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Problem Solving and
Python Programming
 About the Author
E Balagurusamy is presently the Chairman of EBG Foundation, Coimbatore. In the past he has also held the
positions of member, Union Public Service Commission, New Delhi and Vice-Chancellor, Anna University,
Chennai, Tamil Nadu. He is a teacher, trainer and consultant in the fields of Information Technology and
Management. He holds an ME (Hons) in Electrical Engineering and PhD in Systems Engineering from the
Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Uttarakhand. His areas of interest include Object-Oriented Software
Engineering, E-Governance: Technology Management, Business Process Re-engineering and Total Quality
Management.
A prolific writer, he has authored a large number of research papers and several books. His best-selling
books, among others include:
● Programming in ANSIC, 7/e

● Fundamentals of Computers

● Computing Fundamentals and C Programming, 2e

● Programming in C#, 3/e

● Programming in Java, 5/e

● Object-Oriented Programming with C++, 7/e

● Programming in BASIC, 3/e

● Numerical Methods

● Reliability Engineering

● Problem Solving and Python Programming

A recipient of numerous honors and awards, he has been listed in the Directory of Who’s Who of
Intellectuals and in the Directory of Distinguished Leaders in Education.
Problem Solving and
Python Programming

E Balagurusamy
Chairman
EBG Foundation
Coimbatore

McGraw Hill Education (India) Private Limited

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Problem Solving and Python Programming

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 Contents

Preface ix

Unit 1: Introduction to Computing and Algorithmic Problem Solving

Chapter 1 Introduction to Digital Computer 3

1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Von Neumann Concept 5
1.3 Storage 8
1.4 Programming Languages 12
1.5 Translators 14
1.6 Hardware and Software 15
1.7 Operating Systems 17
Always Remember 18
Key Terms 18
Review Exercises 19
Multiple Choice Questions 19
Short Questions 21
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 22

Chapter 2 Problem Solving Strategies 23

2.1 Problem Analysis 23
2.2 Algorithms 24
2.3 Flow Charts 26
2.4 Examples of Algorithms and Flow Charts 30
Always Remember 35
Key Terms 35
Review Exercises 36
vi Contents

Multiple Choice Questions 36

Short Questions 37
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 37

Appendix A: Practice Exercises with Algorithm and Flow Chart 38

Appendix B: Problem Solving Exercises with Algorithms and Pseudocode 91

Unit 2: Introduction to Python and Data, Expressions, Statements

Chapter 3 Introduction to Python 117

3.1 Introduction 117
3.2 Python Overview 117
3.3 Getting Started with Python 118
3.4 Comments 123
3.5 Python Identifiers 123
3.6 Reserved Keywords 124
3.7 Variables 124
3.8 Standard Data Types 126
3.9 Operators 132
3.10 Statement and Expression 142
3.11 String Operations 143
3.12 Boolean Expressions 145
3.13 Control Statements 146
3.14 Iteration – while Statement 152
3.15 Input from Keyboard 154
Always Remember 156
Key Terms 157
Review Exercises 157
Multiple Choice Questions 161
Short Questions 162
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 162

Unit 3: Functions

Chapter 4 Functions 165

4.1 Introduction 165
4.2 Built-in Functions 165
4.3 Composition of Functions 171
4.4 User Defined Functions 172
 Contents vii

4.5 Parameters and Arguments 175

4.6 Function Calls 179
4.7 The return Statement 180
4.8 Python Recursive Function 181
4.9 The Anonymous Functions 181
4.10 Writing Python Scripts 183
Always Remember 185
Key Terms 186
Review Exercises 187
Multiple Choice Questions 192
Short Questions 193
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 194

Unit 4: Lists, Tuples and Dictionaries

Chapter 5 Strings and Lists 197

5.1 Strings 197
5.2 Lists 209
Always Remember 217
Key Terms 218
Review Exercises 219
Multiple Choice Questions 226
Short Questions 229
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 232

Chapter 6 Tuples and Dictionaries 233

6.1 Tuples 233
6.2 Dictionaries 244
Always Remember 251
Key Terms 252
Review Exercises 253
Multiple Choice Questions 259
Short Questions 262
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 264

Unit 5: Files, Modules and Packages

Chapter 7 Files and Exceptions 267

7.1 Text Files 267
7.2 Directories 277
7.3 Exceptions 279
viii Contents

7.4 Exception with Arguments 285

7.5 User-Defined Exceptions 286
Always Remember 288
Key Terms 289
Review Exercises 290
Multiple Choice Questions 295
Short Questions 297
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 298

Chapter 8 Classes and Objects 299

8.1 Overview of OOP (Object-Oriented Programming) 299
8.2 Class Definition 300
8.3 Creating Objects 302
8.4 Objects as Arguments 305
8.5 Objects as Return Values 306
8.6 Built-in Class Attributes 307
8.7 Inheritance 308
8.8 Method Overriding 312
8.9 Data Encapsulation 312
8.10 Data Hiding 314
Always Remember 315
Key Terms 316
Review Exercises 317
Multiple Choice Questions 323
Short Questions 325
Answers to Multiple Choice Questions 326

Appendix C: Fundamental Standard Library Modules 327

 PrefACe

Developments in the field of digital electronics and the huge amount of data generated during the last
few decades ushered in the second Industrial Revolution which is popularly referred to as the Information
Revolution. Information technology played an ever-increasing role in this new revolution. A sound knowledge
of how computers work, process and analyze data has, therefore, become indispensable for everyone who
seeks employment not only in the area of IT, but also in any other fields. Rightly so, many institutions and
universities in India have introduced a subject covering Problem Solving and Python Programming for their
undergraduate students. This book caters to those needs of the undergraduate students.

Why learn Python?

Python is a high-level, interpreted, reflective, dynamically typed, open-source, multi-paradigm, and general-
purpose programming language. It is quite powerful and easy. It offers no special tools or features that let
you do things that you cannot do with other languages, but its elegant design and combination of certain
features make Python a pleasure to use.

What’s Special in this Book?

The book ensures a smooth and successful transition to a skilled expert in Python. This book uses a simple-
to-complex and easy-to-learn approach throughout the book. The concept of ‘learning by-solving’ has been
stressed in all the chapters of the book. Each feature of Python is treated in-depth followed by a complete
program example to illustrate its use. Wherever necessary, concepts are explained pictorially to facilitate
better understanding. It presents a contemporary approach to programming, offering a combination of theory
and practice.
Each of the 8 chapters follow a common structure with a range of learning and assessment tools for
instructors and students.

Salient Features of the Book

The salient features of the book include the following:
● Bottom-up approach of explaining concepts has been adopted in the book.
x Preface

● Algorithms and flowcharts have been discussed extensively in an appendix.

● Codes with Comments have been provided throughout the book to illustrate the use of various features
of Python.
● Supplementary Information and important notes that complement, but stand apart from the text, have
been included in special boxes under the head Notes.
● Always Remember consists of important summary points at the end of every chapter to help the readers
recollect the topics covered with ease.
● Check Your Understanding helps the readers evaluate their learning after every section within the
chapters of the book.
● Important Key Terms within the chapter have been listed at the end.
Review Exercises comprising Multiple choice questions along with answer keys, short questions and
programming exercises are provided at the chapter end to help readers test their conceptual understanding.

Organization of the Book

The book spans across eight chapters spread over 5 Units. The first two chapters introduces the learner to
digital computers–the basic structure, programming languages, operating systems, problem solving strategies
and conventional introduction to programming. The next six chapters present a more-or-less the conventional
introduction to programming. The readers learn about variables, types, statements, conditionals, loops,
functions, recursion, classes and inheritance. In all the chapters, first the basic ideas are explained, and
then the reader is led through a process of experimentation that helps them find and test the limits of their
understanding.

Publisher’s Note
Remember to write to us. We look forward to receiving your feedback, comments, and ideas to enhance
the quality of this book. You can reach us at info.india@mheducation.com. Please mention the title and
authors’ name as the subject. In case you spot piracy of this book, please do let us know.
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 Unit 1
Introduction to Computing and
Algorithmic Problem Solving

Chapter 1: Introduction to Digital Computer

Chapter 2: Problem Solving Strategies
Appendix A: Practice Exercises with Algorithm and Flow Chart
Appendix B: Problem Solving Exercises with Algorithms & Pseudocode
 IntroductIon to
1 dIgItal computer

1.1 IntroductIon
In earlier days, the term “digital computer” was used to refer a person who drew mathematical tables and
solved complex calculations. In less than a human lifetime, computers have changed from massive, expensive
and unreliable calculators to the dependable and versatile machines that are now omnipresent in society.
Computers were once the size of rooms and used to take a day to change the program and now, it is just a
double click away. Computers help the impossible become possible. They have become a necessary tool in
today’s society. Without computers, it is hard to do pretty much anything. Computers process information in
1’s and 0’s (usually referred to as On and Off respectively). This operation identifies instructions in Binary
Code. This is the language understood by the computer to complete a command. By 1953, it was estimated
that there were almost 100 computers in the world.
It is believed that the first computer was invented in Berlin, Germany, in 1936.
● The Z1 was invented in 1936 by Konrad Zuse in Germany. This was a programmable machine that

was able to remember numbers. This process is now referred to as memory.

● IBM followed suit and introduced the Harvard Mark 1 which was completed at Harvard University in

1944. It was a large calculator. This computer was able to calculate many different types of numbers.
● With the advancement of technology and research, major companies like IBM, Apple, and Intel have

contributed to the explosion of the personal computers as we know today. For example, Apple 1 was
released in 1976 which was having memory of 4 KB expandable to 8 KB. The Macintosh was released
in 1984 which was having memory of 64 KB expandable to 256 KB.
● CSIRAC was the first computer to play digital music in 1949.

● UNIVAC 1 was used by CBS to predict the results of the 1952 presidential elections in USA.

● On December 2, 1954 IBM’s NORC calculated PI 3089 digits.

● In 1958, Jack Kilby invented the Integrated Circuit.

● COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language), one of the oldest programming languages, was

developed by Grace Murray Hopper in 1959,

● In 1962 Space War, the first computer game was written by MIT student Steve Russell.

● In 1975, the first personal computer Altair 8800 was invented.

● In 1976, Intel & Zilog introduced new microprocessors

4 Problem Solving and Python Programming

● Single - board computer known as apple -1 was designed by Steve Wozniak some more important
developments and was marketed by his friend Steve Jobs.
● In 1980 IBM introduced its Personal Computers (PC). The first IBM PC was known as IBM Model

5150, was based on a 4.77 MHz Intel 8088 microprocessor

● In 19993, Pentium microprocessor was released by Pentium followed by the release of Microsoft

window's NT
● In 1994 Sony entred the home gaming market with release of play station console.

● In 2006, Amazon web services launched cloud-based services.

A Personal Computer (PC) is a digital computer designed for the usage by one person at a time. PCs
can be classified into desktop computers, workstations and laptop computers. Today, PCs have five major
applications which are as follows:
1. Internet Browser: Internet browser is a software application used to access the Internet. For example,
Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, etc., are all Internet browsers.
2. Data Compression Software: Data compression software is used to reduce file size. ZIP is widely used
as the data compression software on personal computers.
3. Windows Media Player: Windows Media Player is used to create music libraries for listening music.
4. Image Editing Software: Image editing software is used to develop good quality pictures. Examples of
such software include Photoshop, Microsoft Publisher and Picasa.
5. Audio Editing Software: Audio editing software is used to edit audio files and also to add audio effects.

Check Your Understanding

1. What is a computer?
Ans. A computer is an electronic device capable of executing programs written in different languages.
2. What is the use of data compression software?
Ans. Data compression software is used to reduce file size.

Note The first personal computer was Altair 8800. Later IBM introduced IBM PC.

Computers have become an integral part of the society because of the following characteristics they
possess:
● A computer can perform millions of calculations in a second.

● A computer works with precision every time.

● A computer can store billions of bytes of information. For example, the capacity of a terabyte =

2,00,000 songs.
● A computer can work continuously without getting tired.

● A computer can be used to perform various tasks simultaneously.

● A computer will remember the information stored for as long as required.

 Introduction to Digital Computer 5

1.2 Von neumann concept

In early computers, the data and instructions were not stored in the same memory. However, such storage
became possible in the Von Neumann architecture, also known as “stored program” architecture because
it could store the program and instruction data in the same memory. In the Von Neumann architecture,
computers can perform complex operations within less time. Besides performing calculations, they can
manage to do a sequence of calculations as well. The basic structure of Von Neumann architecture consists
of the memory, processing unit and the control unit.
The characteristics of Von Neumann architecture are as follows:
1. The hardware system comprises the following:
● Memory: In Von Neumann architecture, there is a main memory system – Random Access
Memory (RAM) which holds the data or program.
● Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): As the name suggests, this is useful in arithmetic and logical
calculations such as addition, subtraction, division and comparisons.
● Control Unit: In the central processing unit (CPU), there is a control unit (CU) managing
the process of data or program. The execution of the program is done by the Control Unit. For
example, the fetch-decode-execution.
Input-Output System: Using this system, an input is given and output is generated after
●

execution. The information can be stored by using compact disk (CD), floppy, etc.
2. Data or programs are stored into the main memory.
3. Processing of instructions is sequential.

Note A process describes how the processor takes the data or program, decodes it and
finally executes it. The fetch-decode-execute cycle is also known as the Von Neumann
execution cycle.

Check Your Understanding

1. Who developed the basic architecture of computers?
Ans. John Von Neumann
2. What do the following terms stand for?
CPU, ALU, CU, RAM
Ans. CPU: Control Processing Unit
ALU: Arithmetic Logic Unit
CU: Control Unit
RAM: Random Access Memory

1.2.1 A Simple Model of the Computer

A Computer system has three basic components which are as follows:
6 Problem Solving and Python Programming

1. Processor: It is also known as the Central Processing Unit (CPU). The processor is the brain of the
computer. It takes data in the form of input and processes this input using arithmetic or logical operations in
the ALU, thereby transforming it into the output.
2. Memory (Storage): Memory refers to the data storage, permanent or temporary. Computer memory
understands only two bits, 0 and 1. The temporary memory is called RAM and the permanent memory is
called Read Only Memory (ROM).
3. Input/Output: It refers to the communication mechanism. Input and output devices are significant portions
of the computer accessories. Input devices provide data to the computer as input from the external source
while output devices generate information for the user after processing the input.

Input Process Output

Storage

Figure 1.1 Model of Computer

TIP
Before buying a computer, one should check the processor speed. To determine the processing
speed of the CPU, the clock speed is checked. The CPU can perform a certain number of
clock cycles per second. The computer’s clock speed is measured in gigahertz (GHz). One
GHz equals to one billion cycles per second. A higher clock speed indicates that the CPU
can execute more operations per second.

Note The very first commercially produced and sold computer in 1951 was UNIVAC.

1.2.2 Components of the Digital Computer

A digital computer performs calculations and solves complex problems. Thus, it must be equipped with the
following components:
1. Input Devices: These are the devices through which the information is provided to the computer. There
are different types of input devices, such as keyboard, mouse, scanner, touch pad, etc.
2. Output Devices: These are the devices through which the output is being provided to the user. There are
different types of output devices, such as printer, speakers, screen, etc.
3. Processing Unit: CPU is the brain of the computer. It takes data in the form of input and processes it,
thereby transforming the data into output. A CPU basically consists of the following:
 Introduction to Digital Computer 7

● Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU performs both arithmetic and logical operations including
addition, subtraction, division and bits manipulation.
● Registers: Registers hold values in the CPU. Each register has a unique name and is capable of
holding a byte or word of data.
● Control Unit: The Control Unit controls the operation of the CPU, the Memory and the input-output
components based on a sequence of instructions in the Memory.
4. External Memory: The External Memory is a physical device used to store programs (set of instructions)
or data temporarily or permanently for use in a computer or some other digital electronic device. It is
classified into two categories which are as follows:
● Primary Memory: The primary memory is also known as main memory. The program is loaded in
the main memory before it can be executed. The information within the Primary Memory can be lost
when power to the computer is turned off. Thus, the Primary Memory is volatile by nature.
● Secondary Memory: The secondary memory is a non-volatile, low-speed memory. The information
within this memory will not be lost even if the computer is turned off due to power failure. Examples
of secondary storage include hard disk, DVD, floppy drive, etc.
5. Bus: In a computer, all the components described above are connected by cables and each cable can only
send one bit at a time. These cables are called bus and are responsible for the movement of data from input
devices to output devices.

Keyboard

Control Unit Mouse

Main
Memory Input
Devices

ALU
Display
Registers Secondary
Memory
Printer
Storage Output
Devices
Central Processing Unit Bus
(CPU)

Figure 1.2 Components of Computer

Computers have become a huge part of our life nowadays. We use them every day to complete different
tasks. They are basically composed of two main things-the software and the hardware. The software has all
the instructions and information needed for the computer to run. This includes the operating system and the
programs or applications. The hardware consists of all the physical elements that make the computer work.
This includes the CPU, RAM, ROM, Cache etc.
8 Problem Solving and Python Programming

Let us imagine a restaurant. Every day a keeper comes to open the restaurant and makes sure everything is
ready and working well. Here, the keeper and the computer is called read-only memory or ROM which can
be modified. To keep everything running properly in a restaurant we need an administrator, this is the central
processing unit or CPU. It is called a microprocessor in cell phones and it contains the arithmetic logic unit
or ALU and the control unit or CU. The ALU in a computer is the manager who takes care of the numbers
and logical part. The control unit is the head chef who organises the incoming information and gets everyone
task. Let us see a customer making an order. The order acts as the input data. The waiter or data bus then
carries this information to the kitchen, and then goes to the head chef who decides where it should go further.
The kitchen represents the mother board inside, where there is a fridge and you keep everything that is used
frequently for easy access. This is called random access memory or RAM in a computer. Cache will be like
a small recipe book in which the computer keeps the frequently used instructions. There is also a warehouse
for rest of the information stored and this works as a hard disk. We can also get the things delivered through
the back door which acts as an optical disc in the computer. These are called the secondary storage devices.
Let us imagine, we also have a timer in the kitchen. Every time the timer starts, everyone starts preparing
a dish and has to get it done by the time gets over, so this keeps everything synchronised. In a computer, it
is called the internal clock.
We get an order, the buses carry it and it goes through the control unit in the CPU which supervises that
it reaches the right destination. If we need something that has been recently used, we can easily get it from
RAM, and if not, then the computer has to look for it in the secondary storage devices. The data is processed
now, and it is time for the chefs to turn into some delicious food that we can eat. This is the task of the video
card converting data into images. This is how our computer works.

Check Your Understanding

1. In which form does CD-ROM store information?
Ans. Digital form
2. What is the main difference between primary and secondary storage?
Ans. Primary memory is volatile while secondary memory is non-volatile in nature.
3. What is the working of Bus?
Ans. The Bus is responsible for movement of data from input devices to output devices.

1.3 Storage
The term Storage refers to memory that retains computer programs and data. There are basically two
categories of storage: primary and secondary.

1.3.1 Primary Storage

It is also known as the temporary storage since it is a short-term memory. There are three types of primary
storage:
1. RAM (Random Access Memory): The RAM is a very important part of the computer. It stores the data
accessed by the CPU. The RAM is the place where the programs or data in current use can be kept. This
memory is volatile in nature as the information within it is lost when power to the computer is turned off.
RAM is also known as working memory or main memory.
 Introduction to Digital Computer 9

Figure 1.3 Random Access Memory

2. ROM (Read Only Memory): The Read Only Memory gets its name from the fact that the computer can
only read information from it but cannot write any information on it. A part of the operating system is
stored in ROM. When the computer system is turned on, the CPU executes instructions stored in ROM.
The information stored in ROM cannot be changed and will not be lost even if the computer is turned off.

Figure 1.4 Read Only Memory

3. Cache Memory: Cache memory stores the data recently processed by the CPU. The size of cache is very
small and execution is very fast. In order to process an application, processor first searches the cache memory
and then, the RAM.

Figure 1.5 Cache Memory

10 Problem Solving and Python Programming

1.3.2 Secondary Storage

Secondary storage is also known as the permanent storage. It is not constantly accessible to a computer
system. When required, secondary storage devices and media can be accessed by plugging or inserting them
into a computer. Examples of secondary storage include the hard drive, DVD, memory card etc. Secondary
storage is like long-term memory since the data remains stored in the secondary storage device even after
the computer is shut down.
The various types of secondary storage are:
1. Hard disks: Hard Disk or Hard Disk Drive (HDD) stores and provide relatively quick access to large
amounts of data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.
2. Floppy Disc: A floppy disc consists of a plastic case inside which there is a very thin piece of plastic coated
with microscopic iron particles. Floppy discs store very less data—a maximum of 1.44 MB.

Figure 1.6 Floppy Disc

3. Flash Drive: A flash drive can be inserted into a USB port for data retrieval and data storage. It is small
in size and portable. Nowadays, flash drive comes in many shapes.

Figure 1.7 Flash Drive

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Other documents randomly have
different content
 CHAPTER VI

How the captain Jorge Robledo sent Gómez Hernández to

explore the province of The Choco, and also how Ruy
Vanegas went to the village of Pirsa.

A
FTER the captain Jorge Robledo had ordered the spoils that
were taken in the house I mentioned to be restored to the
Indians, and established a peace with the Chiefs of the valley of
Apia, which was the largest and most populous of the districts
subject to the city that had been founded, he received news that
Ocuzca and Umbruza, with other Chiefs, had sworn to destroy the
new city and kill all the Spaniards. So he decided to proceed to
Santa Ana de los Caballeros, for so the city was named, as we stated
when we recorded its foundation. He arrived there after a few days,
and despatched messengers in all directions urging the native Chiefs
not to be mad, nor to act without considering the consequences, but
to render obedience to his Majesty and be friendly to the Spaniards,
and in such event he would secure to them their lives and
possessions, and would see that they were not ill treated. Some of
them thought it best to comply, and came, bringing materials for
building the houses of the Spaniards. Robledo now wanted to divide
the villages among the Spaniards who had come with him. He had
news that, beyond the cordillera of Cima, which lies to the north of
Anzerma, there was a thickly peopled region and much wealth. So,
to ascertain the truth, he resolved to send and explore. He ordered
Gómez Hernández to set out with fifty Spaniards, cross-bow men
and shield bearers, and explore this region of El Choco. When they
were ready the captain Robledo went with them as far as the valley
of Santa María. Here an Indian came in friendly guise, alleging that
he was the Chief, Umbruza. As he was known not to be that Chief he
was ordered to be burnt, which was an excessively cruel
punishment.
 Gómez Hernández left this valley with the Spaniards, but took no
horses with him because of the rugged character of the country, and
proceeded until he reached the forest of Cima, which is very wild,
with a dense growth of trees, and where it rains during the greater
part of the year. It contains many noxious animals and night birds.
The monkeys are numerous, and the natives go naked and are very
savage. The Indians have their houses very strongly built in trees,
and they make war upon each other owing to the scarcity of food.
The Spaniards with their cross-bows came to one of those
barbacoas, or fortified places, and one of them named Alonso Pérez
caught an Indian girl. She was so overcome with grief and
abhorrence at finding herself a prisoner to a Christian, that she
threw herself down a precipice and was dashed to pieces, her soul
going to hell. Gómez Hernández advanced for some days through
these forests, than which there are none more rugged and
impassable in the world, until he came to a river which flowed into
the Ocean Sea and which, according to the most general opinion,
must be the river of Darien.[21] They found some edible palms, and
on them that singular fruit called pixibays, which they liked. There
also were many turkeys and pheasants,[22] and many tapirs which
are the size of a mule, and would seem to be like those they call
zebras. Proceeding with his discoveries, Gómez Hernández advanced
until he arrived at the crest of a rise whence they saw that the
country everywhere appeared level and much less mountainous. No
open plain was visible, but undulating country with many and much
larger barbacoas or fortified houses than had been found in Cima.
When the natives perceived the Christians they sounded many
drums and flutes, making a great noise and preparing to come out
and give battle.
These Indians also go naked but they are well disposed, their
women beautiful, and they all have gold. It is believed that there are
great riches in these regions, but until now they are unexplored.
Gómez Hernández, and all his followers, being unmounted, were in
some danger of falling into the hands of the Indians who, seeing
that they had come without horses, which are what they so greatly
fear, held the intruders cheap, and rose up in arms to oppose an
entrance into their country. The Spaniards had reached one of those
strongholds, and in it they found plenty of food, and wanted to take
some of it. But the Indians came against them, thinking to lay hold
of them. When the Spaniards saw their approach, they commended
themselves to God, and prepared for battle. Then came a great
disaster, which was that the cords of several cross-bows were
broken. The Indians shot off arrows and darts and the battle was
joined. The Spaniards fought well, though some did better than
others, and many were wounded by the Indians. The affair reached
such a point that the Indians, after having mortally wounded a
Frenchman who was there, seized Antonio Pimentel, a veteran in
these Indies, who was near, gave a tremendous shout, and
transfixed his body with a dart. This Pimentel, and another named
Vera, were saved miraculously. For being desperately wounded they
commended themselves to our Lady and, though many Indians
passed by, it was her pleasure that they should not be perceived by
them, and so, strengthened by her aid, they were able to rejoin their
comrades. The Spaniards, being without horses, seeing the number
of Indians increasing, and most of themselves wounded, thought it
best to retreat with their faces to the foe. They were followed for a
whole day when the Indians, satisfied at having driven the enemy
out of their country and wounded most of them, returned. The
Indians had captured the wounded Frenchman, and put him to a
most horrible death by cruel tortures. The Spaniards made speed to
return to Anzerma, and report to the captain what had happened.
Robledo then ordered Ruy Vanegas to proceed to the village of Pirso
and try to arrange for terms of peace with the Chiefs.
Ruy Vanegas set out with those that were necessary, and with
horses, and I went with him. When we arrived at the place we found
the natives in arms. They had deep holes dug in the approaches,
and in them were many spikes. These holes were covered over with
grass, so that the horses and Christians might fall into them. As we
entered the village the Indians fled into the ravines and among the
rocks behind the village. Because a horse fell into one of the holes
and was killed on the stakes, the Spaniards threw into two of them
over fifty Indian men and women, to teach them not to try another
deceit like that, as it would be to their own hurt in the end. After
having been some days in this district, Ruy Vanegas had sent
messages to the Chiefs to come as friends, and we went on to the
province of Sopia. Here, though the barbarians were proud, yet,
knowing the power of the Spaniards, they came in peaceably and
gave obedience to his Majesty, which they have observed ever since.
After Ruy Vanegas had settled those provinces he returned to
Anzerma, and reported to the captain what he had done.
 CHAPTER VII

How the captain Jorge Robledo assigned the Chiefs among the
settlers who had to remain in the city of Santa Ana, and
how he departed and discovered another part of the great
river of Santa Marta.

T
HE events we have related having passed, the captain Jorge
Robledo desired to cross the great river Santa Marta, and
explore the regions on the other side. He first divided the native
Chiefs among those who had to remain as settlers; and then, having
assigned them, he left the captain Ruy Vanegas in his place, and
departed from Anzerma early in the year 1540, taking with him as
his ensign Suer de Nava, a native of Toro. We set out, a little over a
hundred Spaniards, horse and foot. The Comendador Hernán
Rodríguez de Sosa was camp-master. We arrived at the village of
Irra, which is on the banks of the river of Santa Marta, where the
current flows with great velocity. The natives made rafts on which
the horses and baggage crossed. The Spaniards made contrivances
for crossing consisting of two bamboos as thick as a leg, to the head
of which a pole was fastened. One man went in front with a reed,
hauling on the bamboos, and two others behind to guide them.
Thus, with great risk and much hard work the Spaniards crossed this
great river. I certainly believe that if the Romans had undertaken the
conquest of these parts, even at the time of the most flourishing
period of their empire, when they ruled the world, they would not
have been powerful enough to do what a few Spaniards have
achieved. As for the hardships and hunger they have faced, no other
nation in the world could have endured it. For they are worthy to be
counted as scions of the most excellent nation in the world and the
one which is foremost in all things.
Having crossed to the other side of the river we went to sleep on
the rising ground, whence the captain sent messengers to Carrapa,
which is a large and rich province with abundant supplies of
provisions, to persuade the inhabitants to receive him as their friend
and to yield obedience to his Majesty. As the fame of the Spaniards'
valour, their great power, and the endurance of their horses had
reached all these districts, the natives agreed, in order to escape
being wounded by swords or torn to pieces by dogs, to admit them
to their territory and supply them with provisions; and this they sent
to say. Next day we entered Carrapa. The Chiefs came to see the
captain, and presented many golden ornaments, and vases, among
them a salver which weighed over 2,000 pesos. We were there more
than a month. The Indians said that after crossing the cordillera of
the Andes there was a very populous plain country where there were
great and very rich Chiefs, and that that country was called Arbi.
They also said that near it were the provinces of Picara, Paucura, and
Pozo, all great and powerful, and hostile to each other. At that time
those of Carrapa were at enmity with Picara. After we had stayed for
the time mentioned the captain asked for guides to advance further,
also that some principal natives should come with the number of
men he might want, to make war on those who refused to be
friendly. The people of Carrapa were content, and gave 600 Indians
to carry the baggage on their shoulders and 4,000 armed men to
help in the war. Thus we left Carrapa and went to the province of
Picara, which is larger and more populous. When tidings came of our
approach, the natives of Picara armed themselves for war, but after
they had made a tremendous noise, they grounded their arms and
fled. Those of Carrapa pursued them, and killed many in the ravines.
Others they made prisoners, and ate them all without sparing any.
Such is the cruelty and savagery of these people!
Our camp was formed on a plain. The captain Robledo, the first
discoverer of these regions, sent messengers to all the villages of
that province to warn the natives that they must come in and render
obedience to his Majesty, for that otherwise he would wage war with
ruthless cruelty. Most of them, fearing their cruel enemies of
Carrapa, determined to come and offer peace to the Spaniards.
During the few days that we were encamped on that plain, the
principal Chiefs, named Picara, Chanvericua, Chuscuruca, and
Ancora, came to our camp. When the repartimiento was made, this
last one was given to me in encomienda, with other principal men, I
being a conquistador of these parts. These Chiefs brought many
gold ornaments, rich and of much value, which they gave to the
captain, who took possession for his Majesty, and for the royal crown
of Castille. Having made some agreement convenient for them and
for us, the captain ordered the men of Carrapa not to kill any more
people, nor to do any more harm than they had done already. After
having been in this province twenty-five days, we set out for Pozo,
which is situated among some breaks in a mountain range, the
Chiefs having their houses and compounds on the slopes higher up.
At the approaches there are fortifications of stout bamboos, and
above these are barbacoas or platforms for making their sacrifices
upon, and for use as watch towers.
These Indians are the boldest and most valiant in all the Indies
of Peru. None of them are ever in their plantations, sowing or
gathering the produce, without having their arms ready at hand.
They were feared by all their neighbours and they would not keep at
peace with any one. Both men and women go naked. They have
much gold. Their territory extends to the river of Santa Marta. They
came originally from among the people of Arma. Their weapons are
lances, darts, and slings; but of this I treat more fully in my Book of
Foundations. They had news of our entrance into Picara, and of
what we had done in Carrapa, but they trusted in the strength of
their fortified places, and held the Spaniards of little account. Having
made great sacrifices and prayers to their gods, and having spoken
with the devil in accordance with their customs, more than 6,000 of
them assembled, with their arms, on the summit of their mountains,
to defend the pass. We set out from Picara, as I have said, with
more than 5,000 Indians of that province, led by their principal
Chiefs, all eager to attack the province of Pozo and kill its
inhabitants.
 CHAPTER VIII

How the captain Jorge Robledo arrived in the province of Pozo,

where he was severely wounded, and of the most cruel
punishment that was inflicted, also of the great quantity of
human flesh that was there eaten.

T
O go from the province of Picara to that of Pozo one follows a
river, down stream. It is fringed on either side by woody groves
and fruit-bearing trees, and 'tis certain that, if the Inca kings
should extend their conquests so far, and the opposing parties
should not eat each other up, they would find here the best and
richest thing in all the Indies, the rivers and mountains being so
prolific in gold, as those who have visited it will tell. We were going
along, careless of the fact that we were at war, advancing without
order, and rejoicing to see that there was such a good land to
explore. The captain was in front, and with him were Alvaro de
Mendoza, Antonio Pimentel, the ensign Suer de Nava, Giraldo Gil
Estopiñan, Francisco de Cuéllar, trumpeter, and a cleric named
Father Francisco de Frias, besides some other mounted esquires,
and gentlemen on foot. Suddenly the war cries of the barbarians
were heard. In great haste orders were given to call up the
Comendador Hernán Rodríguez de Sosa who, as squadron
commander or camp-master, came in the rear guard with the men
on horseback. He hurried up to the front, and so did Pedro de
Velasco and I, and others, all being without a thought that the
Indians would be so eager to fight. The captain, with his ensign Suer
de Nava, climbed up the mountain side with great intrepidity, as did
the other Spaniards: while the barbarians made a tremendous noise,
and called us umes, which means women, also making use of other
more insulting expressions.
The Indians of Carrapa and Picara, although they numbered over
8,000, were so afraid of the Pozos that they hardly dared open their
mouths. At this juncture we came to a very difficult mountain pass.
The captain, with much boldness and with the heart of a hero, put
spurs to his horse and, in spite of the foe, nearly reached the
summit: the Spaniards following and invoking the apostle Santiago.
They then began to wound the Indians, and these shot off many
darts and arrows. The captain gave his shield to the trumpeter,
because he saw that the man had none, and taking a cross-bow, he
killed three or four Indians; then, dropping it, he took a lance and
prepared to attack them, having first, before all this, called upon
them, in presence of the notary Pedro Sarmiento, to submit. When
the Indians saw the execution the captain had done amongst them,
one of them pointed a dart which hit him on the right hand, and
passed right through it. While stooping down to recover his lance the
Indians shot off another dart, which hit him in the back, and entered
more than a palmo. The Spaniards then pressed onwards, to put the
Indians to flight, and gained the heights. The captain lay on the
ground, much afflicted by his wounds, so that we all thought he was
dead. Indeed, as for his living, it would have been better for him had
he died there and then, for at least his body would not have lacked a
tomb, nor would it have become food for Indians, as happened later,
owing to the savagery of those who did kill him.[23] None of the
Spaniards were either killed or wounded here except the captain.
The friendly Indians killed some of the enemy, whom they ate
that same night. We occupied the native buildings which were on
the hill. They were large, and there were a great number of wooden
images in them, of the size of men, but in place of heads they had
skulls with faces of wax. They served us for firewood. The captain
was so ill that we really thought he would die, and all showed deep
sorrow, for, in those times, Robledo was so much liked for his
goodness to us, that we looked upon him as a father. At night the
ensign, Melchor Suer de Nava, the Father Francisco de Frias, a
native of Castro Nuño, Alonzo de Mendoza, Antonio Pimentel, Pedro
de Velasco, Estopiñan and others of the officers who were there,
slept close to him without leaving the house where he was. Such
hatred was felt for the Indians of Pozo who had done this deed, that
the Comendador Hernán Rodríguez de Sosa, with seventy Spaniards
and about 4,000 friendly Indians, set out in search of the enemy
(who were said to have taken up a strong position on a rock placed
on the summit of some crags) intending to kill as many of them as
possible. The Indians of Carrapa and Picara were delighted on
finding their dreaded enemies in such straits, and that the valiant
Spaniards were so bent on killing them. They all brought stout cords
to secure the prisoners. The Comendador went out with the
Spaniards to do what I have said: and it pleased God that the
captain should recover from his wounds, which gave no small
pleasure to us all.
 CHAPTER IX

How the Comendador Hernán Rodríguez de Sosa came to the

rock, and of the number of people he captured and killed,
and of the great cruelty perpetrated on those natives.

I
T is my well-used custom to praise the good deeds of the captains
and people of my nation, but also not to pardon their evil deeds.
How much affection soever I may feel for some of them, it may
be believed that I shall not fail to blame their errors. I saw this
conquest and war and was present at it, and I shared in the love
which all felt for Robledo: the more so because I used to go to his
house at that time. And I speak the purest truth, though many
things also happened which I do not mention, because I am so tired
and bored with treating of the provinces to the westward. Although,
as I say, I care so much for the honour of Robledo, I shall not
hesitate to affirm that there was committed, in this province of Pozo,
one of the greatest acts of cruelty that have been perpetrated in
these Indies. This was that, because the unlucky natives wounded
Robledo, the Spaniards felt such hatred towards them that those
who went to inflict punishment resolved to kill them all.
At the time when they were defeated on the first hill, their
principal Chief, much disturbed at such a calamity, retreated to the
banks of the great river, with his women and principal followers,
while others of his captains went to form a garrison on the summit
of a very inaccessible rock, which rose from the crest of one of the
hills. Here a thousand persons were collected, men and women with
many children, boys and girls, and a supply of provisions. The
Christians, who came with the Comendador, sent the news of how
they had beleaguered those people in their fort, and they marched
towards it. When they were near, those of Pozo wished to defend
themselves, but they were astonished and dismayed at so many
coming against them. Our friendly Indians, from below, encircled the
rock, and the Christians farther up sent forward the dogs, which
were so fierce that in two bites with their cruel teeth they laid open
their victims to the entrails. It was no small grief to see that, for
taking up arms to defend their country against those who came to
deprive them of it, they were treated in that manner. The little
children, terrified at the noise and confusion, running hither and
thither, were torn to pieces by the dogs, a horrible sight to witness.
The cross-bows also made holes through their bodies, through which
their souls could depart, while they groaned and cried for help to
their parents and their gods; or in fleeing from the Spaniards they
threw themselves over the cliffs. Those fugitives who escaped from
these perils fell into a worse danger, namely, into the power of the
Indians of Carrapa and Picara, who treated them with even greater
cruelty. For they spared none, neither ugly nor beautiful women,
neither old nor young, killing all. They took the children by their feet,
and dashed their heads against the rocks, and promptly, like
dragons, ate them raw. They killed most of the men they took, and
the rest, with hands securely tied, they carried off. Baltasa de
Ledesma and the Comendador acted here in such a manner that one
must believe it was for this crime that they were killed in course of
time at this same place, when they and the captain were eaten by
these very Indians.
After this no people remained on the rock. More than three
hundred of those who had been there were killed. The Comendador,
with the other "Christians," returned to the camp. Our native friends
made more than 200 loads of human flesh, and with it and their
prisoners they also returned to their camp, eating the lungs and
hearts raw, as they went, and entrails too. When they arrived at the
buildings they sent to their villages large presents of this flesh, as
well as many of the Indians they had kept alive. Those who
remained were forced to bend their heads and were killed by blows
on the occiput with cudgels. And the only reproach they got from us
was to be laughed at and asked whether that food tasted good to
them. I saw that they brought more than twenty pots as big as our
large earthen jars, and filled them all with this human flesh, which
they devoured among them, sending the heads to their villages. A
time came, when God permitting, the Pozos did more damage than
this to their enemies, as we shall relate farther on.
When the news of the great injury the Christians had done
spread to all parts of the province of Pozo, the people were
astounded and afraid, and, that there might not be such a sad day
again, the Chiefs determined to send to the captain and ask for
peace. This was done. They came to the camp with presents of gold
ornaments, and were well received by the captain, who promised
them peace, provided the principal Chiefs came in, and rendered
obedience to his Majesty. After some negotiation they did so, and
after begging pardon for having taken up arms they asked the
captain that no more harm might be done to them. The captain
agreed, the Indians of Carrapa and Picara returning to their own
countries. When the captain's wounds were healed, he arranged to
depart from Pozo, and they brought him many Indians to carry the
baggage of the Spaniards. And so, leaving all in peace, we departed
from Pozo.
 CHAPTER X

How the captain Robledo discovered the province of Paucura,

how the ensign Suer de Nava returned to Pozo, and how he
perpetrated other cruelties worse than the former ones,
and how Robledo left Paucura to explore the great and very
rich province of Arma.

W
HAT I have related in the last chapter having taken place, and
the captain having recovered from his wounds, we departed
for the province of Paucura, where the principal Chief was one
named Pimaná, who was also an enemy of the people of Pozo, but
allied by lineage, speech, and customs to those of Picara, a populous
and very fertile province. As they had heard what the Christians had
done in Pozo, and were friends of Pimaná's relations in Picara, they
agreed to submit peaceably and to bring in plenty of provisions, and
so it was done. We arrived at Paucura in the afternoon of a
Wednesday, and they showed much joy at our coming. So we lodged
there as friends. When all our force had arrived, a soldier named
Miranda said that certain pigs, which had gone amissing from the
men who were bringing them, had been stolen by the Indians of
Pozo. It was no great crime, nor ought it to have been punished with
the cruelty which we must now describe. When Robledo was told of
the loss of the pigs he was very angry, saying that the Pozo Indians
had not kept the peace to which they had agreed, and that he would
punish them for being false friends. He then ordered his ensign to go
with fifty Spaniards, horse and foot, to Pozo and punish the theft of
the pigs. When the people of Paucura heard of the return of the
Spaniards to Pozo they rejoiced at the good opportunity of doing all
the injury they could to the people of Pozo, who were their enemies,
so when Suer de Nava left the camp he was joined by over 3,000
Paucuraños. All united marched rapidly and, arriving in Pozo, they
began to do great harm to the unfortunate people, burning their
houses, ruining their villages, and robbing what they contained. That
the sin might be greater, more than two hundred souls were
murdered by the Paucuraños, who cut the bodies in pieces as if they
had been saddles of mutton or legs of beef, and carried them off to
their homes. It was surely a strange thing to see rational beings so
very fond of human flesh, so that to obtain it there was no peace
between fathers and their sons and brothers. As soon as Suer de
Nava had recovered the pigs, and settled some terms of peace with
the Pozo people, he returned to the province of Paucura where the
captain had remained.
Robledo had received tidings that at no great distance to the
westward [sic] was situated the great and very rich province of Arma,
which is the largest and most populous in all Peru, and where, if the
natives could be domesticated, such a supply of gold might be
obtained that the Spaniards settling there would become the richest
in all those parts. Desirous of exploring these regions in order to
form a new settlement, Robledo made his preparations and left
Paucura accompanied by some of the Chiefs and many Indians; and
we went on until we reached the crests of some mountains.
By this time the arrival of the Spaniards was known in all the
villages of that great province. Our deeds were exaggerated. It was
said that with one blow of a sword we could cut open an Indian, and
with one thrust of a lance we could run him through, but what
terrified them most was to hear the way a bolt was shot from a
cross-bow, and the furious velocity with which it flew; while they
also wondered at the speed of the horses. Finally they had debated
among themselves as to whether they should keep the peace with
us or come out to make war on us, and they had consulted their
devils in regard to this. One may believe that the reply and counsel
savoured of the oracle who gave them, and all watched for the part
where the Spaniards would approach, to decide on what they would
do. We set out from where, as I have said, we passed the previous
night, and marched to the borders of the province. When we came
in sight of a summit we heard a great noise, many drums beating
and horns being blown. It was so in truth, for when the natives saw
us coming that way they concealed their property and their women
and children, and of one accord came out in warlike array to face us.
When the captain heard the noise, he ordered all his men to form in
order with their arms, and march to the summit. This was done. The
shouts of the natives increased, while we advanced in leisurely
fashion towards them. And although they tried to dismay us with
their clamour, and by means of huge stones sent rolling down the
hill, it availed them nought, because the daring of the Spaniards is
so great that nothing in the world can daunt them; and so, in spite
of all, they reached the summit and put the Indians to flight.
 CHAPTER XI

How the captain Robledo explored the province of Arma and

fixed his camp in the village of the principal Chief, named
Maytama; and of other notable things that happened.

H
AVING gained the summit, the Spaniards continued to follow
the Indians, killing some of them, and we saw that they were
adorned with very beautiful ornaments of gold. They also had
plumes of feathers, crowns, and large plaques, and some were seen
who were in armour of gold from head to foot. It was certainly
beautiful to see some of the pieces they took, and from this the
range was called La Loma de los Armados. We lodged in two of the
houses there, very happy at finding that God our Lord had presented
us with so rich and populous a land, in order that, being by us
discovered, His name might be worshipped and the Holy Gospel
preached.
On the following day we departed thence, and saw that the
province was very large, full of villages, planted with maize and
great rushes, and that there were groves of fruit trees, and palms
yielding pixibays. The villages on the slopes and higher ground
contained circular houses so large that there was room for fifteen or
twenty people in each. There are many other things to tell of this
province, which I have written in my Book of Foundations, where the
reader will have seen them.
When we were passing out of a valley we heard a still greater
noise at the top of the next range of hills, whither the road that we
were taking led; and, marching more quickly, we came to the
beginning of the rise, and saw that the pass was difficult before
reaching the summit, for, besides presenting a steep ascent there
were some rocks and gullies which would make it necessary for the
horses to go gently, without attempting to press quickly forward.
The captain demanded peace from the natives, and obedience to the
Emperor; if this was refused he would make ruthless war. The
Indians, deriding these demands, replied to us that we came to
conquer and to rob what did not belong to us, that we should return
to our own country, and leave them quiet and at peace in theirs.
Having said these words and others, they shot off many darts and
stones, showing that they intended to defend the approach to their
village.
The captain seeing that the barbarians intended to defend the
pass, and that the noon-day heat was coming on, ordered the foot
soldiers to lose no time in attacking the Indians with shields, cross-
bows and dogs, in order to take the pass, so that the horses might
be able to come up. In this they were successful, while some of the
horsemen, laboriously seeking a way by one or other side of the
mountain in spite of the Indians, found a place by which they were
able to come up with the horses, to the position reached by the men
on foot. Then the shouting was greater, for the Indians did not dare
to await the coming of men who they saw were so valiant; and not
caring to hear the neighing of the horses, turned their backs and
began to run away, abandoning their arms—the cowards. The
mounted men followed and overtook some of them, taking a
quantity of gold in ornaments such as I have said they have. All the
Spaniards who were behind having come up, we proceeded to
encamp on the summit, which they called de los Cavallos. Here they
found but little maize, as it was only in leaf.
The Chiefs and principal people of those villages, astounded at
seeing the majesty of the Spaniards and their great power, and
fearing to oppose them more, agreed to go to the captain peaceably.
So they came to our camp with nets full of ornaments of the finest
gold, asking the captain for pardon for having been so mad as not to
have laid down their arms sooner. The captain received them very
well and agreed to the peace. As the inhabitants of those villages
were so rich they made presents of gold to the Spaniards. When
they brought water for the horses, they offered very large and fine
golden ornaments, so fine that they exceeded 21 carats. That night
the captain sent the Comendador Hernán Rodríguez de Sosa, with a
sufficient force to the village of one Maytama, who was the principal
Chief of the province, to capture him or oblige him to render
obedience to his Majesty. The Comendador started during the first
night watch and marched until he arrived at Maytama's hill. He
found the Indians ready for war, and, attacking them until daylight,
he put them to flight, captured a brother of Maytama, and saw
them, both men and women, take away many loads of gold. The
Spaniards could only capture a few because the thickness of the
maize in the fields was so great. For this reason the Indians escaped
with most of the gold, which if it had been taken would have been a
great booty, nevertheless the Spaniards and their servants took
some.
The captain, with the whole camp, arrived the next day. As it was
known throughout the province that the Spaniards occupied the
buildings of Maytama the natives sent messengers proposing to be
friends and offering great presents of gold. The gold was brought in
this way: the Indians came with much shouting, bearing long poles
from the shoulder of one to that of another, from which there hung
by cords the plaques, crowns, bracelets, and plumes of gold. On
arriving where the captain was, they set them down before him, and
thus the presents I have mentioned came from all parts of the
province. The Chief, who was a prisoner, sent an old woman to bring
gold, and next day she brought about 2,000 pesos, at which we
were astonished. The Chief said that he had more gold buried and
that he wanted to go and fetch it. He asked the captain to tell off
some Spaniards to go with him, intending to escape if it were
possible. The captain ordered some soldiers to go with him. When
they came to some precipitous rocks, hating to remain in the power
of the Spaniards, he determined to kill himself. With a barbarous and
heathen mind, he hurled himself down over the precipice and left his
brains among the stones, so that when the Spaniards reached the
place, the Chief's soul was already in hell. The Spaniards returned to
the captain and explained to him the manner of the captive Chief's
death. Principal natives came to the camp each day with presents of
gold, and the captain came to the conclusion that he had arrived at
a good place for founding a city. He determined to send the
Comendador Hernán Rodríguez de Sosa to explore the region lower
down the great river, and to remain there. He set out with forty
Spaniards, horse and foot. The Comendador came to a large village
which he called Pascua because he passed Easter there; continuing
his advance he came to another village, where he met with some
resistance. Leaving it, and taking a northerly course, he discovered
the village of Cenufara and a place they called the Hill of Maize.
Advancing further he arrived at a village called Pobres, whence he
returned to the region of Arma, because he learnt, from statements
he received, that there were no other settlements for a great
distance.
At this time the inhabitants of the province of Arma conceived
such hatred for the Spaniards that they determined to make war in
common against us. This appeared from their not coming to our
camp as usual, nor supplying us with provisions; while they killed
our Indian servants and negroes who fell into their hands. The
captain got notice of this league and conspiracy, and ordered his
men to be on their guard against any sudden attack on the camp by
Indians. But when they were all determined to rise against us, they
failed to come to the point, owing to some disputes among
themselves, and we saw them fall back well supplied with gold
ornaments. When the Comendador returned, the captain resolved to
quit the province, and departed, leaving it as hostile towards us as
when we entered it. When we were about to depart, a number of
Indians stationed themselves above our camp. The captain saw this
and told the interpreters to call upon them in a friendly way to come
down. They came, believing they were in no danger. The captain
ordered all of those who came to be thrust inside the huts and
issued orders to the Spaniards to give them wounds and cut off their
hands. In this way more than thirty were mutilated, as many more
being killed. In that state the survivors were sent to their villages.
Then the captain quitted the province of Arma. He intended to leave
his ensign Suer de Nava there, to found a city; but, thinking it would
be better to explore the province of Quinbaya, that plan was given
up. Leaving Arma, and following the way by which he had come, the
captain arrived at the province of Paucura, whence he departed for
Pozo. There he seized several principal men and went to Carrapa,
where he burnt one of them for some very trifling reason; and here
we must leave him, because it is necessary to relate the manner in
which the captains Pedro de Añasco and Juan de Ampudia met their
deaths.
 CHAPTER XII

How the captain Osorio was killed, with some other Christians,
going to the new kingdom, and how the captain Pedro de
Añasco was also killed by the Indians.

L
ET the reader's attention be now turned to the exploration of the
province of Bogotá by the Spaniards coming from Santa Marta,
which we mentioned in the first book of The War of Las Salinas,
and to what happened between them and the captain Belalcazar. I
also related how the captain Añasco founded the town of Timaná,
where, after coming from Cali when Lorenzo de Aldana was General
of those cities on behalf of the Marquis Pizarro, he was confirmed in
his charge, and returned as lieutenant to the said town of Timaná.
The captain Juan de Ampudia was lieutenant in Popayán, Miguel
Muñoz in Cali, and Lorenzo de Aldana had gone to Quito, as we have
already stated. While this region was under these lieutenants,
glowing accounts reached them of the wonderful richness of the new
kingdom,[24] the quantity of gold and emeralds there, and the high
value of commodities; so that there was a desire to take thither all
the merchandize and flocks that could be collected. A merchant who
was at Popayán, named Pero López del Infierno,[25] Captain Osorio
(a relation of Juan de Ampudia) and others, agreed to leave Popayán
for the new kingdom with merchandize, horses, mares, slaves, and
much worked silver. With these goods, which amounted to a great
money value, they left Popayán and set out on the road for Bogotá,
without distrusting the Indians, because, as it was peace time, they
had no fear of hostilities with them. They went on until they arrived
in the country of the Yalcones, which borders on that of Páez. At this
time the captain Pedro de Añasco had left Timaná to go to Popayán,
to trade for horses and other things he required. He came to the
country of the Yalcones, which is where I have said Osorio had
arrived. The natives of that region are numerous and determined.
They fight with lances 30 palmos long, and have other formidable
weapons. They resolved to rebel against the Spaniards, and not
merely to refuse obedience, but to kill the captain and the others
who had come from Popayán, As they had notice of the numerous
horses, mares, and other things the Spaniards brought, they desired
to put their thought into execution to satiate their cursed bellies with
human flesh, and to rob what we have said. They took up arms with
this intent, and planned that one party should attack the captain
Pedro de Añasco, while another fell upon the Christians who had
come from Popayán, for they feared that if they did not adopt this
division of force, their plan might not succeed. The Indians were
upon all the hills, but they repaired with feigned friendliness to the
ravine of Apirimá (which is the locality where Osorio was) to put the
Spaniards off their guard.
At this time the captain Pedro de Añasco had arrived at a valley
called Ayunga. When the Indians formed the intention already
stated, it came to the knowledge of a friendly Chief who was with
Añasco. This Chief told Añasco of the league formed by the
Yalcones, those of Páez, and other neighbouring tribes, and that, as
he had only two horses, he had better go back. The captain made
light of what the Chief had told him, showing that he thought little of
it, and he continued on until he came to a building, late in the day,
where two Indians appeared. One brought a young lion, dead and
putrid, for the captain to eat, the other brought some cobs of young
maize. The captain, seeing the presents, knew what they signified,
and the Indians, dissembling, said that presently, the next day, they
would bring those who would eat the captain and his Christians. The
friendly Chief then spoke to Pedro de Añasco urging him to return
into the forest, which was not far from there, and he would be safe
from the Indians. But he would not go back because he did not
believe that the audacity of the barbarians could reach to such a
point. He ordered all his men to be ready with their arms, and that
some of them should keep watch on the roads leading to the
buildings where they were encamped, which was done. The Indians
had gathered in a great mass and, before dawn, they attacked the
Spanish sentries with a violent clamour. Although the sentries
behaved as Spaniards always do, they were overpowered, killed, cut
in pieces, and carried away to be eaten. The captain, Pedro de
Añasco, hearing the noise, commended himself to God, and
mounted his horse. With his companions he then awaited the
Indians' onslaught, his men animating each other. Añasco was a
well-grown man of fine presence, one of the principal knights of
Seville; but for his sins, or by God's permission, he came at last to a
most cruel and unworthy death, for such a warrior.
The Indians, in much confusion, had already rushed upon the
Spaniards, when the captain, and Baltasar del Rio charged them
with their horses. Though the Spaniards showed great
determination, they could not prevail against such a bevy of lances
as faced their horses; nevertheless Pedro de Añasco broke into
them, while the other horseman was killed. The captain, whose
horse came out wounded and bridleless, turned again to attack the
enemy with his blood-covered lance, but they fell upon him in such
numbers that, after having killed the horse, they captured him alive.
The rest of the Spaniards were all either killed or frightfully
wounded, some of them having their bodies so full of lances that
nothing could be seen but the wooden staves. Others fell wounded
and were promptly despatched. Others had their eyes or their
tongues torn out, or were impaled. Two Spaniards, one named
Cornejo and the other Mideros, resisted so valiantly that, after
having fought against the multitude of savages, they sallied forth
from that place in spite of them all, and, with their swiftness of foot,
ran off in the direction of Timaná. For four days they wandered
without food except some wild herbs, pursued by the Indians,
suffering other great hardships and many times surrounded, until by
God's pleasure they got free and made for Timaná, where the death
of Pedro de Añasco had already been rumoured, and Pedro de
Guzmán de Herrera had gone forth with three horsemen to find out
whether it was true. One night, when the party were asleep, the
Indians attacked them. They mounted their horses in great haste.
Pedro de Guzmán was getting on his, but as they did not leave him
time to cast off the halter, and the horse was unable to start, he was
killed with many lance wounds. The other Spaniards, though in great
danger, escaped to Timaná.
Captain Osorio was, as we have said, in the ravine of Apirimá
with those who had come with him, numbering sixteen Spaniards.
From his camp to where Añasco's people were massacred, was not
more than two leagues. Just as they were about to resume their
journey, the great mass of Indians rushed upon them, after having
eaten the bodies of all the Spaniards they had killed, and robbed all
the baggage. They had taken the captain Pedro de Añasco alive. He
was sent all through the province, that he might be seen in the
market places and villages, where the people heaped insults upon
the unhappy captain and made his body suffer a thousand
martyrdoms. They killed him by a lingering and cruel death. On one
day they cut off an arm, on another they tore out an eye, on the
next they cut off his lips, and so they continued to consume the
being that had been a man, until life was ended, when the body
found sepulture in the bellies of his murderers.
The savages, having next arrived at Apirimá, where the
Christians who had gone to Popayán were encamped, encircled
them, and then, with great clamour, attacked them suddenly and
began to wound them. Although the Spaniards attempted a defence
they could not prevail. Only one escaped, a Spaniard whose name
was Serrano. All the rest were killed and eaten by the Indians, who
also captured the merchandize and other things which were
intended for sale at Bogotá. After they had killed the Spaniards and
seized all their property the Indians returned to their villages very
pleased with themselves.
 CHAPTER XIII

How, when the death of the Spaniards was known at Popayán,

the captain Juan de Ampudia set out from thence, and how
he and other Christians were killed by the same Indians.

W
HEN the Indians had returned to their villages, as we related
in the last chapter, they had great banquets and drinking
orgies. It was agreed by them that if any Spaniards should
come against them from Popayán and Timaná, they would kill them
all, or do to them as they had done to Pedro de Añasco. As soon as
this was settled they made great trenches and walls for defence,
cutting the hills where the roads led, and using haste to make arms.
When Serrano arrived at Popayán and told the captain Juan de
Ampudia the fate of the Spaniards, he was much distressed and
determined to make war on the murderers. He took from Popayán
sixty Spaniards, horse and foot, as well armed as was possible, with
what cross-bows there were, and very fierce dogs. He left Popayán
and marched until he came to a province called Guanaca. Thence he
approached the Yalcones, and arrived near Apirimá, the scene of the
death of Osorio and his party. As soon as the Indians knew of his
arrival, they stationed themselves on the heights, waiting in ambush
to kill the invaders. Two of the Indians having shown themselves,
however, the captain sent Antonio Redondo, a citizen of Cali, with
ten Spaniards to try and capture them. But when Antonio reached
the place where they had been seen, a great force of the enemy
burst into view and attacked his ten men, so that the Spaniards
turned and fled, not stopping until they got to where the captain had
halted. The Indians overtook one, named Paredes, and killed him.
When Juan de Ampudia saw this, he came to the rescue with the
rest of his force and attacked the Indians in such sort that they
impaled many with their lances, while the Spaniards on foot killed
even more with swords and cross-bows. The killed were so
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