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 THIRD EDITION

Learning Python

Mark Lutz

Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Paris • Sebastopol • Taipei • Tokyo

Learning Python, Third Edition
by Mark Lutz

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ISBN-10: 0-596-51398-4
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[M]
 To Vera.
You are my life.
 Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxix

Part I. Getting Started

1. A Python Q&A Session . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Why Do People Use Python? 3
Software Quality 5
Developer Productivity 5
Is Python a “Scripting Language”? 6
OK, but What’s the Downside? 7
Who Uses Python Today? 8
What Can I Do with Python? 9
Systems Programming 9
GUIs 9
Internet Scripting 10
Component Integration 10
Database Programming 11
Rapid Prototyping 11
Numeric and Scientific Programming 11
Gaming, Images, AI, XML, Robots, and More 12
What Are Python’s Technical Strengths? 12
It’s Object Oriented 12
It’s Free 13
It’s Portable 13
It’s Powerful 14
It’s Mixable 15

vii
 It’s Easy to Use 15
It’s Easy to Learn 17
It’s Named After Monty Python 17
How Does Python Stack Up to Language X? 18
Chapter Summary 19
Brain Builder 20
Chapter Quiz 20
Quiz Answers 20

2. How Python Runs Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Introducing the Python Interpreter 22
Program Execution 24
The Programmer’s View 24
Python’s View 25
Byte code compilation 25
The Python Virtual Machine (PVM) 26
Performance implications 26
Development implications 27
Execution Model Variations 27
Python Implementation Alternatives 28
CPython 28
Jython 28
IronPython 29
Execution Optimization Tools 29
The Psyco just-in-time compiler 29
The Shedskin C++ translator 30
Frozen Binaries 31
Future Possibilities? 32
Chapter Summary 32
Brain Builder 33
Chapter Quiz 33
Quiz Answers 33

viii | Table of Contents

3. How You Run Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Interactive Coding 34
Using the Interactive Prompt 37
System Command Lines and Files 37
Using Command Lines and Files 40
Unix Executable Scripts (#!) 41
Clicking File Icons 42
Clicking Icons on Windows 42
The raw_input Trick 44
Other Icon-Click Limitations 45
Module Imports and Reloads 45
The Grander Module Story: Attributes 47
Modules and namespaces 49
import and reload Usage Notes 49
The IDLE User Interface 50
IDLE Basics 51
Using IDLE 52
Advanced IDLE Tools 54
Other IDEs 54
Embedding Calls 56
Frozen Binary Executables 56
Text Editor Launch Options 57
Other Launch Options 57
Future Possibilities? 57
Which Option Should I Use? 58
Chapter Summary 58
Brain Builder 59
Chapter Quiz 59
Quiz Answers 59
Brain Builder: Part I Exercises 61

Table of Contents | ix
Part II. Types and Operations
4. Introducing Python Object Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Why Use Built-in Types? 66
Python’s Core Data Types 67
Numbers 68
Strings 69
Sequence Operations 70
Immutability 71
Type-Specific Methods 72
Getting Help 73
Other Ways to Code Strings 74
Pattern Matching 75
Lists 75
Sequence Operations 76
Type-Specific Operations 76
Bounds Checking 77
Nesting 77
List Comprehensions 78
Dictionaries 79
Mapping Operations 79
Nesting Revisited 80
Sorting Keys: for Loops 81
Iteration and Optimization 83
Missing Keys: if Tests 84
Tuples 85
Why Tuples? 85
Files 85
Other File-Like Tools 86
Other Core Types 87
How to Break Your Code’s Flexibility 88
User-Defined Classes 88
And Everything Else 89
Chapter Summary 90
Brain Builder 91
Chapter Quiz 91
Quiz Answers 91

x | Table of Contents
5. Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Python Numeric Types 93
Numeric Literals 94
Built-in Numeric Tools and Extensions 95
Python Expression Operators 96
Mixed Operators Follow Operator Precedence 97
Parentheses Group Subexpressions 97
Mixed Types Are Converted Up 97
Preview: Operator Overloading 98
Numbers in Action 99
Variables and Basic Expressions 99
Numeric Display Formats 100
Division: Classic, Floor, and True 102
Bitwise Operations 103
Long Integers 103
Complex Numbers 104
Hexadecimal and Octal Notation 105
Other Built-in Numeric Tools 106
Other Numeric Types 107
Decimal Numbers 107
Sets 108
Booleans 109
Third-Party Extensions 110
Chapter Summary 110
Brain Builder 111
Chapter Quiz 111
Quiz Answers 111

6. The Dynamic Typing Interlude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

The Case of the Missing Declaration Statements 112
Variables, Objects, and References 112
Types Live with Objects, Not Variables 114
Objects Are Garbage-Collected 115
Shared References 116
Shared References and In-Place Changes 118
Shared References and Equality 119
Dynamic Typing Is Everywhere 121

Table of Contents | xi
 Chapter Summary 121
Brain Builder 122
Chapter Quiz 122
Quiz Answers 122

7. Strings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
String Literals 124
Single- and Double-Quoted Strings Are the Same 125
Escape Sequences Represent Special Bytes 125
Raw Strings Suppress Escapes 127
Triple Quotes Code Multiline Block Strings 129
Unicode Strings Encode Larger Character Sets 130
Strings in Action 132
Basic Operations 132
Indexing and Slicing 133
Extended slicing: the third limit 135
String Conversion Tools 136
Character code conversions 138
Changing Strings 139
String Formatting 140
Advanced String Formatting 141
Dictionary-Based String Formatting 142
String Methods 143
String Method Examples: Changing Strings 144
String Method Examples: Parsing Text 146
Other Common String Methods in Action 147
The Original string Module 148
General Type Categories 149
Types Share Operation Sets by Categories 149
Mutable Types Can Be Changed In-Place 150
Chapter Summary 150
Brain Builder 151
Chapter Quiz 151
Quiz Answers 151

xii | Table of Contents

8. Lists and Dictionaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Lists 152
Lists in Action 154
Basic List Operations 154
Indexing, Slicing, and Matrixes 155
Changing Lists In-Place 156
Index and slice assignments 156
List method calls 157
Other common list operations 159
Dictionaries 160
Dictionaries in Action 161
Basic Dictionary Operations 162
Changing Dictionaries In-Place 163
More Dictionary Methods 163
A Languages Table 165
Dictionary Usage Notes 166
Using dictionaries to simulate flexible lists 166
Using dictionaries for sparse data structures 167
Avoiding missing-key errors 167
Using dictionaries as “records” 168
Other ways to make dictionaries 169
Chapter Summary 170
Brain Builder 171
Chapter Quiz 171
Quiz Answers 171

9. Tuples, Files, and Everything Else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

Tuples 172
Tuples in Action 173
Tuple syntax peculiarities: commas and parentheses 174
Conversions and immutability 174
Why Lists and Tuples? 175
Files 176
Opening Files 176
Using Files 177

Table of Contents | xiii

 Files in Action 178
Storing and parsing Python objects in files 178
Storing native Python objects with pickle 180
Storing and parsing packed binary data in files 181
Other File Tools 182
Type Categories Revisited 182
Object Flexibility 183
References Versus Copies 184
Comparisons, Equality, and Truth 186
The Meaning of True and False in Python 188
Python’s Type Hierarchies 189
Other Types in Python 191
Built-in Type Gotchas 191
Assignment Creates References, Not Copies 191
Repetition Adds One Level Deep 192
Beware of Cyclic Data Structures 193
Immutable Types Can’t Be Changed In-Place 193
Chapter Summary 193
Brain Builder 195
Chapter Quiz 195
Quiz Answers 195
Brain Builder: Part II Exercises 196

Part III. Statements and Syntax

10. Introducing Python Statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Python Program Structure Revisited 201
Python’s Statements 202
A Tale of Two ifs 203
What Python Adds 204
What Python Removes 204
Parentheses are optional 204
End of line is end of statement 204
End of indentation is end of block 205
Why Indentation Syntax? 206
A Few Special Cases 208

xiv | Table of Contents

Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 The Project Gutenberg eBook of A Popular
History of England, From the Earliest Times to
the Reign of Queen Victoria; Vol. IV
This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
ebook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
United States, you will have to check the laws of the country where
you are located before using this eBook.

Title: A Popular History of England, From the Earliest Times to the

Reign of Queen Victoria; Vol. IV

Author: François Guizot

Editor: Madame de Witt

Release date: May 29, 2020 [eBook #62277]

Most recently updated: October 18, 2024

Language: English

Credits: Produced by Don Kostuch

*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK A POPULAR

HISTORY OF ENGLAND, FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES TO THE REIGN
OF QUEEN VICTORIA; VOL. IV ***
[Transcriber's notes:
This work is derviced from
http://www.archive.org/details/popularhistoryeng04guiz

This quote sums up this last volume:

"The bitter time of revolutions had ended for England."—pg. 16]
Napoleon Received On The Bellerophon.
 A Popular
History Of England
From the Earliest Times
To The Reign Of Queen Victoria
 by
M. Guizot
Author OF "The Popular History of France,"
etc.

Authorized Edition

Illustrated

Vol. IV

New York
John W. Lovell Company
150 Worth Street, corner Mission Place
 List Of Illustrations.

Volume Four.

Napoleon Received on the Bellerophon. Frontispiece

King James at the Battle of Boyne. 34
The Duke and Duchess of Marlborough. 42
Visit of Louis XIV to the Death-Bed of James II. 86
Queen Anne. 94
Shrewsbury Invested with the White Rod. 134
George I. 136
The Mysterious Letter. 176
George II. 178
Charles Edward. 198
Arrest of Charles Edward. 222
Portrait of Pitt. 224
Death of Wolfe. 242
George III. 254
Franklin. 286
The Last Speech of the Earl of Chatham. 290
Surrender to Nelson at Cape St. Vincent. 374
The Battle of Aboukir. 382
See what a Little Place you Occupy in the World. 398
Death of Nelson. 410
Waterloo. 438
George IV. 444
Windsor Castle. 460
Wellington in the Mob. 475
 Table Of Contents.

Chapter Events Years Page

XXXII William and Mary (1688- 9
Establishment of Parliamentary 1702).
Government
XXXIII Queen Anne (1702- 93
War of the Spanish Succession 1714)
XXXIV George I. and the Protestant (1714- 135
Succession 1727)
XXXV George II. (1727- 178
1760)
XXXVI George III. (1760- 255
The American War 1783)
XXXVII George III. (1783- 337
Pitt and the French Revolution 1801)
XXXVIII George III. (1801- 388
Addington and Pitt 1806)
XXXIX George III. (1806- 414
and the Emperor Napoleon 1810)
XL George IV. (1815- 442
Regent and King 1830)
XLI William IV. (1830- 462
Parliamentary Reform 1837)
 Guizot's

History Of England,

Vol. IV.
From the Accession of William and Mary
to the Reign of Queen Victoria,

1688-1837.

History Of England.
 Chapter XXXII.

William And Mary.

Establishment Of Parliamentary Government.

(1688-1702).

King James had abandoned England, fleeing from the storm which
he had raised, obstinate in his ideas and holding persistently to the
hope of a return, which his people was resolved to prevent at any
price. William of Orange had entered London; but he had not
established his quarters at Whitehall, and he refused to take the
crown by right of conquest. Shrewd and far-seeing, he did not wish
to belie the promises of his declaration, or, by parading its defeat,
to irritate the English army, which he hoped soon to command. He
had not conquered England, which had called him to her aid and
had voluntarily submitted to him; and he desired to keep the
supreme power with her free consent. A provisory assembly was
formed of those lords who were in London, as well as of members
of the House of Commons who had sat in Parliament under the
reign of King Charles II.; and the aldermen of London and a
deputation of the City Council were invited to participate in the
proceedings. At his departure, King James had left a letter: some
peers asked to be informed of its contents. "I have seen the
missive," said Godolphin, "and can assure your Lordships that you
would find nothing in it which could give you any satisfaction."

Aware of the blind obstinacy of the fugitive King, the peers of the
realm presented their address to the prince on the 25th of
December; some days later the Commons followed their example.
"Your Highness, led by the hand of God and called by the voice of
the people, has saved our dearest interests," said the addresses
—"the Protestant religion, which is Christianity in its primitive purity,
our laws, which are the ancient titles on which rest our lives,
liberties and possessions, and without which this world would be
only a desert in our eyes. This divine mission has been respected
by the nobility, the people, and the brave soldiers of England. They
have laid down their arms at your approach." The same thanks and
same requests were presented by the Scotch lords who happened
to be in London; the Earl of Arran alone, son of the Duke of
Hamilton, had proposed to treat with King James. "All cry, Hosanna!
to-day," said the Prince of Orange to Dykvelt and his Dutch friends,
who brought him the congratulations of his native country, and
were delighted at the enthusiasm shown everywhere in England;
"but in a day or two perhaps they will repeat quite as loudly:
'Crucify him! crucify him!'" Resolved as he was to govern England,
William caught a glimpse, though he did not foresee their extent, of
the difficulties and obstacles which the great enterprise he was
asked to attempt would meet with in England itself. Nevertheless
he accepted his mission without wavering.

On the 22nd of January, 1689, a Convention, which soon declared

itself Parliament, assembled at Westminster, elected arbitrarily on
circular letters sent forth in the name of the Prince of Orange. The
parties were already beginning to divide; the great national
unanimity which had willed and accomplished the revolution was
yielding to different passions and opinions. In this supreme crisis of
the government of England, the Tories, numerous in the House of
Lords, weak in the House of Commons, hesitated, according to
their political and religious complexions, between negotiations with
King James, the establishment of a regency, leaving to the fugitive
monarch the vain title of king, or the declaration that the throne
was vacant, and the calling of the Princess Mary to the crown as its
natural heiress. No one dared to assert the legitimacy of the Prince
of Wales. Some of the Whigs, a party which included in its ranks a
number of dissenters, proposed that Parliament should proclaim the
nation's right to depose a prince guilty of bad government; the
others, less involved in revolutionary schemes, though just as firmly
resolved to deliver England from the misgovernment of King James,
sought to cover the national will with a legal form. "It is said that
kings have a divine right of their own," cried Sir Robert Howard;
"nations also have their divine right."

On the 26th of January the House of Commons ended by passing a

resolution couched as follows: "King James II., having undertaken
to overthrow the Constitution of the realm by not fulfilling the
original contract of King and people, has broken the fundamental
laws of the Kingdom by the advice of Jesuits and other corrupt
counsellors; by his voluntary retirement he has abdicated the
government, in consequence of which the throne has become
vacant." The form of the resolution was open to criticism; only its
gist was important. The Commons soon added to their declaration
of the vacancy of the throne a second equally grave resolution:
"The reign of a Catholic monarch is incompatible with the security
and welfare of this Protestant nation." The two resolutions were
sent up to the Lords.

The Protestant declaration was unanimously voted. The King of

England, head of the Anglican Church, should naturally belong to
that Church. In regard to the vacancy of the throne, the Tories
insisted on previously debating the question of a regency, proposed
some time before by Bancroft, Archbishop of Canterbury, and now
advocated by Lord Rochester and Lord Nottingham. Divided
between their conviction of the dangers that King James caused the
country to incur, and their sentiments of loyalty, the members of
this fraction of the Tory party hoped to remain faithful to their oath
of allegiance by treating the truant monarch like an invalid
incapable of governing, and hence obliged to delegate his powers
to the Prince of Orange. This course having been rejected, Lord
Danby admitted the throne to be vacant, and demanded that the
Princess Mary be declared queen, according to the principle that
the throne could not remain unoccupied. The Whigs, with Halifax at
their head, loudly maintained the right of the nation to choose its
monarch. King James was alive, and the princess could not then be
his heiress; the throne became elective, and the Prince of Orange
alone was worthy of being called to it.

The discussion between the two houses, as well as that inside the
House of Lords, was waxing hot; the crowd was pressing to the
gates of the palace. Lord Lovelace informed the peers that he was
charged with a petition demanding the immediate proclamation of
the Prince and Princess of Orange as King and Queen of England.
"By whom has the petition been signed?" was asked. "No man has
yet put his hand to it," answered the bold nobleman, the first to
meet the Prince of Orange when he landed; "but when I shall bring
it here, there will be signers enough." The same threats were made
to the House of Commons. The princess was detained in Holland by
the state of the sea, encumbered by ice. Danby was zealously
pleading her cause before the Lords, without William, who
remained faithful to his promise of committing to the Convention all
grave political questions, interfering in any way in the debate. One
of his friends, a Dutchman, probably Dykvelt, accidentally was
present at the debate; he was pressed to say what he might know
of the prince's sentiments. The Dutchman held out for a long time.
"I can only guess his Highness's state of mind," he said at last;
"but since you want to know what I fancy, I think he would
scarcely care to be his wife's gentleman of the bedchamber; but I
actually know nothing at all." "I know enough, and even a little too
much," retorted Danby.

Finally Burnet made up his mind to reveal what the princess had
lately confided to him. "I know, for a long time," he said, "that she
had determined, even in case she should have mounted the throne
in the regular order of succession, to hand over her power to her
husband, with the sanction of Parliament." At the same time Mary
wrote to Danby: "I am the prince's wife, and I have no other desire
than to remain subjected to him; the greatest wrong that could be
done me would be to put me forward as his rival; and I shall never
hold as friends those who would follow such a course."

In a moment the impetuous Tories maintained the rights of Princess

Anne, threatened by the elevation of William of Orange; the
Churchills were enlisted in her cause, though the princess was
making no objections to the exaltation of her brother-in-law, when
the prince summoned the leaders of both parties to the House of
Lords. He summed up in a few words the various alternatives
agitated in Parliament. "I have kept silent hitherto," he added; "I
have used neither solicitation nor threats; I have not even let my
views or desires transpire. I have neither the right nor the
inclination to impose anything on the Convention. I only reserve the
privilege of refusing functions which I could not perform with honor
to myself or advantage to the country. I am resolved never to be
regent, and I shall not accept that fraction of administrative power
which the princess, raised to the throne, could entrust to me. I
esteem her as much as a man can esteem a woman; but I am not
so made that I can be tied to the apron-string of the best of wives.
There is but one rôle which I can honorably fill: if the Houses offer
me the crown for my life, I will accept it; if not, I will return
without regret to my native land." The prince ended by saying that
he thought it just to secure the succession to the Princess Anne
and her children, in preference to the posterity which he might
have by another wife than Princess Mary.

The question was decided: William and Mary were to reign together
as sovereigns of England, and the government was entrusted to
William. A conference between the two houses soon resulted in a
vote. Lord Nottingham demanded a modification in the oaths of
allegiance "I don't approve the acts of the Convention," he said,
"but I want to be able to promise to obey the new sovereigns
faithfully." The House of Commons had charged Somers with
drawing up the Declaration of Rights. The jurist's name had for the
first time resounded with éclat during the trial of the bishops, and
already his rare abilities, the power and subtilty of his mind, as well
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