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 Programming Arduino®
Getting Started with Sketches

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 Programming Arduino®
Getting Started with Sketches

THIRD EDITION

Simon Monk

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Copyright © 2023, 2016, 2012 by McGraw Hill. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the
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 To my boys, Stephen and Matthew,
from a very proud Dad.

00_Monk_FM.indd 5 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 About the Author
Simon Monk has a bachelor’s degree in cybernetics and computer science and a
doctorate in software engineering. He has been an active electronics hobbyist since
his school days and is an occasional author in hobby electronics magazines.
Dr. Monk is also author of some 20 books on Maker and electronics topics, especially
Arduino and Raspberry Pi. Simon also designs products for MonkMakes Ltd.
https://monkmakes.com
You can find out more about his books at http://simonmonk.org. You can also
follow him on Twitter, where he is @simonmonk2.

00_Monk_FM.indd 6 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 CONTENTS

Preface ..................................................................................................... xi
Acknowledgments ................................................................................. xiii
Introduction ........................................................................................... xv

1 Getting Started ....................................................................... 1

Microcontrollers ........................................................................ 1
Development Boards ............................................................ 2
A Tour of an Arduino Uno Board ............................................ 3
Power Supply ........................................................................ 4
Power Connections .............................................................. 4
Analog Inputs ........................................................................ 4
Digital Connections .............................................................. 4
Microcontroller .................................................................... 5
Other Components .............................................................. 5
A Tour of a WiFi-Capable Arduino-Compatible ........... 6
The Origins of Arduino ............................................................ 7
Powering Up ................................................................................ 8
Installing the Software .............................................................. 8
Uploading Your First Sketch .............................................................. 10
The Arduino Application .................................................................... 14
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 16

2 C Language Basics .......................................................................... 17

Programming ......................................................................................... 17
What Is a Programming Language? .................................................. 19
Blink—Again! ......................................................................................... 24
Variables ................................................................................................. 26
Experiments in C ................................................................................... 27
Numeric Variables and Arithmetic .............................................. 29
Commands .............................................. 31
if 31
for 33
while 36

vii

00_Monk_FM.indd 7 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 viii Contents

Constants ............................................................................................... 37
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 37

3 Functions .......................................................................................... 39
What Is a Function? ............................................................................. 39
Parameters ............................................................................................. 40
Global, Local, and Static Variables .................................................... 41
Return Values ......................................................................................... 44
Other Variable Types .......................................................................... 45
Floats ................................................................................................. 45
Boolean ............................................................................................. 46
Other Data Types ............................................................................. 47
Coding Style ........................................................................................... 49
Indentation ........................................... 49
Opening Braces 50
Whitespace 50
Comments 51
Conclusion 52

4 Arrays and Strings

53
Arrays 53
Morse Code SOS Using Arrays 56
String Arrays 57
String Literals 57
String Variables 59
A Morse Code Translator 59
Data 60
Globals and Setup 61
The loop Function 62
The flashSequence Function ............................ 64
The flashDotOrDash Function 65
Putting It All Together 66
The String Class 67
Conclusion 67

5 Input and Output

69
Digital Outputs ..................................................................................... 69
5 V or 3.3 V? ..................................................................................... 72

00_Monk_FM.indd 8 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 Contents ix

Digital Inputs ......................................................................................... 73

Pull-Up Resistors ............................................................................. 73
Internal Pull-Up Resistors ............................................................ 76
Debouncing ....................................................................................... 77
Analog Outputs ..................................................................................... 82
Analog Input ........................................................................................... 84
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 86

6 Boards .............................................................................................. 87
Arduino Nano ....................................................................................... 87
Arduino Pro Mini ................................................................................. 89
Breadboard ............................................................................................. 90
The Boards Manager ............................................................................. 91
ESP32 Boards ......................................................................................... 92
Raspberry Pi Pico ................................................................................... 95
BBC micro:bit ......................................................................................... 96
Adafruit Feather System ...................................................................... 98
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 99

7 Advanced Arduino ........................................................................ 101

Random Numbers ................................................................................. 101
Math Functions ..................................................................................... 104
Bit Manipulation ................................................................................... 104
Advanced I/O ......................................................................................... 106
Generating Tones ............................................................................. 106
Feeding Shift Registers .................................................................. 108
Interrupts ............................................................................................... 108
Compile-Time Constants .............................................................. 110
The Arduino Web Editor .............................................................. 111
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 112

8 Data Storage .................................................................................... 113

Large Data Structures .......................................................................... 113
Storing Data in Flash Memory .......................................................... 114
EEPROM ................................................................................................. 116
Storing an int in EEPROM ............................................................ 117
Writing Anything to EEPROM .................................................... 119
Storing a float in EEPROM .......................................................... 120

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 x Contents

Storing a String in EEPROM ........................................................ 121

Clearing the Contents of EEPROM ............................................ 122
Compression ......................................................................................... 123
Range Compression ........................................................................ 123
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 124

9 Displays ............................................................................................ 125

Alphanumeric LCD Displays .............................................................. 126
A USB Message Board ........................................................................ 127
Using the Display ................................................................................... 129
Other LCD Library Functions ............................................................ 130
OLED Graphic Displays ...................................................................... 130
Connecting an OLED Display ............................................................ 131
Software ................................................................................................. 132
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 134

10 Arduino Internet of Things Programming ............................... 135

Boards for IoT ....................................................................................... 135
Installing ESP32 into the Arduino IDE ............................................ 136
Connecting to WiFi ............................................................................... 137
Running a Web Server ........................................................................ 139
Serving Sensor Readings .................................................................... 141
Serving Sensor Readings—Improved .............................................. 142
Turning the Built-in LED On and Off from a Web Page .............. 146
Connecting to a Web Service ............................................................ 147
Conclusion ............................................................................................. 153

Index ....................................................................................................... 155

00_Monk_FM.indd 10 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 PREFACE

The first edition of this book was published in November 2011 and has been
Amazon’s highest ranking book on Arduino.
The Arduino Uno is still considered to be the standard Arduino board. However,
many other boards, including both official Arduino boards (like the Leonardo,
Nano, and Pro Mini) and other Arduino-compatible devices like the Raspberry Pi
Pico, ESP32-based boards, and numerous Feather boards from Adafruit have also
appeared.
The Arduino software is available for so many families of microcontroller, that
it has become the environment of choice for many embedded programmers.
This edition also addresses the use of Arduino in Internet of Things (IoT)
projects and the use of various types of display including OLED and LCD.

Simon Monk

xi

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I thank Linda for giving me the time, space, and support to write this book and
for putting up with the various messes my projects create around the house.
Finally, I would like to thank Lara Zoble and everyone involved in the produc-
tion of this book. It’s a pleasure to work with such a great team.

xiii

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00_Monk_FM.indd 14 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 INTRODUCTION

Arduino interface boards provide a low-cost, easy-to-use technology to cre-

ate microcontroller-based projects. With a little electronics, you can make your
Arduino do all sorts of things, from controlling lights in an art installation to
managing the power on a solar energy system.
There are many project-based books that show you how to connect things to
your Arduino, including 30 Arduino Projects for the Evil Genius by this author.
However, the focus of this book is on programming the Arduino and Arduino-
compatible boards using the Arduino IDE.
This book will explain how to make programming the Arduino simple and
enjoyable, avoiding the difficulties of uncooperative code that so often afflict a
project. You will be taken through the process of programming the Arduino
step by step, starting with the basics of the C programming language that
Arduinos use.

So, What Is Arduino?

The word “Arduino” has come to mean both the hardware and a software environ-
ment for programming microcontroller boards. Because microcontroller boards
come in all shapes and sizes, our standard board will be the most popular official
Arduino board, the Arduino Uno.
The Arduino Uno is a small microcontroller board with a universal serial bus
(USB) plug to connect to your computer and a number of connection sockets that
can be wired to external electronics such as motors, relays, light sensors, laser
diodes, loudspeakers, microphones, and more. They can be powered either
through a USB connection from the computer, a battery, or from a power supply.
They can be controlled from the computer or programmed by the computer and
then disconnected and allowed to work independently.
The board design of official Arduino boards and many Arduino-compatible
boards is open source. This means that anyone is allowed to make Arduino-com-
patible boards. This competition has led to low costs for the boards and all sorts
of variations on the “standard” boards.

xv

00_Monk_FM.indd 15 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 xvi Introduction

The basic boards are supplemented by accessory shield boards that can be
plugged on top of the Arduino board.
The software for programming your Arduino is easy to use and also freely
available for Windows, Mac, and Linux computers. There is also a browser-based
version of the software.

What Will I Need?

This is a book intended for beginners, but it is also intended to be useful to those
who have used Arduino for a while and want to learn more about programming
the Arduino or gain a better understanding of the fundamentals. As such, this
book concentrates on the use of the Arduino Uno board, apart from Chapter 10
that uses an ESP32 Arduino-compatible board; however, almost all of the code
will work unmodified on all the Arduino models and various Arduino-compatible
microcontroller boards.
You do not need to have any programming experience or a technical back-
ground, and the book’s exercises do not require any soldering. All you need is the
desire to make something.
If you want to make the most of the book and try out some of the experiments,
then it is useful to have the following on hand:
• A few lengths of solid core wire
• A cheap digital multimeter
Both are readily available for a few dollars from a hobby electronics store or online
retailer such as Adafruit or Sparkfun. You will of course also need an Arduino, ide-
ally an Arduino Uno and for Chapter 10, a low-cost ESP32 Arduino-compatible
such as the Lolin32 Lite.
If you want to go a step further and experiment with displays, then you will
need to buy those too. See Chapters 9 and 10 for details.

Using This Book

This book is structured to get you started in a really simple way and gradually build
on what you have learned. You may, however, find yourself skipping or skimming
some of the early chapters as you find the right level to enter the book.

00_Monk_FM.indd 16 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 Introduction xvii

The book is organized into the following chapters:

• Chapter 1: Getting Started Here you conduct your first experiments
with your Arduino board: installing the software, powering it up, and
uploading your first sketch.
• Chapter 2: C Language Basics This chapter covers the basics of the
C language; for complete programming beginners, the chapter also serves
as an introduction to programming in general.
• Chapter 3: Functions This chapter explains the key concept of using and
writing functions in Arduino sketches. These sketches are demonstrated
throughout with runnable code examples.
• Chapter 4: Arrays and Strings Here you learn how to make and use
data structures that are more advanced than simple integer variables.
A Morse code example project is slowly developed to illustrate the
concepts being explained.
• Chapter 5: Input and Output You learn how to use the digital
and analog inputs and outputs on the Arduino in your programs.
A multimeter will be useful to show you what is happening on the
Arduino’s input/output connections.
• Chapter 6: Boards In this chapter we will look at the wide range of
Arduino and Arduino-compatible boards to help you choose the right
board for your project.
• Chapter 7: Advanced Arduino This chapter explains how to make use
of the Arduino functions that come in the Arduino’s standard library and
some other more advanced features of Arduino programming.
• Chapter 8: Data Storage Here you learn how to write sketches that can
save data in electrically erasable programmable read-only memory
(EEPROM) and make use of the Arduino’s built-in flash memory.
• Chapter 9: Displays In this chapter, you learn how to interface an Arduino
with displays and to make a simple USB message board.
• Chapter 10: Arduino Internet of Things Programming You learn how
to make the Arduino behave like a web server and communicate with the
Internet using services.

00_Monk_FM.indd 17 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 xviii Introduction

Resources
This book is supported by an accompanying web page.

www.arduinobook.com

There you will find all the source code used in this book as well as other resources,
such as errata.

00_Monk_FM.indd 18 22/09/22 12:07 PM

 1
Getting Started

Arduino is a microcontroller platform that has captured the imagination of

electronics enthusiasts. Its ease of use and open source nature make it a great
choice for anyone wanting to build electronic projects.
Ultimately, it allows you to connect electronics through its pins so that it can
control things—for instance, turn lights or motors on and off or sense things such
as light and temperature. This is why Arduino is sometimes given the description
physical computing. Because Arduinos can be connected to your computer by a
universal serial bus (USB) lead, this also means that you can use the Arduino as an
interface board to control those same electronics from your computer.
This chapter is an introduction to the Arduino system including the history
and background of the Arduino, as well as an overview of the Arduino Uno and
Lolin32 Lite, the two Arduino boards that we will use in this book.

Microcontrollers
The heart of your Arduino is a microcontroller. Pretty much everything else on
the board is concerned with providing the board with power and allowing it to
communicate with your desktop computer.
A microcontroller really is a little computer on a chip. It has everything and
more than the first home computers had. It has a processor, a small amount of
random access memory (RAM) for holding data, some erasable programmable
read-only memory (EPROM) or flash memory for holding your programs and it
has input and output pins. These input/output (I/O) pins link the microcontroller
to the rest of your electronics.

01_Monk_ch01.indd 1 03/08/22 2:32 PM

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Other documents randomly have
different content
 utc e ed, a dt e s e s, w t a s ace.

Thus change the forms of being. Thus arise

Races of living things, glorious in strength,
And perish, as the quickening breath of God
Fills them, or is withdrawn. The red man, too,
Has left the blooming wilds he ranged so long,
And, nearer to the Rocky Mountains, sought
A wider hunting-ground. The beaver builds
No longer by these streams, but far away
On waters whose blue surface ne’er gave back
The white man’s face—among Missouri’s springs,
And pools whose issues swell the Oregon,
He rears his little Venice. In the plains
The bison feeds no more. Twice twenty leagues
Beyond remotest smoke of hunter’s camp,
Roams the majestic brute, in herds that shake
The earth with thundering steps;—yet here I meet
His ancient footprints stamped beside the pool.

Still this great solitude is quick with life.

Myriads of insects, gaudy as the flowers
They flutter over, gentle quadrupeds,
And birds, that scarce have learned the fear of man,
Are here, and sliding reptiles of the ground,
Startlingly beautiful. The graceful deer
Bounds to the woods at my approach. The bee,
A more adventurous colonist than man,
With whom he came across the Eastern deep,
Fills the savannas with his murmurings,
And hides his sweets, as in the golden age,
Within the hollow oak. I listen long
To his domestic hum, and think I hear
The sound of that advancing multitude
Which soon shall fill these deserts. From the ground
Comes up the laugh of children, the soft voice
Of maidens, and the sweet and solemn hymn
Of Sabbath worshippers. The low of herds
Blends with the rustling of the heavy grain
Over the dark-brown furrows. All at once
A fresher wind sweeps by, and breaks my dream,
And I am in the wilderness alone.
—William Cullen Bryant.
 THE GREAT STONE FACE
One afternoon, when the sun was going down, a mother and her little
boy sat at the door of their cottage in a fertile and populous valley, talking
about the Great Stone Face. They had but to lift their eyes, and there it was
plainly to be seen, though miles away, with the sunshine brightening all its
features.
This Great Stone Face was a work of nature, formed on the
perpendicular side of a mountain by some immense rocks, which had been
thrown together in such a position as, when viewed at a proper distance,
precisely to resemble the features of the human countenance. It seemed as if
an enormous giant had sculptured his own likeness on the precipice. There
was the broad arch of the forehead, a hundred feet in height; the nose with
its long bridge; and the vast lips, which, if they could have spoken, would
have rolled their thunder accents from one end of the valley to the other.
It was a happy lot for the children in the valley to grow up to manhood
or womanhood with the Great Stone Face before their eyes, for all the
features were noble, and the expression was at once grand and sweet, as if it
were the glow of a vast, warm heart, that embraced all mankind in its
affections and had room for more. It was an education only to look at it.
According to the belief of many people, the valley owed much of its
fertility to this benign aspect that was continually beaming over it,
illuminating the clouds and infusing its tenderness into the sunshine.
As the mother and her son, whose name was Ernest, continued to talk
about the Great Stone Face, the boy said, “Mother, if I were to see a man
with such a face I should love him dearly.”
“If an old prophecy should come to pass,” answered his mother, “we
may see a man, sometime or other, with exactly such a face as that.”
“What prophecy do you mean, dear mother?” eagerly inquired Ernest.
“Pray, tell me all about it!”
So his mother told him a story that her own mother had told to her when
she herself was even younger than little Ernest; a story not of things that
were past, but of what was yet to come; a story, nevertheless, so very old
that even the Indians, who formerly inhabited this valley, had heard it from
their forefathers, to whom, as they said, it had been murmured by the
mountain streams and whispered by the wind among the tree-tops. The
story was that at some future day a child should be born hereabouts who
was destined to become the greatest and noblest personage of his time, and
whose countenance in manhood should bear an exact resemblance to the
Great Stone Face.
And Ernest never forgot the story that his mother told him. It was always
in his mind whenever he looked upon the Great Stone Face. He spent his
childhood in the log cottage where he was born, and was dutiful to his
mother and helpful to her in many things, assisting her much with his little
hands and more with his loving heart. In this manner, from a happy yet
often pensive child, he grew up to be a mild, quiet, unobtrusive boy, sun-
browned with labor in the fields, but with intelligence beaming from his
face. Yet he had had no teacher, save only that the Great Stone Face became
one to him. When the toil of the day was over, he would gaze at it for hours,
until he began to imagine that those vast features recognized him, and gave
him a smile of kindness and encouragement, responsive to his own look of
veneration.
As time went on there were many apparent fulfilments of the ancient
prophecy which had excited such hope and longing in the boy’s heart. First
came the merchant, Mr. Gathergold, who had gone forth from the valley in
childhood and had now returned with great wealth. Ernest thought of all the
ways by which a man of wealth might transform himself into an angel of
beneficence, and he waited the great man’s coming, hoping to behold the
living likeness of those wondrous features on the mountainside. But he
turned sadly away from the people who were shouting, “The very image of
the Great Stone Face,” and gazed up the valley, where, gilded by the last
sunbeams, he could still distinguish those glorious features which had so
impressed themselves into his soul.
Ten years later it began to be rumored that one who had gone forth to be
a soldier, and was now a great general, bore striking likeness to the Great
Stone Face. Again, when Ernest was in middle life, there came a report that
the likeness of the Great Stone Face had appeared upon the shoulders of an
eminent statesman. But in both soldier and statesman the cherished hopes of
the dwellers in the valley were doomed to disappointment, and Ernest
became an aged man with his childhood’s prophecy yet unfulfilled.
 Meantime Ernest had ceased to be obscure. Wise and busy men came
from far to converse with him. While they talked together, his face would
kindle, unawares, and shine upon them as with mild evening light. Passing
up the valley as they took their leave, and pausing to look at the Great Stone
Face, his guests imagined that they had seen its likeness in a human
countenance, but could not remember where.
While Ernest had been growing up and growing old, a new poet had
made his way to fame. He likewise was a native of the valley. The songs of
this poet found their way to Ernest. As he read stanzas that caused the soul
to thrill within him, he lifted his eyes to the vast countenance beaming on
him so kindly.
“O majestic friend,” he murmured, addressing the Great Stone Face, “is
not this man worthy to resemble thee?”
The Face seemed to smile, but answered not a word.
Now it happened that the poet had not only heard of Ernest, but had also
meditated much upon his character, until he deemed nothing so desirable as
to meet this man, whose untaught wisdom walked hand in hand with the
noble simplicity of his life. One summer morning found him at Ernest’s
cottage.
As Ernest listened to the poet, he imagined that the Great Stone Face
was bending forward to listen too. He gazed earnestly into the poet’s
glowing eyes.
“Who are you, my strangely gifted guest?” he said.
The poet laid his finger on the volume that Ernest had been reading.
“You have read these poems,” said he. “You know me, then,—for I
wrote them.”
Again and still more earnestly than before, Ernest examined the poet’s
features. But his countenance fell; he shook his head and sighed.
“You hoped,” said the poet, faintly smiling, “to find in me the likeness of
the Great Stone Face, and you are disappointed. I am not worthy to be
typified by yonder image. I have had grand dreams, but they have been only
dreams, because I have lived—and that, too, by my own choice—among
poor and mean realities.” The poet spoke sadly, and his eyes were dim with
tears. So likewise were those of Ernest.
 At the hour of sunset, as had long been his custom, Ernest was to preach
to the people in the open air. He and the poet, arm in arm, still talking
together as they went along, proceeded to the spot. It was a small nook
among the hills, with a gray precipice behind, the stern front of which was
relieved by the pleasant foliage of many creeping plants. At a distance was
seen the Great Stone Face, with solemnity and cheer in its aspect.
At a small elevation, set in a rich framework of vegetation, there
appeared a niche spacious enough to admit a human figure. Into this natural
pulpit Ernest ascended, and threw a look of familiar kindness around upon
the audience. He began to speak, giving to the people of what was in his
heart and mind. His words had power, because they accorded with his
thoughts; and his thoughts had reality and depth, because they harmonized
with the life which he had always lived.
The poet, as he listened, felt that the being and character of Ernest were
a nobler strain of poetry than he had ever written. His eyes glistened with
tears as he gazed reverently at the venerable man. At that moment, in
sympathy with a thought which he was about to utter, the face of Ernest
assumed a grandeur of expression so imbued with benevolence that the
poet, by an irresistible impulse, threw his arms aloft and shouted,—
“Behold! behold! Ernest is himself the likeness of the Great Stone
Face!”
Then all the people looked, and saw that what the deep-sighted poet said
was true. The prophecy was fulfilled. But Ernest, having finished what he
had to say, took the poet’s arm and walked slowly homewards, still hoping
that some wiser and better man than himself would by and by appear,
bearing a resemblance to the Great Stone Face.
—Nathaniel Hawthorne (Adapted).
KING OSWALD’S FEAST
The king had labored all an autumn day
For his folk’s good, and welfare of the kirk,
And now when eventide was well away,
And deepest mirk

Lay heavy on York town, he sat at meat,

With his great councillors round him and his kin,
And a blithe face was sat in every seat,
And far within

The hall was jubilant with banqueting,

The tankards foaming high as they could hold
With mead, the plates well heaped, and everything
Was served with gold.

Then came to the king’s side the doorkeeper,

And said, “The folk are thronging at the gate,
And flaunt their rags and many plaints prefer,
And through the grate

“I see that many are ill-clad and lean,

For fields are poor this year, and food hard-won.”
And the good king made answer, “ ’Twere ill seen,
And foully done,

“Were I to feast while many starve without;”

And he bade bear the most and best of all
To give the folk; and lo, they raised a shout
That shook the hall.

And now lean fare for those at board was set,

But came again the doorkeeper and cried,—
“The folk still hail thee, sir, nor will they yet
Be satisfied;

“They say they have no surety for their lives,

When winters bring hard nights and heatless suns,
Nor bread nor raiment have they for their wives
And little ones.”

Then said the king, “It is not well that I

Should eat from gold when many are so poor,
For he that guards his greatness guards a lie;
Of that be sure.”
 Of that be sure.

And so he bade collect the golden plate,

And all the tankards, and break up, and bear,
And give them to the folk that thronged the gate,
To each his share.

And the great councillors in cold surprise

Looked on and murmured; but unmindfully
The king sat dreaming with far-fixèd eyes,
And it may be

He saw some vision of that Holy One

Who knew no rest or shelter for His head,
When self was scorned and brotherhood begun.
“ ’Tis just,” he said:

“Henceforward wood shall serve me for my plate,

And earthen cups suffice me for my mead;
With them that joy or travail at my gate
I laugh or bleed.”
—Archibald Lampman.

Heed how thou livest. Do no act by day

Which from the night shall drive thy peace away.
In months of sun so live that months of rain
Shall still be happy. Evermore restrain
Evil and cherish good; so shall there be
Another and a happier life for thee.—Whittier.
 THE BURNING OF MOSCOW
At length Moscow, with its domes and towers and palaces, appeared
insight of the French army; and Napoleon, who had joined the advanced
guard, gazed long and thoughtfully on that goal of his wishes. Marshal
Murat went forward, and entered the gates with his splendid cavalry; but as
he passed through the streets, he was struck by the solitude that surrounded
him. Nothing was heard but the heavy tramp of his squadrons as he passed
along, for a deserted and abandoned city was the meagre prize for which
such unparalleled efforts had been made.
As night drew its curtain over the splendid capital, Napoleon entered the
gates, and immediately appointed Marshal Mortier governor. In his
directions he commanded him to abstain from all pillage. “For this,” said
he, “you shall be answerable with your life. Defend Moscow against all,
whether friend or foe.” The bright moon rose over the mighty city, tipping
with silver the domes of more than two hundred churches, and pouring a
flood of light over a thousand palaces and the dwellings of three hundred
thousand inhabitants. The weary soldiers sank to rest, but there was no sleep
for Mortier’s eyes.
Not the palaces and their rich ornaments, nor the parks and gardens and
the magnificence that everywhere surrounded him, kept him wakeful, but
the foreboding that some calamity was hanging over the silent capital.
When he entered it, scarcely a living soul met his gaze as he looked down
the long streets; and when he broke open the buildings, he found parlors
and bedrooms and chambers all furnished and in order, but no occupants.
This sudden abandonment of their homes betokened some secret purpose
yet to be fulfilled. The midnight moon was setting over the city, when the
cry of “Fire!” reached the ears of Mortier; and the first light over
Napoleon’s faltering empire was kindled, and that most wondrous scene of
modern times commenced,—the Burning of Moscow.
Mortier, as governor of the city, immediately issued his orders, and was
putting forth every exertion, when at daylight Napoleon hastened to him.
Affecting to disbelieve the reports that the inhabitants were firing their own
city, he put more rigid commands on Mortier, to keep the soldiers from the
work of destruction. The Marshal simply pointed to some iron-covered
houses that had not yet been opened, from every crevice of which smoke
was issuing like steam from the sides of a pent-up volcano. Sad and
thoughtful, Napoleon turned towards the Kremlin, the ancient palace of the
Czars, whose huge structure rose high above the surrounding edifices.
In the morning, Mortier, by great exertions, was enabled to subdue the
fire; but the next night, September 15th, at midnight, the sentinels on watch
upon the lofty Kremlin saw below them the flames bursting through the
houses and palaces, and the cry of “Fire! fire!” passed through the city. The
dread scene was now fairly opened. Fiery balloons were seen dropping
from the air and lighting on the houses; dull explosions were heard on every
side from the shut-up dwellings; and the next moment light burst forth, and
the flames were raging through the apartments.
All was uproar and confusion. The serene air and moonlight of the night
before had given way to driving clouds and a wild tempest, that swept like
the roar of the sea over the city. Flames arose on every side, blazing and
crackling in the storm; while clouds of smoke and sparks, in an incessant
shower, went driving towards the Kremlin. The clouds themselves seemed
turned into fire, rolling wrath over devoted Moscow. Mortier, crushed with
the responsibility thrown upon his shoulders, moved with his Young Guard
amid this desolation, blowing up the houses and facing the tempest and the
flames, struggling nobly to arrest the conflagration.
He hastened from place to place amid the ruins, his face blackened with
smoke, and his hair and eyebrows singed with the fierce heat. At length the
day dawned,—a day of tempest and of flame,—and Mortier, who had
strained every nerve for thirty-six hours, entered a palace and dropped
down from fatigue. The manly form and stalwart arm that had so often
carried death into the ranks of the enemy, at length gave way, and the
gloomy Marshal lay and panted in utter exhaustion. But the night of tempest
had been succeeded by a day of tempest; and when night again enveloped
the city, it was one broad flame, waving to and fro in the blast.
The wind had increased to a perfect hurricane, and shifted from quarter
to quarter, as if on purpose to swell the sea of fire and extinguish the last
hope. The fire was approaching the Kremlin; and already the roar of the
flames and crash of falling houses, and the crackling of burning timbers,
were borne to the ears of the startled Emperor. He arose and walked to and
fro, stopping convulsively and gazing on the terrific scene. His Marshals
rushed into his presence, and on their knees besought him to flee; but he
still clung to that haughty palace as if it were his empire.
But at length the shout, “The Kremlin is on fire!” was heard above the
roar of the conflagration, and Napoleon reluctantly consented to leave. He
descended into the streets with his staff, and looked about for a way of
egress, but the flames blocked every passage. At length they discovered a
postern gate, leading to the Moskwa, and entered it; but they had passed
still further into the danger. As Napoleon cast his eye round the open space,
girdled and arched with fire, smoke, and cinders, he saw one single street
yet open, but all on fire. Into this he rushed, and amid the crash of falling
houses and the raging of the flames, over burning ruins, through clouds of
rolling smoke, and between walls of fire, he pressed on. At length, half
suffocated, he emerged in safety from the blazing city, and took up his
quarters in a palace nearly three miles distant.
Mortier, relieved from his anxiety for the Emperor, redoubled his efforts
to arrest the conflagration. His men cheerfully rushed into every danger.
Breathing nothing but smoke and ashes; canopied by flame and smoke and
cinders; surrounded by walls of fire, that rocked to and fro, and fell, with a
crash, amid the blazing ruins, carrying down with them red-hot roofs of
iron,—he struggled against an enemy that no boldness could awe or
courage overcome.
Those brave troops had often heard without fear the tramp of thousands
of cavalry sweeping to battle; but now they stood in still terror before the
march of the conflagration, under whose burning footsteps was heard the
incessant crash of falling houses, palaces, and churches. The roar of the
hurricane, mingled with that of the flames, was more terrible than the
thunder of artillery; and before this new foe, in the midst of this battle of the
elements, the awe-struck army stood affrighted and powerless.
When night again descended on the city, it presented a spectacle, the like
of which was never seen before, and which baffles all description. The
streets were streets of fire, the heavens a canopy of fire, and the entire body
of the city a mass of fire, fed by a hurricane that sped the blazing fragments
in a constant stream through the air. Incessant explosions, from the blowing
up of stores of oil, tar, and spirits, shook the very foundations of the city,
and sent vast volumes of smoke rolling furiously towards the sky.
 Huge sheets of canvas on fire came floating like messengers of death
through the flames; the towers and domes of the churches and palaces,
glowing with a red heat over the wild sea below, then tottering a moment on
their bases, were hurled by the tempest into the common ruin. Thousands of
wretches, before unseen, were driven by the heat from the cellars and
hovels, and streamed in an incessant throng through the streets.
Children were seen carrying their parents; the strong, the weak; while
thousands more were staggering under the loads of plunder which they had
snatched from the flames. This, too, would frequently take fire in the falling
shower; and the miserable creatures would be compelled to drop it and flee
for their lives. It was a scene of woe and fear inconceivable and
indescribable! A mighty and closely packed city of houses, churches, and
palaces, wrapped from limit to limit in flames, which are fed by a whirling
hurricane, is a sight this world will seldom see.
But this was within the city. To Napoleon, without, the spectacle was
still more sublime and terrific. When the flames had overcome all obstacles,
and had wrapped everything in their red mantle, that great city looked like a
sea of rolling fire, swept by a tempest that drove it into billows. Huge
domes and towers, throwing off sparks like blazing firebrands, now
disappeared in their maddening flow, as they rushed and broke high over
their tops, scattering their spray of fire against the clouds. The heavens
themselves seemed to have caught the conflagration, and the angry masses
that swept it rolled over a bosom of fire.
Napoleon stood and gazed on the scene in silent awe. Though nearly
three miles distant, the windows and walls of his apartment were so hot that
he could scarcely bear his hand against them. Said he, years afterwards, “It
was the spectacle of a sea and billows of fire, a sky and clouds of flame;
mountains of red rolling flames, like immense waves of the sea, alternately
bursting forth and elevating themselves to skies of fire, and then sinking
into the flame below. O, it was the most grand, the most sublime, and the
most terrific sight the world ever beheld!”

—James T. Headley.
 ODE TO THE BRAVE

How sleep the brave who sink to rest,

By all their country’s wishes blest!
When Spring, with dewy fingers cold,
Returns to deck their hallowed mould,
She there shall dress a sweeter sod
Than Fancy’s feet have ever trod.

By fairy hands their knell is rung;

By forms unseen their dirge is sung;
There Honor comes, a pilgrim gray,
To bless the turf that wraps their clay;
And Freedom shall awhile repair,
To dwell a weeping hermit there.
—William Collins.

If little labor, little are our gains;

Man’s fortunes are according to his pains.
 THE TORCH OF LIFE

There’s a breathless hush in the Close to-night—

Ten to make and the match to win—
A bumping pitch and a blinding light,
An hour to play and the last man in.
And it’s not for the sake of a ribboned coat,
Or the selfish hope of a season’s fame,
But his Captain’s hand on his shoulder smote:
“Play up! play up! and play the game!”

The sand of the desert is sodden red,—

Red with the wreck of a square that broke;—
The Gatling’s jammed and the Colonel dead,
And the regiment blind with dust and smoke.
The river of death has brimmed his banks,
And England’s far, and Honor a name,
But the voice of a schoolboy rallies the ranks:
“Play up! play up! and play the game!”

This is the word that year by year

While in her place the school is set,
Every one of her sons must hear,
And none that hears it dare forget.
This they all with a joyful mind
Bear through life like a torch in flame,
And falling fling to the host behind:
“Play up! play up! and play the game!”
—Henry Newbolt.
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