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Python in a nutshell Second Edition Alex Martelli Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): Alex Martelli
ISBN(s): 9780596100469, 0596100469
Edition: Second
File Details: PDF, 12.99 MB
Year: 2006
Language: english
PYTHON
IN A NUTSHELL

Second Edition

Alex Martelli

Beijing • Cambridge • Farnham • Köln • Sebastopol • Tokyo

Python in a Nutshell, Second Edition
by Alex Martelli
Copyright © 2006, 2003 O’Reilly Media, Inc. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America.
Published by O’Reilly Media, Inc., 1005 Gravenstein Highway North, Sebastopol, CA 95472.
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While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and
author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions, or for damages resulting from the use
of the information contained herein.

ISBN: 978-0596-10046-9
[LSI] [2011-07-01]
 Chapter 1

Table of Contents

Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Part I. Getting Started with Python

1. Introduction to Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
The Python Language 3
The Python Standard Library and Extension Modules 5
Python Implementations 5
Python Development and Versions 8
Python Resources 9

2. Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Installing Python from Source Code 14
Installing Python from Binaries 18
Installing Jython 20
Installing IronPython 21

3. The Python Interpreter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

The python Program 22
Python Development Environments 26
Running Python Programs 28
The jython Interpreter 29
The IronPython Interpreter 30

iii
Part II. Core Python Language and Built-ins
4. The Python Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Lexical Structure 33
Data Types 38
Variables and Other References 46
Expressions and Operators 50
Numeric Operations 52
Sequence Operations 53
Set Operations 58
Dictionary Operations 59
The print Statement 61
Control Flow Statements 62
Functions 70

5. Object-Oriented Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Classes and Instances 82
Special Methods 104
Decorators 115
Metaclasses 116

6. Exceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
The try Statement 121
Exception Propagation 126
The raise Statement 128
Exception Objects 129
Custom Exception Classes 132
Error-Checking Strategies 134

7. Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Module Objects 139
Module Loading 144
Packages 149
The Distribution Utilities (distutils) 150

8. Core Built-ins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153

Built-in Types 154
Built-in Functions 158
The sys Module 168
The copy Module 172
The collections Module 173

iv | Table of Contents
 The functional Module 175
The bisect Module 176
The heapq Module 177
The UserDict Module 178
The optparse Module 179
The itertools Module 183

9. Strings and Regular Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186

Methods of String Objects 186
The string Module 191
String Formatting 193
The pprint Module 197
The repr Module 198
Unicode 198
Regular Expressions and the re Module 201

Part III. Python Library and Extension Modules

10. File and Text Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
Other Chapters That Also Deal with Files 215
Organization of This Chapter 215
File Objects 216
Auxiliary Modules for File I/O 224
The StringIO and cStringIO Modules 229
Compressed Files 230
The os Module 240
Filesystem Operations 241
Text Input and Output 256
Richer-Text I/O 258
Interactive Command Sessions 265
Internationalization 269

11. Persistence and Databases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277

Serialization 278
DBM Modules 285
Berkeley DB Interfacing 288
The Python Database API (DBAPI) 2.0 292

Table of Contents | v
 12. Time Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
The time Module 302
The datetime Module 306
The pytz Module 313
The dateutil Module 313
The sched Module 316
The calendar Module 317
The mx.DateTime Module 319

13. Controlling Execution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

Dynamic Execution and the exec Statement 328
Internal Types 331
Garbage Collection 332
Termination Functions 337
Site and User Customization 338

14. Threads and Processes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340

Threads in Python 341
The thread Module 341
The Queue Module 342
The threading Module 344
Threaded Program Architecture 350
Process Environment 353
Running Other Programs 354
The mmap Module 360

15. Numeric Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365

The math and cmath Modules 365
The operator Module 368
Random and Pseudorandom Numbers 370
The decimal Module 372
The gmpy Module 373

16. Array Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375

The array Module 375
Extensions for Numeric Array Computation 377
The Numeric Package 378
Array Objects 378
Universal Functions (ufuncs) 399
Auxiliary Numeric Modules 403

vi | Table of Contents
17. Tkinter GUIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405
Tkinter Fundamentals 406
Widget Fundamentals 408
Commonly Used Simple Widgets 415
Container Widgets 420
Menus 423
The Text Widget 426
The Canvas Widget 436
Layout Management 442
Tkinter Events 446

18. Testing, Debugging, and Optimizing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451

Testing 452
Debugging 461
The warnings Module 471
Optimization 474

Part IV. Network and Web Programming

19. Client-Side Network Protocol Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
URL Access 493
Email Protocols 503
The HTTP and FTP Protocols 506
Network News 511
Telnet 515
Distributed Computing 517
Other Protocols 519

20. Sockets and Server-Side Network Protocol Modules . . . . . . . . . . . . 520

The socket Module 521
The SocketServer Module 528
Event-Driven Socket Programs 533

21. CGI Scripting and Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545

CGI in Python 546
Cookies 553
Other Server-Side Approaches 557

Table of Contents | vii

 22. MIME and Network Encodings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 561
Encoding Binary Data as Text 561
MIME and Email Format Handling 564

23. Structured Text: HTML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575

The sgmllib Module 576
The htmllib Module 580
The HTMLParser Module 583
The BeautifulSoup Extension 585
Generating HTML 586

24. Structured Text: XML . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591

An Overview of XML Parsing 592
Parsing XML with SAX 593
Parsing XML with DOM 598
Changing and Generating XML 606

Part V. Extending and Embedding

25. Extending and Embedding Classic Python . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
Extending Python with Python’s C API 614
Extending Python Without Python’s C API 645
Embedding Python 647
Pyrex 650

26. Extending and Embedding Jython . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655

Importing Java Packages in Jython 656
Embedding Jython in Java 659
Compiling Python into Java 662

27. Distributing Extensions

and Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
Python’s distutils 666
py2exe 675
py2app 676
cx_Freeze 676
PyInstaller 676

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 677

viii | Table of Contents

 Chapter 2

Preface

The Python programming language manages to reconcile many apparent contra-

dictions: it’s both elegant and pragmatic, it’s both simple and powerful, it’s very
high-level yet doesn’t get in your way when you need to fiddle with bits and bytes,
it’s suitable for programming novices and great for experts, too.
This book is aimed at programmers with some previous exposure to Python, as
well as experienced programmers coming to Python for the first time from other
programming languages. The book is a quick reference to Python itself, the most
commonly used parts of its vast standard library, and some of the most popular
and useful third-party modules and packages, covering a wide range of applica-
tion areas, including web and network programming, GUIs, XML handling,
database interactions, and high-speed numeric computing. The book focuses on
Python’s cross-platform capabilities and covers the basics of extending Python
and embedding it in other applications, using either C or Java™.

How This Book Is Organized

This book has five parts, as follows.

Part I, Getting Started with Python

Chapter 1, Introduction to Python
Covers the general characteristics of the Python language and its implementa-
tions, and discusses where to get help and information.
Chapter 2, Installation
Explains how to obtain and install Python on your computer(s).
Chapter 3, The Python Interpreter
Covers the Python interpreter program, its command-line options, and how it
is used to run Python programs and in interactive sessions. The chapter also

ix
 mentions text editors that are particularly suitable for editing Python
programs and auxiliary programs for thoroughly checking your Python
sources, and examines some full-fledged integrated development environ-
ments, including IDLE, which comes free with standard Python.

Part II, Core Python Language and Built-ins

Chapter 4, The Python Language
Covers Python syntax, built-in data types, expressions, statements, and how
to write and call functions.
Chapter 5, Object-Oriented Python
Explains object-oriented programming in Python.
Chapter 6, Exceptions
Covers how to deal with errors and abnormal conditions in Python programs.
Chapter 7, Modules
Covers how Python lets you group code into modules and packages, how to
define and import modules, and how to install third-party Python extensions
that are packaged in standard Python ways.
Chapter 8, Core Built-ins
Refers to built-in data types and functions, and some of the most funda-
mental modules in the standard Python library (roughly, modules supplying
functionality that, in some other languages, is built into the language itself).
Chapter 9, Strings and Regular Expressions
Covers Python’s powerful string-processing facilities, including Unicode
strings and regular expressions.

Part III, Python Library and Extension Modules

Chapter 10, File and Text Operations
Explains how to deal with files and text processing using built-in Python file
objects, many modules from Python’s standard library, and platform-specific
extensions for rich text I/O. The chapter also covers issues of international-
ization and localization, and the specific task of defining interactive text-
mode command sessions with Python.
Chapter 11, Persistence and Databases
Introduces Python’s serialization and persistence mechanisms, as well as
Python’s interfaces to DBM databases, the Berkeley Database, and relational
(SQL-based) databases.
Chapter 12, Time Operations
Covers how to deal with times and dates in Python, using the standard library
and popular extensions.
Chapter 13, Controlling Execution
Explains how to achieve advanced execution control in Python, including
execution of dynamically generated code and control of garbage-collection
operations. The chapter also covers some Python internal types, and the

x | Preface
 specific issue of registering “clean-up” functions to be executed at program-
termination time.
Chapter 14, Threads and Processes
Covers Python’s functionality for concurrent execution, both via multiple
threads running within one process and via multiple processes running on a
single machine. The chapter also covers how to access the process’s environ-
ment, and how to access files via memory-mapping mechanisms.
Chapter 15, Numeric Processing
Shows Python’s features for numeric computations, both in standard library
modules and in third-party extension packages; in particular, the chapter
covers how to use decimal floating-point numbers instead of the default
binary floating-point numbers. The chapter also covers how to get and use
pseudorandom and truly random numbers.
Chapter 16, Array Processing
Covers built-in and extension packages for array handling, focusing on the
traditional Numeric third-party extension, and mentions other, more recently
developed alternatives.
Chapter 17, Tkinter GUIs
Explains how to develop graphical user interfaces in Python with the Tkinter
package included with the standard Python distribution, and briefly mentions
other alternative Python GUI frameworks.
Chapter 18, Testing, Debugging, and Optimizing
Deals with Python tools and approaches that help ensure your programs are
correct (i.e., that your programs do what they’re meant to do), find and
correct errors in your programs, and check and enhance your programs’
performance. The chapter also covers the concept of “warning” and the
Python library module that deals with it.

Part IV, Network and Web Programming

Chapter 19, Client-Side Network Protocol Modules
Covers many modules in Python’s standard library that help you write
network client programs, particularly by dealing with various network proto-
cols from the client side and handling URLs.
Chapter 20, Sockets and Server-Side Network Protocol Modules
Explains Python’s interfaces to low-level network mechanisms (sockets),
standard Python library modules that help you write network server
programs, and asynchronous (event-driven) network programming with stan-
dard modules and the powerful Twisted extension.
Chapter 21, CGI Scripting and Alternatives
Covers the basics of CGI programming, how to perform CGI programming in
Python with standard Python library modules, and how to use “cookies” to
deal with session-state in HTTP server-side programming. The chapter also
mentions many alternatives to CGI programming for server-side web
programming through popular Python extensions.

Preface | xi
Chapter 22, MIME and Network Encodings
Shows how to process email and other network-structured and encoded
documents in Python.
Chapter 23, Structured Text: HTML
Covers Python library modules that let you process and generate HTML
documents.
Chapter 24, Structured Text: XML
Covers Python library modules and popular extensions that let you process,
modify, and generate XML documents.

Part V, Extending and Embedding

Chapter 25, Extending and Embedding Classic Python
Shows how to code Python extension modules using C and other classic
compiled languages, how to embed Python in applications coded in such
languages, and alternative ways to extend Python and access existing C, C++,
and Fortran libraries.
Chapter 26, Extending and Embedding Jython
Shows how to use Java classes from the Jython implementation of Python,
and how to embed Jython in applications coded in Java.
Chapter 27, Distributing Extensions and Programs
Covers the tools that let you package Python extensions, modules, and appli-
cations for distribution.

Conventions Used in This Book

The following conventions are used throughout this book.

Reference Conventions
In the function/method reference entries, when feasible, each optional parameter
is shown with a default value using the Python syntax name=value. Built-in func-
tions need not accept named parameters, so parameter names are not significant.
Some optional parameters are best explained in terms of their presence or
absence, rather than through default values. In such cases, I indicate that a param-
eter is optional by enclosing it in brackets ([]). When more than one argument is
optional, the brackets are nested.

Typographic Conventions
Italic
Used for filenames, program names, URLs, and to introduce new terms. Also
used for Unix commands and their options.
Constant width
Used for all code examples, as well as for all items that appear in code,
including keywords, methods, functions, classes, and modules.

xii | Preface
Constant width italic
Used to show text that can be replaced with user-supplied values in code
examples.
Constant width bold
Used for commands that must be typed on the command line, and occasion-
ally for emphasis in code examples or to indicate code output.

Using Code Examples

This book is here to help you get your job done. In general, you may use the code
in this book in your programs and documentation. You do not need to contact the
publisher for permission unless you’re reproducing a significant portion of the
code. For example, writing a program that uses several chunks of code from this
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tation does require permission.
We appreciate, but do not require, attribution. An attribution usually includes the
title, author, publisher, and ISBN. For example: “Python in a Nutshell, Second
Edition, by Alex Martelli. Copyright 2006 O’Reilly Media, Inc., 0-596-10046-9.”

How to Contact Us
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Preface | xiii
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Acknowledgments
My heartfelt thanks to everybody who helped me out on this book, both in the
first edition and in its current second edition. Many Python beginners, practitio-
ners, and experts have read drafts of parts of the book and have offered feedback
to help me make the book clear, precise, accurate, and readable. Out of all of
them, for the quality and quantity of their feedback and other help, I must single
out for special thanks my colleagues at Google, especially Neal Norwitz and
Mohsin Ahmed.
The first edition received indispensable help from Python experts in specific areas
(Aahz on threading, Itamar Shtull-Trauring on Twisted, Mike Orr on Cheetah,
Eric Jones and Paul Dubois on Numeric, and Tim Peters on threading, testing,
and optimization), a wonderful group of technical reviewers (Fred Drake, Magnus
Lie Hetland, Steve Holden, and Sue Giller), and the book’s editor, Paula
Ferguson. The second edition benefited from the efforts of editors Jonathan
Gennick and Mary O’Brien, and technical reviewers Ryan Alexander, Jeffery
Collins, and Mary Gardiner. I owe special thanks to the wonderful folks in the
O’Reilly Tools Group, who (both directly and personally, and through the helpful
tools they developed) helped me through several difficult technical problems.
As always, even though they’re back in my native Italy and my career with Google
has taken me to California, my thoughts go to my family: my children Flavia and
Lucio, my sister Elisabetta, and my father Lanfranco.
But the one, incredible individual to which my heart gushes out in gratitude, and
more than gratitude, is my wife, Anna Martelli Ravenscroft, my co-author in the
second edition of the Python Cookbook, a fellow Python Software Foundation
member, and the harshest, most wonderful technical reviewer any author could
possibly dream of. Besides her innumerable direct contributions to this book,
Anna managed to create for me, out of thin air, enough peace, quiet, and free time
over the last year (despite my wonderful and challenging responsibilities as Uber
Tech Lead for Google) to make this book possible. Truly, this is her book at least
as much as it is mine.

xiv | Preface
 Getting Started with Python
I

This is the Title of the Book, eMatter Edition

Copyright © 2011 O’Reilly & Associates, Inc. All rights reserved.
 Chapter 1Introduction

Introduction to Python
1

Python is a general-purpose programming language. It has been around for quite a

while: Guido van Rossum, Python’s creator, started developing Python back in
1990. This stable and mature language is very high-level, dynamic, object-
oriented, and cross-platform—all characteristics that are very attractive to devel-
opers. Python runs on all major hardware platforms and operating systems, so it
doesn’t constrain your platform choices.
Python offers high productivity for all phases of the software life cycle: analysis,
design, prototyping, coding, testing, debugging, tuning, documentation, deploy-
ment, and, of course, maintenance. Python’s popularity has seen steady,
unflagging growth over the years. Today, familiarity with Python is an advantage
for every programmer, as Python has infiltrated every niche and has useful roles to
play as a part of any software solution.
Python provides a unique mix of elegance, simplicity, practicality, and power.
You’ll quickly become productive with Python, thanks to its consistency and
regularity, its rich standard library, and the many third-party modules that are
readily available for it. Python is easy to learn, so it is quite suitable if you are new
to programming, yet at the same time, it is powerful enough for the most sophisti-
cated expert.

The Python Language

The Python language, while not minimalist, is rather spare for good pragmatic
reasons. Once a language offers one good way to express a design idea, adding
other ways has only modest benefits, while the cost in terms of language
complexity grows more than linearly with the number of features. A complicated
language is harder to learn and master (and implement efficiently and without
bugs) than a simpler one. Any complications and quirks in a language hamper
productivity in software maintenance, particularly in large projects, where many
developers cooperate and often maintain code originally written by others.

3
Python is simple, but not simplistic. It adheres to the idea that if a language
behaves a certain way in some contexts, it should ideally work similarly in all
contexts. Python also follows the principle that a language should not have
“convenient” shortcuts, special cases, ad hoc exceptions, overly subtle distinc-
tions, or mysterious and tricky under-the-covers optimizations. A good language,
like any other designed artifact, must balance such general principles with taste,
common sense, and a high degree of practicality.
Python is a general-purpose programming language, so Python’s traits are useful
in just about any area of software development. There is no area where Python
cannot be part of an optimal solution. “Part” is an important word here; while
many developers find that Python fills all of their needs, Python does not have to
stand alone. Python programs can easily cooperate with a variety of other soft-
ware components, making it an ideal language for gluing together components
written in other languages.
Python is a very-high-level language (VHLL). This means that Python uses a
higher level of abstraction, conceptually farther from the underlying machine,
than do classic compiled languages such as C, C++, and Fortran, which are tradi-
tionally called high-level languages. Python is also simpler, faster to process, and
more regular than classic high-level languages. This affords high programmer
productivity and makes Python an attractive development tool. Good compilers
for classic compiled languages can often generate binary machine code that runs
much faster than Python code. However, in most cases, the performance of
Python-coded applications proves sufficient. When it doesn’t, you can apply the
optimization techniques covered in “Optimization” on page 474 to enhance your
program’s performance while keeping the benefits of high programming
productivity.
Newer languages such as Java and C# are slightly higher-level (farther from the
machine) than classic ones such as C and Fortran, and share some characteristics
of classic languages (such as the need to use declarations) as well as some of
VHLLs like Python (such as the use of portable bytecode as the compilation target
in typical implementations, and garbage collection to relieve programmers from
the need to manage memory). If you find you are more productive with Java or
C# than with C or Fortran, try Python (possibly in the Jython or IronPython
implementations, covered in “Python Implementations” on page 5) and become
even more productive.
In terms of language level, Python is comparable to other powerful VHLLs like
Perl or Ruby. The advantages of simplicity and regularity, however, remain on
Python’s side.
Python is an object-oriented programming language, but it lets you develop code
using both object-oriented and traditional procedural styles, and a touch of the
functional programming style, too, mixing and matching as your application
requires. Python’s object-oriented features are like those of C++, although they
are much simpler to use.

4 | Chapter 1: Introduction to Python

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Title: "How Can I Help to Abolish Slavery?" or, Counsels to the

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Author: Maria Weston Chapman

Release date: May 9, 2022 [eBook #68031]

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Original publication: United States: American Anti-Slavery Society,

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ANTI-SLAVERY TRACTS. No. 14.
 “HOW CAN I HELP TO ABOLISH SLAVERY?”
OR,

COUNSELS TO THE NEWLY CONVERTED.

BY MARIA WESTON CHAPMAN.

Yes, my friend, I can resolve your question. Twenty years of actual

experience qualify one to reply. I have stood, as you now stand, on
the threshold of this grandest undertaking of any age—this effort to
elevate a whole people in the scale of moral being—with my head
full of plans, and my heart of devotedness, asking the same
question. I really longed for this coming of millennial glory, and
therefore soon found the road on which to go forth to meet it. My
disgust was unutterable, as yours, too, will be, if you desire the
abolition of slavery more than the temporary triumph of sect or party,
at the stupid schemes by which selfish men were then, as now,
trying to make capital for themselves out of the sacred cause of
human rights—seeking to sell the gift of the Holy Ghost for money.
Hear them clamorously and meanly taking advantage of ignorance,
for the promotion of self-interest.
First, hear the agents of slavery presenting the colonization scheme
as the instrument of abolition.
“Aid the Colonization Society.” Yes; to make slavery stronger by
exalting prejudice as an ordination of divine Providence; to make
slavery safer by eliminating that dangerous element, the free black;
to make its term longer by stultifying national conscience. See that
society making the laws of slave States more cruel, the men of the
free States more obdurate, the situation of the free men of color
more difficult and insupportable, as a part of its plan. It could not, if it
would, transport three millions of souls to Africa; the navies and
revenues of the world would be insufficient. It would not, if it could;
for slavery has no intention of parting with its three millions of
victims; unless induced to free them out of generosity, it will keep
them on speculation. Its forty years of colonization labor, and its
million of gold and silver, have exiled fewer to Liberia than have
escaped into Canada in spite of it—less in that period than the
monthly increase of the slaves! It can do nothing for Christianizing
Africa, for it sends a slaveholding gospel, which is anti-Christ. Be not
deceived, then, by a tyrannical mockery like this, working to
perpetuate slavery, and not to abolish it. Aid the American Anti-
Slavery Society, which deals with the heart and conscience of this
slaveholding nation, demanding immediate, unconditional
emancipation, without expatriation; the abolition of slavery by the
spirit of repentance, in conformity with all your own principles and
traditions, whether religious or political.
Hear another cry, (coming, not like the first, from the enemies of
abolition, but from friends, generally those of more pretension than
devotedness:) “Form a political party, free soil or other, to vote down
slavery.”
Yes, don’t kill the growing monster—call to him to stop growing;
merge immediatism, which always succeeds, in gradualism, which
never does. Substitute a secondary object for the primary one. Strive
in the first place not to abolish slavery, but to get one set of men out
of office and another in, to learn by the event that the last are as
incapable to turn back the whirlpool that masters the government as
the first were. Make an appeal to force of numbers in a case where
you know it is against you; in a case, too, where, having sworn
assistance, you must lose influence by such an appeal. Spend your
time and money, not in making new abolitionists, but in counting the
old ones, that at every count diminish. Politics, in the common, small
sense of the term, merely takes the circumstances it finds, and does
its best with them. But the present circumstances are unfavorable.
Then create new ones. This is true politics, in the enlarged, real
meaning of the word. Here is a building to be erected, and no
sufficient materials. A little untempered mortar, a few unbaked bricks
—that is all. Go to the deep quarries of the human heart, and make
of your sons and daughters polished stones to build the temple of
the Lord. It is this cleaving into the living rock the American Anti-
Slavery Society girds itself to do. Under its operations men
become better and better abolitionists. Under the labors of political
partisanship they necessarily grow worse and worse. They must
ever ask themselves how little anti-slavery feeling and principle they
can make serve the temporary turn; because the less of either, the
greater the chance. They must always be sacrificing the end to the
means. Call them to the witness box in their capacity of philosophical
observers, and out of their little circumventing political characters,
and themselves will tell you that the effect of electioneering on anti-
slavery is most unfavorable, adding to the existing opposition to right
the fury of party antagonism, throwing away the balance of power,
lowering the tone of moral and religious feeling and action, and thus
letting a sacred enterprise degenerate into a scramble for office. But
labor with the American Anti-Slavery Society directly to the great
end, and even Franklin Pierce and Co., pro-slavery as they are, will
grovel to do your bidding. The administration now on the throne is as
good for your bidding as any other. In a republican land the power
behind the throne is the power. Save yourself the trouble of calling
caucuses, printing party journals, distributing ballots, and the like. Let
men who are fit for nothing of more consequence do this little work,
which is best done by mere nobodies. More than enough of them are
always ready for it. You, who are smitten by the sacred beauty of the
great cause, should serve it greatly. Don’t drag the engine, like an
ignoramus, but bring wood and water and flame, like an engineer.
The American Anti-Slavery Society has laid the track.
“Buy slaves and set them free.” Yes; lop the branches and
strengthen the root; make the destruction of the system more difficult
by practising upon it; create a demand for the slave breeder to
supply; compromise with crime; raise the market price, when you
ought to stop the market; put a philanthropic mark upon the slave
trade; spend money enough in buying one man to free fifty gratis,
and convert a thousand. But there is a wholesale way, cries one.
“Sell the public lands, and set every means in motion, from the
merely mercantile donation of a million to the infant cent society, and
thus raise two thousand millions of dollars, and beg the slaveholders
to take it, (not as compensation, but as a token of good will,) and let
their bondmen go.” I marvel at this insufficient notion of the heart of a
slaveholder. I wonder exceedingly at such a want of imagination.
“Not as compensation” is well put; for what sum can compensate a
monarch for his throne? This system of slavery makes the south the
parent of long lines of princes. It gives to her diabolical dominions
“Kingdoms, and sway, and strength, and length of days.”
I am strangely divided in sympathy. I feel at once the generosity of
the proposal, and have the feeling of contempt with which its
insufficient inappropriateness is received.
“Organize vigilance committees, and establish underground
railroads.” Yes; hide from tyranny, instead of defying it; whisper a
testimony; form a bad habit of mind in regard to despotism; try to
keep out the sea with a mop, when you ought to build a dike; flatter
your sense of compassion by taking private retail measures to have
suffering ameliorated, when you might, with the American Anti-
Slavery Society, be taking public wholesale measures to have
wrong (the cause of suffering) righted. You may safely leave with the
half and quarter converted, with the slaveholders, nay, even with the
Curtises, the charge of all these things, which without the American
Anti-Slavery Society are but as hydrogen and nitrogen without
oxygen, however good with it, as the natural fruits of its labors. What
I would discourage is, not mercy and compassion in an individual
case, but a disgraceful mistake in the economy of well doing;
spending in salving a sore finger what would buy the elixir vitæ;
preferring the less, which excludes the greater, to the greater, which
includes the less. Slavery can only be abolished by raising the
character of the people who compose the nation; and that can be
done only by showing them a higher one. Now, there is one thing
that can’t be done in secret; you can’t set a good example under a
bushel.
“But instruction! instruction! found schools and churches for the
blacks, and thus prepare for the abolition of slavery.” O, shallow and
shortsighted! the demand is the preparation; nothing can supply the
place of that. And exclusive instruction, teaching for blacks, a school
founded on color, a church in which men are herded ignominiously,
apart from the refining influence of association with the more highly
educated and accomplished,—what are they? A direct way of fitting
white men for tyrants, and black men for slaves. No; if you would
teach and Christianize the nation, strengthen the American Anti-
Slavery Society, the only American institution founded on the
Christian and republican idea of the equal brotherhood of man, and
in opposition to a church and state which deny human brotherhood
by sanctioning slavery, and pull down Christ to their own level. The
American Anti-Slavery Society is church and university, high school
and common school to all who need real instruction and true religion.
Of it what a throng of authors, editors, lawyers, orators, and
accomplished gentlemen of color have taken their degree! It has
equally implanted hopes and aspirations, noble thoughts and
sublime purposes in the hearts of both races. It has prepared the
white man for the freedom of the black man, and it has made the
black man scorn the thought of enslavement, as does a white man,
as far as its influence has extended. Strengthen that noble influence.
Before its organization, the country only saw here and there in
slavery some “faithful Cudjoe or Dinah,” whose strong natures
blossomed even in bondage, like a fine plant beneath a heavy stone.
Now, under the elevating and cherishing influence of the American
Anti-Slavery Society, the colored race, like the white, furnishes
Corinthian capitals for the noblest temples. Aroused by the American
Anti-Slavery Society, the very white men who had forgotten and
denied the claim of the black man to the rights of humanity now
thunder that claim at every gate, from cottage to capital, from school
house to university, from the railroad carriage to the house of God.
He has a place at their firesides, a place in their hearts—the man
whom they once cruelly hated for his color. So feeling, they cannot
send him to Coventry with a horn-book in his hand, and call it
instruction! They inspire him to climb to their side by a visible acted
gospel of freedom. Thus, instead of bowing to prejudice, they
conquer it.
“Establish free-labor warehouses.” Indeed! is that a good business
calculation that leads to expend in search of the products of free
labor the time and money that would make all labor free? While
wrong exists in the world, you cannot (short of suicide) but draw your
every life breath in involuntary connection with it; nor is conscience
to be satisfied with any thing short of a complete devotion to the anti-
slavery cause of the life that is sustained by slavery. We may draw
good out of evil: we must not do evil, that good may come. Yet I
counsel you to honor those who eat no sugar, as you ask no
questions for conscience’s sake; while you despise those who thrust
forward such a call upon conscience, impossible, in the nature of
things, to be obeyed, and therefore not binding, as if it were the end
of the law for righteousness, in order to injure Garrison, the great
and good founder of the American Anti-Slavery Society. I have seen
men stand drawing bills of exchange between England and the
United States, while uttering maledictions against the American Anti-
Slavery Society, because it does not, as such, occupy itself with the
free produce question. This I brand as pro-slavery in disguise—
sheer hypocrisy.
You see, my friend, that I have replied to your question in the
conviction that you desire the abolition of slavery above all other
things in this world; as one assured that it is the great work of
Christianity in our age and country, as the conflict with idolatry was in
other times and climes. Thus you see the salvation of the souls, the
maintenance of the rights, the fulfilment of the duties, and the
preservation of the free institutions of Americans, to depend upon
the extirpation of this accursed and disgraceful disease which is
destroying them. If I had reason to think you merely desirous to
make sectarian and political capital out of a holy thought and a
sacred purpose originated by others—if you were merely contriving
defences for what is indefensible, and trying to save the credit of
what is disgraceful, trying to throw dust, and change the issue, and
pay tithes of cumin to delay justice, in order to spare your own
insignificant self in this greatest conflict of light and darkness, good
and evil, which the world has now to show—if you had been trying
how to seem creditably interested in what ought to be an American’s
first business, and calculating how little instead of how much you
might sacrifice to the soul-exalting cause of freedom—if you were
but trying to get yourself or some friend into office by the judicious
use of ideas which, as a republican and a Christian, you ought to
give yourself wholly to be used by—if you were the hired agent of
some demisemiquaver of a movement which tacked anti-slavery to
its other titles, in order to establish a claim on the purses of
abolitionists—in any of these cases I would not have stopped to talk
with you. Your interest being the thing you had at heart, I should not
counsel; I should be called, in the name of all that is holy, to
condemn you, in order that blame might awaken conscience. But the
case, I trust, is different. I may, then, say to you, with all the
confidence, nay, certainty, which is inseparable from experience,
knowledge, and utter self-abnegation in the matter, Work with the
American Anti-Slavery Society. Lavish your time, your money,
your labors, your prayers, in that field, which is the world, and you
will reap a thousand fold, now and hereafter. This movement moves.
It is alive. Hear how every thing mean and selfish struggles, hisses,
and dies under its influence. Never, since the world was, has any
effort been so clear, so strong, so uncompromising, so ennobling, so
holy, and, let me add, so successful. It is “the bright consummate
flower” of the Christianity of the nineteenth century. Look at those
who “have not resisted the heavenly vision” it presented them of a
nation overcoming its evil propensities, and doing right at all risks;
ask them whether it has not saved their souls alive; ask them if it has
not made them worshippers of the beauty and sublimity of high
character, till they are ready to “know nothing on earth but Jesus
Christ and him crucified.” For this they give all—wealth, youth,
health, strength, life. Worldly success, obtained by slackening their
labors against slavery, (and it is easy to have it on those terms at
any moment, so placable a monster is the world,) strikes them like
failure and disgrace. They have “scorned delights, and lived
laborious days,” till at length they feel it no sacrifice, but the highest
joy. All this the American Anti-Slavery Society demands of you. Do
it! and be most grateful for the opportunity of fulfilling a work which
is its own exceeding great reward. Do it, and find yourself the
chosen of God, to keep alive in this nation, degraded and corrupted
by slavery, the noble flame of Christian faith, the sentiment of honor
and fidelity, the instinct of high-mindedness, the sense of absolute,
immutable duty, the charm of chivalrous and poetic feeling, which
would make of the poorest Americans the Christian gentlemen of the
world.

“Cherish all these high feelings that become

A giver of the gift of liberty.”

You will find yourself under the necessity of doing it in this noble
company, or alone. Try it. Strive to be perfect, as God is perfect—to
act up to your own highest idea, in connection with church or state in
this land corrupted by slavery, and see if you are helped or hindered.
Be not dragged along by them protesting. It is graceing as a slave
the chariot wheels of a triumph. But flee from them, as one flees out
of Babylon. Secure the blessing of union for good, and be delivered
from the curse of union in evil, by acting with the American Anti-
Slavery Society, its members and friends.
I use this mode of expression advisedly, for I am not speaking of a
mere form of association. Many are in harmonious coöperation with
it who have neither signed the constitution nor subscribed the annual
half dollar. Hence it is neither a formality nor a ceremony, but a
united, onward-flowing current of noble lives.
If, then, you feel that devotedness of heart which I verily think your
question indicates, I feel free to counsel you to go immediately to the
nearest office of the American Anti-Slavery Society,[1] by letter, if not
in person, subscribe what money you can afford—the first fruits of a
life-long liberality, and study the cause like a science, while
promoting it like a gospel, under the cheering and helpful sympathy
of some of the best company on earth; but not unless; for this
company despises what politicians, ecclesiastical and other, call
“getting people committed.” They have a horror of this selfish
invasion of another’s freedom, as of the encumbrance of selfish
help. They warn you not to touch the ark with unhallowed hands.
One consideration more—the thought of what you owe to your
forerunners in what you feel to be the truth. It is, to follow meekly
after, and be baptized with the baptism that they are baptized with.
“Thus it becometh us to fulfil all righteousness;” and the more your
talents, gifts, and graces may, in your own judgment, be superior to
theirs, the more becoming it will be to seek their fellowship; for in the
whole land they, and they alone, are right. It is not eulogy, but fact,
that theirs is the path of the just, shining more and more unto the
perfect day—denied only by the besotted with injustice, the
committed to crime. Consider, then, not only what you owe to your
slavery-cursed country, your enslaving as well as enslaved
countrymen, your fathers’ memory, your remotest posterity, the
Christian religion, which forbids the sacrifice of one man’s rights to
another man’s interests, and which knows no distinction of caste,
color, or condition,—but consider, also, what you owe to those
individuals and to that brotherhood who have battled twenty years in
the breach for your freedom, involved with that of the meanest slave.
Imagine how the case stood with those who perished by suffocation
in the Black Hole at Calcutta. Suppose that some of their number
had felt the sublime impulse to place their bodies in the door, and the
high devoted hearts to stand the crushing till dawn awoke the tyrant;
the rest of that doomed band might have passed out alive. This is
what the American Anti-Slavery Society has been unflinchingly doing
for you, and for the rest of the nation, amid torture, insult, and
curses, through a long night of terror and despair. The life of the
land, its precious moral sense, has been thus kept from suffocation.
The free agitating air of faithful speech has saved it. The soul of the
United States is not dead, thanks, under Providence, to that noble
fellowship of resolute souls, to find whom the nation has been
winnowed. Do your duty by them, in the name of self-respect. Such
companionship is an honor accorded to but few, and of that worthy
few I would fain count you one. Strike, then, with them at the
existence of slavery, and you will see individual slaves made free,
anti-slavery leaven introduced into parties and churches, instruction
diffused, the products of free labor multiplied, and fugitives
protected, in exact proportion to the energy of the grand onset
against the civil system.

Note. The work of the American Anti-Slavery Society is carried on

by newspapers, books, tracts, agents, meetings, and conventions.
The donor is requested to specify to what department, and in what
section of country, he wishes his contribution applied.

1. For the local offices, see bottom of page 12.

 CONSTITUTION OF THE AMERICAN ANTI-
SLAVERY SOCIETY.

FORMED IN PHILADELPHIA, DECEMBER 4, 1833.

Whereas the Most High God “hath made of one blood all nations of
men to dwell on all the face of the earth,” and hath commanded them
to love their neighbors as themselves; and whereas our national
existence is based upon this principle, as recognized in the
Declaration of Independence, “that all mankind are created equal,
and that they are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable
rights, among which are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness;”
and whereas, after the lapse of nearly sixty years, since the faith and
honor of the American people were pledged to this avowal before
Almighty God and the world, nearly one sixth part of the nation are
held in bondage by their fellow-citizens; and whereas slavery is
contrary to the principles of natural justice, of our republican form of
government, and of the Christian religion, and is destructive of the
prosperity of the country, while it is endangering the peace, union,
and liberties of the States; and whereas we believe it the duty and
interest of the masters immediately to emancipate their slaves, and
that no scheme of expatriation, either voluntary or by compulsion,
can remove this great and increasing evil; and whereas we believe
that it is practicable, by appeals to the consciences, hearts, and
interests of the people, to awaken a public sentiment throughout the
nation that will be opposed to the continuance of slavery in any part
of the republic, and by effecting the speedy abolition of slavery,
prevent a general convulsion; and whereas we believe we owe it to
the oppressed, to our fellow-citizens who hold slaves, to our whole
country, to posterity, and to God, to do all that is lawfully in our power
to bring about the extinction of slavery, we do hereby agree, with a
prayerful reliance on the divine aid, to form ourselves into a society
to be governed by the following constitution:—
Article I.—This society shall be called the American Anti-Slavery
Society.
Article II.—The objects of this society are the entire abolition of
slavery in the United States. While it admits that each State in which
slavery exists has, by the constitution of the United States, the
exclusive right to legislate in regard to its abolition in said State, it
shall aim to convince all our fellow-citizens, by arguments addressed
to their understandings and consciences, that slaveholding is a
heinous crime in the sight of God, and that the duty, safety, and best
interests of all concerned require its immediate abandonment,
without expatriation. The society will also endeavor, in a
constitutional way, to influence Congress to put an end to the
domestic slave trade, and to abolish slavery in all those portions of
our common country which come under its control, especially in the
District of Columbia, and likewise to prevent the extension of it to any
State that may be hereafter admitted to the Union.
Article III.—This society shall aim to elevate the character and
condition of the people of color, by encouraging their intellectual,
moral, and religious improvement, and by removing public prejudice,
that thus they may, according to their intellectual and moral worth,
share an equality with the whites of civil and religious privileges; but
this society will never, in any way, countenance the oppressed in
vindicating their rights by resorting to physical force.
Article IV.—Any person who consents to the principles of this
constitution, who contributes to the funds of this society, and is not a
slaveholder, may be a member of this society, and shall be entitled to
vote at the meetings.
Article V.—The officers of this society shall be a president, vice-
presidents, a recording secretary, corresponding secretaries, a
treasurer, and an executive committee of not less than five nor more
than twelve members.
Article VI.—The executive committee shall have power to enact
their own by-laws, fill any vacancy in their body, and in the offices of
secretary and treasurer, employ agents, determine what
compensation shall be paid to agents and to the corresponding
secretaries, direct the treasurer in the application of all moneys, and
call special meetings of the society. They shall make arrangements
for all meetings of the society, make an annual written report of their
doings, the expenditures and funds of the society, and shall hold
stated meetings, and adopt the most energetic measures in their
power to advance the objects of the society. They may, if they shall
see fit, appoint a board of assistant managers, composed of not less
than three nor more than seven persons residing in New York city, or
its vicinity, whose duty it shall be to render such assistance to the
committee in conducting the affairs of the society as the exigencies
of the cause may require. To this board they may from time to time
confide such of their own powers as they may deem necessary to
the efficient conduct of the society’s business. The board shall keep
a record of its proceedings, and furnish a copy of the same for the
information of the committee, as often as may be required.
Article VII.—The president shall preside at all meetings of the
society, or, in his absence, one of the vice-presidents, or, in their
absence, a president pro tem. The corresponding secretaries shall
conduct the correspondence of the society. The recording secretary
shall notify all meetings of the society and of the executive
committee, and shall keep records of the same in separate books.
The treasurer shall collect the subscriptions, make payments at the
direction of the executive committee, and present a written and
audited account to accompany the annual report.
Article VIII.—The annual meeting of the society shall be held each
year at such time and place as the executive committee may direct,
when the accounts of the treasurer shall be presented, the annual
report read, appropriate addresses delivered, the officers chosen,
and such other business transacted as shall be deemed expedient.
Article IX.—Any anti-slavery society or association founded on the
same principles may become auxiliary to this society. The officers of
each auxiliary society shall be ex officio members of the parent
institution, and shall be entitled to deliberate and vote in the
transactions of its concerns.
Article X.—This constitution may be amended, at any annual
meeting of the society, by a vote of two thirds of the members
present, provided the amendments proposed have been previously
submitted, in writing, to the executive committee.

Published for gratuitous distribution, at the Office of the American

Anti-Slavery Society, No. 138 Nassau Street, New York. Also to
be had at the Anti-Slavery Offices, No. 21 Cornhill, Boston, and No.
31 North Fifth Street, Philadelphia; and at the Anti-Slavery
Depository, Salem, Columbiana Co., Ohio.
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