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 Chapter 07 Positive Organizational Behavior and
Psychological Capital
Student: ___________________________________________________________________________

1. The open to development criterion says that the construct must be traitlike as opposed to
statelike in order to be included in positive organizational behavior.

True False

2. According to the three levels of positive psychology identified by Seligman and

Csikszentmihalyi, altruism, responsibility, and tolerance are positive individual traits.

True False

3. The first and most theoretically developed and researched positive organizational behavior
construct is optimism.

True False

4. General efficacy is statelike.

True False

5. The self-efficacy process starts after individuals select their choices and initiate their effort.

True False

6. Successful performance automatically raises the level of efficacy.

True False
7. Giving people positive feedback and pointing out their strengths for successfully
accomplishing a task does not seem to be processed by most people with as much impact as
negative feedback.

True False

8. Magnitude measures the level of task difficulty that a person believes he or she is capable of
executing.

True False

9. Cognitive mastery modeling is the ability to learn thinking skills and how to apply them by
observing the decision rules and reasoning strategies successful models use as they arrive at
solutions to problems and make effective decisions.

True False

10. Pessimism is known to lead to passivity, failure, social estrangement, and, in its extreme,
depression and mortality.

True False

11. Optimists make external (not their fault), stable, and specific (problem only in this situation)
attributions.

True False

12. As per the concept of learned optimism, anyone, including pessimists, can learn the skills to
be an optimist.

True False
13. The shortened version of Seligman's theory-based Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ)
has been found to be very easy to fake optimism.

True False

14. Hope is a part of mainstream organizational behavior literature.

True False

15. Resiliency can be developed through enhancing the assets that a person possesses, through
education, training, and nurturing social relationships.

True False

16. Psychological capital transcends beyond economic, social, and human capital.

True False

17. According to a research study, PsyCap was found to be positively related to desired
organizational citizenship behaviors and negatively to undesired organization cynicism,
intentions to quit, and counterproductive workplace behaviors.

True False

18. PsyCap is statelike and open to development.

True False

19. Positive psychological theory and research prefers to use the more precise and operationally
defined term subjective well-being, or SWB, instead of happiness.

True False
20. According to Diener and Biswas-Diener, happiness is linearly related to health and longevity,
relationships, and effectiveness at work.

True False

21. From studies conducted by Judge and colleagues, it can be concluded that people who are
satisfied with their lives tend to be more satisfied at work and vice versa.

True False

22. Personality traits and mood states have separate influences or emotional processing.

True False

23. Emotional labor not only has dysfunctional consequences for the employees doing it, but also
detracts from effective customer service.

True False

24. Howard Gardner found that intelligence is mainly genetic and fixed at birth.

True False

25. Stamina is an example of a cognitive ability.

True False

26. The vast majority of jobs in today's workplace are concerned more with physical abilities.

True False
27. In order to be included in positive organizational behavior, a construct must:

A. be atheoretical.
B. have reliable and valid measures.
C. be traitlike.
D. be a physiological resource capacity.

28. Positive psychology is concerned with _____ human functioning instead of _____ human
functioning.

A. random, structured
B. creative, routine
C. optimal, pathological
D. intelligent, routine

29. Which among the following is a valued subjective experience according to Seligman and
Csikszentmihalyi?

A. Altruism
B. Perseverance
C. Satisfaction
D. Tolerance
30. Which among the following is a positive individual trait according to Seligman and
Csikszentmihalyi?

A. Contentment
B. Responsibility
C. Hope
D. Sensibility

31. Which among the following is classified as civic virtues and institutions that move individuals
towards better citizenship according to Seligman and Csikszentmihalyi?

A. Spirituality
B. Optimism
C. Interpersonal skill
D. Nurturance

32. According to positive psychologist such as Sonja Lyubomirsky, one's level of H-R-W well-
being is determined by all of the following, EXCEPT:

A. a genetic, dispositional "hard-wiring" set point.

B. life's circumstances.
C. intentional activity.
D. personal outlook.
33. It is the capability for _____ that serves as the theoretical basis for self-efficacy.

A. adaptation
B. self-reflection
C. behavioral patterns
D. learning

34. What does Bandura strongly emphasize as being the most pervading and important of the
psychological mechanisms of self-influence?

A. Optimism
B. Self-efficacy
C. Resilience
D. Hope

35. Which among the following statements is true regarding general self efficacy?

A. It is highly variable depending on the task.

B. It is cognitively processed by the individual before any effort is expended.
C. It is like a personality trait.
D. It is statelike.

36. In comparison to self efficacy, self-esteem is:

A. a global construct of one's evaluation and belief of overall worthiness.

B. changing over time as new information and task experiences are gained.
C. a current assessment of one's future success at a task.
D. one's belief about a task-and context-specific capability.
37. Bandura has argued that _____ attributions are causal beliefs about action-outcome
contingencies, whereas self-efficacy is an individual's belief about his or her abilities and
cognitive resources that can be marshaled together to successfully execute a specific task.

A. resiliency
B. general self-efficacy
C. self-esteem
D. locus of control

38. The evaluation/perception of how individuals believe they can use abilities or resources to
accomplish the given task leads to the expectations of personal efficacy which, in turn,
determines all these EXCEPT:

A. the decision to perform the specific task in this context.

B. the amount of effort that will be expended to accomplish a task.
C. the level of persistence that will be forthcoming despite problems, disconfirming evidence,
and adversity.
D. the kind of relationships formed at the completion of the task.

39. After the evaluation of the process and the impact of self-efficacy, it is seen that self-efficacy
can directly affect all these EXCEPT:

A. choice behaviors.
B. motivational effort.
C. happiness quotients.
D. perseverance.
40. According to Bandura, efficacy depends on how the individual interprets and cognitively
processes the _____.

A. success
B. objective
C. ideology
D. information

41. When Bandura stated that, "If people see others like themselves succeed by sustained effort,
they come to believe that they, too, have the capacity to succeed. Conversely, observing the
failure of others instills doubts about one's own ability to master similar activities," what
source of efficacy was he talking about?

A. Mastery experiences and performance attainments

B. Social persuasion
C. Vicarious experiences and modeling
D. Physiological and psychological arousal

42. The key for successful training and transfer to the job with regard to social persuasion is:

A. trainees must learn they are the cause of their performance.

B. model(s) used should have similar demographic attributes, and the training being done
should be similar to what the trainees will be doing back on the job.
C. make sure trainees experiencing physical or psychological symptoms interpret them as the
nature of the training task and not some personal inadequacy (i.e., lack of ability).
D. all comments have impact, so feedback must be phrased positively to build trainee
confidence.
43. Among the following variables, deduced through research conducted by Stajkovic and
Luthans, this shows a greater average gain in performance than the results from the meta-
analyses of other popular organizational behavior interventions.

A. Goal setting
B. Organizational behavior modification
C. Feedback
D. Self-efficacy

44. Which of the following indicates whether the magnitude is strong and likely to produce
perseverance when difficulties are encountered?

A. Motivation
B. Strength
C. Relations
D. Feedback

45. Bandura categorized his approach to training and development into three areas. Which of the
following areas includes instructive modeling, guided skill perfection, and transfer of training
back to the job to ensure self-directed success?

A. Development of self-regulatory competencies

B. Cognitive mastery modeling
C. Guided mastery
D. Learned behavior
46. A recent meta-analysis evaluating the effects of behavioral modeling training (BMT) found
that the greatest impact of BMT was when all these factors were present EXCEPT:

A. practice included trainer-generated scenarios.

B. trainers were instructed to set goals.
C. trainees' supervisors were also trained.
D. rewards and sanctions were instituted in the trainees' work environment.

47. Whenever Harry experiences a setback, he often attributes it to being his own fault and
believes that it will last for a long time. He also tends to think that the problem will affect
everything else he does. According to Seligman, Harry's explanatory style in interpreting
misfortune can be described as:

A. internal, unstable, and global.

B. external, stable, and specific.
C. internal, stable, and global.
D. external, unstable, and global.

48. Although optimism is sometimes portrayed as a stable personality trait, Seligman has led the
way in popularizing _____, which says that anyone, including pessimists, can learn the skills
to be an optimist.

A. learning optimism
B. cultivating optimism
C. building optimism
D. learned optimism
49. In the field of positive organizational behavior, which process can contribute to the learning
of optimism?

A. Social learning process of modeling

B. Social persuasion
C. Physiological and psychological arousal
D. Mastery experience or performance attainment

50. Peterson has pointed out the drawbacks of "realistic optimism" as opposed to "_____" with
regard to effective leadership.

A. expanded optimism
B. group optimism
C. false optimism
D. slotted optimism

51. All of the following statements about Seligman's Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) are
true, EXCEPT:

A. it was designed to determine habitual explanatory style.

B. it contains lie scales.
C. it has been found to be very difficult to fake optimism.
D. it requires respondents to interpret 3 good and 3 bad vignettes.
52. Previously in clinical psychology, this was largely portrayed as a uni-dimensional construct
involving an overall perception that one can attain his or her goals.

A. Optimism.
B. Self-efficacy.
C. Happiness.
D. Hope.

53. According to C. Rick Snyder, this is termed as goal-directed energy.

A. Pathways
B. Quotients
C. Creativity
D. Agency

54. In positive psychology, this has been defined as "a class of phenomena characterized by
patterns of positive adaptation in the context of significant adversity or risk."

A. Resilience
B. Hope
C. Self-efficacy
D. Optimism
55. Based on the established research of positive psychologist Ann Masten and her colleagues,
resiliency has been found to be influenced and developed by three types of factors: assets,
risks, and adaptational processes. As per this research, risk factors can be managed:

A. through education, training, and nurturing social relationships.

B. by improving the quality of resources available for people to draw upon.
C. through appropriate physical and psychological healthcare.
D. by developing other positive psychological capacities.

56. Which of the following statements is true regarding PsyCap?

A. It focuses on human capital i.e. knowledge, skills, abilities, and experience.

B. It is a first-order core construct.
C. It was found to be positively related to desired organizational citizenship behaviors.
D. It was found to be more stable than recognized personality traits.

57. According to the Psychological Capital Intervention model, which among the following is a
distal outcome?

A. Experiencing success
B. Developing positive expectancy
C. Realistic optimism
D. Sustainable veritable performance impact
58. As an important part of the positive psychology movement, _____ popularity and importance
reflect societal trends valuing the good life and what makes people happy.

A. subjective well-being's
B. social structuring's
C. optimism's
D. self-efficacy's

59. Which of the following statements is true regarding happiness according to Diener and
Biswas-Diener?

A. Happiness is a process.
B. Happiness is a place.
C. There is no such thing as an optimal level of happiness.
D. Happiness shares a linear relationship with health and longevity.

60. Which among the following is a guideline prescribed by Lyubomirsky for developing and
sustaining happiness?

A. Set moderate goals

B. Limit one's social connections
C. Live for the future
D. Practice gratitude
61. Which among the following is a descriptor of the positive primary emotion of surprise?

A. Wonder
B. Zest
C. Euphoria
D. Infatuation

62. Service personnel are required to display false expressions and positive emotions such as
smiling. This concept is known as:

A. concealment.
B. camouflage.
C. masking.
D. emotional labor.

63. Which of the following statements is true regarding the multiple intelligences identified by
Gardner?

A. They can be equated with a learning style.

B. They can be equated with a working style.
C. They are based wholly on empirical evidence.
D. They represent a domain.
64. According to Howard Gardner's multiple intelligences, a person who processes analytically,
calculates, and quantifies is characterized by:

A. intrapersonal intelligence.
B. musical intelligence.
C. logical/mathematical intelligence.
D. visual/spatial intelligence.

65. A person uses mental models, thinks three dimensionally, and pictures how to get places or
solve problems is said to possess:

A. naturalist intelligence.
B. existential intelligence.
C. visual/spatial intelligence.
D. bodily/kinesthetic intelligence.

66. Applied to the workplace, _____ refers to the aptitudes and learned capabilities needed to
successfully accomplish a task.

A. ability
B. experience
C. training
D. opportunity
67. According to the cognitive abilities related to job performance, which mental ability should a
supervisor following organization policy on sexual harassment have?

A. Verbal comprehension
B. Memory
C. Spatial visualization
D. Perceptual speed

68. A knowledge manager who draws from his past experiences in order to advise a newly
formed project team is utilizing which of the following mental abilities?

A. Verbal comprehension
B. Numerical
C. Spatial visualization
D. Memory

69. According to Daniel Goleman, which among the following EI dimensions is characterized by
the ability to shake off negative emotions and get back on constructive track for problem
solution?

A. Self-awareness
B. Social skills
C. Self-management
D. Empathy
70. A manager in the office, having understood from the nonverbal cues from his staff members
that they were unhappy with the new policy being presented, visited each member to explain
how they would benefit from it. Which dimension of EI does this situation represent?

A. Self-motivation
B. Self-management
C. Empathy
D. Social skills

71. What are the criteria for a construct to be included in positive organizational behavior
(POB)?

72. What are the three levels of positive psychology identified by Seligman and
Csikszentmihalyi?
73. What is the difference between self-efficacy and self-esteem?

74. Briefly explain the process of self-efficacy.

75. Explain the role of social persuasion as a source of information for self-efficacy.
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