Read Anytime Anywhere Easy Ebook Downloads at ebookmeta.

com

IoT System Design Project Based Approach 1st

Edition James

https://ebookmeta.com/product/iot-system-design-project-
based-approach-1st-edition-james/

OR CLICK HERE

DOWLOAD EBOOK

Visit and Get More Ebook Downloads Instantly at https://ebookmeta.com

Volume 41

Smart Sensors, Measurement and

Instrumentation

Series Editor
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

More information about this series at http://​www.​springer.​com/​

series/​10617
Alice James, Avishkar Seth and Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

IoT System Design

Project Based Approach
1st ed. 2022
Alice James
School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Avishkar Seth
School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia

ISSN 2194-8402 e-ISSN 2194-8410

Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation
ISBN 978-3-030-85862-9 e-ISBN 978-3-030-85863-6
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85863-6

© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive

license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively
licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is
concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of
illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in
any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and
retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or
dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer

Nature Switzerland AG
The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham,
Switzerland
Dedicated to
Our beloved parents
James Joseph
Gladys James
Late Nitin Vijay Seth
Zenobia Nitin Seth
Late Dyutindra Nath Mukhopadhyay
Rabi Rani Mukhopadhyay
Preface
We live in an age where Internet technology has enabled a global
network in which people and devices are closer than ever before. The
origin of the idea of the ‘Internet’ dates back to the early 1960s when
scientists and researchers were trying to find a means to create a global
network to share information. However, the Internet was truly enabled
and commercialized with the creation of the World Wide Web in 1989.
With its wide compatibility among different types of technologies,
Internet technology soon became an available feature in most devices.
The characteristic feature of Internet functionality that is enabled in
these things led to the development of the term Internet of Things or
‘IoT’. The ‘thing’ may be an entity, a physical item, or a device with the
ability to transmit/receive data over a network. The hardware is
integrated with sensors, firmware, and other features with the goal of
communication between different devices and systems over the
Internet.
The applications of IoT in today’s world have increased as
innovation pushes the paradigm for new technology. Consumer
applications of IoT such as vehicular networks, smart health care, smart
wearables, and home automation have grown in recent times. In the
industrial sector, with the introduction of Industry 4.0, IoT applications
have skyrocketed. It includes applications in transport, manufacturing,
agriculture, and supply chain. Some of the new terms coined include
Enterprise IoT (EIoT), Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), and Ocean of
Things to name a few.
With the level of importance and wide application area, the need to
research and design such systems is essential and challenging. For
somebody who is just starting to learn about the concept of IoT, it can
be a confusing subject. To add to the confusion, the number of
resources one needs to study to get even a basic grasp on the topic is
tremendous. With many of the resources only providing a theoretical
perspective to these concepts, the practical understanding of a user
could be lacking.
This book aims to provide a brief introduction to the core concepts
of IoT with unique detail to the system design process. It provides a
practical approach to designing and developing these IoT systems. The
intended readers of this book include college and academics who are
specialized in electronics engineering, telecommunication engineering,
and information technology, data scientists, researchers working with
electronic systems, hobbyists, professionals, and anybody interested in
a project-based approach to IoT.
The majority of the material from this book was used to teach
undergraduate and postgraduate engineering students at Macquarie
University, Sydney. The students performed the laboratory exercises in
groups of 2–3 in a time frame of 3–4 h. The practicals provide a mix of
guided exercise, theory, and self-performing tasks to enable a deeper
understanding of the concepts. In the initial weeks, all the students
perform a common task based on the week’s guidelines. However, in
the concluding weeks, the student groups perform an IoT group
project. In this manner, the material in this book provides a sufficient
introduction to building a practical IoT-based project for users.
The complete book is divided into twelve chapters. It is our view
that expertise in designing IoT systems is achieved by using it in
different applications. Many types of projects have also been detailed.
With hardware projects, a special emphasis on software-based
simulation projects has been shown for readers having minimal access
to hardware components.
Chapter 1 aims to provide a brief overview of the IoT systems
design. It explains the role IoT plays in the big picture. The chapter
introduces the fundamentals of sensors, a fundamental element of IoT,
and building blocks of IoT, and also describes the purpose of the book.
Chapter 2 describes a project implementation towards designing an
IoT-based device. The chapter goes into great detail to explain the
execution process of the IoT project, providing step-by-step guidelines
along with source code for the user to perform it on the first go. A great
skill that comes in handy when prototyping is mastering the ability to
troubleshoot any problem. The topics also go into detail to mention the
common debugging issues and challenges faced while performing the
projects.
Chapter 3 provides essential inputs to the design perspective of
building an IoT project. Designing an IoT node requires careful
technical considerations that need to be fulfilled before the deployment
of a device. The chapter looks into the individual elements that
constitute an IoT node, from sensors to data analytics, providing design
considerations and application-specific estimations. A key parameter to
note when designing is making appropriate assumptions whenever
necessary.
Chapter 4 introduces the single-board computer systems in depth. It
provides a brief comparison between the commercially available
computing boards that are suited for IoT-based systems. The chapter
also provides the fundamental programming knowledge required to
code these microprocessors. The Raspberry Pi, a popular single-board
computer, is introduced with guidelines provided for the set-up and
installations of software to make it an IoT device.
Chapter 5 introduces programming implemented on
microcontrollers. The highly popular microcontroller board, Arduino, is
used here. The Arduino boards have various types of different
embedded microcontroller boards that enable simple to complex IoT
projects. Coding them for IoT applications is extremely useful for users.
Chapters 6–8 feature the wireless transmission protocols used by
IoT devices. These chapters provide hands-on exercises and tasks for
users to learn and practically implement the concepts on the
microcontroller/microprocessor boards. The top three protocols used
by IoT devices, i.e. Wi-Fi, Bluetooth (BLE), and LoRaWAN technologies,
are discussed here.
The topics and concepts of cloud computing in IoT-based projects
are discussed in Chap. 9. This chapter provides the importance of the
cloud in IoT systems. It also discusses some of the useful concepts of
cloud development services like PaaS, IaaS, and SaaS.
The concepts of AI and machine learning are discussed in Chap. 10.
Machine learning applications have seen tremendous growth in almost
all sectors. The chapter discusses the links and connections between
IoT and machine learning. It also shows how AI can be used in IoT-
based projects. Further, key concepts of edge computing and data
analysis are also explained briefly in this chapter.
Chapter 11 provides readers some key simulation software ideas.
The chapter also shows projects performed on these IoT device
simulation-based services for users who wish to get a hands-on
experience but have low availability of hardware equipment.
 Lastly, Chap. 12 showcases some of the projects performed by the
students of Macquarie University. The projects provide the wide
applications of IoT in today’s life. The projects go in depth to explain
the hardware, software, and programs written to execute the prototype
of IoT devices.
The authors would like to express their sincere gratitude towards
Macquarie University for providing the research laboratories and
resources which made this book possible. We would like to thank many
of the students and colleagues that were involved in the projects of this
book.
Alice is very grateful to her parents Gladys and James for their
immense love and support. A very special mention to her grandparents
for their blessings, dear Aunts Sheeba and Salomy for their constant
motivation, and her loving cousins Sheldon, Suzanne, Joshua, and
Johann for always being there for her. Avishkar is truly thankful to his
parents Zenobia and Nitin for their love and blessings, and a special
mention to her grandparents and sister Karishma for their constant
motivation.
Alice and Avishkar would like to acknowledge their families for
their unequivocal support throughout and for which mere expression of
thanks likewise does not suffice.
Alice James
Avishkar Seth
Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay
Sydney, Australia
Contents
1 IoT System Design—The Big Picture
1.​1 Introduction
1.​2 Sensors—Fundamental Element of IoT
1.​3 Building Blocks of IoT System
1.​4 IoT Data and Information Processing
1.​5 Challenges of Design of IoT System
1.​6 Purpose of the Book
Suggested Reading
2 IoT System Design—A Project Based Approach
2.​1 Introduction
2.​2 Description
2.​2.​1 Objectives
2.​2.​2 Hardware Used in the Project
2.​2.​3 Software/​Applications Used in the Project
2.​3 Motivation
2.​4 Overview of Project Implementation
2.​4.​1 Microcontroller and Sensor Interface
2.​4.​2 Serial Monitor Results
2.​4.​3 Configuration of the Transmission Module
2.​4.​4 Transmission of Data to Cloud and Visualisation
2.​5 Guidelines to Users
2.​5.​1 Microcontroller and Sensor Interface
2.​5.​2 Serial Monitor Results
2.​5.​3 Configuration of the Transmission Module
2.​5.​4 Transmission of Data to Cloud and Visualisation
 2.​6 Outcome of the Project
Suggested Reading
3 Design Considerations for IoT Node
3.​1 Introduction
3.​2 Sensors
3.​3 Smart Sensors
3.​4 Interfacing Electronics Circuits
3.​5 Embedded System
3.​6 Wireless Transceivers
3.​7 IoT Communication Protocol
3.​8 Power/​Energy for Sensor Nodes
3.​9 IoT Security
3.​10 IoT Access Control
3.​11 IoT Data Storage
3.​12 IoT Data Analytics
Suggested Reading
4 Programming Raspberry Pi for IoT System
4.​1 Introduction
4.​2 Understanding Single Board Computers (SBCs)
4.​3 Setup and Installation
4.​3.​1 Learning Objectives
4.​3.​2 Hardware Requirements
4.​3.​3 Software/​Applications Requirements
4.​3.​4 Initial Setup and Installation on SBC
4.​4 Programming in Python
4.​4.​1 Fundamentals of Python Programming
 4.​4.​2 Implementing Python Programming with Camera on
IDE
4.​4.​3 Implementing Python Programming with GPIO on IDE
4.​5 Outcome of Student Implementation
Suggested Reading
5 Programming Arduino for IoT System
5.​1 Introduction
5.​2 Understanding the Microcontroller
5.​3 Function Definitions and Configurations
5.​3.​1 Objectives
5.​3.​2 Hardware Used
5.​3.​3 Software/​Applications
5.​3.​4 Basic Code Structure
5.​3.​5 Examples
5.​4 Interfacing Sensors
5.​5 Library Setup and Configurations
5.​5.​1 Understanding the Library and Its Installation
5.​5.​2 Writing Our Own Library
5.​5.​3 Header File/​Source File
5.​5.​4 Example Sketch and Final Library Folder
5.​6 Guidelines to Implementation of Project Activity
5.​6.​1 Arduino Library for LED Blink in Morse Code
5.​6.​2 Building a Unique Library to Configure PIR Sensors
5.​7 Outcome of the Student Implementation
5.​7.​1 Interrupt-Based Library Design
Suggested Reading
6 WiFi Based IoT System
6.​1 Introduction
6.​2 Description
6.​2.​1 Objectives
6.​2.​2 Hardware Used in the Project
6.​2.​3 Software/​Applications Used in the Project
6.​3 Motivation
6.​4 WiFi Functionality on Raspberry Pi
6.​5 Setup and Installations of WiFi on Raspberry Pi
6.​6 Guidelines for Project Implementation
6.​6.​1 Software Installations and Setup
6.6.2 The guizero Library
6.​6.​3 Python Webserver Application Using Flask on RPi
6.​6.​4 Website Design
6.​6.​5 IoT System Design with RPi and WiFi
6.​7 Designing an IoT Project Using WiFi
6.​8 Outcome of Student Implementation—Raspberry Pi
6.​9 Implementation of WiFi Using Arduino
6.​10 Guidelines Given to Users
6.​11 Outcome of Student Challenges and Implementation—
Arduino Nano 33
Suggested Reading
7 Bluetooth Based IoT System
7.​1 Introduction
7.​2 Description
7.​2.​1 Objectives
 7.​2.​2 Hardware Used in the Project
7.​2.​3 Software Used in the Project
7.​3 Motivation
7.​4 Bluetooth Functionality on Raspberry Pi
7.​5 Setup and Installations of Bluetooth on Raspberry Pi
7.​6 Guidelines Given to Users
7.​6.​1 Software Installations and Setup
7.​6.​2 Bluetooth Connections
7.​6.​3 Controlling the IoT System (Buttons)
7.​6.​4 More Example Programs with GPIO and BlueDot
7.​6.​5 Appearance, Layout and Adding Multiple Buttons in
BlueDot
7.​6.​6 IoT System Design:​Remote Control for Depth
Measurement System
7.​7 Outcome of Project Implementation—Raspberry Pi
7.​8 Implementation of Bluetooth Using Arduino
7.​9 Guidelines Given to Implement the Project
7.​10 Outcome of Project Implementation—Arduino Nano 33
Suggested Reading
8 LoRa Communication Based IoT System
8.​1 Introduction
8.​2 Description
8.​2.​1 Objectives
8.​2.​2 Hardware
8.​2.​3 Software/​Applications
8.​3 LoRa Implementation Using Arduino
8.​4 Guidelines to Users
 8.​5 Outcome of the Project Implementation
Suggested Reading
9 Cloud Computing for IoT Systems
9.​1 Introduction
9.​2 Need of Cloud Computing
9.​3 IaaS
9.​4 PaaS
9.​5 SaaS
9.​6 Example of Cloud Service Used:​ThingSpeak
9.​7 Example of Cloud Service Used:​AdaFruit IO
Suggested Reading
10 Machine Learning in IoT System
10.​1 Introduction
10.​2 Machine Learning Architecture
10.​3 Benefits and Challenges of Machine Learning
10.​4 Data Analytics
10.​4.​1 Types of IoT Analytics
10.​5 Edge Computing/​Edge Analytics
10.​6 Example of Machine Learning:​Forecasting
10.​7 Example of Machine Learning:​Location.​Prediction
10.​7.​1 Reverse Geocoding
10.​7.​2 Location Prediction
Suggested Reading
11 Simulation Based Projects on IoT Systems
11.​1 Introduction
11.​2 Example of Online Simulator:​AWS
 11.​3 Example of Online Simulator:​Microsoft Azure
11.​4 Example of Online Simulator:​CupCarbon
11.​5 Brief Guidelines to User
11.​6 Implementation of Simulation Based IoT Project
11.​6.​1 Introduction and Classification
11.​6.​2 Setup of the Hub
11.​6.​3 VS Code Extension for IoT Hub
11.​6.​4 Web App Visualisation
11.​6.​5 Challenges
11.​6.​6 Possible Future Experiments
Suggested Reading
12 Projects on IoT Systems
12.​1 Introduction
12.​2 Project 1:​Wireless Sensor Node for Precision Agriculture
12.​2.​1 Abstract
12.​2.​2 Introduction
12.​2.​3 Block Diagram
12.​2.​4 Sensors
12.​2.​5 Libraries
12.​2.​6 Timing
12.​2.​7 Circuitry
12.​2.​8 Transmission Protocol
12.​2.​9 Dashboard
12.​2.​10 Algorithm
12.​2.​11 Edge Computing
12.​2.​12 Data Analysis
 12.​2.​13 Challenges and Advantages
12.​2.​14 Future Scope
12.​2.​15 Conclusion
12.​3 Project 2:​VISION—A Guide for the Visually Impaired
12.​3.​1 Abstract
12.​3.​2 Introduction
12.​3.​3 Block Diagram
12.​3.​4 Initial Sensor Interface and Sending Data to Cloud
12.​3.​5 Software Requirements
12.​3.​6 Headphone and Microphone Test
12.​3.​7 SIM7000E NB-IOT HAT
12.​4 IMU
12.​4.​1 Circuit Diagram
12.​4.​2 System Algorithm
12.​4.​3 Mobile App
12.​4.​4 Applied Machine Learning
12.​4.​5 Data Visualisation
12.​4.​6 Challenges
12.​4.​7 Conclusion
12.​4.​8 Future Scope
12.​5 Satellite Tracker
12.​5.​1 Abstract
12.​5.​2 Introduction
12.​5.​3 Block Diagram
12.​5.​4 Sensor Interface
12.​5.​5 Custom Library
 12.​5.​6 Circuit Diagram
12.​5.​7 Transmission Protocol
12.​5.​8 Cloud Data Visualisation
12.​5.​9 Transmit Data to the Cloud
12.​5.​10 Code Flowchart
12.​5.​11 Edge Computing
12.​5.​12 Data Analysis &​Computer Vision Feedback
12.​5.​13 Challenges
12.​5.​14 Advantages
12.​5.​15 Conclusion
References
About the Authors
Miss Alice James received her B.E. in
information technology from Mumbai
University, India, in 2018 and master’s
degree in engineering in electronics from
Macquarie University, Australia, in 2020. She
is currently pursuing her master’s degree in
research in engineering in the domain of
sensor design and medical technology at
Macquarie University. She currently holds the
position of Vice-Chair in IEEE Women in
Engineering Macquarie Student Branch. Her
research interests include flexible sensors,
smart sensing systems, robotics, and
machine learning.

Mr. Avishkar Seth received his B. Eng.

degree in electronics from Mumbai
University, India, in 2017, and the M. Eng.
degree in electronics from Macquarie
University, Sydney, Australia, in 2020. He is
currently pursuing a Master of Research
degree in AI-enabled wearable sensors for
healthcare applications from Macquarie
University, Sydney. His research interest
includes smart sensing systems, IoT, AI, and
robotics. He is Vice-Chair of IEEE Student
Branch at Macquarie University.

Dr. Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay (M’97, SM’02, F’11) graduated

from the Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University,
Calcutta, India, with a Gold Medal and
received the Master of Electrical Engineering
degree from Indian Institute of Science,
Bangalore, India. He has Ph.D. (Eng.) degree
from Jadavpur University, India, and Doctor
of Engineering degree from Kanazawa
University, Japan.
Currently, he is working as Professor of
Mechanical/Electronics Engineering and
Discipline Leader of the Mechatronics Degree
Programme of the School of Engineering,
Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia. He
has over 31 years of teaching and research
experiences.
His fields of interest include smart sensors and sensing technology,
wireless sensor networks, Internet of Things, electromagnetics, control
engineering, magnetic bearing, fault current limiter, electrical machines
and numerical field calculation, etc.
He has authored/co-authored over 450 papers in different
international journals, conferences, and chapter. He has edited eighteen
conference proceedings. He has also edited thirty-two special issues of
international journals as lead guest editor and thirty-five books with
Springer-Verlag.
He was awarded numerous awards throughout his career and
attracted over AUD 6.2 M on different research projects.
He has delivered 374 seminars including keynote, tutorial, invited,
and special seminars.
He is Fellow of IEEE (USA), Fellow of IET (UK), and Fellow of IETE
(India). He is Topical Editor of IEEE Sensors Journal and Associate
Editor of IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation. He has organized
many international conferences as either General Chair or Technical
Programme Chair. He is Founding Chair of the IEEE Sensors Council
New South Wales Chapter.
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
A. James et al., IoT System Design, Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation
41
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85863-6_1

1. IoT System Design—The Big Picture

Alice James1 , Avishkar Seth1 and Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay1

(1) School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW,

Australia

Alice James (Corresponding author)

Email: alice.james@mq.edu.au

Avishkar Seth
Email: avishkar.seth@mq.edu.au

Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

Email: subhas.mukhopadhyay@mq.edu.au

1.1 Introduction
Internet of Things of IoT has penetrated our society, our day-to-day life
and it is not a buzzword anymore. Throughout our life, we come across
different IoT-based applications which make our life more comfortable,
enjoyable, and purposeful. A few years back it would have been a dream
to think of something so wonderful will be in our life as is explained in
Fig. 1.1. A simple toaster can be a self-aware smart intelligent IoT
enabled system if it is configured with different sensors and internet
connectivity. It can then send an appropriate message about the
detailed conditions of the toast as well as when done via the internet. It
is now possible due to IoT as the toaster is a thing that can
communicate with anything, to anyone, located anywhere and at any
time.
Fig. 1.1 IoT as a dream a few years back

1.2 Sensors—Fundamental Element of IoT

To make a successful IoT system, sensors are essential and play the
most important role as it provides all real-world information. A sensor
is a device that measures a physical/chemical/biological quantity and
converts it into a signal usually electrical form which can be read by an
observer or by an instrument. The signal can be analyzed, processed,
stored, and transmitted to any place either by a wired or wireless
medium. Usually, it is assumed that an ideal sensor is only sensitive to
the measured property, needs to be insensitive to any other property
and it should not influence the measured property. Sensors are
essential elements for any system especially if the performance of the
system is aimed to be improved, it is important to know the current
situation. The current measured parameters are obtained from sensors
which are base values to determine whether improvement is required
or not. Figure 1.2 shows some of the different sensors used for our daily
life.

Fig. 1.2 Sensors used in our day-to-day life

Sensors provide outputs in a variety of different ways, either analog
or digital, and then the outputs may be in wide forms. For example, the
analog signal output from a sensor can be either in voltage or in current
form, can be in direct current form, or an alternating current form. The
voltage can be in milliVolt or Volts. It is required to transform the
output signal into a standard value between 0 to 3.3 V before the signal
is interfaced with an embedded processor.
The sensors used for any IoT system depend on the specific
application and many parameters are considered along with their
performance figures when chosen. Availability of sensors such as the
location of sources, delivery schedule, payment options, a brand name
of the product, a continuation of supply and the cost, cost of sensor
itself, delivery cost are important.

1.3 Building Blocks of IoT System

IoT is a network of items—each embedded with sensors—which are
connected to the Internet. The fundamental building blocks for making
an IoT system are shown in Fig. 1.3. Sensors are the fundamental
element but the raw data from the sensors need some kind of
processing. So the embedded processor is another important block in
the IoT system. To upload measured data to the cloud, internet
connectivity is essential. The wireless transceiver (WiFi, Zigbee, LoRa,
GSM, etc.) is to be properly chosen depending on the application. Since
the data is available in the cloud, security plays an important role in IoT
systems. The last big thing is the data analysis, data visualization, and
all software-related applications where machine learning and artificial
intelligence have their role to play.

Fig. 1.3 Building blocks of an IoT system

1.4 IoT Data and Information Processing

IoT system generates a huge amount of real-time data due to connected
sensors in IoT nodes. All data are collected and stored on the server.
Data carries information that is to be extracted. While information is
extracted it is very important to use knowledge as data can be
misinterpreted in different ways. So with wisdom and proper
knowledge, extraction of real information from sensor data is very
useful and desirable, the whole picture is represented in Fig. 1.4.

Fig. 1.4 IoT Data and Information processing

1.5 Challenges of Design of IoT System

In recent times there are many IoT systems reported and are available
around us. Though many new applications are coming up there are
many research challenges which are listed below.
Availability of internet at everywhere at all time
Acceptability among the society and individual
Low-cost smart sensor node development
Energy harvesting
Computational ability
 Security issues
Scalability, Reliability
Fault Tolerance
Power Consumption of nodes and transceiver
Another important issue to be considered is to dispose of the
sensors and electronics after their lifetimes. It is expected trillions of
sensors will be available due to IoT nodes within a few years. The
nodes will need to be re-used in some way as disposing of them will
pollute the environment electronically and is known as e-Waste. The
designers and engineers are aware of the problems and a lot of efforts
are now being put into the design of environmentally friendly nodes.
Engineers need to think of designing nodes that are non-hazardous and
bio-degradable.

1.6 Purpose of the Book

The book is intended to provide a step-by-step approach to engineers,
designers especially higher undergraduate, and postgraduate students
to design IoT systems. Though there are many books and numerous
research papers are available in the public domain, there is a lack of a
simple approach towards the design of IoT systems with the emphasis
on the big picture. Starting from sensors interfacing, embedded
processing, wireless communication, cloud computing, and data
analysis will be presented in hands-on mode. The plan for the complete
topis is presented in Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 IoT Systems Design- Session Plan

Week Activity Comment

No
#1 Introduction to an IoT system In this week, students will be given a
developed IoT system in 4 stages to
implement
Stage 1: Sensor interface
Stage 2: Serial monitor results
Stage 3: configuration of the
transmission module
Week Activity Comment
No
Stage 4: Transmission of data to
cloud and visualization
#2 Introduction to In this week, students will be
Microcontroller/microprocessor introduced to Arduino and Raspberry
and filter design pi configuration
They will learn the basic setup and
how to program it
Along with this, they will develop a
Bandpass/Bandstop filter to
understand and eliminate any noise
#3 Sensor Interfacing and introduction In this week, students will learn
to cloud computing sensor interfacing and creating their
own library/header files, etc.
Along with this, students will learn
the basics of cloud computing and the
transmission of data in an IoT system
For instance: understanding cloud
computing services available (PaaS,
IaaS, SaaS, etc.)
Understanding what is an API, how
does one assign a payload, etc.
#4 Designing user interface In this week, students will continue
the interfacing from the previous
week and further complete the
configuration and setup of an API,
format payload, transmit data
They will design an interface to
visualize the transmitted data
#5 Modules of wireless communication Along with this, students will be
—Bluetooth introduced to the first module of
wireless communication i.e.
Bluetooth. In this workshop, they will
learn how to configure the Bluetooth
module
Interfacing with microcontroller
(Arduino) and transmission of data
Week Activity Comment
No
Understand the limitations of the
module
Implementation of Bluetooth in the
microprocessor (Raspberry pi)
#6 Modules of wireless communication In this week, students will be
—WiFi introduced to the first module of
wireless communication i.e. WiFi
In this workshop, they will learn how
to configure the WiFi module
Interfacing with microcontroller
(Arduino) and transmission of data
Understand the limitations of the
module
Implementation of WiFi in the
microprocessor (Raspberry pi)
#7 Modules of wireless communication In this week, students will have their
—LoRa third demonstration
Along with this, students will be
introduced to the first module of
wireless communication i.e. LoRa
In this workshop, they will learn how
to configure MKR1300
Interfacing with sensor, inter-device
communication and transmission of
data
Understand the limitations of the
module
#8– Project work A project can be implemented during
#10 the 3 sessions

Suggested Reading
1. S.C. Mukhopadhyay, Intelligent sensing, instrumentation and measurements.
Smart Sens. Measur. Instrum. 5 (2013). ISBN: 978-3-642-37026-7 (Print); 978-3-
642-37027-4 (Online), April 2013
2.
S. Nagender Kumar, S. C. Mukhopadhyay, Smart homes: design, implementation
and issues. Smart Sens. Meas. Instrum. 14 (2015). 978-3-319-13556-4
3.
H. Ghayvat, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, Wellness protocol for smart homes: an
integrated framework for ambient assisted living. Smart Sens. Meas. Instrum. 24
(2016). ISBN: 978-3-319-52047-6 (Print); 978-3-319-52048-3 (Online)
4.
E.A. Md Eshrat, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, Smart nitrate sensors, internet of things
enabled real time water quality monitoring. Smart Sens. Meas. Instrum. 35
(2019). ISBN 978-3-030-20094-7
5.
S.C. Mukhopadhyay, H. Leung (eds.), Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering,
Advances in Wireless Sensors and Sensors Networks (Springer, 2010). ISSN 1876-
1100, ISBN 978-3-642-12706-9
6.
S.C. Mukhopadhyay, J.A. Jiang (eds.), Smart Sensors, Measurement and
Instrumentation, Vol. 3, Wireless Sensor Networks and Ecological Monitoring
(Springer, 2013). ISBN 978-3-642-36364-1
7.
S.C. Mukhopadhyay (ed.), Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation, Vol. 9,
Internet of Things: Challenges and Opportunities (Springer, 2014). ISBN 978-3-
319-04222-0
8.
O.A. Postolache, E. Sazonov, S.C. Mukhopadhyay (eds.), Sensors in the Age of the
Internet of Things: Technologies and Applications (IET Book, 2019). https://​
digital-library.​theiet.​org/​c ontent/​books/​c e/​pbce122e. ISBN: 9781785616341, e-
ISBN: 9781785616358
9.
C. Wang, M. Daneshmand, M. Dohler, X. Mao, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, R. Qingyang Hu,
H. Wang (eds.), IEEE Sensors Journal, Special issue on Internet of Things:
Architecture, Protocols and Services, vol. 13(10) (2013). ISSN: 1530-437X
10.
R. Morello, S. Mukhopadhyay, E. Gaura, Z. Li, D. Slomovitz, S.R. Samantaray (eds.),
IEEE Sensors Journal, Special issue on Smart Sensors for Smart Grids and Smart
Cities, IEEE Sens. J. 17(23) (2017). ISSN: 1530-437X
11.
R. Shankaran, S.C. Mukhopadhyay (eds.), Security in IoT Enabled Sensors’, A
special issue of Sensors (2018). ISSN: 1424-8220
12.
F. Akhter, S. Khadivizand, H. Reza Siddiquei, Md E.E. Alahi, S. Mukhopadhyay, IoT
enabled intelligent sensor node for smart city: pedestrian counting and ambient
monitoring. Sensors 19, 3374 (2019). https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​s19153374 (19
pages)
13.
A. Nag, M.E.E. Alahi, S. Feng, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, IoT-based sensing system for
phosphate detection using graphite/PDMS sensors. Sens. Actuators, A 286, 43–50
(2019)
[Crossref]
14.
Md. E.E. Alahi, N. Pereira-Ishak, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, L. Burkitt, An internet-of-
things enabled smart sensing system for nitrate monitoring. IEEE Internet
Things J. 5(6), 4409–4417 (2018)
15.
N. Afsarimanesh, Md. E.E. Alahi, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, M. Kruger, Development of
IoT-based impedometric biosensor for point-of-care monitoring of bone loss.
IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Topics Circuits Syst. 8(2), 211–220 (2018)
16.
T. Islam, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, N.K. Suryadevara, Smart sensors and internet of
things: a postgraduate paper. IEEE Sens. J. 17(3), 577–584 (2017)
17.
H. Ghayvat, J. Liu, M.E.E. Alahi, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, X. Gui, Internet of things for
smart homes and buildings: opportunities and challenges. Aus. J. Telecommun.
Digital Econ. 3(4), 33–47 (2015). https://​doi.​org/​10.​18080/​ajtde.​v 3n2.​23. ISSN:
2203-1693
18.
H. Ghayvat, J. Liu, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, X. Gui, Wellness sensor networks: a
proposal and implementation for smart home for assisted living. IEEE Sens. J.
15(12), 7341–7348 (2015)
[Crossref]
19.
H. Ghayvat, S. Mukhopadhyay, X. Gui, N. Suryadevara, WSN- and IOT-based smart
homes and their extension to smart buildings. Sensors 15, 10350–10379 (2015).
www.​mdpi.​c om/​j ournal/​sensors. https://​doi.​org/​10.​3390/​s150510350
20.
N.K. Suryadevara, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, S.D.T. Kelly, S.P.S. Gill, WSN-based smart
sensors and actuator for power management in intelligent buildings. IEEE Trans.
Mechatron. 20(2), 564–571 (2015). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1109/​TMECH.​2014.​
2301716
[Crossref]
21.
N.K. Suryadevara, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, Internet of things: challenges and
opportunities. Eur. Bus. Rev. 22–24 (2014). http://​www.​europeanbusiness​review.​
com/​?​p=​5049
22.
N.K. Suryadevara, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, Determining wellness through an ambient
assisted living environment. IEEE Intell. Syst. 30–37 (2014)
23.
N.K. Suryadevara, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, Internet of things: a review and future
perspective. Eur. Bus. Rev. 18–20 (2014). http://​www.​europeanbusiness​review.​
com/​?​p=​4431
24.
N.K. Suryadevara, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, R. Wang, R.K. Rayudu, Forecasting the
behavior of an elderly using wireless sensors data in a smart home. Eng. Appl.
Artif. Intell. 26(10), 2641–2652 (2013). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j .​engappai.​2013.​
08.​004. ISSN: 0952-1976
25.
S.D. Tebje Kelly, N.K. Suryadevara, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, Towards the
implementation of IoT for environmental condition monitoring in homes. IEEE
Sens. J. 13(10), 3846–3853 (2013)
26.
N.K. Suryadevara, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, Wireless sensor network based home
monitoring system for wellness determination of elderly. IEEE Sens. J. 12(6),
1965–1972 (2012)
[Crossref]
27.
N.K. Suryadevara, A. Gaddam, R.K. Rayudu, S.C. Mukhopadhyay, Wireless sensors
network based safe home to care elderly people: behaviour detection. Sens.
Actuators A: Phys. 186, 277–283 (2012). https://​doi.​org/​10.​1016/​j .​sna.​2012.​03.​
020
[Crossref]
28.
R. Singh, A. Gehlot, L.R. Gupta, B. Singh, M. Swain, Internet of Things with
Raspberry PI and Arduino (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2020)
29.
S.S. Iyengar, N. Parameshwaran, V.V. Phoha, N. Balakrishnan, C.D. Okoye,
Fundamentals of Sensor Network Programming (Wiley, IEEE Press, 2011)
30.
N. Mukherjee, S. Neogy, S. Roy, Building Wireless Sensor Networks, Theoretical and
Practical Perspective (CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2016)
31.
V. Sharma, A. Pughat (eds.), Energy Efficient Wireless Sensors Networks (CRC Press,
Taylor & Francis Group, 2018). ISBN 978-1-4987-8334-7
© The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2022
A. James et al., IoT System Design, Smart Sensors, Measurement and Instrumentation
41
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-85863-6_2

2. IoT System Design—A Project Based

Approach
Alice James1 , Avishkar Seth1 and Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay1

(1) School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW,

Australia

Alice James (Corresponding author)

Email: alice.james@mq.edu.au

Avishkar Seth
Email: avishkar.seth@mq.edu.au

Subhas Chandra Mukhopadhyay

Email: subhas.mukhopadhyay@mq.edu.au

2.1 Introduction
Internet of Things, or IoT, means physical devices connected via the
internet transmitting data with little to no human intervention. The
concept of IoT dates back to 1982 when a smart vending machine was
developed using an existing Cola machine. Although the idea of
connected devices was realised early, the technology was not ready to
adopt such devices in daily usage due to communication and chip size
constraints. Soon, with the advancement of technology, the number of
connected devices exceeded the number of people and IoT became a
commonly used term for people.
 This chapter introduces and discusses an IoT system focussing on
building a complete IoT prototype device. It is aimed at students,
hobbyists or professionals looking to enter into the world of electronics
and would like to understand the basic working of these systems. A
project experience-based learning approach was taken in this chapter.
The main focus of this chapter is to describe in detail the steps and
instructions to build the project with a short period in a laboratory. The
major part of the project was programming the microcontroller and
sending data to the cloud for analysis via LoRaWAN network. The
project enables the users to see the results on the serial monitor of
Arduino IDE as well as on the web via The Things Network and
ThingSpeak websites. The group project allows users to communicate
and share their ideas and knowledge, thus, enabling the users to attain
a high level of technical experience and interpersonal skills.
The knowledge of microcontrollers and sensors is a very important
skill for any engineer. Engineering students from any discipline at any
University can learn the basic technique towards IoT Systems Design.
The researchers are expected to complete specific tasks within a few
hours. Overall, this project will allow to understand the fundamentals
of an IoT system design.

2.2 Description
The project description given to the users is elaborated in this section.

2.2.1 Objectives
The major aim of this project is to give the users a first-hand experience
of building a complete IoT system. The following points describe the
objectives in detail:
Understanding the different components involved in an IoT system.
Developing a complete working IoT system in a short amount of time
of about 3–4 h.
Experimenting with sensors and realising their function.
Give users an idea of the microcontroller hardware functionality in
building the system.
Learning about the LoRa transmission protocol used.
 Experimenting with data bits and payload formats.
Sending the data wirelessly to the cloud for visualisation and
analytics.

2.2.2 Hardware Used in the Project

The hardware components used in this project mainly involve the
sensors and microcontroller unit. The following components are
required to build this system:
Microcontroller: Arduino MKR WAN 1300 and Antenna
Micro USB cable: Arduino MKR WAN 1300 compatible
Sensors:
– PIR Sensor Module-Motion Sensing
– HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Module-Distance Measuring Sensor
– AM2302 DHT22 Temperature and Humidity Sensor Module-
Measuring ambient temperature and humidity
Prototyping Solderless Breadboard
Jumper Cables.

2.2.3 Software/Applications Used in the Project

The following are the software/applications used in this project:
Microcontroller Programming: Arduino IDE
Web Application for LoRaWAN network connectivity: The Things
Network (TTN)
Could data analytics and visualisation: ThingSpeak

2.3 Motivation
The motivation of this project came from the requirement to teach
engineering students a quick and guided way to build a complete IoT
system. Many of the courses focus solely on a theoretical perspective of
the subject to teach the students. While this improves the users
understanding and capabilities to comprehend the topic, it does not
allow the user to experience building them on their own.
A project-based learning approach allows users to get practical
exposure, learn debugging and find innovative solutions to solving
complex problems. The group-based activities encourage interpersonal
skills and enhance the learning experience that comes from sharing of
ideas.
The overview of the various stages of the development of the IoT
system that has been implemented in a four-hour lectorial (Lecture +
Practical) are given in this section. The project guidelines provide in-
depth codes and steps to be able to perform the project in one go.

2.4 Overview of Project Implementation

The section elaborates on the four main stages given as.

2.4.1 Microcontroller and Sensor Interface

Every IoT system is enabled with various sensors for measurement of
parameters of interest. Interfacing sensors to microcontroller and
obtaining data make it very useful to prototype IoT systems.
Sensors are used to measure physical parameters such as
temperature, humidity, moisture etc. and provide electrical signals to
communicate with the interfaced microcontroller. In this project the
MKR1300 Arduino board is used that permits LoRa connectivity. The
main aim to utilize this device to enable a low power Smart Node for an
IoT system. Figure 2.1 shows the MKR1300 along with the 2 dB
antenna that ranges for 433/868/915 MHz carrier frequencies.
Fig. 2.1 The MKR1300 Arduino board that enables LoRa transmission
The Smart sensor node consists of different sensors that generate
digital data. The primary goal is to build a device that can translate into
different applications. For this project the sensor used are an infrared
sensor i.e. PIR, an ambient temperature and humidity monitoring
sensor i.e. DHT22/AM2302 and a distance sensor i.e. Ultrasonic HC-
SR04 as seen in Fig. 2.2.

Fig. 2.2 (Left to right) HC-SR04 Ultrasonic sensor, Parallax PIR sensor, DHT22
temperature humidity sensor
 To understand and complete the sensor interface to the
microcontroller, the following steps are followed.

2.4.1.1 Arduino IDE Installations

The Arduino IDE 1.8.13 version has been used in this project. The IDE
platform is always updated to the latest versions compatible with the
new boards. The important aspect in the IDE software to realise is the
availabilities of the various board support packages.
For instance, to use the MKR1300 board, the ‘Arduino SAMD (32-
bits ARM Cortex-M0+) Board’ package is installed. This can be checked
on the ‘Arduino IDE > Tools > Board:’, as seen in Fig. 2.3.

Fig. 2.3 The Arduino IDE Board package configurations

For the implementation of the DHT sensor, the Arduino will directly
read the float values of the temperature and humidity. The library for
DHT sensor can be found in this GitHub repository (https://​github.​
com/​AliceJames-1/​IoT_​Systems_​Design_​Book).
To add a custom zip library into the Arduino IDE, the user needs to
go to Arduino IDE > Sketch > Include Library > Add.ZIP library and then
select the necessary files to upload and include as shown in Fig. 2.4.
Fig. 2.4 The Arduino IDE library manager that allows addition of custom library
The same method will be used to implement further in the project
stage is the payload format, as this project uses the custom ‘Cayenne
LPP’ format library which is also found in this GitHub repository
(https://​github.​com/​AliceJames-1/​IoT_​Systems_​Design_​Book).

2.4.1.2 Circuit Diagrams

In this section, the circuit diagram of the system developed is provided.
The sensors are interfaced to the microcontroller using the digital pins
to enable sensor readings.
The pin configurations for the sensors are as follows:
1. PIR sensor:
VCC > VCC
GND > GND
OUT > Digital pin 6

2. DHT22 sensor:
VCC > VCC
GND > GND
 DATA > Digital pin 7
3. Ultrasonic sensor:
VCC > VCC
GND > GND
ECHO > Digital pin 2
TRIG > Digital pin 3

The circuit diagram using these pin configurations can be seen in

Fig. 2.5. The board used is the MKR1300.

Fig. 2.5 The circuit diagram designed using Fritzing to display the pin configuration

The circuit assembled for the project is illustrated in Fig. 2.6, the red
wires represent VCC, the blue represents the GND and the yellow
represents the data cable.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Mosaic from the portico of the Generalife.
1, 2, 3, VARIATIONS ON A CHINESE motif. 7, 8, 9, VARIATIONS ON A motif, SYRO-ARABIAN.
4, 5, 6, VARIATIONS ON A motif HISPANO-ARABIAN. 10, 11, 12, VARIATIONS ON A motif, GALLO-ROMAN.

PLATE LXV.
Ornaments in Panels.
1 SIMPLE PLAIT, 8 QUADRUPLED PLAITS, INTERLACED, 13 GREEK.
UNDULATED. SICILIAN. 14 GREEK.
2 DOUBLE PLAIT. 9 SICILIAN. 15 ARABIAN.
3 SIMPLE PLAIT, 10 TRIPLE PLAIT, GREEK. 16 PERSIAN (THREE PLAITS,
INTERSECTED. 11 TRIPLE PLAIT, GREEK. INTERSECTED).
4 PLAIT, FROM A GREEK 12 DIVERSIFIED PLAIT, NEAPOLITAN. 17 GREEK.
VASE.
5 REDOUBLED PLAIT,
GREEK.
6 INFLECTED PLAIT,
GREEK.
7 INFLECTED PLAIT,
GREEK.

PLATE LXVI.
Ornaments over Arches at one of the Entrances.
 Egypto-Arabian Knot, or Net-work.
1 DERIVED FROM THE PENTAGON. 2 VARIETY OF PROCEEDING. 5 OCTAGONAL. 7 QUADRILATERAL.
3, 4, TRIGONOMETRICAL. 6 HEPTAGONAL. 8 OCTAGONAL.
 Indo-Syro-Arabian Knot, or Net-work.
1 SQUARES AND OCTAGONS. 4 DERIVED FROM THE SQUARE: THE ANGLES
2 DERIVED FROM SQUARES. BEING
3 DERIVED FROM THE SQUARE: FROM THE DIVIDED, THE RESULTING RAYS DETERMINE
CENTRE THE FIGURES BY INTERSECTION.
A DODECAGON AND OTHER FIGURES ARE 5 ANALOGOUS TO FIGURE 2.
FORMED 6 TRIGONOMETRICAL.
BY SUB-DIVISION. 7 HEXAGONAL.

PLATE LXVII.
Ornaments on the Walls.
1, 1’, BRICK FACINGS FROM ROSETTA. 5 JAPANESE. 7 ARABIAN.
2, 3, 4, ARABIAN. 6 GRECO-ASSYRIAN. 8 CHINESE.
 1 ARABIAN.
2 ORNAMENTED BRICK, ROSETTA.
3, 4, 5, 6, FOUR ANALOGOUS motifs, RESPECTIVELY CHINESE, ARABIAN (bis) AND GRECO-ASSYRIAN. 7
ARABIAN. 8 GRECO-EGYPTIAN.

PLATE LXVIII.
Ornaments in Panels on the Walls.
1 ARABIAN (DAMASCUS). 3, 4, 5, ARABIAN (DAMASCUS)?
2 CEILING, LOUIS XIII. 6 INDIAN.
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, ARABIAN.
 1 INCRUSTATION ON POTTERY, FROM OIRON.
2 RENAISSANCE. 3 MEXICAN. 4 CHINESE. 5 EGYPTIAN. 6 ARABIAN.
7, 8, 9, EARLY TILES, FROM DAMASCUS, ROME, AND FLORENCE RESPECTIVELY.
10 ITALIAN. 11, 11’, EGYPTIAN. 12 ITALIAN.

PLATE LXIX.
Small Panel in Jamb of a Window.
1 PERSIAN. 2 ARABIAN CEILING, FROM CAIRO. 3 CEILING, PAINTED BY DUBAN.
4 BYZANTINE. 5 CHINESE. 6 POMPEIAN.

PLATE LXX.
Small Panel in Jamb of a Window.
1, 2, LACE-WORK. 3, 3’, EGYPTIAN. 4, 4’, EGYPTIAN. 5, 6, EGYPTIAN.
1, 2, 3, ANGLO-SAXON. 4 EGYPTIAN. STRANGELY ANALOGOUS TO NUMBER 3.
5, 6, 7, ANGLO-SAXON. 8 EGYPTIAN.
1 ARABIAN. 3 RENAISSANCE. 5 ARABIAN.
2 ITALIAN. 4 ARABIAN. 6 ARABIAN.
 1, 2, 3, FROM THE CHURCH OF ST. CROIX, JERUSALEM. 4 SICILIAN.
5, 6, 7, 8, ARABIAN. 9, 10, CHISELLINGS ON STONE, JERUSALEM. 11 MARBLE CHASING,
JERUSALEM.
12, 13, ARABIAN CHASINGS, ON COPPER.

PLATE LXXI.
Panel in the Upper Chamber of the House of Sanchez.
1, 2, 3, “PALMETTES” FROM THE PROWS OF dahabiehs (NILE BOATS)
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, GREEK, FROM EXAMPLES AT ATHENS.