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 SECTION
Answer Key to Workbook
V
Appendix E: Mock
Certified Professional
Coder (CPC) Certification
Examination

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
264    Section V   Answer Key to Workbook Appendix E

1. a 39. d   77. c 115. b

2. b 40. c   78. b 116. c
3. c 41. c   79. b 117. c
4. a 42. b   80. b 118. a
5. d 43. a   81. b 119. a
6. d 44. a   82. a 120. c
7. c 45. d   83. d 121. b
8. a 46. b   84. c 122. b
9. d 47. b   85. c 123. a
10. c 48. c   86. a 124. c
11. d 49. c   87. d 125. b
12. d 50. d   88. a 126. d
13. d 51. c   89. a 127. a
14. b 52. d   90. c 128. b
15. a 53. d   91. c 129. d
16. a 54. c   92. d 130. c
17. b 55. a   93. a 131. b
18. b 56. a   94. a 132. a
19. c 57. c   95. b 133. b
20. d 58. a   96. d 134. a
21. d 59. c   97. c 135. d
22. b 60. c   98. d 136. c
23. d 61. b   99. b 137. b
24. c 62. d 100. b 138. a
25. b 63. a 101. c 139. b
26. b 64. b 102. a 140. b
27. b 65. b 103. a 141. b
28. c 66. c 104. d 142. b
29. d 67. a 105. c 143. b
30. c 68. d 106. b 144. a
31. a 69. d 107. a 145. b
32. b 70. c 108. a 146. a
33. c 71. c 109. b 147. a
34. b 72. a 110. d 148. b
35. b 73. b 111. c 149. b
36. c 74. c 112. b 150. c
37. a, b 75. a 113. c
38. a 76. c 114. b

Copyright © 2018 Cengage Learning®. All Rights Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.
Other documents randomly have
different content
'Twixt Ypres and Menin night and day
The poplar trees in leaf of gold
Were whispering either side the way
Of sorrow manifold,

—Of war that never should have been,

Of war that still perforce must be,
Till in what brotherhood can mean
The nations all agree.

But where they laid your gallant lad

I heard no sorrow in the air,
The boy who gave the best he had
That others good might share.

For golden leaf and gentle grass

They too had offered of their best
To banish grief from all who pass
His hero's place of rest.

There as I gazed, the guests of God,

An angel host before mine eyes,
Silent as if on air they trod
Marched straight from Paradise.

And one sprang forth to join the throng

From where the grass was gold and green,
His body seemed more lithe and strong
Than it had ever been.

I cried, "But why in bright array

Of crowns and palms toward the north
And those white trenches far away,
Doth this great host go forth?"

He answered, "Forth we go to fight

T h l ll d h d th b
 To help all need where need there be,
Sworn in for right against brute might
Till Europe shall be free."

H. D. Rawnsley

EXTRACTS FROM PLATO'S DIALOGUE

"MENEXENUS"
Being part of a Speech in honour of those who had
died in Battle for their Country

A ND I think that I ought now to repeat the message which your

fathers, when they went out to battle, urged us to deliver to you
who are their survivors, in case anything happened to them. I will
tell you what I heard them say, and what, if they could, they would
fain be saying now, judging from what they then said; but you must
imagine that you hear it all from their lips. Thus they spoke:—

"Sons, the event proves that your fathers were brave men. For
we, who might have continued to live, though without glory,
choose a glorious death rather than bring reproach on you and
your children, and rather than disgrace our fathers and all of our
race who have gone before us, believing that for the man who
brings shame on his own people life is not worth living, and that
such an one is loved neither by men nor gods, either on earth
or in the underworld when he is dead.
"Some of us have fathers and mothers still living, and you must
encourage them to bear their trouble, should it come, as lightly
as may be; and do not join them in lamentations, for they will
have no need of aught that would give their grief a keener
edge. They will have pain enough from what has befallen them.
Endeavour rather to soothe and heal their wound, reminding
them that of all the boons they ever prayed for the greatest
have been granted to them. For they did not pray that their
sons should live for ever, but that they should be brave and of
fair fame. Courage and honour are the best of all blessings, and
while for a mortal man it can hardly be that everything in his
own life will turn out as he would have it, their prayer for those
two things has been heard. Moreover, if they bear their troubles
bravely, it will be perceived that they are indeed fathers of brave
sons, and that they themselves are like them.... So minded, we,
at any rate, bid those dear to us to be; such we would have
them be; and such we say we are now showing that we
ourselves are, neither grieving overmuch nor fearing overmuch
if we are to die in this battle. And we entreat our fathers and
mothers to continue to be thus minded for the rest of their
days, for we would have them know that it is not by bewailing
and lamentation that they will please us best. If the dead have
any knowledge of the living, they will give us no pleasure by
breaking down under their trouble, or by bearing it with
impatience.... For our lives will have had an end the most
glorious of all that fall to the lot of man; it is therefore more
fitting to do us honour than to lament us."

Stat sua cuique dies; breve et irreparabile tempus

Omnibus est vitae: sed famam extendere factis,
Hoc virtutis opus.
Æn. x. 467

Footnotes
[1] Swinburne, _Super Flumina Babylonis_.
[2] Note by O. J. L.—A volume of poems by O. W. F. L. had
been sent to Raymond by the author; and this came back
with his kit, inscribed on the title page in a way which
showed that it had been appreciated:—
 "Received at Wisques (Machine-Gun School), near St.
Omer,
France—12th July 1915.
Taken to camp near Poperinghe—13th July.
To huts near Dickebusch—21st July.
To first-line trenches near St. Eloi, in front of 'The Mound
of
Death'—24th July."
 CHAPTER II
LETTERS FROM THE FRONT

I SHALL now, for reasons explained in the Preface, quote extracts

from letters which Raymond wrote to members of his family
during the time he was serving in Flanders.
A short note made by me the day after he first started for the Front
may serve as a preliminary statement of fact:—

Mariemont, Edgbaston,
16 March 1915
Raymond was recently transferred back from Edinburgh to Great
Crosby near Liverpool; and once more began life in tents or
temporary sheds.
Yesterday morning, Monday the 15th March, one of the
subalterns was ordered to the Front; he went to a doctor, who
refused to pass him, owing to some temporary indisposition.
Raymond was then asked if he was fit: he replied, Perfectly. So
at 10 a.m. he was told to start for France that night. Accordingly
he packed up; and at 3.00 we at Mariemont received a telegram
from him asking to be met at 5 p.m., and saying he could spend
six hours at home.
His mother unfortunately was in London, and for many hours
was inaccessible. At last some of the telegrams reached her, at
7 p.m., and she came by the first available (slow) train from
Paddington, getting here at 11.
Raymond took the midnight train to Euston; Alec, Lionel, and
Noël accompanying him. They would reach Euston at 3.50 a.m.
and have two hours to wait, when he was to meet a Captain
 [Capt. Taylor], and start from Waterloo for Southampton. The
boys intended to see him off at Waterloo, and then return home
to their war-business as quickly as they could.
He seems quite well; but naturally it has been rather a strain for
the family: as the same sort of thing has been for so many
other families.
O. J. L.

First comes a letter written on his way to the Front after leaving
Southampton.

"Hotel Dervaux, 75 Grande Rue,

Boulogne-s/Mer,
Wednesday, 24 March 1915, 11.30 a.m.
"Following on my recent despatch, I have the honour to report
that we have got stuck here on our way to the Front. Not stuck
exactly, but they have shunted us into a siding which we
reached about 8 a.m., and we are free until 2.30 p.m. when we
have to telephone for further orders to find out where we are to
join our train. I don't know whether this is the regular way to
the Front from Rouen. I don't think it is, I fancy the more direct
way must be reserved for urgent supplies and wounded.
"My servant has been invaluable en route and he has caused us
a great deal of amusement. He hunted round at the goods
station at Rouen (whence we started) and found a large circular
tin. He pierced this all over to form a brazier and attached a
wire handle. As soon as we got going he lit this, having filled it
with coal purloined from somewhere, and when we stopped by
the wayside about 10 or 11 p.m. he supplied my compartment
(four officers) with fine hot tea. He had previously purchased
some condensed milk. He also saw to it that a large share of the
rations, provided by the authorities before we left, fell to our
share, and looked after us and our baggage in the most
splendid way.
"He insists on treating the train as a tram. As soon as it slows
down to four miles an hour, he is down on the permanent way
gathering firewood or visiting some railway hut in search of
plunder. He rides with a number of other servants in the
baggage waggon, and as they had no light he nipped out at a
small station and stole one of the railway men's lamps.
However, there was a good deal of fuss, and the owner came
and indignantly recovered it.
"As soon as we stop anywhere, he lowers out of his van the
glowing brazier. He keeps it burning in the van! I wonder the
railway authorities don't object. If they do, of course he
pretends not to understand any French.
"He often gets left behind on the line, and has to scramble into
our carriage, where he regales us with his life history until the
next stop, when he returns to his own van.
"Altogether he is a very rough customer and wants a lot of
watching—all the same he makes an excellent servant."

Letters from the Front in Flanders

"Friday, 26 March 1915
"I arrived here yesterday about 5 p.m., and found the Battalion
resting from the trenches. We all return there on Sunday
evening.
"I got a splendid reception from my friends here, and they have
managed to get me into an excellent Company, all the officers
of which are my friends. This place is very muddy, but better
than it was, I understand. We are in tents."

"Saturday, 27 March 1915, 4.30 p.m.

 "We moved from our camp into billets last night and are now in
a farm-house. The natives still live here, and we (five officers)
have a room to ourselves, and our five servants and our cook
live and cook for us in the kitchen. The men of our Company
are quartered in neighbouring farm buildings, and other
Companies farther down the road. We are within a mile of a
village and about three or four miles to the southward of a fair-
sized and well-known town. The weather is steadily improving
and the mud is drying up—though I haven't seen what the
trenches are like yet....
"I am now permanently attached to C Company and am
devoutly thankful. Captain T. is in command and the subalterns
are Laws, Fletcher, and Thomas, all old friends of mine. F. was
the man whose room I shared at Edinburgh and over whose
bed I fixed the picture....
"We went on a 'fatigue' job to-day—just our Company—and
were wrongly directed and so went too far and got right in view
of the enemy's big guns. However, we cleared out very quickly
when we discovered our error, and had got back on to the main
road again when a couple of shells burst apparently fairly near
where we had been. There were a couple of hostile aeroplanes
about too.... Thank you very much for your letter wondering
where I am. 'Very pressing are the Germans,' a buried city."

[This of course privately signified to the family that he was at Ypres.]

"1 April 1915, 1.15 p.m.

"We dug trenches by night on Monday and Wednesday, and
although we were only about 300 to 500 yards from the enemy
we had a most peaceful time, only a very few stray bullets
whistling over from time to time."

"Saturday, 3 April 1915, 7 p.m.

"I am having quite a nice time in the trenches. I am writing this
in my dug-out by candle-light; this afternoon I had a welcome
shave. Shaving and washing is usually dispensed with during
our spell of duty (even by the Colonel), but if I left it six days I
should burst my razor I think. I have got my little 'Primus' with
me and it is very useful indeed as a standby, although we do all
our main cooking on a charcoal brazier....
"I will look out for the great sunrise to-morrow morning and am
wishing you all a jolly good Easter: I shan't have at all a bad
one. It is very like Robinson Crusoe—we treasure up our water
supply most carefully (it is brought up in stone jars), and we
have excellent meals off limited and simple rations, by the
exercise of a little native cunning on the part of our servants,
especially mine."

"Bank Holiday, 5 April 1915, 4.30 p.m.

"The trenches are only approached and relieved at night-time,
and even here we are not allowed to stir from the house by day
on any pretext whatever, and no fires are allowed on account of
the smoke. (Fires are started within doors when darkness falls
and we have a hot meal then and again in the early morning—
that is the rule—however, we do get a fire in the day by using
charcoal only and lighting up from a candle to one piece and
from that one piece to the rest, by blowing; also I have my
Primus stove.) ... We are still within rifle-fire range here, but of
course it is all unaimed fire from the intermittent conflict going
on at the firing line....
"I have a straw bed covered with my tarpaulin sheet—(it is
useful although I have also the regular military rubber ground
sheet as well)—and my invaluable air-pillow. I am of course
travelling light and have to carry everything in my 'pack' until I
get back to my valise and 'rest billets,' so I sleep in my clothes.
Simply take off my boots and puttees, put my feet in a nice
clean sack, take off my coat and cover myself up with my British
Warm coat (put on sideways so as to use its great width to the
full). Like this I sleep like a top and am absolutely comfortable."
"I have been making up an Acrostic for you all to guess—here it
is:
Lights. My first is speechless, and a bell
Has often the complaint as well.
Three letters promising to pay,
Each letter for a word does stay.
There's nothing gross about this act;—
A gentle kiss involving tact.
A General less his final 'k,'
A hen would have no more to say.
Our Neenie who is going west
Her proper name will serve you best.

Whole. My whole, though in a foreign tongue,

Is Richard's name when he is young.
The rest is just a shrub or tree
With spelling 'Made in Germany.'

"That's the lot. The word has ten letters and is divided into two
halves for the purpose of the Acrostic.

"My room-mate has changed for to-night, and I have got Wyatt,
who has just come in covered in mud, after four days in the
trenches. He is machine-gun officer, and works very hard. I am
so glad to have him.
"By the way the support-trenches aren't half bad. I didn't want
to leave them, but it's all right here too."
 "Thursday, 8 April 1915
"Here I am back again in 'Rest Billets,' for six days' rest. When I
set off for the six days' duty I was ardently looking forward to
this moment, but there is not much difference; here we 'pig' it
pretty comfortably in a house, and there we 'pig' it almost as
comfortably in a 'dug-out.' There we are exposed to rifle fire,
nearly all unaimed, and here we are exposed to shell fire—
aimed, but from about five miles away.
"On the whole this is the better, because there is more room to
move about, more freedom for exercise, and there is less mud.
But you will understand how much conditions in the trenches
have improved if comparison is possible at all.
"My platoon (No. 11) has been very fortunate; we have had no
casualties at all in the last six days. The nearest thing to one
was yesterday when we were in the firing trench, and a man
got a bullet through his cap quite close to his head. He was
peeping over the top, a thing they are all told not to do in the
daytime. The trenches at our point are about a hundred yards
apart, and it is really safe to look over if you don't do it too
often, but it is unnecessary, as we had a periscope and a few
loopholes....
"I am awfully grateful for all the things that have been sent, and
are being sent.... I will attach a list of wants at the end of this
letter. I am very insatiable (that's not quite the word I wanted),
but I am going on the principle that you and the rest of the
family are only waiting to gratify my every whim! So, if I think of
a thing I ask for it....
"By the way we have changed our billets here. Our last ones
have been shelled while we were away—a prodigious hole
through the roof wrecking the kitchen, but not touching our
little room at the back. However, it is not safe enough for
habitation and the natives even have left!
 "Things are awfully quiet here. We thought at first that it was
'fishy' and something was preparing, but I don't think so now. It
is possibly the principle of 'live and let live.' In the trenches if
we don't stir them up with shots they leave us pretty well alone.
Of course we are ready for anything all the same.
"Yes, we see the daily papers here as often as we want to (the
day's before). Personally, and I think my view is shared by all
the other officers, I would rather read a romance, or anything
not connected with this war, than a daily paper....
"Was the Easter sunrise a success? It wasn't here. Cloudy and
dull was how I should describe it. Fair to fine generally, some
rain (the latter not to be taken in the American sense).
"I wonder if you got my Acrostic [see previous letter] and
whether anybody guessed it; it was meant to be very easy, but
perhaps acrostics are no longer the fashion and are somewhat
boring. I always think they are more fun to make than to undo.
The solution is a household word here, because it is only a half-
mile or so away, and provides most things."

[The family had soon guessed the Acrostic, giving the place as
Dickebusch. The "lights" are—
D um B
IoU
Cares S
K lu Ck
E dit H.]

[To a Brother]
"Billets, Tuesday, 13 April 1915
"We are all right here except for the shells. When I arrived I
found every one suffering from nerves and unwilling to talk
about shells at all. And now I understand why. The other day a
shrapnel burst near our billet and a piece of the case caught
one of our servants (Mr. Laws's) on the leg and hand. He lost
the fingers of his right hand, and I have been trying to forget
the mess it made of his right leg—ever since. He will have had it
amputated by now.
"They make you feel awfully shaky, and when one comes over it
is surprising the pace at which every one gets down into any
ditch or hole near.
"One large shell landed right on the field where the men were
playing football on Sunday evening. They all fell flat, and all, I'm
thankful to say, escaped injury, though a few were within a yard
or so of the hole. The other subalterns of the Company and I
were (mirabile dictu) in church at the time.
"I wonder if you can get hold of some morphia tablets [for
wounded men]. I think injection is too complicated, but I
understand there are tablets that can merely be placed in the
mouth to relieve pain. They might prove very useful in the
trenches, because if a man is hit in the morning he will usually
have to wait till dark to be removed.
"My revolver has arrived this morning."

"Sunday, 18 April 1915

"I came out of the trenches on Friday night. It was raining, so
the surface of the ground was very slippery; and it was the
darkest night I can remember. There was a good deal of
'liveliness' too, shots were flying around more than usual. There
were about a hundred of us in our party, two platoons
(Fletcher's and mine) which had been in the fire trenches,
though I was only with them for one day, Thursday night till
Friday night. Captain Taylor was in front, then Fletcher's
platoon, then Fletcher, then my platoon, then me bringing up
the rear. We always travel in single file, because there are so
many obstacles to negotiate—plank bridges and 'Johnson' holes
being the chief.
"Picture us then shuffling our way across the fields behind the
trenches at about one mile an hour—with frequent stops while
those in front negotiate some obstacle (during these stops we
crouch down to try and miss most of the bullets!). Every few
minutes a 'Very' light will go up and then the whole line 'freezes'
and remains absolutely stationary in its tracks till the light is
over. A 'Very' light is an 'asteroid.' (Noël will explain that.) It is
fired either by means of a rocket (in the German case) or of a
special pistol called a 'Very' pistol after the inventor (in our
case). The light is not of magnesium brightness, but is just a
bright star light with a little parachute attached, so that it falls
slowly through the air. The light lasts about five seconds. These
things are being shot up at short intervals all night long.
Sometimes dozens are in the air together, especially if an attack
is on.
"Well, to go back to Friday night:—it took us a very long time to
get back, and at one point it was hard to believe that they
hadn't seen us. Lights went up and almost a volley whistled
over us. We all got right down and waited for a bit. Really we
were much too far off for them to see us, but we were on rather
an exposed bit of ground, and they very likely fix a few rifles on
to that part in the daytime and 'poop' them off at night. That is
a favourite plan of theirs, and works very well.
"We did get here in the end, and had no casualties, though we
had had one just before leaving the trench. A man called
Raymond (in my platoon) got shot through the left forearm. He
was firing over the parapet and had been sniping snipers (firing
at their flashes). Rather a nasty wound through an artery. They
applied a tourniquet and managed to stop the bleeding, but he
was so weak from loss of blood he had to be carried back on a
stretcher.
"I had noticed this man before, partly on account of his name.
Last time I was in the fire trenches (about ten days ago) I was
dozing in my dug-out one evening and the Sergeant-Major was
in his, next door. Suddenly he calls out 'Raymond!' I started.
Then he calls again 'Raymond! Come here!' I shouted out 'Hallo!
What's the matter?' But then I heard the other Raymond
answering, so I guessed how it was....
"While at tea in the next room the post came and brought me
your letter and one from Alec. Isn't it perfectly marvellous? You
were surprised at the speed of my last letter. But how about
yours? The postmark is 2.30 p.m. on the 16th at Birmingham,
and here it is in my hands at 4 p.m. on the 18th!
"I was telling you about the difficulties of going to and fro
between here and the trenches, but you will understand it is not
always like that. If there is a moon, or even if there is a clear
sky so that we can get the benefit of the starlight (which is
considerable and much more than I thought), matters are much
improved, because if you can still see the man in front, when he
is, say, 5 yards in front of you, and can also see the holes
instead of finding them with your person, all that 'waiting for
the "tail" to close up' is done away with....
"Last night Laws, Thomas, and myself each took a party of
about forty-five down separately, leaving the remainder
guarding the various billets. Then when we returned Fletcher
took the rest down.
"It was a glorious night, starry, with a very young and
inexperienced moon, and quite dry and warm. I would not have
minded going down again except that I would rather go to bed,
which I did.
"Do you know that joke in Punch where the Aunt says: 'Send
me a postcard when you are safely in the trenches!'? Well, there
is a great deal of truth in that—one feels quite safe when one
reaches the friendly shelter of the trench, though of course the
approaches aren't really very dangerous. One is 'thrilled' by the
whistle of the bullets near you. That describes the feeling best, I
think—it is a kind of excitement."

"Thursday, 22 April 1915, 6.50 p.m.

"I have received a most grand periscope packed, with spare
mirrors, in a canvas haversack. It is a glorious one and I am
quite keen to use it, thank you very much indeed for it. Thank
you also for two sets of ear defenders which I am going to test
when firing off a 'Very' light. A 'parachuted' star is fired from a
brass pistol with a bore of about 1 inch and a barrel of about 6
inches. The report is very deafening, I believe—though I haven't
fired one yet.
"The star, by the way, though it lights up the country for some
distance, is not too bright to look at.
"I have just remembered something I wanted to tell you, so I
will put it in here.
"When walking to and from the trenches in the darkness, I find
it is a great help to study the stars (not for purposes of
direction). I know very little about them, and I saw a very useful
plan in, I think, the Daily News of 3 April, called 'The Night Sky
in April.' It was just a circle with the chief planets and stars
shown and labelled. The periphery of the circle represented the
horizon.
"If you know of such a plan that is quite easily obtainable I
should be glad to have one. The simpler the thing the better.
"The books you had sent me, which were passed on to me by
Professor Leith, are much appreciated. They circulate among
officers of this Company like a library. At the time they arrived
we were running short of reading-matter, but since then our
Regimental Headquarters have come to the rescue and supplied
each Company with half a dozen books, to be passed on to
other Companies afterwards.
"I enclose an acrostic that I made up while in the trenches
during our last spell. It seems to be a prolific place for this sort
of thing."
Acrostic
(One word of five
letters)
Lights. The lowest rank with
lowest pay,
Don't make this public
though, I pray!
Inoculation's victim,
though
Defeated still a powerful
foe.
When Government 'full-
stop' would say
It does so in this novel
way.
The verb's success, the
noun's disgrace
And lands you in a
foreign place.
A king of kings without a
roar,
His kingdom that no
anger bore.

The final goal—the end of

all—
What all desire, both
great and small.
 R. L., 19
April 1915

[The solution of this is the word Peace given twice—once

inverted. The first 'light,' which is not 'public' is 'Private'; the
second is 'Enteric'; the third is a sign employed in Government
telegrams to denote a full-stop, viz., 'aaa'; the fourth is
'Capture'; and the fifth (with apologies) is 'Emp,' and some
occult reference to Edward VII, not remembered now; the
kingdom without anger being Empire without ire.—O. J. L.]

"Friday, 30 April 1915, 4.10 p.m.

"I wish you could see me now. I am having a little holiday in
Belgium. At the moment I am sitting in the shade of a large
tree, leaning against its trunk, writing to you. The sun is pouring
down and I have been sitting in it lying on a fallen tree, but it
makes me feel lazy, so I came here to write (in the shade).
"Before me, across a moat, is the château—ruined now, but not
by old age. It is quite a handsome building, two storeys high. It
is built of brick with a slate roof; the bricks are colour-washed
yellow with a white band 18 inches deep under the roof; there
are two towers with pointed roofs that stand to the front of the
house, projecting slightly from it, forming bay windows. These
towers, from the roof down to the ground, are red brick, as are
the fronts of the dormer windows in the main building.
"The larger and taller tower is octagonal and stands in the
middle of the front, the smaller one is square and stands on the
right corner. On each side of the main building are flanking
buildings consisting on this (left) side of a brick-built palm-house
and beyond that again a glass-covered conservatory. The other
flank has a conservatory also, but I have not explored as far as
that. The front of the building is about 70 to 80 yards long.
"The main entrance is on the other or northern side. It is
reached by a drawbridge over the moat. The house on that
(north) side is not so much damaged. It has long windows with
shutters that give it a continental air. I can't sketch it, so I have
given you a rough elevation from the south. I am sitting to the
south-west, just across the moat.

"The place is in an awful mess. In some parts it is difficult to tell

how the original building went. One can see into several of the
rooms; the outer wall has fallen away, exposing about three
rooms and an attic. In one room the floor has dropped at one
corner to some 8 feet below its proper level, and a bed is just
above poised on the edge of the room, almost falling out where
the room is sectioned.
"There is no glass in any of the green-houses—it is all on the
floor. The palm-house is full of green tubs with plants in them,
mostly overturned.
"In the garden the trees are blossoming, some of the fruit trees
are covered with white blossom; but many, even of these, are
lying flat and blossoming in the moat. The drive runs down to
the road on the south side in an absolutely straight line, flanked
by tall trees. But many of these are down too. I was lying on
one just now. The garden is in good order, though getting a
little out of hand. There is a small plantation of gooseberry
bushes that looks very healthy. Shell holes are all about,
however.
"The house, although it is not on an eminence, commands a
good view to the southward and has a fine view of the German
lines, which are slightly raised just here. The enemy evidently
suspected this château was used as an observation post, as
indeed it may have been.
"We came out of the trenches on Wednesday night into Reserve
Billets, and I was placed with No. 9 platoon (instead of my own)
in a little house not far from this château. We are not allowed to
leave it by day, or rather we are not allowed to show ourselves
on the south side of it, as it might draw shell-fire on to it. But I
managed to sneak away to the north under cover of a hedge
without any risk of being seen.
"After being relieved in the trenches on Wednesday, and
marching back and having a meal with the other officers of C
Company in the Reserve Billets (a brewery), it was one o'clock
before I got to bed in our little house. And we had to 'stand to
arms' in the morning for an hour while dawn was breaking (we
always do, and at dusk too). So after this I went to sleep till 2
p.m. I sleep in an outhouse with no door, on straw laid on a
brick floor. My ground-sheet on the straw, my coat over me, my
feet in a sack and an air-cushion under my head, and I can
sleep as peacefully as at home. The place is swarming with rats
and mice, you can hear them directly you lie still. They go 'plop,
plop, plop,' on the straw overhead, as if they were obliged to
take long strides owing to their feet sinking into the straw.
Immediately over my head, I should judge, there is a family of
young rats by the noise. Occasionally they have a stampede and
a lot of dust comes down on my face.
"But one gets used to this, and muttering 'Nom d'un chien!' one
turns the other cheek. By the way, they say these rats 'stand to'
at dawn, just as we do.
"I am terrified of a rat running over my face, but my servant
sleeps with me, so I console myself that the chances are just
even that they won't choose me. I wish he wouldn't snore
though—he's lowering the odds.
"Last night we had to turn out for fatigue parties. I took a party
down to one of the fire trenches with 'knife rests.' These are
sections of barbed wire entanglement. They are made by fixing
cross-pieces on the ends of a long pole. The tips of these cross-
pieces are joined together with barbed wire laid parallel to the
centre pole. Then the whole is wound with more barbed wire
laid on spirally, thus: [a sketch]
These are slung out in front of the trenches and fixed together.
They are now fixed also to the trench, because the Germans
used to harpoon them and draw them over to their own side!
"Well, we set off about 11 p.m. and took twenty-two of these
down. We didn't exactly bless the full moon—although it showed
us the holes and obstructions in the way. Still, we had no
casualties and made good time. We got back about midnight.
So I only slept till 12.30 this morning! Of course I had to get up
for an hour at dawn. I used the time to brew myself some
cocoa. I am getting an expert cook, and can make that 'Bivouac'
cocoa taste like the very finest chocolate....
"Just before going into the trenches I received another of those
splendid parcels of cabbage and apples. The apples are simply
splendid. The cabbage is good, but I never cared very much for
it—it is medicinal in this case. However, it is great to have such
a fine supply of green stuff instead of none at all. The Mess
does appreciate it.
"I have been supplying our Mess (C Company) with butter. And
the supply sent up to now has just effected this with none to
spare. But I don't know whether you want to do this, and that is
why I suggested cutting down the supply. I don't want you to
think any of it has been wasted though—it hasn't, and is
splendid stuff....
"In the trenches one is not always doing nothing. These last
three days in I have been up all night. I had a working party in
two shifts working all night and all three nights, digging
communication trenches. I used to go to bed about 4.20 a.m.
and sleep till lunch-time, and perhaps lie down again for a bit in
the afternoon. That is why my letters have not been so
frequent.
"It is extraordinary that what is wanted at the moment is not so
much a soldier as a civil engineer. There are trenches to be laid
out and dug, and the drainage of them to be thought out and
carried through. Often the sides have to be 'riveted' or staked,
and a flooring of boards put in, supported on small piles.
"Then there is the water-supply, where one exists. I have had
great fun arranging a 'source' in my trench (the support trench
that I have been in these last three days and that I have been
in often before). A little stream, quite clear and drinkable after
boiling, runs out at one place (at about 1 pint a minute!) and
makes a muddy mess of the trenches near. By damming it up
and putting a water-bottle with the bottom knocked in on top of
 the dam, the water runs in a little stream from the mouth of the
bottle. It falls into a hole large enough to receive a stone water-
jar, and then runs away down a deep trough cut beside the
trench. Farther down it is again dammed up to form a small
basin which the men use for washing; and it finally escapes into
a kind of marshy pond in rear of the trenches.
"I quite enjoyed this job, and there are many like it; plank
bridges to be put up, seats and steps to be cut, etc. One officer
put half a dozen of his men on to making a folding bed! But it
was not for himself, but for his Captain, who has meningitis and
can't sleep. The men enjoy these jobs too; it is much better
than doing nothing.
"I will creep back to my quarters now and make myself some
tea on my 'Primus' (no fires are allowed).
"A cuckoo has been singing on a tree near me—in full view. (It
left hurriedly when one of our guns went off close behind the
château.) The first time I have ever seen one, I think. It is
amazing how tame the animals get. They have so much ground
to themselves in the daytime—the rats especially; they flourish
freely in the space between the trenches.
"Things are fairly quiet and easy here just now."

[In one of his letters to me (22 April 1915), he said he had plenty of
time now to watch the stars, and would like a set of star maps or
something in order to increase his knowledge of them. Accordingly, I
sent him a planisphere which I happened to have—an ingenious
cardboard arrangement which can be turned so as to show, in a
rough way, the stars visible in these latitudes at any time of day and
any period of the year.—O. J. L.]

"May Day 1915, 3.20 p.m.

"Thank you very much for the planisphere and for your letter. I
have often seen the planisphere before, but never appreciated it
until now.
"As to the 'Very' pistol, I quite agree that the 'barrel' is too
short. If it were longer the light would be thrown farther, which
would be much better. As it is, it falls between us and the
Germans.
"The German lights, which I now learn are fired from a kind of
mortar and not by a rocket as I thought, are much better than
ours; they give a better and steadier, fatter light, and they are
thrown well behind our trenches. However, ours are much
better, and theirs are worse than they used to be....
"They have not turned the gas on to us here, though on some
days I have smelled distinct traces coming down wind from the
north. I should say it was chlorine rather than SO2 that I
smelled. I don't know whether the ammonia preventive would
be better than the soda one. In any case, the great thing is that
one is provided. The soda method is the one in use, I believe, in
the chlorine works at Widnes and elsewhere."

"Tuesday, 3 May 1915, 12.40 p.m.

"For the first three days we are out here in new billets—officers
in a comfortable little house. Last three days of our 'rest' (!) we
are going into a wood quite close to our 'Reserve Billets.' We are
in 'support' in case of a sudden attack. Roads are so much
knocked about by shells that traffic is limited and restricted. So
we might not be able to support quick enough unless we were
close.
"Everything is still very much upset, due to the penetration of
our (French) line. They have been shelling our village from the
rear (!) and most of the companies have had to quit. We (C
Company) are well back now....
"Two of our platoons went digging last night. Mine was one. We
left here about eight o'clock, and I got back at 1 a.m., and then
I sat up with another subaltern (Fletcher) after I had had some
supper until the other man (Thomas) had come in and eaten.
We went to bed at 3 a.m. Breakfast at nine this morning, and
we are resting. However, I am going to have an absolutely slack
day to-day. A bath too, if I can manage it....
"Last night the moon got up very late and was quite useless.
They fire more when there is no light, they get scared—at least
uneasy; they fire off 'Very' lights constantly, and let off volleys.
We lie absolutely flat while this goes on. It is a funny sight; the
men look like a row of starfish!"

"Tuesday, 11 May 1915, 9.15 a.m.

(really Wednesday the 12th. I had got wrong)
"We are within view of a well-known place [no doubt Ypres.—O.
J. L.], and the place has been on fire in three or four places for
about two days, and is still going strong. A magnificent
spectacle at night. The place is, I believe, a city of ruins and
dead, and there is probably no one to put a fire out. Probably,
too, a fire is rather a good thing than otherwise; the place must
be terribly in need of purifying.
"I was awfully interested in father's dream.[3] Your letter is
dated the 8th, and you say that the other night he dreamt that I
was in the thick of the fighting, but that they were taking care
of me from the other side.
"Well, I don't know about 'the thick of the fighting,' but I have
been through what I can only describe as a hell of a shelling
with shrapnel. My diary tells me it was on the 7th, at about
10.15 a.m. Our Company were ordered forward from one set of
dug-outs to others nearer the firing line, and the formation
adopted was platoons in single file, with intervals between. That
is, four columns of about fifty men each, in single file, with
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