
because you are aware ofthe typical response structure and the format ofyour system.

Using this Book System Prompts and User Responses

All commands listed within the text of this book are in the command font. CIRCLE,
LINE, ZOOM, MIRROR, etc. When shown as in this font are commands.
In this book, the system command information will be shown in this style:

Command:
Specify first point:
Specify second point or [Undo]:

The user responses (what you should type in) will be shown in bold:

COffi."l1and: LINE
Specify first point:O,O
Specify second point or [Undo] :5,3

The Enter or Return Key

At the end ofeach command or entry on the command line, use the Enter key (symbol-
ized by .J) to signal the end of:

a command entry:
Command:LlNE.J

• a coordinate entry:
Specify first point:2,4.J

• a value:
New fillet radius.OOOO:3.J

• text:
Text:All Holes 2.00R Unless Note~

Please note that the .J will not be shown at the end ofevery entry after Chapter 1; it will
only be used when the user should press .J rather than entering any other response.

[)isks and File Most ofthe drawings in this book are small, so a floppy disk may be used for file storage
Storage if your computer still has a floppy drive. Zip drives, Jazz drives, mass storage units
and CD writers are better suited to storing larger files. Always make three copies of
your files. Save your file every halfhour on the permanent computer drive, either C: or
D:. Ifyou have been working for more than three hours, also save onto an external file
system like a flash drive. Before you sign offfrom the system, e-mail a copy ofthe file
to yourself as welL

INTRODUCTION ix
 Starting Your Windows environment should have been set up so that a double-click on the
AutoCAD AutoCAD application icon will bring up AutoCAD.You will automatically be placed
in the Drawing Editor.

When you first start up, there may be palettes overlaying your screen. Click on the "X"
to remove them. On releases 2007 and 2008 a dashboard may come up instead ofto01-
bars. Pick AutoCAD Classic from the Workspaces toolbar.
Unfortunately, there is no way ofguaranteeing how the last user has left the screen, so
you may not have the necessary toolbars showing. If your screen is not the same as
shown below, you can either open toolbars in the View pull-down menu (very cumber-
some and difficult) or right~c1ickany toolbar on screen and pick from the list a toolbar
that you want.
AutoC6.D Classic

The Windows Drawing Editor

The initial Windows screen contains the menu bar, the status bar, the drawing window
or graphics area, and several toolbars. Toolbars contain icons that represent com-
mands.
The menu bar (along the top) contains the pull-down menus. The status bar (along the
bottom) displays the cursor coordinates and the status modes such as GRID and SNAP.
Mode names are always visible in the status bar as selectable buttons. Click the buttons
to toggle the modes. The command line in Windows is "floating," that is, it may be
dragged to any location on the screen. The command line is where your commands
will be written out. Keep reading this to see where you are.

Keyboard and There are many different kinds ofpointing devices or mice on the market. Some have
Mouse Functions two or three buttons, others have as many as 20. Two buttons are adequate for most
operations. A central roller on the top ofthe mouse will help with display cOlnmands.

In releases after 2004, the roller ball on the mouse will both ZOOM and PAN your file.

The Pick Button

On all mice there is a point or command indicator or pick button; on a two-button
mouse, it is usually on the left side of the device.
The pick button is used to indicate the command you want to access either from the
on-screen menu or from the digitizer tablet. It is also used to indicate point positions.

The Enter Button

The button on the right ofthe mouse will often have the function ofthe .J key (Enter or
Return) on the keyboard. This signals the end ofa command. There is also a right-click
facility that accesses the functions associated with each command. This can be turned
offunder the Tools pull-down menu by selecting Options and then User Preferences.

x INTRODUCTION
Function Buttons Many people who have used AutoCAD for a few years still make use of the function
keys on the top of the keyboard ( F6, F7, F8, etc). Move the mouse around the screen
noting the movement of the crosshairs.

F6 toggles the Co-ordinate readout from

absolute, to incremental to off and back
F7 toggles GRID on and off
F8 toggles ORTHO on and off
F9 toggles the SNAP on and off

Entering You can enter information either through the keyboard or through your mouse or
Commands and pointing device. There are also toolbars and icons that help to access the information.
Coordinates You can enter a command by typing it in at the command prompt or you can use the
pointing device to pick up commands from:

the pUll-down menus in the menu bar

the icons on the toolbars.

Windows Toolbars are groups of icons or tools compiled according to ap-

Toolbors plication. Toolbars can be on-screen or not, and can be on the top 3D Orbit
or side of your screen or floating. CAD Standards
Dimension
Accessing Too/bars ." Draw
Draw Order
In Releases 2000 to 2005, Toolbars can be accessed through the Inquiry
View pull-down menu. Pick View, then Toolbars, then the tool- Insert
bar that you need. In Releases 2006, 2007 and 2008, simply ..; Layers
right-click the two parallel lines on the end of the toolbar, and a Layouts
list of possible toolbars will appear. Pick the one you want. v Modify
Modify II
Object Snap
To remove a toolbar from your screen, click on the X icon on the ." Properties
top right of the toolbar. Refedit
Reference
Render
Shade
Solids
Solids Editing
." Standard
Using Windows Too/hars
Styles
Toolbars contain tools that represent commands. When you Surfaces
move the pointing device over a tool, Tooltips display the name Text
of the tool below the cursor. Pick that tool to invoke the com- UCS
mand. ucsn
View
Placing Toolhars Viewports
Web
The Standard toolbar is visible by default. It carries frequently Workspaces
used tools such as Zoom, Redraw, and Undo. A docked too/bar Zoom
attaches to any edge of the graphics window. Afloating too/bar
can lie anywhere on the application screen, and it can be resized Lock Location ~

and does not overlap with the drawing window. Customize .. ,

Ifnone ofyour toolbars appear on screen, exit AutoCAD and open the software again.
Your start-up file may not have been properly loaded.

INTRODUCTION xi
 To Dock a Toolbar
1. Position the cursor on the toolbar, and press the pick button on the pointing device.
2. Drag the toolbar to a dock location at the top, bottom, or either side of the drawing
window.
3. When the outline ofthe toolbar appears in the docking area, release the pick button.
To place the toolbar in a docking region without docking it, hold down the Ctr1 key as
you drag.

Placing theFirst Toolbar

If your screen comes up with no toolbars, type in the word 'toolbar' preceeded by a
dash as shown below. Then type in 'Standard' and your Standard toolbar will appear.
Dock it, as explained above, then right-click the two parallel lines on the end and place
the other toolbars as required. If this doesn't work, exit AutoCAD and reload it.

Command:-toolbar
Enter toolbar name or [All] :Standard

The Windows Command Window

Like the toolbars, the Windows command line or response area can be moved and
docked. By default the command window is docked at the bottom of your screen.
You can resize the command window vertically and horizontally, both with the point-
ing device and with the splitter bar located at the top edge ofthe window when docked
on the bottom and on the bottom edge when docked at the top. Resizing and docking
the command window can help you to create more space for your drawings on-screen.
It can also help you see your commands to find out where you may have gone wrong.

Scroll Bars In most Windows applications there are scroll bars that advance the file you are
viewing. Each scroll bar has arrows that indicate a move up or down. To access an area
not displayed, click on the up or down arrow until the information is displayed or pick
the box within the scroll bar and move it quickly up and down the screen.

Scroll bars can be either vertical or horizontal. In Windows, the scroll bars on the top
and bottom move the file across the screen in the same way that PAN does.

Opening or Once you have accessed the Drawing Editor, you can start drawing and later save your
Accessing work under a specified name in a specified directory. If you have a drawing staTted in
Drawings AutoCAD Release 2000i, 2004 or some earlier version, you can use OPEN to find it
and then work on it.

Opening Existing Drawing.5

The command line equivalent is OPEN.
In Windows, under File Name double-click the file name in the list of files. Use the
scroll bars to access other files. To access other directories, pick the down arrow be-
side the words' Look in:'. You can also type in the drawing name by picking the long
white box beside File Name:, then typing in the name ofthe file. Ifyou prefer to type in
both the directory and the name, type that into the File Name box.
Once your file is open, any changes can be saved to the same directory with the SAVE
command.

xii INTRODUCTION
 Starting a New File
If you would like to start a new file, access the same File menu and choose New.
Before the new file is created, you can choose a default drawing file environment
and/or enter the name of the file that you wish to create.

Command: new
Enter template file name or L. (For none)] <acad.dwt>:
Enter template file name or [. (For none)] <acadiso.dwt>:

The _dwt extension stands for drawing template. acad.dwt is imperial, acadiso.dwt is
metric.
The default file environment can be either the acad.dwt standard file or a prototype file
that contains all the settings for a specific application. Once you are familiar with
AutoCAD, you can save drawing templates that contain plotter information, layer in-
formation, groups, blocks, linetypes, and other standard information so that you don't
need to set up your file from scratch each time.

Recovering Files
Jfyou have a problem with retrieving a file using OPEN, you may need to RECOVER
the file. Usually these problems are caused by either bad diskettes or removing the
floppy disk from the drive before AutoCAD has completely exited from the file. Ifyou
need to restore a file, simply type in RECOVER at the command prompt. Theoretically,
the OPEN cOlnmand should automatically repair any damaged files, but ifthis doesn't
work, try RECOVER.

Saving Files
Computers have a tendency to lose information at the worst possible times. It is sug-
gested that when you are using AutoCAD you save your files at least every hour.
The first time you save a drawing, you will be prompted for the name ofthe file before
it is saved. If you have already entered the name of the current file under the New op-
tion under File, then AutoCAD simply saves the file under the given name and direc-
tory and you will not be prompted for a name.
To save a named file, use SAVE. Use the icon or

1. Type in the word SAVE at the command prompt

2. From the File menu, choose SAVE. In the Save

Drawing As dialog box, enter the new drawing
.,~~i.~'.'N.~i:~. ".:.~~::~.w . ~~
name. Then choose OK.
!QI r:!ew ...
Ne~ Sheet Set...
Qpen ...
Choose SAVE every subsequent time you would
Op~n Sheet Set ...
like to save the drawing, and the drawing will auto-
matically be saved under this specified file name. Load Marlsup Set .•.
~Iose
If you specified a directory and file when you
signed on, use SAVE to save the file under this
To save a file to be read on an name.
earlier release of AutoCAD, . IQ ;iave
choose Save As, then under To save the file under a new name or on a different
Save B.s ...
the Files of Type box, pick directory, choose Save As frOln the File pull-down
Rel130se 2000. Inenu.
To change the directory, double-click on the directory listing that you want. The line
reading 'Look In:' must reflect the directory chosen.
You can save a file as a different release ofAutoCAD by specifying the file type. Spec-
ify the release you need under the Files of Type box in the Save As dialog box.

INTRODUCTION xiii
 Changing the Drawing Name or Directory
Ifyou want to change the drawing name or directory, use Save As. Ifyou have been ad-
dressing C: while creating your drawing, you can save the file onto a disk before exit-
ing the file by using Save As, then pick A: or B: for the directory or drive.

Exiting AutoCAD Once you have saved the file, you can exit AutoCAD either by clicking on
the X at the top right or by picking Exit from the File menu.

The command line equivalent is QUIT.

The large red X will exit you from AutoCAD. The smaller black x will exit you from
the current drawing.
Do not remove your floppy disk from the drive before you have completely exited
fronl AutoCAD.

Options Dialog In previous releases and in many other Windows programs the
Box Options dialog box is called Preferences. The Options setup your
screen display, the drawing environment, and the systelTI. If you
fmd the color ofthe screen difficult to work with, change it under
Tools, Options, Display, Color. You can also set right-click
preferences here.

Window Elements DisplC!jI resolution

D Display sCioli bars in drawing window .:.! 11OO~.J Arc and circle smoothness
o Display screen menu
(EJ U~e I<ltge buttom for loolbafS ~~. ;8 I Segments in a polyline curve

o Show ToolTips ~l ~! Rendered object smoolhness

o Show shortcut kejls in ToolT ips
Colors... 1I
r - - - - ___

FonlL
:?! ;4 ! Contour lines per surtace

Layout elements Display perlormance

o Display Layout and Model tabs o Pan and zoom with lasler &OLE
o Display Plintable aleC! ~ High~ght rasler image frMle only
21 Display paper background :l 0 App~ solid liD
[!j Displey paper shadow ~ 0 Show lexl boundary flame only
o Show Page SelupManagel tor new layouts ~ 0 Draw tliue silhouettes 101 roIids and ~fa=
~ Creale viewport in new layouts

Closshair SIW Reference Edillading intensity

i5 [50-------;
L _ _i

Context: Interface e1eFlle!'¢;

@t. .Ugp--Tnx I1I~~·
I~out .l=~------""';;;;';;.q
, I !_ • • • •

I 1Crosshairs
i3D paralIel projection 1Autotrack vector II Red
i 3D perspective projection 1; Autosnap marker 0 YeBow
Block editor : 1Drafti[1Q tool tip EJ Green
ICommand line
I I i Drafting tool tip background mCyan
·ti Plot preview i I Light glyphs • Blue
,~~._._~_~.~~~_"", ..} I Light hotspot
;Light falloff II Magenta
1Light start limit 0 White
!Ughtendlimlt •••••••••
!~amera 9lyp.hs c:~I?r CI Select Color, ..

xiv INTRODUCTION
 Introductory Geometry and
Setting Up
.

i
chapter you should be able to:
UhAl SNAP, and GRID
methods and on-screen picking

ZOOM and PAN

This book is about how to use AutoCAD to make drawings. The information is rele-
vant to all AutoCAD releases from 2000 to 2008. Commands not available before a
particular release are noted.

Starting a Once you have entered the Drawing Editor,

Drawing in AutoCAD establishes a default working
Metric or environment. There may also be some 'floating
Imperial palettes' on the screen (Sheet Sets, Tool Palettes).
Click on the X at the top
right corner of each palette
to clear these off your
screen so it looks like
Figure 1.1. Make sure your
workspace is AutoCAD
Classic (Releases 2007 and
2008).
Move your cursor across
the screen to the right ofthe /UC5ICor.J

drawing area. If the nUll / ...----C(llT1J'11i:jnd ~Ine. Co'ordlna+..e Readout

-hers in the coordinate

/
readout are under 100, you
have opened an ilnperial
file. If they are over 500,
Figure 1 .1
you have opened in metric.

Changing Imperial and Metric .

'·~PTWT;;P'I;;·~'·····_·-'"·~~·'~~'.~.~.

It is best to start off immediately with the units that

~Sheet5et$
you want to use. If you have started in the wrong
tijatad -Named Plot Styles..dwt
units, open a new file with acad.dwt (imperial) or
g;acad.dwt
acadiso.dwt (metric). liIacadISO . Named Plot Styles,dwt
The command STARTUP can also be used. This will lliacadiso.dwt
prompt for either imperial or metric without the other til ANSI A (portraitl-Color Depe.,.
options.

Command: STARTUP
Enter new value for startup <0>:1
C om..rnand : NEW

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 1

 Pick either imperial or metric from the dialog box. Ifyou don't start in the right units,
your dimensioning, area, and volume calculations will be difficult.

The UNITS In AutoCAD it is suggested that you draw everything at full scale or 1: 1 scale, and plot
Command the drawing at the required scale factor later.
Once you have chosen your deired units
from the startup menu, you then use the
UNITS command to set your readout
only. The type of units chosen detennines
how AutoCAD interprets coordinate and
angle command entries. The 'Insertion
If you pick a point on the graphics
screen, you start to draw a rectangle,
scale' area indicates again your base units.
Pick another point and it will AutoCAD offers various types of units of
disappear. measure for use on your drawings. Before
setting up the parameters of the drawing,
first set up the units so that the readout dis-
plays the required units. Decimal mode
may be used for Inetric units as well as for
imperial units. Be sure you have set up
your file correctly for the units that you re-
Figure 1.2
qUIre.

The decimal unit type will display one

millimeter for one unit. Specify the number of
decimal places for your readout using preci-
sion, as in Figure 1.2.
The engineering and architectural modes as-
sume that one drawing unit equals one inch.
Again set your precision, as shown in Figure
1.3. Fractional and scientific settings will
give a readout in those specific units. Again,
i the UNITS cOlnmand only sets the readout. If
Ilf you press the space bar before
entering any other command just as you are setting your UNITS in inches, but your
you open the file, the system might 'Insertion scale' is luillimeters, then you will
offer you the 'HELP' files. To get the have problems later.
'HELP' files off screen, click on the Xat
the top right. The UNITS command can be accessed either Figure 1.3
through the command line or through the
UNITS dialog box from the Fonnat pull-down
menu at the top of your screen.

Starting to Draw
AutoCAD uses Cartesian coordinates for
point entry. The points are set around a de-
termined origin atXO, YO, ZOo In this case X +y
is 21"10". Y is 5'0", and Z is 0.0000. All
points to the right of 0,0 have a positive X -x +x
value; all points to the left have a negative
X All points above 0,0 have a positive Y
-y
value; all points below have negative Y.
Moving the cursor around the screen you
will notice that the 0,0 position defaults to
the bottom left corner of your screen. See Figure 1.40
Figures 1.4a and Figure lAb.

Figure 1.4b

2 CHAPTER ONE
(:hoosing the The origin or 0,0 should be the most easily accessible point on the design. If a large
Origin percentage ofthe dimensions on a drawing stem from one point, it should be made the
origin. The coordinate readout on the bottom of the screen is there to help you fmd
your position. The placement of the origin is important to establish a base for your
readouts. It will be more important later when merging files.
To move 0,0 from the bottom of the screen use the PAN command, as in Figure 1.5.

Figure 1.5

Often you can press down on the roller ball of your mouse to get PAN. The command
line equivalent is PAN or just P.

Command: PAN
(drag the icon across the screen to where you want it)
In architectural drawings the origin is often at the bottom left comer, as in Figure 1.6.

upper right 35',30' upper right 50',45'

1 42'

0,0
*===::::::=a_-=!.I
-2',-2' lower left
0,0

-5',-5' lower left

1
Figure 1.6

In mechanical applications it is often in the center, as in Figure 1.7_

upper right 2,2 upper right 10,20

1.2
16

-2,-2 lower left -10,-20 lower left

Figure 1.7

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 3

 Using PAN to The easiest way to start a file is by using 0,0 as the starting point. Use PAN to move the
get Started origin or 0,0 to the center of the screen. Then draw your first object using 0,0 as the
fIrst point.

The PAN command is as follows:

The command line equivalent is PAN or P.

Once centered, draw a circle, then use ZOOM All to fit it to your screen, as in Figure
1.8. The same can be done using LINE. The CIRCLE command is explained further on
I page 11, but the commands below will show how it works.
iIn thecommand examples, the bold
type is the user entry or response.

~x

PAN CIRCLE ZOOM ALL

Figure 1.8

Command:PAN (move your 0,0 to the center of the screen as in

Figure 1.5)
Command:CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)] :0,0
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]<1'-O">:5
Command: ZOOM
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP),
or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale
/Window/ObjectJ<real time>:ALL

The LIMITS LIMITS sets a flexible general size for your drawing. LIMITS sets the size of your screen
Command and the area covered by the screen grid. Unlike drawing on paper, you can change the
LIMITS size at any time. It simply gives you a place to start and helps provide a visual
size that you can identify with.

The command line equivalent is LIMITS.

Setting LIMITS does not limit your model; it merely lets you determine how big the fin-
ished product might be. You can reset the LIMITS at any time simply by picking new
points on the screen. ZOOM All allows you to view the size you have chosen.

4 CHAPTER ONE
 A Sample Set Up
A house that is 40' x 36'.
The following commands will center the frrst line on your screen without LIMITS.

Command: LINE
Open acad.dwt. Change your
UNITS to Architectural and draw
LINE Specify first point:O,O
in a line . ZOOM All to see it on Specify next point or [Undo] :40' ,0
the screE"n. Specify next point or [Undo]:~
Command: ZOOM
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP),
or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale
/Window/Object]<real time>:ALL

You can also draw this using LIMITS.

Command: LIMITS
Reset Model space limits
Specify lower left corner or [ON / OFF]
<0'-0",0'-0">:-5' ,-5'
Use LIMiTS; GRID and SNAP to Specify upper right corner <12.0000,9.0000>:45' ,40'
set up a drawing environment. Command: ZOOM
Draw a line or circle the size of Specify corner of window, enter .... /ObjectJ<real time>:ALL
your part, then use ZOOM All.
Cornmand:LINE
LINE Specify first point:O,O
Specify next point or [Undo] :40' ,0
Specify next point or [Undo]:~

Setting LIMITS, SNAP and GRID

LIMITS sets an overall size for your design. SNAP sets an increment that the cursor will
move by. GRID sets a visual aid to help you place objects, and is often set to twice the
SNAP value. The grid will extend over the area given by the LIMITS command.
To find GRID and SNAP:

The command line equivalent is SNAP or GRI D.

Command: LIMITS
Set up your LIMITS, GRID and
SNAP if they might be useful. Reset Model space limits
Draw a line or circle the size of Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF]<0.OOOO,O.OOOO>:-S,-40
your part, then ZOOM All. Specify upper right corner<12.0000,9.0000>:240,180
Command: ZOOM
Specify corner ..... Extents/Left/Previous/Scale/Window]<real
time>:ALL
Command: SNAP
Specify snap spacing (X) or
[ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style/Type]<1.0000>:5
Corn...'Tland: GRID
Specify grid spacing or [ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect]<O>:10

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 5

 Entry of Points All parts of geometry are entered by means of points. Lines have two points each.
circles have a centerpoint and a point determining the radius. Arcs have a center point,
a radius point, a start point, and an end point.

There are three ways of entering points:

by coordinates: absolute values, relative values, or polar values

picking them on the screen, with or without SNAP or DYNamic

relative to existing geometry

In this chapter we will look only at the first two methods ofpoint entry. The LINE com-
mand will be used to illustrate coordinate entries.

The LINE Command

Find LINE as follows:

The command line equivalent is LINE or the command alias L.

Co~~and:LlNE or L

To create a LINE, you will need to know where it starts and where it ends. Pick two or
more points on the screen or enter the coordinates. Tenninate the command by press-
ing the Enter key (.J) .

Coordinate Entry The coordinates of an item, the X and Yvalues, can be entered either relative to the
using Absolute, origin (the absolute value of the line) or relative to the last point entered (the
Relative, and incremental value).
Polar Values
Absolute Value Entries
In this method, the origin of the model or drawing does not change: the objects are
placed relative to the origin. To enter the absolute value ofan item, type in the X value,
then the Y value, separated by a comma. You will need to enter two sets of values to
draw a line. Press the enter key -I to signal the end of the coordinate entry and you
should get the line shown in Figure 1.9.
The DYNamic function is very useful
but confusing at first. Turn it off for Command:LlNE
coordinate entry by clicking the icon.
Specify first point:O,O
Specify next point or [Undo] :4,0

DYNamic off

DYNamic on

Figure 1.9

This will draw a line from the absolute position of 0,0 to the absolute position of
4,0.

6 CHAPTER ONE
Relative Value Entries
To enter an incremental or relative value, type the @ symbol (Shift-2) before the
number. @ means 'from the last point.'

Command:LINE
Specify first point:2,3
Specify next point or [Undo] :@4,0

This will draw a line from the absolute position of2,3 to a position 4 units in positive X
from this point.

Try these two examples:

Absolute Relative
Comrnand:LINE Comrnand:LINE
Specify first point:O,O Specify first point:5,5
Specify next point or[Undo] :4,0 Specify next [Undo] :@4,O
Specify next point or[Undo] :4,4 Specify next [Undo] :@O,4
Specify next point or [Undo] :0,4 Specify next [Undo] :@-4,O
Specify next point or [Undo] :0,0 Specify next [Undo] :@0,-4
Specify next point or [Undo]:~ Specify next [Undo] :~

D
Figure 1.10

The example on the left in Figure 1.10 is a four-unit square starting at 0,0. The example
on the right is a four-unit square starting at 5,5. Both squares are created relative to the
origin, 0,0.

To draw a line from point 5,6 to point 8.3,6 use either of the following:

Absolute Relative
Command: LINE Command: LINE
Specify first point:5,6 Specify first point:5,6
Specify next point or[Undo] :8.3,6 Specify next[Undo] :@3.3,0

In choosing between the absolute and the incremental method, the deciding factor is
what you know. If you know that the final point is going to be 8.3,6, use the absolute
value. Ifyou know that the line is going to be 3.3 units inpositiveXfrom the last point,
then enter the incremental coordinates. AutoCAD will do the calculations.

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 7

 Polar Value Entries
Polar coordinates allow you to enter an item, relative to the last item, at a specified
length and angle. Angles are normally calculated counterclockwise from the positive
X direction, as shown in Figure 1.11.

Command: LINE
Specify first point:3,4
Specify next point or [Undo] :@4<45

~@4<45 90

0 180 --+-+-----'-~- o
3,4 </,,---4-------J45
270

Figure 1.11

Where: @ relative to the last point

4 the length of the line
< angle
45 the angle that the line will be drawn at; all angles are calculated
counterclockwise

Try this example:

Command: LINE @1<210

Specify first point:6,O
Next point:@2<O @6<150
Next point:@3<90
Next point:@2<O
Next point:@1<270
@2<90
Next point:@2<O Close @2<0 @1<270
Next point:@2<90
@2<O
Next point:@6<150 @ 3<90

Next point:@1<210
Next point:C (for close) 6,0
@2<0

As noted above, angles are calculated counter- Figure 1.12

clockwise from the furthest point in positive X

Coordinate Entry Functions that can help you enter your drawing information are found at the bottom of
using SNAP, your screen. The lefthand button on the mouse will enter a point every time you press it
ORTHO,POLAR, while in a draw command. Yau can make your digitizing or picking of points much
and DYNAMIC easier and more accurate by using functions such as SNAP, POLAR and ORTHO. The
function bar is shown in Figure 1.13.

Figure 1.13

8 CHAPTER ONE
 SNAP
With SNAP you can draw lines, arcs or circles at preset integers. SNAP can also be set at
an angle or on an isometric. GRID follows the SNAP settings. More advanced SNAP
functions are found in Chapter 2. If you set the SNAP to .25, all entries will be rounded
to the nearest .25 interval as shown in Figure 1.14.
SNAP on
6.25,6.75
SNAP off

9.50,4.75
3.75,4
Figure 1.14

The toggle turns SNAP off and on, you need the command to change the size.

Command: SNAP
Specify snap spacing (X) or
[ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style!Type]<1.0000>:.25

Try repeating the examples on pages 7 and 8 using the mouse and setting the SNAP
value to 1. If the coordinate readout does not move, press F6. Remember that it is a
three-way toggle; off, absolute, and incremental. If you set SNAP to 1, all the points
you digitize or pick from the screen will be accurate to one-unit integers. You cannot
be accurate without using SNAP and/or POLAR.

ORTHO
With the ORTHO option (F8 or the ORTHO button ), lines can only be drawn vertically
or horizontally. Draw a LINE across your screen. Keep adding segments to the line and
tum ORTHO on. You will notice that the cursor only goes vertically and horizontally.
By turning ORTHO off, you will be able to draw diagonal lines again.
The GRID (F7 or the GRID button) gives you a visual display of distance.

POLAR
POLAR is very useful for placing Now tum ORTHO offand POLAR on. AsshowninFigure 1.15, POLAR allows lines to
lines and determining distances. be drawn vertically or horizontally at a given distance and it gives the incremental dis-
Use it with SNAP for accuracy. tance from the last entered point. The button is on when it looks pushed in.

IPOLAR
+_.-
Figure 1.15

Command: LINE
Specify first point: (pick a point) (with POLAR on move your
cursor to the right)
Specify next point or [Undo] :60
Specify next point or [Undo] :50 (move your cursor up)
The line will be drawn 60 units in positive X and 50 units in positive Y. POLAR will al-
low length entry for lines going 0,90, 180 or 270 degrees. Leave these lines on screen.

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 9

 DYNamic
The DYNamic function displays the command line beside the cursor. DYNamic also
gives you a dynamic angle readout. You can draw lines at anglesin a similar way to
drawing using the POLAR option. Beware, however, because these angle readouts are
not given in decimal places; lines drawn in using DYNamic are not always accurate.
Change your angle precision in UNITS for more accuracy. Place one line beside the
otheras i n Figure 1.16. Zoom in to see how accurate they are.

••• 11I: •

.:.• :k::x~I/........
;
\/
I

dynamic coordinate entry

Figure 1.16

Command: LINE Command: LINE

Specify first point:O,O Specify first point:O,O
Specify next point:l00 Specify next point:@100<33

The second line in Figure 1.16 is accurate, the first is not. The line put in using the DY-
Namic angle is approximately 33 degrees, but is actually placed whereever your cur-
sor is between 33 and 34 degrees.
The DYNamic readout is useful for those who like to read their cOlmnands on the dis-
play screen rather than on the command line. In Figure 1.17, the ERASE command is
being used and the user is selecting the obj ects to be erased.

Command: ERASE
Select objects: (pick 1)
Select objects: ~

·.
Figure 1.17
Turn DYNamic off for coordinate With geometry commands, you are prompted
entries. for each point entry or value.

The value box will turn from

blue to white as you enter the
value, as shown in the radius
option of Figure 1.18.

Comrnand:Circle
Specify center point
for circle or
[3P/2P/Ttr (tan Figure 1.18

tan radius) J :0,0

10 CHAPTER ON E
 Geometry All geometry commands are similar in the way they are entered. The user picks the
Commands command LINE, CIRCLE, ARC, etc., and then AutoCAD will prompt for the points or
distances needed to create that geometry.

The LINE Command

The LINE command is as simple as the above examples indicate. With either a pick on
the screen or a coordinate position you can tell AutoCAD where each point should be.
Any combination ofpoints is accepted. Use the enter key.J to exit the command.

~~ ~ti~ /
.~ ~
~~; ",,1

The command line equivalent is LINE or L.

Cornmand:LINE
Specify first point: (pick a point)
Specify next point or (Undo) :@3<250
Specify next point or (Undo): (pick another point)
Specify next point or (Undo):~ (Enter)

Without SNAP or coordinate entry When drawing lines, you are creating objects that are described by two points; a begin-
using POLAR or not your lines will ning and an end. Any number ofpoints can be entered in the LINE command with each
not be accurate.
point joined to the last by a separate line. If you have entered five or six points in a sin-
gle command, any of the lines can be erased.

LINE Options

C will close the string of lines with a line from the last point to the first point.
U can be entered within the command line to undo the last entered point.

The CIRCLE Command

When drawing a CI RCLE you are also describing an obj ect that has two points; a center
and a radius. An ARC has four points: a center, a radius, a start, and an end.
The CIRCLE command will prompt you for the information needed to cOlnplete the
circle.

The command line equivalent is CIRCLE or C.

Figure 1.19 shows a circle with a radius of 4.

Command: CIRCLE 4,0

Specify center point for circle or
[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: (pick a
point or type 0,0)
Specify radius of circle or Figure 1.19
[Diameter}<l'-O!l>: (pick another point
or type in a radius value, for
example 4)

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 11

 Where: 3P = a circle fitted through three points
2P a circle fitted through two points
Ttr = a circle that is tangent on its diameter to two selected objects
indicated with a specified radius

Options appear when you type in C or CIRCLE. The default is to have a circle defined
by the radius. Type in D then space ifyou prefer to enter a diameter.When picking C IR-
CLE from either the screen menu or the pull-down menu, you will be prompted for one
of the options listed above.

The ARC Command

Arcs are also created by using options to control how the ARC is entered. The default is
to define the first, then the second, then the third or final point of an arc.
Turn OSNAP off if your cursor
keeps going to another obiect on
..the screen.

The command line equivalent is ARC or A.

The default arc is created through three contiguous

points. Pick three points on the screen after initiating
the ARC command as shown in Figure 1.20. The points
can be entered with SNAP on, by coordinate entry, or by
using existing objects with OSNAP, as shown in Chap-
ter 2. Figure 1.20

Command:ARC
ARC Specify start point of arc or [Center]: (pick point - 1)
Specify second point of arc or [Center/End]: (pick point - 2)
Specify end point of arc: (pick a third point - 3)

There are many variations on the ARC command.

You can access all ARC options through the Draw pull-down menu under Arc. Should
you want to enter the options at the command line, simply type in the option that you
want. Only the first letter ofthe option is required: e for end, r for radius, etc. Put in the
arc using the Start End Radius fonnula, as shown in Figure 1.21.

Command:ARC
ARC Specify start point of arc or
[Center] : (pick 1)
Specify second point of arc
or [Center/End]:E
Specify end point of arc: (pick 2)
Specify center point of arc or
[Angle/Direction/Radius] :R
Specify radius of arc <0.00>: (pick
Figure 1.21
3)

ARCs will be calculated counterclockwise.

12 CHAPTER ONE
 The FILLET Command
The FILLET command provides an easy way to place an arc between two existing ob-
jects, usually lines. FILLET can also be used with radius 0 to clean up comers and con-
nect lines to an apex.

::,--
r
n
~f,f::~~~ ... """ ...".."..

The command line equivalent is FILLET or F.

- -':*- - --
1

~
2:
j

Figure 1.22

Command: FILLET
Current settings: Mode = Trim,Radius = <5.0000>
Select first object or
[Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/Multiple] : (pick 1)
Select second object: (pick 2)

In Figure 1.22 the default radius of5 was used. To change the radius choose the option
R. Always press the enter key -l after letter options. In the example below the option R
to change the radius, has been used to create a FILLET with the new radius value of 12.
Note that Rmust be followed by a space. R indicates that you would like to enter a new
radius value, the actual number is entered on the next line.

Cornmand:FILLET
Current settings: Mode = Trim,Radius = <5.0000>
Select first object or
[Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trirn/MultipleJ :~
Specify fillet radius:12
Select first object or
[Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/MultipleJ : (pick 1)
Select second object: (pick 2)

View Commands The View menu and toolbar offer commands which will change the display of the
model or drawing relative to the screen. Commands from the View menu will not
change the coordinates or position of the model or the database. They only change the
way you look at it. The following commands appear in the View menu:
ZOOM magnifies a section of the screen
PAN moves the model across the screen without changing the
magnification factor (zoom)
REDRAW updates the view and erase marks
REGEN recomputes the file

If your scroll bars are not displayed, go to the Tools pull-down menu and choose Op-
tions, and then the Display tab.

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 13

 The ZOOM Command
ZOOM is accessed by typing it on the command line, using the slider bars on the top
and bottom of the screen, or using the pull-down menus or the standard toolbar. For
the ZOOM options on the toolbar, hold the Zoom Out button down and the options will
be shown.
ZOOM is a transparent command which means it can be used with the icons below
within a command string.

The command line equivalent is ZOOM or just Z.

Command:ZOOM (or Z)
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP) , or
[All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale/Window/Object]<re
al time>:
The options for the Zoom command are:

All (A) expands or shrinks the lllodel or drawing to fit onto the
screen relative to your limits
Center (C) centers the model on the screen; you mustenter a
magnification factor or "height"
Dynamic (D) = creates a dynamic display of the item for zooming
Extents (E) expands or shrinks the model or drawing to fit all of the
objects on screen
Previous (P) returns you to the Previous zoom factor
Realtime zooms interactively to a logical extent. Activate with either
the button or a right-click
Window(W) describes by two diagonal points a rectangle around the
area you want to view
Scale nX specifies a percentage of the existing size
Scale nXP specifies a size relative to paper space

Many mice have a roller ball that acts as a ZOOM function. Roll the roller ball to
change the Zoom factor, or press down on it and move it across the screen to PAN. In
Release 2008 the ZOOM function on the roller ball sometimes malfunctions. Use
ZOOM All or ZOOM Extents to center your drawing on the screen.

Zoomed in Original Zoomed out

Figure 1.23

In Figure 1.23 the object is centered on the screen using ZOOM ALL. Ifyour object gets
lost use ZOOM ALL to get it back on screen.

14 CHAPTER ONE
ZOOM Window

\
!
I
i
I

I
I

Figure 1.24

Comrnand:ZOOM (or Z)
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP),
or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale
/Window]<real time>:W
Specify first corner: (pick 1)
Specify opposite corner: (pick 2)

ZOOM Extents

Figure 1.25

Command:Z
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP),
or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale
/WindowJ<real time>:E

ZOOM with scale

Figure 1.26

Scale works like this: .8x will display an image at 80% of its current size; .5x will dis-
play an image at halfthe current size; and 2x will display an image twice the size ofthe
current size.

Comrnand:Z
Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP),
or [All/Center/Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale
/Window]<real time>: .5x

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 15

 Zooming In and Out
Zooming in doubles the size of the image, zooming out reduces the image by half.
Zoom Limits shows the screen limits. Ifyou have a center rolling wheel on your mouse
you can zoom in and out quickly, but ZOOM Window is usually more efficient.

ZOOMAJI
To display the entire drawing, use ZOOM All or ZOOM Extents.

ZOOM All is yourfriend. If you lose

Cornmand:ZOOM
all your objects, just ZOOMAII and
they will magically reappear. Specify corner of window, enter a scale factor (nX or nXP),
or [All/Center!Dynamic/Extents/Previous/Scale!Window]<real
time>:A

The PAN Command

To move the view across the screen without changing the display size, use PAN as
shown in Figure 1.27.

X 1 X 2

Figure 1.27

Command:PAN (or P)
Press ESC or ENTER to exit, if you have a roller on your
mouse, just press down and move i t to PAN.

PAN and ZOOM

The PAN command moves the model across the screen, while ZOOM magnifies the
model within the screen. The database, i.e.the 0,0,0 point and associated coordinate
points, remain the same.
The roller ball can be very useful in placing the image on the screen, but be sure to ex-
periment with ZOOM All and ZOOM with a window (pick two points around what you
want to look at) and you may find these useful as well.

Windows Scroll Bars

Windows scrollbars can be used instead of the PAN command. To move the drawing
up, pick the down arrow on the vertical scroll bar. To move the drawing to the left, pick
the right arrow on the scroll bar. Ifyou have a smaller screen, you may want to have the
scroll bars not displayed. To remove them from the screen, choose the Tools menu,
then Options, then Display. Remove the check mark from the box beside Display
Scroll Bars.

REGEN
While your data are always available, to save memory, they are not always completely
generated. The REGEN command (RE) is used to update arc and circle displays to make
the objects look more rounded. If your arcs are choppy or squared, use REGEN to
update the screen to the current magnification factor and display a superior image.

16 CHAPTER ONE
 Alternate Units It is important to have the correct nomenclature when entering geometry.

Architectural
Command: LINE
Specify first point:2,3 (X 2 inches, Y 3 inches)
Specify next point or (Undo :@4',0 (4 feet in X, none in Y)
Specify next point or (Undo) :@O,2'3 (none in X, 2 feet 3
inches in Y)
Specify next point or (Undo) :@3'4-1/2",O (3 feet 4 1/2
inches in X, none in Y)
Remember that UNITS only
changes the readout. To be
-accurate, use SNAP or coordinates
~"'ractional
-to place points.
With fractional units the information is entered as a fraction with a slash (I). For mixed
numbers a hyphen (-) must be added with the slash (I).

Command:LINE
Specify first point:1-1/2,2-3/4
Specify next point or (Undo) :@3/4,O

Surveying
The surveyor's compass rose is much the same as a ship's compass. It is divided into
four parts with the top being north, the left being west, etc. Angles are expressed in 90
degree quadrants.
The quadrant between north and east, for example, starts at 0 degrees due east and pro-
gresses 90 degrees to due north. To express 25 decimal degrees using AutoCAD's de-
fault origin for angles, enter N25dO/Q"E. You may omit null minutes and/or seconds
and enter N25dE.
When entering this measurement, do not use spaces.

Command:L
Specify first point:O,O
Specify next point or (Undo) :@38<S44d14'9"W

Measuring Angles
AutoCAD's default setting for angles is zero de-
grees at due east. You may change this zero-
degree reference point to due north, due west, or
due south. These are the only four positions of-
fered by the UNITS command. To orient the zero
reference at an angle other than those specified,
you can change the user coordinate system
(UeS) as explained later.
Untranslated Angles: lfthe UNITS command is
set to a nondecimal angular mode (e.g. radians),
an angle can be preceded by a 'less than'symbol
< to enter a measurement counterclockwise
Figure 1.28
from 3 o'clock.
If an angle measurement direction or origin has
been changed, enter < before an angle measurement to have the angle measured coun-
terclockwise from 3 o'clock.
Change the precision of your angle readouts to show up on the POLAR and DYNamic
readouts, as shown in Figure 1.28.

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 17

 Open AutoCAD. If AutoCAD is already running, pick File from Tools Dra'H Dimen
the pull-down Inenu (top left), then New to start a new file in met- layer...
ric by using acadiso.dwt. LSl.yer tools
!:.olor ...
Liuetype...

Step] Use the Tools pull-down menu and Drafting Settings or the Line~ejght..•

5cal!t,List ...
following typed commands to set your LIMITS and SNAP. Then
/;? Text ~tyle".
pick ZOOM All from the View pull-down menu, use the icon ~ QimensKln style ...
shown, or type it in. ~. T~Style ...

eoint Style...
The bold type in the following c01TIlnands is the user response or MuJtmne Style, ..

what you type in. Use the Enter Key .J to enter each command or ~njts ...

dl' Thickness
value.
.4t".!IM~
Rename. "
Command:LIMITS.J
Reset model space limits
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFFJ<O.OOOO,O.OOOO>:-S,-5.J
Specify upper right corner<12.0000,9.0000>:100,60.J
Command: (from the View pull-down menu, pick ZOOM All)
Command: SNAP
Specify snap spacing (X) or
[ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style/Type]<1.0000>:5

Step 2 Start by drawing a series of lines using absolute coordinates. Turn DYNamic off.

/ Command:L.J
Specify start point:O,O~
+
Specify next point or [undo] :75,0....1
Specify next point or [undo] :75,50.J
Specify next point or [undo] :0,50....1
Specify next point or [undo] :c.J
Command: ZOOM
Specify corner of Scale/Window] <real time>:Extents
Command: ZOOM
Specify corner of Scale/Window]<real time>:.8x

Step 3 Make sure that ORTHO, and OTRACK are off, but that POLAR and SNAP are on.

I
When entering coordinates, make Then draw in the next lines using POLAR to
sure your DYN button is turned complete an inside rectangle. Move your
off! Its on the bottom line of your
cursor directly up, down, right or left from the I
screen
last entered point.

/ Command:L.J
Specify start point:5,5.J
Specify next point or
[undo]: (move your cursor to the right)65.J
Specify next point or [undo]: (move your cursor up)40.J
Specify next point or [undo]: {move your cursor left)65.J
Specify next point or [undo] :c.J

18 CHAPTER ONE
 Step 4 Enter a line at an angle from 10,10.

COffi...rnand:L
Specify start point:10,10
Specify next point or [undo] :@20<30
Specify next point or [undo]:~

Use the enter key .J at the end of

each typed entry to send the Then another from the opposite direction.
information to the computer or to
exit you from the LINE command.
Command:L
Specify start point:50,10
Specify next point or [undo] :@20<150
Specify Dext point or [undo]:~

StepS Notice that the ends of the diagonal lines are not
near the snap points. ZOOM into the end ofthe line
on the left to start adding circles. Use either the
icon or type the letter Z.

Command:Z
Specify corner of window, enter a
scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All/Center/Dynamic!Extents/Previo
us/Scale/Window]<real time>: (pick 1, pick 2)

Make sure SNAP is on too. Use the CIRCLE command with DYNamic.

Command:CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle
or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)]: (pick the snap point
to the right of the end of the
diagonal line)
Specify radius of circle or
[Diameter]<1.OOOO>:2.7

The radius of the circle will snap

to the closest snap point. Your ra-
dius entry at the command line
will override this. When asked
for the radius, use .J to accept
the default.
B
Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P!2P!Ttr (tan tan
radius)]: (pick the snap point shown)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter]<2.7000>:~

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 19

 Step 6 Now use ZOOM All to place your total image within your screen again.

Then use CIRCLE with the Ttr option to add a circle in the center.

Command:CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)] :Ttr
Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: (pick
the first circle)
Specify point on object for first tangent of circle: (pick
the other circle)
Specify radius of circle <2.7000>:10

Step 7 Finally add some FILLETs to the inside rectangle.

r----~--------------------
: 2
tl
I
I
I
i
I
I
I
I
I
I

~ Command: FILLET
Current settings: Mode = Trim,Radius = <5.0000>
Select first object or
[Undo/Polyline/Radius/Trim/MultipleJ :r
Specify fillet radius:l0
Select first object or [Undo/ Multiple]: (pick 1)
Select first object or [Undo/ Multiple]: (pick 2)

Continue to fillet the edge until your drawing looks like the one on the right above.

20 CHAPTER ONE
 In this tutorial we will create a drawing in imperial measurements without using LIMITS
or SNAP. Make sure your status bar looks like this: only MODEL and POLAR on:

Step] LIMITS, GRID and SNAP are very useful for placing items that are rectilinear with regu-
lar integers. For many applications, they are simply not needed. Here is how to get
started without them.
First open a new file and make sure that the units are imperiaL Pick either File, then
New, or pick the icon from the Standard toolbarwhich should be on the top left ofyour
screen.
"eipTW"e~e$ .. ---~.~~-~­

Command:NEW faI~etsets
lIacad·~NamedPlotStYle$.dwt
Then choose acad.dwt from the list of template lIaC~i£9'At
options. lIIacgolS0 ..NamedPiat 5t~S.dwt
IIJqc&iiso·d~
IIIANSIA (oortrait:J·"€oIor DeOe...
Another way to get started is to use STARTUP.

Command: STARTUP
Enter new value for
startup <0>:1
Command:NEW
(Choose imperial)

Step 2 Now set your UNITS to architec-

tural.
Command:UNITS

Set your units to architectural.

Choose the 11'" under Precision.
There is no need to change the
Angle readout.
Choose OK.

Step 3 Now draw a CIRCLE, then use

ZOOM to place it on the page.

Command:CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius)] :0,0
Specify Radius of circle or [Diameter] :4'

Don't forget the foot symool. AutoCAD defaults to inches, so if you only enter 4 as
your value it will be accepted as four inches not four feet.

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 21

 Step 4 You will not be able to see the object on screen, so
use ZOOM to place it.

Use the roller on your mouse, the icons, or simply Z

from your keyboard to start the ZOOM command.

Command:Z
Specify corner of window, enter a
scale factor (nX or nXP),or
[All/Center/Dynarnic/Extents/Previous
/Scale/Window] <realtirne>:A
Comrnand:Z
Specify corner a f window, enter a
scale factor (nX or nXP), or
[All ..... ow]<real time>: .5X

This centers your circle on the screen. Let's assume

-i;
!
this circle is a patio table, now let's make chairs.

StepS Use the LI NE command to create a small rectangular chair. Use POLAR to make the
chair 24" x 18". Just move the cursor directly right, then up, and type in the value.

Conunand:LlNE
Specify first point: (pick a point to start)
Specify next point or [Undo] :24 (move the cursor right)
Specify next point or [Undo] : 18 (move the cursor up)
Specify next point or [Undo] :24 (move the cursor left)
Specify next point or (Undo) : c

Step 6 Now use CIRCLE and ARC to create another type of chair.

Comrnand:CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius) ] : (pick 1)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <1'-0">: (pick 2)

Command:ARC
ARC Specify start point of arc or
[Center] : (pick 3)
Specify second point of arc or
[Center/End] : (pick 4)
Specify end point of arc: (p~ck 5)
Command: (from the View pull-down
menu, pick ZOOM All)

Step 7 The only way to make progress is to practice. Use ZOOM to zoom in and out, creating
more chairs.

22 CHAPTER ONE
 Exercise 1 Units Practice 1
Open a NEW file and set the UNITS accordingly.
PAN the origin (0,0) onto your screen and draw in the first line starting at 0,0.
Use ZOOM All or your roller boll to adjust the size of your image.

1--:---- ----~--~9~~~_11_i================-2-~-=1---J
-l --- - ----- - ------

43 11
4
4
Rl
I
3
4

3
4
FRACTIONAL

8'

~2'OI0---1~
~O,80

rL ---I---f--+
~~

-~~1,20
2,83

90"
~
"-
In

(\J
I ]
~
2,50

1,00 135' 2,12

I I~ 90"
~L50

DECIMAL
3,00---j

~ ARCHITECTURAL

-- -~----- ,.------. 1250E+001

1
I
3 ,_ 3,0/' - - . - - f - - - f - - -

1'-60'
01'-6.0 11

1
l' -6,0 11
1
2 ,60l+00 f
1'-3,0", I
~
--....--117" '(j 3.04E +00

f.---~- 5'-0.1' ------~ I---l.20E+00~

ENGINEERING SCIENTIFIC

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 23

 Exercise 1 Units Practice 2
Open a file in imperial units - acad.dwt - and set your UNITS.
Use PAN to move the object onto your screen and start drawing from 0,0.

'"
(\J 1
I 3
~

4'-6/
1
-I
20/-4 If

ARCHITECTURAL

SURVEYORS

24 CHAPTER ONE
 Exercise 1 Practice
LIMITS may be used to get started, or put in the first line and ZOOM ALL.
GRID and SNAP make these much easier. Don1t forget POLAR.
These objects are drawn individually as practice. They are not scaled to the page.

r-- T
c-
2.50 2.00-1
1---5,75- - - - l

5.501~
3.50 I
~5D 2'1 0
L50

-'---'--._;:======-""'11--_---' ~ U
3,00-1 I ~ ~,25
1----5.50 ---1 lQ Ib

,t
.5

le

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 25

 Exercise 1 Architectural
Open an imperial file - acad.dwt - and draw the objects as shown.
Do not attempt to dimension the drawing.

I Command:ONITS, Architectural, Precision 0'-0"

Command: LIMITS
Reset model space limits
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF]<O,O>: -2' ,-2'
Specify upper right corner<12,9>:25' ,20'
Command: SNAP
Specify snap spacing (X) or [ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style/Type]<l>: 3
Command: GRID
Specify grid spacing or [ON/OFF!Snap/Aspect] <1>: 6

15'
~
I~
tT

e Rl~

~
,I
..q-

e '"

[
I
2'

fl ~
I,Q

8
I

o )Y (ryl ~
I
In

80 ~
[ 10' 8' 10'

08 ~.
t
] f[
,
)
3' 2'-6'" 2'-6" 2'-6 6
2' 2'-6'
I T I I r

8I
~~
1'-8"
11. g]
-=L
1'-6' "I

1 II
~ 4'"
I--..-:- 2' ·1
Kitchen Layout

26 CHAPTER ONE
 Exercise 1 Mechanical
Open a NEW file in metric, acadiso.dwt, and draw the object below.
The GRID and SNAP will help you get started.
Some people find LIMITS handy.
Draw the LINEs first, then add the CIRCLEs, ARCs, and FILLETs.

Command: UNITS, Decimal, Precision 0

Command: LIMITS
Reset model space limits
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFFJ<O,O>:-lO,-40
Specify upper right corner<12,9>:220,110
Command: SNAP
Specify snap spacing (X) or [ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate!Style!Type]<lO>:5
Command: GRID
Specify grid spacing or [ON/OFF!Snap!Aspect]<10>:lO
Command: (from the View Pull Down menu, pick ZOOM ~l)

210

R15 70 30 70 R15

10

100
R20
I fl 20
75

R6

¢30
R25
R35

Template

Introductory Geometry and Setting Up 27

 Exercise 1 Woodwork
Start a NEW file in metric - acadiso.dwt - and set it up as shown.
Either use LIMITS as shown below, or put in a line from 0,0 to 580,0 and ZOOM ALL.

Command: UNITS, Decimal, Precision 0

Command: LIMITS
Reset model space limits
Specify lower left corner or [ON/OFF]<O,O>:-lO,-lO
Specify upper right corner<550,340>:1000,800
Command: SNAP
Specify snap spacing (X) or [ON/OFF/Aspect/Rotate/Style/Type] <10>: 5
Command: GRID
Specify grid spacing or [ON/OFF/Snap/Aspect] <10>: 10
Command: (from the View Pull Down menu, pick ZOOM All)

580

l J
t 0
f'...

l J 0
f'...

l J a
f"'--.

l J a
f'...

l
0
CD

l+
-.;;t
a
0J 0J
R12 .--i

i
96 f In
Ln
.--i

I
270_---1 T
r-- 35 -- I-- 20 (Y)
Ln

305

Paper Cabinet

28 CHAPTER ONE
 Help Files, OSNAP, OTRACK,
BREAK, TRIM, and ERASE

Once you have learned how to sign on to the system and have located all the menus, you
can learn the system from on-screen documentation.The Help files have two main
functions.

The first function serves as an index ofcommands. When looking for a command that
will change the magnification of the data on the screen, you may be able to spot it by
using the following (Note: There is no ~Ask Me' in Release 2007 or 2008).

displaying
spacing
setting
"Is. snap grid spacing
grid View window in dbConnectt elements
grid [dr':~Wlrlg

Ifyou have just opened a new file in AutoCAD, you can get to the Help files simply by
pressing the space bar before entering a command.
Use the X at the top right of the dialog box to remove the box from your screen.
The Help index gives you a listing ofthe various commands which are available on the
system. Once you have found the correct command, you can retrieve information
about how it works.
AutoCAD responds to any command with a series ofprompts. The Help files explain
those prompts.
On any version of AutoCAD, the Help files explain the syntax or command line se-
quence, and the prompts and options of each command.

Help Files, OSNAP, OTRACK, BREAK, TRIM, and ERASE 29

 Understanding Command strings are generally very similar in construction. Once you understand
Command how they work, your AutoCAD skills should improve very quickly.
Strings Option and Default Brackets
The AutoCAD commands are set up so that you can understand what the options are
and accept the defaults within the commands. Once you understand how the com-
mands are set up, it should be easier to figure out how to use theln. Remember you are
in control.

Defaults
The information offered in angle brackets, < >, is the default. This is what the com-
mand will do if you do not specify something else.

Creates a circle

~ [k<l;W menu: Circle

I!! Command line: circle

Specify center point for circle or [3P Hhree PQlnts)i 2P (Two Points)1 rtr (tan tan
radiusl]: Specify a point Of enter an option

In the case ofthe CIRCLE command, the previous radius is used by default ifno other is
specified. The square brackets offer you construction and diameter options.
If you have asked AutoCAD to construct a circle for you, you will then be prompted
for the information needed to construct that circle.

Command:CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan Lan
radius) ]: (pick a point)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <5.00>:

The first line says that by default you start the circle by indicating the center point.

2 1

Center/Radius

Figure 2.1
2 Point
2
o
2
3 Point

Then you can specify the radius or, with the use of' D' to indicate diameter, you can in-
dicate a diameter.
If you would like to specify another means by which you would like the circle con-
structed, choose one of the three options within the square brackets.
Figure 2.1 illustrates three different ways that AutoCAD can construct a circle without
reference to any other objects. The first circle on the left is the default. 2 Point and 3
Point are the other two circle types.
The AutoCAD prompts change according to the options you choose. Most options re-
quire a numeric value. For example, to change the diameter, type in d for diameter,
then type in the diameter that you need, 1.5,2.75, etc. You can also choose the value on
screen by picking a point.

30 CHAPTER TWO
 Option Brackets
The square brackets offer the various options available with each command. In the
CIRCLE command, many ofthe options are shown in the first line; the Diameter option
is shown in the second line.

Command:CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan
radius) ] : (pick a point)
Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] <5.00>:

With the ARC command, some options are shown in the first prompt, but others show
up with each option chosen. There are many ways of calculating arcs, and these are
found in the Draw pull-down menu and illustrated in the Help files, but you generally
only use one or two.
In Figure 2.2, three different arcs are generated. The first is calculated through three
points. The second is calculated through the start, end and radius. To enter this, type in
C to place the center of the arc or E to place the end instead of the default.

Xl
2
X3
J2
2
Three Point Start End Radius Center Start Angle
Figure 2.2

Command:ARC
( 3 e.oints ARC Specify start point of arc or [Center]: (pick 1)
r: ;2.tart, Center! End
Specify second point of arc or Center/End]: (pick 2)
Specify end point of arc: (pick 3)
tN. Start, CenterJAngle
t? Stgrt, Center) Length
The third is calculated through the center point, then the start point, which will give the
r;; Start) End) Angle radius, and then the angle through which it is drawn, in this case 135 degrees.
r Start, End) Q,irection
f1 Start) End! 8,.adius Command:ARC

r: ~.enter, Start, End

arc Specify start point of arc or [Center]: c
Specify center point of arc: (pick 1)
tN. C§.nter, Start, Angle Specify start point of arc: (pick 2)
J7. Center, Start, b.ength Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length] :_a

r; CQntinue
Specify included angle:135

Picking the arc from the Draw pull-down menu will bring up the list of arcs shown on
the left. Ifyou pick an arc from this Inenu, you will be prompted for each component of
the arc in tum.
In some cases you are prompted to pick a point through which the arc can be generated,
such as the start, end or center of the arc.
In other cases you are prompted for a value. In the example above, 135, the angle ofthe
arc, is a value. When specifying an option such as a diameter or angle, you first choose
the option and use .J to have AutoCAD accept this option. You will then be prompted
for the required value. Values can be entered on screen with a 'pick' as well as by en-
tering the numeric value at the command line.

Help Files, OSNAP, OTRACK, BREAK, TRIM, and ERASE 31

 Obiect SNAPs There are three ways to enter points:

PICKING Pick on screen, using SNAP to be accurate. (Chapter 1)

COORDINATE ENTRY You can enter absolute, relative, or polar coordinates in any
order.
ENTITY SELECTION, OBJECT SNAP, OR OSNAP This allows you to use existing ob-
j ects to create your file. Accessing points on existing objects is called using OSNAPs.

,
,,,,,
.... .... ,
[~Dpoitlt
,,,,,
WIDpoint
I~T ....S4PC tion
Figure 2.3

,
~

, off
OSNAP: Object SNAP
SettifltJS... Object Snaps allow you to specify precise points on objects in order to create or edit
objects. AutoCAD has 16 Object Snap modes that allow you to specify precise points
on objects. The capitalized letters are those needed when typing in the option.

APPint snaps to a real or imaginary intersection of two ohj ects

(apparent ntersection)
CENter snaps to the center of an arc or circle

ENDpoint snaps to the closest end of any object

EXTention snaps to a point along the extension of a line or arc

FROM establishes a temporary reference point from the parameters of

an existing objects
INSertion snaps to the insertion point of a block

INTersection snaps to the intersection of two items

MIDpoint snaps to the midpoint of a selected item

NEARest snaps to a point on an object nearest to the digitized point

NODE snaps to a point created by POINT, DIVIDE, or MEASURE

NONE turns the Object Snap mode off

PARallel draws a line parallel to an existing line

PERpendicular snaps to a 90 degree angle to an existing line

QUADrant snaps to the 0, 90, 180, or 270 degree point on an arc, circh:, or
ellipse
Quick snaps to the first snap point found
TANgent snaps to the tangent of an arc or circle

32 CHAPTER TWO
 Accessing OSNAPs
OSNAPs can be accessed in one of four ways:

1. There may be a designated button on your mouse. Often ifyou hold the Shift button on
your keyboard down and use the right-click button on your mouse, an OSNAP menu
will appear where your cursor is.
2. Type in the first few letters of the OSNAP mode.
3. Choose Object Snap from the Drafting Settings under the Tools menu.
4. Use the OSNAP buttons.

Using OSNAPs
Figure 2.4 illustrates the use of some OSNAPs within
the command line. When entering the OSNAP, type in
the first three or four letters, or Shift right-click and ac-
cess the as NAP list.
First, draw three circles as shown in Figure 2.5. The
size doesn't matter.

Command: CIRCLE
Specify center point for circle or Figure 2.4
[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)] :0,0
The hyphen (-) in the architec-
tural point entry is not the same Specify radius of circle or
as in the architectural readout [Diameter] :3
on the status line.
Cornrnand:C
Specify center point for circle or

000
[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)) :9,4
Specify radius of circle or
[Diameter] :6
Cornmand:C
Specify center point for circle or
[3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)) :18,0 Figure 2.5
Specify Radius of Circle or
[Diameter] :3

Now create lines tangent to the arcs. The TANgent object snap creates a tangent to the
identified object from the last object to a circle or arc. For TANgent type in TAN,

Command:LINE
Specify first point:TANgent to (pick 1)
Specify next point or [Undo]:
TANgent to (pick 2)
Specify next point or [Undo]:~
Comrnand:LlNE
Specify first point:TANgent to (pick 3)
Specify next point or [Undo]:
TANgent to (pick 4)
Specify next point or [Undo]:~
Figure 2.6

AutoCAD will calculate the tangent for you; just pick which side ofthe object the tan-
gent should be on, as shown in Figure 2.6. You need to secure a tangent connection for
both sides ofthe line. To set the OSNAP to TANgent, right-click the OSNAP button, set
tangent, and make sure the OSNAP button is on.

Help Files, OSNAP, OTRACK, BREAK, TRIM, and ERASE 33

Other documents randomly have
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The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Peril and
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 The Peril and the
Preservation of the Home
Being the William L. Bull
Lectures for the Year 1903

By
JACOB A. RIIS
Author of “The Making of an American,” “The Battle with the Slum,”
etc.

PHILADELPHIA
GEORGE W. JACOBS & CO.
PUBLISHERS
 Copyright, 1903, by
George W. Jacobs & Company,
Published May, 1903
 The Letter Establishing the Lectureship

For many years, it has been my earnest desire to found a

Lectureship on Christian Sociology, meaning thereby the application
of Christian principles to the social, industrial, and economic
problems of the time, in my alma mater, the Philadelphia Divinity
School. My object in founding this Lectureship is to secure the free,
frank, and full consideration of these subjects with special reference
to the Christian aspects of the questions involved, which have
heretofore, in my opinion, been too much neglected in such
discussion. It would seem that the time is now ripe and the moment
an auspicious one for the establishment of this Lectureship, at least
tentatively.
I therefore make the following offer to continue for at least a
period of three years, with the hope that these lectures may excite
such an interest, particularly among the undergraduates of the
Divinity School, that I shall be justified, with the approval of the
authorities of the Divinity School, in placing the Lectureship on a
more permanent foundation.
I herewith pledge myself to contribute the sum of six hundred
dollars annually, for a period of three years, to the payment of a
lecturer on Christian Sociology, whose duty it shall be to deliver a
course of not less than four lectures to the students of the Divinity
School, either at the school or elsewhere, as may be deemed most
advisable, on the application of Christian principles to the social,
industrial, and economic problems and needs of the times; the said
lecturer to be appointed annually by a committee of five members:
the Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania; the Dean of the Divinity
School; a member of the Board of Overseers; and two of the
Associate Alumni, one of whom shall be chosen by the Alumni
Association, and the other to be myself.
Furthermore, if it shall be deemed desirable that the lectures shall
be published, I pledge myself to the additional payment of from one
to two hundred dollars for such purpose.
To secure the full, frank, and free consideration of the questions
involved, it is my desire that the opportunity shall be given from time
to time to the representatives of each school of economic thought to
express their views in these lectures.
The only restriction I wish placed on the lecturer is that he shall
be a believer in the moral teachings and principles of the Christian
religion as the true solvent of our social, industrial, and economic
problems. Of course, it is my intention that a new lecturer shall be
appointed by the committee each year, who shall deliver the course
of lectures for the ensuing year.
WILLIAM L. BULL.
All Saints’ Cathedral,
Spokane, Washington,
January 1, 1901.

The Committee:
O. W. Whitaker, Bishop of the Diocese of Pennsylvania.
William M. Groton, Dean of the Philadelphia Divinity School.
J. DeWolf Perry,
Lyman P. Powell,
William L. Bull.
 Contents

I. Our Sins in the Past 11

II. Our Fight for the Home 65

III. Our Plight in the Present 117

IV. Our Grip on the To-morrow 155

 List of Illustrations

LECTURE II

At the Old Five Points 90

The “Old Church Tenements” 92

Gotham Court 94

Midnight in Gotham Court 94

The Alderman’s Tenements 96

Little Susie 98

Tenement Where a Home was Murdered 100

A “Drunken” Flat 102

In a Baxter Street Yard 104

Shanty Dwellings in a Tenement Yard 104

Washing in an Italian Flat; the Tea Kettle 106
Used as a Wash Boiler

Pietro and his Father 108

Sister Irene and her Little Ones 110

The Open Trench in the Potter’s Field 112

“The Way Out”—Bedtime in the Five Points 114

House of Industry Nursery

LECTURE III

A Typical Tenement House Block 126

The Only Bathtub in the Block 128

The Riverside Tenements 130

Lodgers at “Five Cents a Spot” 132

They “Lived Nowhere” 136

Joining “the Club” 138

Hell on Earth 140

The City and Suburban Homes Company’s 142
Model Tenements; The Alfred Corning
Clark Block

The “To-morrow” 144

It is Five Years Since the Bend Became a 146

Park

In the Public School of To-day 150

Saluting the Flag 152

 I
OUR SINS IN THE PAST
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