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TE
AM
FL
Y
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Bruce Hallberg has consulted on many network system and software implementations for
Fortune 1000 companies and presently works as an IT director in the biopharmaceutical
industry. He is the author of more than 20 computer books on Windows NT, NetWare, Ex-
change Server, and other networking and computer technologies.

ABOUT THE TECHNICAL REVIEWER

Tony Ryan, CNE, MCP, is a network engineer, consultant, and project manager with a
wide range of experience in LAN and WAN technologies, client/server implementa-
tions, and LAN administration and management. He is currently the manager of Distrib-
uted Computing for the City of Seattle.

Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use.
 Networking:
A Beginner’s Guide,
Second Edition
BRUCE HALLBERG

Osborne/McGraw-Hill
New York Chicago San Francisco
Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
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Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
Copyright © 2001 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as per-
mitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by
any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.

0-07-219454-5

The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-213231-0.

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ment of the trademark. Where such designations appear in this book, they have been printed with initial caps.
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TERMS OF USE
This is a copyrighted work and The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) and its licensors reserve all rights in and to the
work. Use of this work is subject to these terms. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976 and the right to store and
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DOI: 10.1036/0072194545
For Maxine Clarity Hallberg, a sweet and gentle girl, who was born
during the writing of this second edition
This page intentionally left blank.
 AT A GLANCE

Part I Networking Ins and Outs

▼ 1 The Business of Networking . . . . . . . . . . 3

▼ 2 Laying the Foundation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
▼ 3 Understanding Networking . . . . . . . . . . 15
▼ 4 Understanding Network Cabling . . . . . . . 37
▼ 5 Understanding Network Hardware . . . . . . 63
▼ 6 Making WAN Connections . . . . . . . . . . . 75
▼ 7 Understanding Networking Protocols . . . . . 87
▼ 8 Exploring Directory Services . . . . . . . . . . 107
▼ 9 Connections from Afar: Remote Network
Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
▼ 10 Securing Your Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
▼ 11 Network Disaster Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . 149
▼ 12 Network Servers: Everything You Wanted
to Know, But Were Afraid to Ask . . . . . . 165
▼ 13 All About Client Computers . . . . . . . . . . 189

Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. vii
viii Networking: A Beginner’s Guide, Second Edition

Part II Hands-On Knowledge

▼ 14 Designing a Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

▼ 15 Installing and Setting Up NetWare 5.1 . . . . 217
▼ 16 Administering NetWare: The Basics . . . . . . 229
▼ 17 Understanding Other NetWare Services . . . 247
▼ 18 Installing and Setting Up Windows 2000
Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
▼ 19 Administering Windows 2000 Server:
The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
▼ 20 Understanding Other Windows 2000
Server Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315
▼ 21 Installing Linux in a Server Configuration . . . 325
▼ 22 Introduction to Linux Systems
Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

▼ Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

▼ Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
x Networking: A Beginner’s Guide, Second Edition

▼ 3 Understanding Networking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Knowing Network Relationship Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Peer-to-Peer Network Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Client/Server Network Relationships . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Comparing Peer-to-Peer and Client/Server Networks . . . . 18
Learning Network Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
File Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Printer Sharing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Application Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
E-Mail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Remote Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Wide Area Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Internet and Intranet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
Network Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Understanding the OSI Networking Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Physical Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Data-Link Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Network Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Transport Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Session Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Presentation Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Application Layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Understanding How Data Travels Through the OSI Layers . . 31
Learning About Network Hardware Components . . . . . . . . . 31
Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Hubs, Routers, and Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Cabling and Cable Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Workstation Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

▼ 4 Understanding Network Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Understanding Cable Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Bus Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Star Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Ring Topology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Comparing Rings to Stars and Buses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Demystifying Network Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Learning Basic Cable Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Twisted-Pair Cabling: The King of Network Cables . . . . . 48
Coaxial Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Installing and Maintaining Network Cabling . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Choosing a Cabling Contractor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Solving Cable Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
 Contents xi

Selecting and Installing a SOHO Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Choosing a SOHO Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

▼ 5 Understanding Network Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Directing Network Traffic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Repeaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Hubs and Concentrators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Bridges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Routers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Switches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Making High-Level Connections with Gateways . . . . . . . . . . 71
Protecting a Network with Firewalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Connecting RS-232 Devices with Short-Haul Modems . . . . . . . 72
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

▼ 6 Making WAN Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Determining WAN Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Analyzing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Switched or Dedicated? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Private or Public? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
Understanding WAN Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
Plain Old Telephone Service (POTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) . . . . . . . . . 80
Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
T-1/T-3 (DS1/DS3) Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
X.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

▼ 7 Understanding Networking Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Understanding TCP/IP and UDP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
TCP and UDP Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
IP Addressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
IP Subnetting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Subnet Masks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Other Internet Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Domain Name System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) . . . . . . . . 98
Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
NetNews Transfer Protocol (NNTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
Telnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
VoIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
xii Networking: A Beginner’s Guide, Second Edition

Other Important Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Novell’s IPX/SPX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
NetBIOS and NetBEUI Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
AppleTalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

▼ 8 Exploring Directory Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

What Is a Directory Service? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
Forests, Trees, Roots, and Leaves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Department of Redundancy Department . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Learning About Specific Directory Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
NDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Windows NT Domains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
Active Directory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
X.500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
LDAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

▼ 9 Connections from Afar: Remote Network Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Y 119
FL
Classifying Remote Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Understanding Remote Access Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Learning Remote Access Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
AM

Remote Node Versus Remote Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

To Modem or Not to Modem, That Is the Question . . . . . . 128
Virtual Private Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
TE

Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

▼ 10 Securing Your Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

Internal Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Account Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
File and Directory Permissions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Practices and User Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
External Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
Front-Door Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Back-Door Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Denial of Service Threats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Viruses and Other Malicious Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

▼ 11 Network Disaster Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149

Notes from the Field: The City of Seattle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Disaster Recovery Plans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153
Assessing Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Disaster Scenarios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

Team-Fly®
 Contents xiii

Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Offsite Storage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Critical Components for Rebuilding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Network Backup and Restore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Assessing Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
Acquiring Backup Media and Technologies . . . . . . . . . . 159
Choosing Backup Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

▼ 12 Network Servers: Everything You Wanted to Know, But Were Afraid to Ask . . 165
What Distinguishes a Server from a Workstation . . . . . . . . . . 166
Server Processors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Bus Capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
RAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Disk Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172
Server State Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Hot-Swap Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
Choosing Servers for Windows NT and NetWare . . . . . . . . . 179
Defining Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
Selecting the Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
Purchasing the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Installing Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
Maintaining and Troubleshooting Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

▼ 13 All About Client Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Choosing Desktop Computers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Desktop Platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Reliability and Serviceability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Price and Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
Understanding Network Workstation Requirements . . . . . . . . 196
Network Workstation Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
Network Workstation Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Part II
Hands-On Knowledge
▼ 14 Designing a Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
Assessing Network Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206
Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Network Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
xiv Networking: A Beginner’s Guide, Second Edition

Security and Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210

Growth and Capacity Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Meeting Network Needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Choosing Network Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Choosing Network Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
Choosing Servers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

▼ 15 Installing and Setting Up NetWare 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217

Understanding NetWare 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
Preparing for Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Checking Hardware Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
Checking Hardware Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
Testing the Server Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Surveying the Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
Installing NetWare 5.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
Configuring a NetWare 5.1 Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

▼ 16 Administering NetWare: The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

Working with User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230
Modifying User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233
Deleting User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Working with Security Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
Creating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Maintaining Group Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
Managing File System Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
Understanding NetWare Folder Permissions . . . . . . . . . 243
Assigning Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

▼ 17 Understanding Other NetWare Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

NDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
Novell BorderManager . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
Improving Server Reliability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250
DNS and DHCP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252

▼ 18 Installing and Setting Up Windows 2000 Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253

Understanding Windows 2000 Versions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
Preparing for Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
Checking Hardware Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Checking the Hardware Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
Testing the Server Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258
 Contents xv

Survey the Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259

Making Preinstallation Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
Wait! Back Up Before Upgrading! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Installing Windows 2000 Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
Running the Windows 2000 Server Setup Program . . . . . . 262
Completing Windows 2000 Server Setup . . . . . . . . . . . 266
Configuring a Server Client . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Creating a User Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
Creating a Shared Folder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 273
Setting Up a Windows 9x Client to Access the Server . . . . 274
Testing the Client Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276

▼ 19 Administering Windows 2000 Server: The Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279

Thinking About Network Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
Working with User Accounts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
Adding a User . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
Modifying a User Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
Deleting or Disabling a User Account . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Working with Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
Creating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
Maintaining Group Membership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
Working with Shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Understanding Share Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
Creating Shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
Mapping Drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
Working with Printers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
Setting Up a Network Printer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
Working with Backups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Using Windows 2000 Server’s Backup Software . . . . . . . 309
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

▼ 20 Understanding Other Windows 2000 Server Services . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

DHCP Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
DNS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317
RAS and RRAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319
Internet Information Server . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
Cluster Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Windows Terminal Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

▼ 21 Installing Linux in a Server Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325

Before the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
xvi Networking: A Beginner’s Guide, Second Edition

Server Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

Uptime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Dual-Booting Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
Methods of Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
If It Just Won’t Work Right . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
Installing Red Hat Linux . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
Creating a Boot Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Starting the Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351

▼ 22 Introduction to Linux Systems Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

About Linuxconf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
Managing Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 356
Adding Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
Removing Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Editing Users . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 359
Changing Root’s Password . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Network Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
Changing Your Host Name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361
Changing Your IP Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362
The /etc/hosts File . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363
Changing DNS Client Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365
Changing Your Default Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366
Changing How Host Names Are Looked Up . . . . . . . . . 367
Managing Client NFS Filesystems with LinuxConf . . . . . . . . . 368
Linux Command-Line Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 369
Environment Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 370
Nuances on the Command-Line Itself . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Documentation Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373
File Listings, Ownerships, and Permissions . . . . . . . . . . 375
File Management and Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 380
Process Manipulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389
Miscellaneous Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 394
Chapter Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395

▼ Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 397

▼ Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 409
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

F
rancis “Franny” Kelly was the acquisitions editor for this second edi-
tion of Networking: A Beginner’s Guide. An acquisitions editor is respon-
sible for moving a book from concept through to completion.
Invariably, this involves prodding and poking the author to make sure that
the deadlines for the book are met, and I made sure that Osborne/
McGraw-Hill got its money’s worth from him in this regard. Despite his be-
ing from the wrong coast (the one somewhere to the east of the Rockies),
Franny’s a great guy and I very much enjoyed working with him, as well as
the occasional political e-mails we exchanged during the project. Franny
was assisted by Alexander Corona, who is the person who actually gets
things done in Franny’s office.
Tony Ryan handled the technical editor duties on this book. Aside from
reading the entire book and checking it for technical accuracy, Tony also
drew on his networking experience to make suggestions about cover-
age in the book, all of which were greatly appreciated by me. Finally, Tony

Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. xvii
xviii Networking: A Beginner’s Guide, Second Edition

contributed a section of Chapter 11 on disaster recovery based on his experiences in the IT

department of the City of Seattle during the earthquake that happened while we were
working on the project, and did a terrific job!
Andrew Saff performed the initial copy edit on the text. Over the hundreds of corrections
he made, I never found one that didn’t improve the quality of the text, and I appreciate his ef-
forts to make the book as good as possible.
LeeAnn Pickrell was the chief project editor on the book. LeeAnn was my main inter-
face with the “book-building” team at Osborne/McGraw-Hill as the book took final
form. She was delightful to work with and I hope that I’ll again have the pleasure of doing
so in the future. Jennifer Malnick, who took over LeeAnn’s duties for several weeks, was
also great!
Many other people also worked on this book, most of whom I don’t get a chance to
meet and thank directly. These people perform important jobs in the production of the
book, including graphic artists, page layout specialists, indexers, proofreaders, and more.
Thank you very much for your hard work on this project.
Finally, I would be seriously remiss if I failed to thank my family for putting up with
my being distracted by this project for the past six months. My wife Christy deserves my
special thanks; her support truly made my work on the book possible.
 INTRODUCTION

I
’ve run into many people over the years who have gained good—even
impressive—working knowledge of PCs, their operating systems, appli-
cations, and common problems and solutions. Many of these people are
wizards with desktop computers. Quite a few of them have been unable to
make the transition into working with networks, however, and they have
had trouble gaining the requisite knowledge to conceptualize, understand,
install, administer, and troubleshoot networks. In many cases, this inability
limits their career growth because most companies believe networking ex-
perience is fundamental to holding higher-level information technology
(IT) positions. And, in fact, networking experience is very important.
Certainly, networks can be complicated beasts about which to learn. To
add to the difficulty, most companies aren’t willing to let people unskilled

Copyright 2001 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Click Here for Terms of Use. xix
xx Networking: A Beginner’s Guide, Second Edition

with networks experiment and learn about them using the company’s production net-
work! This leaves the networking beginner in the difficult position of having to learn
about networks by:

▼ Reading an endless number of books and articles

■ Attending classes
▲ Building small experimental networks at home, using cobbled-together and/or
borrowed parts and software

This book is designed for people who understand computers and the rudiments of
computer science, but who want to learn more about networks and networking. I assume
you understand and are comfortable with the following topics:

▼ How bits and bytes work.

■ How basic PC hardware works, and how to install and replace PC peripheral
components. You should know what IRQs, DMAs, and memory addresses are.
■ Two or three desktop operating systems in detail, such as Windows 9x,
Macintosh, OS/2, Windows NT, and maybe even DOS.
▲ Detailed knowledge of a wide variety of application software.

The purpose of this book is both to educate and familiarize. The first part of the book
discusses basic networking technology and hardware. Its purpose is to help you under-
stand the basic components of networking, so you can build a conceptual framework into
which you can fit knowledge that is more detailed in your chosen area of expertise. The sec-
ond part of the book familiarizes you with three important network operating systems:
Windows 2000, NetWare 5.1, and Linux (specifically, Red Hat Linux). In the second part,
you learn the basics of setting up and administering these network operating systems and
about additional networking services available for Windows 2000 and NetWare 5.1. Topics
related to other Novell products such as GroupWise, Novell Directory Services (NDS), and
Novell BorderManager are also discussed.
This book is meant to be a springboard from which you can start pursuing more de-
tailed knowledge. Following are some suggestions for areas you might wish to explore as
you move forward, based on your career goals:

▼ Small-to-medium network administrator If you plan on building and

administering networks with 200 or fewer users, you should extend your
knowledge by studying the network operating systems you intend to use,
server hardware, client PC administration, and network management. You
may find more detailed knowledge of network hardware, like routers, bridges,
gateways, switches, and the like useful, but these may not be an important
focus for you.
 Introduction xxi

■ Large network administrator If you plan on working with networks with

more than 200 users, then you need to pursue detailed knowledge about
TCP/IP addressing and routing, and network hardware, including routers,
bridges, gateways, switches, and firewalls. Also, in large networks,
administrators tend to specialize in certain areas, so you should consider
several areas of particular specialization, such as e-mail servers like Lotus
Notes or Microsoft Exchange, or database servers like Oracle or SQL Server.
▲ Internet administrator Many people these days are pursuing specialization
in Internet-based technologies. Depending on what area you want to work in,
you should learn more about web and FTP servers, HTTP and other application-
level Internet protocols, CGI and other web scripting technologies, HTML
design, and SMTP mail connections. You may also want to become an expert in
TCP/IP and all its related protocols, addressing rules, and routing techniques.

TIP: If you’re working toward getting a job in the field of networking, find job postings on the Internet
and carefully study the job requirements. This can be a useful technique to direct your studies appro-
priately. When you do this, you will notice that for their most important jobs many employers ask for
people who are certified by Microsoft, Novell, Cisco, or other companies. You should seriously con-
sider pursuing an appropriate certification. I often tell people that the right certification is usually worth
several years of work experience in terms of compensation and being able to take on additional re-
sponsibilities.

Thank you for purchasing and reading this book, and I sincerely hope it helps you. If
you have suggestions, visit the Osborne/McGraw-Hill web site at www.osborne.com.
Random documents with unrelated
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 The Project Gutenberg eBook of The
Gyroscopic Compass: A Non-Mathematical
Treatment
 This ebook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United
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Title: The Gyroscopic Compass: A Non-Mathematical Treatment

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Language: English

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*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE

GYROSCOPIC COMPASS: A NON-MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT ***
 THE ENGINEER SERIES

THE GYROSCOPIC
COMPASS
A NON-MATHEMATICAL
TREATMENT
 THE ENGINEER SERIES

THE
GYROSCOPIC COMPASS
A NON-MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT

BY

T. W. CHALMERS, B.Sc., A.M.I.Mech.E.

(On the Editorial Staff of “The Engineer”)

ILLUSTRATED

LONDON
CONSTABLE & COMPANY, LTD.
10 ORANGE STREET, LEICESTER SQUARE. W.C.
1920
Printed in Great Britain
 PREFACE
The chapters composing this book originally appeared as a series of
articles in The Engineer during January, February, and March of the
current year. The articles were written in the belief that many
readers would welcome a clear and full, non-mathematical
exposition of the gyroscopic compass, its theory and practical
construction. The gyro-compass represents at once the most
involved and abstruse and the most important and valuable of all the
practical applications to which the gyroscope, so far, has been put.
As a navigational instrument it is now in practically universal use in
all the chief war navies of the world, and is to-day being adopted by
several important representatives of the mercantile marine.
Remarkable figures were shown to the author recently which
demonstrated that not only was navigation by the gyro-compass
much more accurate than by the magnetic compass, but that the
increased accuracy reduced the length of the voyage of a mercantile
vessel to an extent that resulted in saving a quantity of fuel the
value of which on a single trip would go a considerable way towards
meeting the extra first cost of the gyro-compass. Bearing these facts
in mind the author from the outset endeavoured not only to
dispense with mathematics but to avoid introducing anything except
the most familiar physical principles and conceptions, for his object
was to explain the mode of action of the gyro-compass for the
benefit primarily of the navigating officer—naval and mercantile. If
some readers should find the treatment in places unduly prolix, the
author trusts they will exercise leniency and regard the fault as
being caused by the author’s unwillingness to take any risks in
expounding a subject, no part of which can be understood
incompletely without grave hurt to the understanding of the whole.
 T. W. C.
London, May, 1920.
 CONTENTS
CHAP. PAGE
I. Introduction 1
II. Elementary Gyroscopic Phenomena 4
III. The Gyroscope and the Rotation of the Earth 15
IV. Damping the Vibrations of the Gyro-Compass 29
V. The Damping System of the Anschütz (1910) Compass 42
VI. The Damping System of the Sperry Compass 52
VII. The Damping System of the Brown Compass 59
VIII. The Latitude Error 65
IX. The North Steaming Error 71
X. The Ballistic Deflection 81
XI. The Quadrantal Error 91
XII. The Elimination of the Quadrantal Error 107
XIII. Centrifugal Forces during Quadrantal Rolling 130
XIV. The Anschütz (1910) Compass 138
XV. The Sperry Compass 142
XVI. The Brown Compass 148
XVII. The Anschütz (1912) Compass 154
Index 165
 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
FIG. PAGE
1. Model gyroscope with three degrees of freedom 4
2. Model gyroscope with three degrees of freedom 7
3. Model gyroscope, frictional transmission of turning
moment 9
4. Model gyroscope, one degree of freedom lost 11
5. Model gyroscope, second degree of freedom lost 12
6. Model gyroscope, lost degrees of freedom restored 13
7. Elementary gyroscope at equator 15
8. Gyroscopic clock 16
9. Elementary gyro-compass 18
10. Elementary compass at equator 20
11. Elementary compass at 55 deg. N. Lat. 24
12. Compass at equator and near North Pole 26
13. Pendulum and compass 32
14. Damped and undamped vibrations 35
15. Damped pendulum 37
16. Air-blast damping system of Anschütz (1910) compass 43
17. Free and damped motion of axle 49
18. Damping curve from Anschütz (1910) compass 50
19. Damping system of Sperry compass 53
20. Action of excentric pin in Sperry compass 55
21. Action of excentric pin in Sperry compass 57
22. Gyro-pendulum with axle tilted 60
23. Damping system of Brown compass 62
24. The north steaming error at 0 deg. and 60 deg. N. 72
25. Sperry correction mechanism for latitude and north
steaming errors 76
26. Ballistic force on compass when ship’s speed changes 83
27. Ballistic force on compass when ship’s speed changes 84
28. Ballistic deflection 86
29. Effect of rolling on due north course 93
30. Effect of rolling on due west course 94
31. External gimbal mounting 97
32. Effect of rolling on a due north course (simple mounting) 98
33. Effect of rolling on a due north course (external gimbal
mounting) 99
34. Ship rolling on N.W. course 101
35. Sperry compass on N.W. course 108
36. Sperry ballistic gyro 111
37. Stabilised excentric pin (Sperry compass) 112
38. Diagram of Brown compass 113
39. Oil control bottles (Brown compass) 115
40. Brown compass on west course 117
41. Diagram of Anschütz (1912) compass 121
42. Plans of gyros (Anschütz compass) 122
43. Centrifugal forces on a pendulum 131
44. The Anschütz (1910) compass 139
45. The Sperry compass removed from binnacle 143
46. The Sperry compass 144
47. The Brown compass removed from binnacle 148
48. The Brown compass removed from binnacle 149
49. The Brown compass 150
50. Plan of Anschütz (1912) compass 155
51. Sectional elevation of Anschütz (1912) compass 159
THE GYROSCOPIC COMPASS:
A NON-MATHEMATICAL TREATMENT
 CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

At this date it is, or should be, unnecessary to open an account of

the gyroscopic compass with a discussion of the defects of the
ordinary magnetic compass. These defects are too well known to
require mention. Recent advances in naval architecture, particularly
in warship construction, and very especially the building of
submarines, have resulted in the magnetic compass becoming less
and less useful for accurate navigation, primarily because of the
upsetting influence exercised upon it by masses of steel or iron in its
neighbourhood. It may still serve, perhaps, for the surface
navigation of submarines, but for submerged runs the use of a gyro-
compass is all but essential. In warships the weight of the guns and
turrets is now so heavy that the magnetic compass can hardly
remain unaffected by them and is materially influenced when the
guns are trained to different directions. The shells themselves as
they are discharged are also said to be a cause of error in the
reading of the magnetic compass, for they tend in most positions of
the ship to drag the needle after them by magnetic attraction as
they pass along the bore of the gun.
The value of the gyro-compass is not, however, recognised only
in the world’s war navies. It is becoming increasingly appreciated in
the mercantile marine, and there can be but little doubt that the
device will soon be extensively employed on passenger liners and
merchantmen generally. In the following pages we attempt to give
an account of the working of the gyro-compass and to describe the
forms assumed by the device in practice—sufficiently fully to
illustrate the theory without going into any great detail on the
constructional side—and to do so without depending upon the
reader’s possessing mathematical knowledge.
It is to be remarked that it is much easier to treat the gyroscope
and all its practical applications mathematically than non-
mathematically, and that the avoidance of mathematics generally
leads to a discussion of this essentially mathematical device which is
unscientific, unsound, and of very little practical value. We trust that
our account will be found to avoid these defects and that it will
prove useful and enlightening to those who have so far failed to
understand the behaviour of the gyroscope and its applications by
reason of the fact that hitherto all trustworthy descriptions have
been couched in a highly mathematical form or have been mere
mathematics thinly disguised in written words. It is admittedly not
easy to understand gyroscopic phenomena either with or without the
aid of mathematics, but on the other hand many of the difficulties of
the subject are largely artificial. Thus the mathematician, when
dealing with it, seems to be much more concerned with his
equations than in creating a mental picture of what they represent;
yet every one of his equations can be or should be capable of being
represented physically. Those who set out to avoid mathematics do
not usually succeed in giving a discussion sufficiently complete to be
of any practical service afterwards to their readers. Thus in dealing
with the gyro-compass the so-called “popular” description in most
cases begins and ends with an explanation of why the device
possesses directive force when it is set up at the equator. It is quite
easy to demonstrate the existence of such force at the equator. It is
not so easy to show non-mathematically how the directive force is
generated and applied when the compass is situated north or south
of the equator. The necessity for damping the horizontal vibrations of
the gyro-axle and how the required damping force is applied in
practice are still more difficult to explain, while the errors to which
the gyro-compass is open—such as the latitude and the quadrantal
errors—are even more trying to make clear. The latter subjects are
usually neglected in the “popular” account of the compass. Yet
without some means of damping the vibrations referred to or of
eliminating or allowing for the various errors, the compass, even
though it can be shown to possess directive force in all latitudes,
would be utterly useless—especially on board ship—as a direction
indicator.
Finally, it may be remarked that while the gyro-compass
represents to-day probably the most intricate and involved practical
application of the gyroscope, it is not the only one of importance.
This fact is to our advantage, for if we succeed in explaining the
theory and working of the gyro-compass we shall have succeeded in
placing the reader in a position enabling him readily to understand
all other devices in which a gyroscope is employed or in which
gyroscopic phenomena are developed.
 CHAPTER II
ELEMENTARY GYROSCOPIC PHENOMENA

Let a wheel A (Fig. 1) be mounted on an axle B C journalled within a

horizontal ring D. Let this ring in turn be mounted on journals E F
within a vertical ring G and, further, let this vertical ring be carried
on journals H J within a vertical frame K. This arrangement
constitutes a gyroscopic system having three degrees of freedom,
because relatively to the frame K the wheel may turn about three
axes B C, E F, and H J mutually at right angles to each other and
because, if the wheel is set spinning on its axle, gyroscopic
properties will be manifested.
 Fig. 1. Model Gyroscope, with Three Degrees of
Freedom.

The following is a brief statement of the gyroscopic properties

manifested when the wheel is spun on its axle:
(a) Let the wheel be spinning in the direction of the arrow L and
let a weight W be hung on the horizontal ring at the end B of the
axle. The movement produced by this weight is not a rotation of the
horizontal ring, and the wheel within it, about the axis E F. Instead,
the horizontal ring remains horizontal and the whole system inside
the square frame sets off rotating at a uniform speed about the axis
H J in the direction of the arrow marked M on the horizontal ring.
This rotation or precession, as it is called, will be maintained so long
as the weight W remains in action. There is here no question of
perpetual motion. The work expended in overcoming the friction at
the vertical journals is derived from the energy of the spinning
wheel, and when this energy is exhausted the phenomenon ceases.
The phenomenon can, in fact, only be maintained indefinitely by
expending power to drive the wheel against the leakage of energy
through friction at the journals of the axle and the vertical axis H J.
A closer examination of the phenomenon would show that there is a
slight rocking motion of the horizontal ring on its axis E F, and
therefore an additional leakage of energy at the journals of this axis.
This rocking motion can be neglected for our present purposes. It is
sufficiently accurate to say that the horizontal ring remains
horizontal.
(b) The speed of the precession is proportional to the weight W
and to the speed of rotation of the wheel on its axle. For instance,
doubling the weight doubles the speed of precession.
(c) If the direction of spin of the wheel is reversed the direction
of the precession is also reversed.
(d) If the spin of the wheel is in the direction L, and if instead of
attaching a weight at the end B of the axle we exert an upward force
at this point the precession developed will be opposed to the
direction of the arrow M.
(e) If instead of trying to rotate the wheel about the axis E F by
means of a weight or force applied at B we attempt to turn it about
the vertical axis H J by applying a horizontal force V to the outer
ring, the wheel will not turn about the vertical axis H J, but about
the horizontal axis E F, the end B of the axle rising up towards H.
 (f) As before, the direction of this movement is reversed by
reversing either the direction of spin of the wheel or action of the
force V. If both are reversed simultaneously the direction of the
movement produced by the applied force is not altered.
The behaviour set forth above can be summarised in a general
rule as follows:—If to a spinning wheel possessing three degrees of
freedom a force be applied tending to turn the wheel about some
axis X X, the actual motion produced will not be about X X but about
some other axis Y Y; this axis Y Y will be such that rotation about it
will tend to bring the axle of the spinning wheel into coincidence
with or parallel with the axis X X; the direction of the rotation
produced about Y Y will be such that when the condition of
coincidence or parallelism is reached the spin of the wheel will
coincide in direction with the rotation we are attempting to produce
about the axis X X.
Taking case (a) (Fig. 1), it will be seen that the axis E F about
which we are attempting to produce rotation by means of the weight
W, together with the weight W itself, is of necessity carried round by
the precession in the direction M at the same rate as the axle of the
spinning wheel. The axle in this case cannot therefore place itself in
coincidence with the axis of the applied force. But it does its best to
do so. The precession persists and is an expression of the fruitless
chase of the axis E F by the axle B C.
 Fig. 2. Model Gyroscope, with Three Degrees of
Freedom.

If, however, the weight is attached by some kind of sliding

connection on the horizontal ring in such a way that its line of action
remains stationary in space, then the axis about which we are
attempting to produce rotation will also remain stationary in the
position occupied by the axis E F before precession commences. In
this case it is quite possible for the axle of the wheel to place itself in
coincidence with the axis of the applied force. Precession about H J
through 90 deg. will accomplish this result, as indicated in Fig. 2.
The weight W is now acting at a point on the horizontal ring where it
ceases to have any tendency to turn the wheel about the axis E F.
When, therefore, the position of coincidence is reached precession
ceases and the system comes to rest in this position.
If the experiment were actually made it would be found that the
momentum acquired by the system during the 90 deg. turn would
carry the axle through the position of coincidence with the axis of
the applied force. But immediately the axle passes to the opposite
side the force W is exerted on a point of the horizontal ring between
F and C. The action of the force passing on to this, the opposite,
segment of the ring reverses the conditions under which the system
started its movement and as a result precession in the direction
opposed to the arrow M is set up. The axle thus tends to recover its
position of coincidence and in the end settles down to a vibratory
motion from side to side of the axis of the applied weight. Friction at
the vertical journals will “damp” this vibratory motion, the
amplitudes of the swings will decrease, and the axle will ultimately
settle in steady coincidence with the axis of the applied force. In this
condition the force will have no further effect on the system beyond
throwing a bending moment on to the vertical axis.
 Fig. 3. Frictional Transmission of Turning Moment.

Instead of trying to make the wheel rotate about the axis E F by

applying a weight to the inner ring as in Fig. 1, let us, as shown in
Fig. 3, mount the square frame K on a horizontal axis N P and attach
the weight W to an arm fixed on the frame. The axes N P and E F
being—at least initially—collinear, the effect of this arrangement is to
throw a turning moment on to the wheel about the axis E F just as
does the weight W in Fig. 1. It is to be noticed, however, that the
moment of the weight W in Fig. 3 about the axis N P is transmitted
to the inner ring as a moment about the axis E F solely because of
the friction existing at the journals of the axis E F. This friction may
be very small, so that the turning moment received by the wheel is
only a very small fraction of the turning moment exerted by the
weight W about N P. The effect of the arrangement is thus exactly
the same as would be produced in the arrangement Fig. 1 if we
reduced the weight W to a hundredth or a thousandth of its value.
In other words, precession about the vertical axis H J will set in in
the direction of the arrow M just as before, but the speed of this
precession will be only a hundredth or a thousandth of the previous
value.
It is not very important to trace out the behaviour of the system
shown in Fig. 3 beyond a very brief period immediately after the
weight W is applied. The point of importance is that the precession
produced by the weight is very slow, and therefore that in a given
interval of time the amount precessed is very small. Further, the rate
of the precession depends solely upon the friction at the journals of
the axis E F and not upon the weight W or the movement of the
frame K except in so far as these factors affect the friction. The less
the friction the less will be the rate of precession and the amount
precessed in a given time. Thus by mounting the axis E F on knife
edges the friction can be made so small that the precession
produced by the weight W becomes immeasurable. Hence we
deduce that if friction is substantially absent at the axis E F the
frame K might be violently rocked on the axis N P or even set into
continuous rotation without causing the axle of the wheel either to
dip or to precess.
Continuing the argument, we might mount the square frame on
a vertical axis and attempt to produce rotation of the wheel about
the axis H J by applying a horizontal force to one side of the square
frame instead of a force V on the outer ring as shown in Fig. 1. A
similar result would be obtained. Granted an all but total absence of
friction at the journals of the vertical axis H J, the precession
produced about the horizontal axis E F would be immeasurably
small. Thus the frame might be set into violent motion about its
vertical axis without causing the axle either to rotate in a horizontal
plane or to precess in a vertical one.

Fig. 4. One Degree of Freedom Lost.

Finally, if the square frame were mounted on a horizontal axis

collinear with the axle B C it might obviously be rotated about this
axis without affecting the system otherwise than by increasing or
reducing the rubbing speed of the axle B C in its bearings.
Since pure translation of the frame in any direction cannot apply
a turning moment to the system about any axis, and as rotation of
the frame about any one of the three principal axes has no effect
which is measurable on the orientation of the axle, it follows that,
given substantial absence of friction at the axes E F and H J, the axle
of the wheel will remain constantly pointing parallel with its original
position, no matter how the frame K may be moved or turned about.
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