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Beginning C 5 0 Databases Second Edition Agarwal
Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Agarwal, Vidya Vrat
ISBN(s): 9781430242611, 1430242612
Edition: Second edition
File Details: PDF, 17.51 MB
Year: 2012
Language: english
 BOOKS FOR PROFESSIONALS BY PROFESSIONALS ® THE EXPERT’S VOICE® IN C#

Agarwal

RELATED Beginning C# 5.0 Databases

Quickly become a highly proficient database application developer and user with
Beginning C# 5.0 Databases. Full of practical, detailed examples, this book gives you
the knowledge and skills you need to build a database application using T–SQL and
C#. It also provides you with a comprehensive tutorial on both SQL Server 2012 and
Visual Studio 2012.
You’ll find a complete introduction to database technology inside Beginning C# 5.0
Databases. You’ll learn how relational databases work and how to use them, work
through step-by-step examples of both T–SQL and C# programs, and discover how
to use ADO.NET and other data access techniques while programming your database.

All in all, Beginning C# 5.0 Databases shows you how to:

• Create database and table objects using SQL Server 2012
• Write SQL queries to modify and query data (including joins) in SQL tables
• Build GUI database applications with C#
• Handle runtime anomalies such as exceptions
• Program with ADO.NET Entity Framework and LINQ
• Write stored procedures in T–SQL and call them from C# 5.0
• Use SQL CLR to create stored procedure using C#

Beginning C# 5.0 Databases is fully revised and updated for C# 5.0 and Visual Studio
2012. Whether you have just started programming in C# or are an expert with the lan-
guage, this book teaches you all the fundamentals you need, and may ever need, to
develop professional database applications.

Shelve in
.NET

User level:
Beginning–Intermediate SECOND
EDITION
SOURCE CODE ONLINE

www.apress.com
For your convenience Apress has placed some of the front
matter material after the index. Please use the Bookmarks
and Contents at a Glance links to access them.
 Contents at a Glance

 About the Author................................................................................................ xviii

 About the Technical Reviewer ............................................................................. xix
 Acknowledgments ................................................................................................ xx
 Introduction ......................................................................................................... xxi
 Part I: Understanding Tools and Fundamentals Databases ....................................1
 Chapter 1: Getting and Understanding Your Tools..................................................3
 Chapter 2: Understanding Relational Databases ..................................................15
 Chapter 3: Creating Database and Tables.............................................................25
 Part II: Working with Database and XML ..............................................................41
 Chapter 4: Manipulating Database Data ...............................................................43
 Chapter 5: Querying Databases ............................................................................51
 Chapter 6: Using Stored Procedures.....................................................................85
 Chapter 7: Using XML .........................................................................................101
 Chapter 8: Understanding Transactions .............................................................115
 Part III: Working with Data Using ADO.NET.........................................................135
 Chapter 9: Building Windows Forms Applications..............................................137
 Chapter 10: Introduction to ADO.NET ..................................................................171
 Chapter 11: Handling Exceptions........................................................................183
 Chapter 12: Making Connections........................................................................197
 Chapter 13: Executing ADO.NET Commands to Retrieve Data.............................213
 Chapter 14: Using Data Readers .........................................................................241
 Part IV: Working with Advanced ADO.NET Related Features ..............................275
 Chapter 15: Using Data Sets and Data Adapters.................................................277

iv
  CONTENTS

 Chapter 16: Using Data Controls with ASP.NET Applications .............................315

 Chapter 17: Working with Text and Binary Data.................................................333
 Chapter 18: Using LINQ .......................................................................................357
 Chapter 19: Using the ADO.NET Entity Framework .............................................375
 Chapter 20: Using the CLR in SQL Server............................................................395
 Index ...................................................................................................................409

v
Introduction

Welcome to this book. You have in your hands a book of ready-made solutions to common problems
encountered while writing SQL to run against an Oracle database. I’ve written this book for the person in
a hurry who needs to solve a specific problem and then get on with the job. Each recipe addresses a
specific problem and presents a solid, working solution to that problem. For those who are interested,
each recipe also provides an extended discussion of the solution and sometimes alternative solutions.

Who This Book Is For

If you are an application developer who likes to interact with databases using C#, this book is for you,
because it covers programming SQL Server 2012 using C# 5.0. This book does not require or even
assume that you have sound knowledge of C# 2.0 or SQL Server 2000 and database concepts. I have
covered all the fundamentals that other books assume a reader must have before moving on with the
chapters.
This book is a must for any application developer who intends to interact with databases using
C# 2012 as the development tool; if this is you, then this book is a must.

How This Book Is Structured

I’ve split the book into four parts, each covering one broad aspect of building database applications
using C# 5.0 and SQL Server 2012 database.
Part 1 deals with understanding the fundamentals of databases.
Part 2 covers the concepts of working with databases and XML.
Part 3 discusses working with data using ADO.NET.
Part 4 is a compendium of special topics and ranges from advanced ADO.NET features to
SQL CLR.

Conventions
Throughout the book, I’ve kept a consistent style for presenting SQL and results. Where a piece of code,
a SQL reserved word, or a fragment of SQL appears in the text, it is presented in fixed-width Courier font,
such as this (working) example:
select * from dual;

xxi
 INTRODUCTION

Where I discuss the syntax and options of SQL commands, I’ve used a conversational style so
you can quickly reach an understanding of the command or technique. This means I haven’t duplicated
large syntax diagrams that better suit a reference manual.

Downloading the Code

The code for the examples shown in this book is available on the Apress web site, www.apress.com. A link
can be found on the book’s information page under the Source Code/Downloads tab. This tab is located
underneath the Related Titles section of the page.

Contacting the Author

Should you have any questions or comments—or even spot a mistake you think I should know about—
you can contact the author at vidya_mct@yahoo.com.

xxii
PART I

Understanding Tools and

Fundamentals Databases

1
CHAPTER 1

Getting and Understanding

Your Tools

This book is designed to help you learn how to build database-oriented applications with the C# 2012
programming language and the SQL Server 2012 database server application. The development tools
used in this book are Microsoft Visual Studio 2012 and Microsoft SQL Server 2012 (code name Denali)
Express edition, both of which work with Microsoft .NET Framework 4.5.

 Note For the purposes of this book, I’m using the free versions of Visual Studio and SQL Server that are
available for download from http://msdn.microsoft.com. If you are using the more full-featured versions of
these tools, you can still follow along with the examples in this book.

Visual Studio 2012 targets multiple .NET Framework versions by allowing you to build and maintain
applications for earlier versions of the .NET Framework, namely, .NET 2.0, .NET 3.0, .NET 3.5, and .NET
4.0, in addition to its native and default support for .NET 4.5. The Visual Studio integrated development
environment (IDE) helps developers be productive, and it offers various types of application templates
and tools to perform most of the application development activities.
SQL Server is one of the most advanced relational database management systems (RDBMSs)
available. SQL Server continues to provide and support the integration of the .NET common language
runtime (CLR) into the SQL Server database engine, making it possible to implement database objects
using managed code written in a .NET language such as Visual C# .NET or Visual Basic .NET. Besides
this, just like previous releases, SQL Server comes with multiple services such as analysis services, data
transformation services, reporting services, notification services, Service Broker, Database Mail,
PowerShell support, and so on. SQL Server offers one common environment, SQL Server Management
Studio (SSMS), for both database developers and database administrators (DBAs).
SQL Server 2012 Express edition is the relational database subset of SQL Server 2012 that provides
virtually all the online transaction processing (OLTP) capabilities of SQL Server 2012 Express, that
supports databases up to 10GB in size (and up to 32,767 databases per SQL Server 2012 Express
instance), and that can handle hundreds of concurrent users.
Now that you know a little about these development tools, you’ll learn how to obtain and install
them, and you’ll learn about the sample databases you’ll need to work through the example in this book.
This chapter will cover the following:
• Obtaining Visual Studio 2012
• Installing SQL Server 2012 Express

3
CHAPTER 1  GETTING AND UNDERSTANDING YOUR TOOLS

• Troubleshooting the SQL Server service

• Installing the AdventureWorks sample database

Obtaining Visual Studio 2012

This book requires Visual Studio 2012 to be installed on your computer. At the time of this writing, the
available version of Visual Studio is Visual Studio 2012 Developer Preview. To find download
information about Visual Studio 2012, go to http://msdn.microsoft.com/vstudio.
You can also directly download the installer ISO image files from the MSDN Subscriptions site at
http://msdn.microsoft.com. Access the downloadable setup files by clicking the Visual Studio link in the
Developer Center; then extract the downloaded file and run Setup.exe.
If you have a setup DVD or CDs of Visual Studio 2012, just put the DVD or CD1 into your computer’s
disk drive and complete the setup by following the instructions, making sure you have enough disk
space on your C drive.
Visual Studio 2012 has various software components, so you need to decide whether you want to
install them when installing Visual Studio. The examples in this book require only the C# language
component, but you may want to install other languages such as VB .NET, VC++, and F#, and so on, for
your future programming needs.

Installing SQL Server 2012 Express

To install SQL Server 2012 Express for the purposes of working through the examples in this book, follow
these steps:
1. Go to www.microsoft.com/betaexperience/pd/SQLEXPCTAV2/enus/default.aspx.
Decide which version you need based on your CPU architecture, 32-bit or 64-
bit, and in the Select Product drop-down, select Express with Tools. Then click
Download.
2. The Download Manager will begin. If the Download Manager is not already
installed on your computer, then it will prompt you to install it. Click Install.
3. Based on whether you chose the 32-bit or 64-bit version, you will be prompted
to save the file SQLEXPRWT_x86_ENU.exe or SQLEXPRWT_x64_ENU.exe, which is the
SQL Server 2012 Express setup utility.
4. Save this file to a location on your host computer (such as on your desktop).
When the download of the file is complete, click Close.
5. Run the file to begin the installation, and follow the steps to install it.
6. When the Completing the SQL Server Management Setup window appears,
click the Finish button.
7. After a successful installation, you will see all the SQL Server components
installed in your Start All Programs Microsoft SQL Server 2012 menu. It is
important to make sure your SQL Server service is running, so to verify that,
you need to invoke the Services list. Go to Start Run S  ervices.msc or Control
Panel Administrative Tools Services. A Services window will load; scroll
down until you see SQL Server service listed, as shown in Figure 1-1.

4
 CHAPTER 1  GETTING AND UNDERSTANDING YOUR TOOLS

Figure 1-1. Services window showing SQL Server service running

8. Please note the name in the parentheses (your SQL instance name). This might
be different from machine to machine; hence, it is important to know the SQL
instance name before you connect with it to continue working with SQL
Server. If you have multiple versions of SQL Server, then multiple SQL Server
Services will be listed, and you will be required to know your SQL Server 2012
instance name that you want to use.
9. If the SQL Server service is not running, then you can manually start it by right-
clicking and choosing Start. Your service should be then listed as Started under
Status. You must have this service running before you perform any database-
related operation.
Again, you need to remember the SQL Server instance name you used during this installation so you
can smoothly connect to and build database applications.
Because SQL Server 2012 doesn’t come with a sample database, you need to install and configure
the sample databases separately. The next section talks about installing and configuring the
AdventureWorks databases in SQL Server Management Studio.

Installing and Attaching the AdventureWorks Sample Database

For your database query purposes and in order to build a database application with C#, you need a
database. For these purposes, this book will use AdventureWorks for the SQL Server 2012 release.

Installing the AdventureWorks Database

To install the database, follow these steps:
1. Go to http://msftdbprodsamples.codeplex.com/releases/view/4004, and click
the link AdventureWorksDB.msi.
2. Click I Agree for the license agreement; you will be prompted to run or save the
AdventureWorksDB.msi file to your system.
3. Change the location to save the file; you can keep it anywhere on your
computer system, but it is recommended you keep it with the other database
files under your SQL Server instance, which will be located at C:\Program
Files\Microsoft SQL Server\MSSQL11.<your SQL Server 2012 instance
name>\MSSQL\DATA. You can verify the folder name of your SQL instance by

5
CHAPTER 1  GETTING AND UNDERSTANDING YOUR TOOLS

viewing the name in your machine; as shown in Figure 1-1, the name you see
in parentheses on your system will be the folder name where you may want to
save the database files.
4. If you are not able to find the folder location that maps to the SQL Server
instance, you can choose to save the files at any location on your system.
5. After choosing the file location, the setup wizard will bring the
AdventureWorks_Data.mdf and AdventureWorks_Log.ldf files to your specified
location. Click Finish to close the wizard after the successful installation of the
files.

Attaching the AdventureWorks Sample Database

Attach is the process used to associate the .mdf file to the database server so that you can start working
with the database objects and data associated with tables.
You need to access SQL Server Management Studio to attach the AdventureWorks2008 database. To
do so, follow these steps:
1. Make sure you know your SQL Server instance name through which your SQL
Server is running; in my case, it’s SQL2012, as you saw in Figure 1-1 earlier.
You can check your instance name as described earlier.
2. Open SQL Server Management Studio from your installed SQL Server 2012
application, and in the Connect to Server dialog box, enter localhost\<your
server name > as the server name (see Figure 1-2). In some cases, you may see
localhost being replaced by just a dot (.) or real machine name. (You can view
the machine name from your computer properties.)

Figure 1-2. Connect to Server dialog

6
 CHAPTER 1  GETTING AND UNDERSTANDING YOUR TOOLS

3. As shown in Figure 1-2, set the following options:

a. Set “Server type” to Database Engine.
b. Set “Server name” to localhost\<your server name>. For me, as shown in
Figure 1-1, the name is SQL2012, so the server name will be
localhost\SQL2012. Also note that the server name is not case-sensitive; you
can type in any case (lower or upper) you want.
c. Set Authentication to Windows Authentication. This is the default
authentication type SQL Server gets installed with. This indicates that the
machine’s logged-in user name will be carried over to connect to SQL Server.
d. Set “User name” to the user credentials by which you want to connect to SQL
Server. Many SQL Server databases are installed with Windows
Authentication, and hence you will see the same machine’s logged-in user
name by default added here. In many cases, it might be Administrator or a
unique name like you see in Figure 1-2, which is Redmond\v-vidyag.
4. Click the Connect button, and you will be taken to SQL Server Management
Studio, which will look something like Figure 1-3.

Figure 1-3. SQL Server Management Studio after successful connection to SQL Server database engine

5. If instead of having a window as shown in Figure 1-3 you get an error after
clicking the Connect button in the Connect to Server dialog, it will look like
Figure 1-4.

7
CHAPTER 1  GETTING AND UNDERSTANDING YOUR TOOLS

Figure 1-4. Error while connecting to server

You may receive this error for a few reasons:

• The SQL Server service instance name (in this example it is SQL2012) you
provided is not running.
• The machine name you used to specify the SQL instance is not correct. The error
shown in Figure 1-3 says I used “local\SQ2012” as “machine name\instance
name,” which is incorrect unless that machine name is really local (in which case
the SQL Server instance name is not correct).
1. To fix the error, specify the correct parameter, check that the SQL Server
service is started, or pass the correct machine name.
2. Once you have successfully loaded SSMS, the next step is to attach the sample
database AdventureWorks2008R2, which you have already downloaded. To do
so, right-click the Databases node and select Attach, as shown in Figure 1-5.

8
 CHAPTER 1  GETTING AND UNDERSTANDING YOUR TOOLS

Figure 1-5. Preparing for attaching the databasse

3. Click the Attach option, and the Attach Databases dialog will appear, as shown
in Figure 1-6.

9
CHAPTER 1  GETTING AND UNDERSTANDING YOUR TOOLS

Figure 1-6. Attach Database dialog

4. Click Add, which will open a window to provide the .mdf file for the database,
as shown in Figure 1-7.

10
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
observation.” It was absolutely magnificent to hear him prophesy the
gradual progress of the world toward a higher state. Every man,
from the greatest to the least, was made to feel his share of
responsibility in advancing or retarding the evolution of mankind,
and while the consequences of evil were pointed out as extending to
incalculable lengths, there was a sublime hopefulness in the promise
that the smallest good offering brought to the Creator would be
multiplied by Him as the “five loaves were multiplied.”
Optimism—which is nothing but great faith—pervades Dr. Liddon’s
preaching. He never leaves his hearers under the apprehension that
in any struggle between the good and the bad forces of this world,
the bad are going to get the best of it. He knows human nature too
well, however, to exaggerate what can be done by any single human
being. “The first lesson in true wisdom”—he said in one of his most
recent sermons—“is the limited nature of our faculties, the reality
and extent of our ignorance;” and there is a curious mixture of
religious and mundane philosophy in the following remarks about
the presumption of St. Peter, a few minutes before he denied his
Master:
We only weaken ourselves by dwelling upon mischiefs
which we can not hope to remedy. We have only a certain
amount of thought, of feeling, of resolve, each one of us,
to dispose of. And when this has been expended
unavailingly on the abstract, on the intangible, it is
expended; it is no longer ours, and we can not employ it
when and where we need it close at home.… Peter failed
as he did, because he had expended his moral strength in
words, and had no sufficient force to dispose of when the
time came for action and for suffering.
These observations made in a grand sermon, “The Lord was not
in the fire,” may also be quoted:
Religious passion carried to the highest point of
enthusiasm is a great agency in human life; but religious
 passion may easily be too inconsiderate, too truculent, too
entirely wanting in tenderness and in charity, to be in any
sense divine. Christendom has been ablaze again and
again with fires: and those fires are not extinct in our own
day and country, of which it may certainly be said that the
Lord is not in them.
The Bishop of Peterborough has not often been heard in London
of late years, but whenever he is advertised to preach, crowds flock
to hear him. He need not be compared with Liddon, for the personal
appearance, style, and opinions of the two men are quite different.
But whereas the Canon sometimes preaches above the
understanding of dull men, the Bishop’s eloquence never soars much
above earth. It is a rousing eloquence, spirited, combative, often
sarcastic and always directed against some evil which is
preoccupying public attention at the time being. Dr. Magee is not
merely a hater, but an aggressive enemy of “humbug,” clothe itself in
what garb it may. With his animated Celtic features, long upper lip,
large mouth, energetic nose and shaggy eyebrows, with his
gruffness and broad smile which breaks up the whole of his face into
comical lines, he has all the look of a humorist. The glance all round
which he takes at his congregation when he has got into the pulpit,
is that of a master. His first words arrest attention, and if some
unlucky man drops a book during his exordium, that man will stare
hard at the pulpit and pretend to have no connection whatever with
the book, lest his lordship’s eyes should suddenly be turned upon
him like two fiery points of interrogation. Presently, when the Bishop
warms to his work, his arms hit out from the shoulder like piston-
rods wrapped in lawn; down come his large hands with great slaps
on his book or cushion, and if he is preaching in a church where the
beadle has not heard of his little ways and has not been careful to
give the cushions a beating, enough dust will be raised to make a
fine powdering for the heads of the people in the pew beneath.
Plainspoken and shrewd, discussing all questions with easy
arguments, never stooping to subtleties, clear in his delivery, happy
in the choice of words, he keeps his hearers bound like Ogmius, that
god of eloquence among the Gauls who used to be represented with
chains flowing out of his mouth. On occasions he rises to the highest
flights of oratory, but never loses sight of his congregation, who
have always been carried along by him through the successive
degrees of his own enthusiasm. He should be heard delivering a
charity sermon, for this is a duty which he discharges in no
perfunctory fashion. He masters his subject thoroughly; speaks of
the poor or afflicted for whom he is pleading like one who knows
them; and his advice as to supplying their wants is never dictated by
eccentric philanthropy, but springs from that true benevolence which
has common sense for its source. He was being asked to interest
himself in a carpenter’s clever young apprentice whom some good
people wanted to send to college. “Let him first graduate as a good
carpenter,” said the Bishop; “when he has become a skilled
craftsman, so that he is proud of his trade and can fall back upon it
if others fail, then will be the time to see if he is fit for anything
better.”
A popular vote would probably give the position of third amongst
the best preachers of the day to Archdeacon Farrar. In his own
church of St. Margaret, the Archdeacon shines with a subdued light.
Those who have chatted with him by his own fireside, and know him
to be the most amiable, unaffected of causeurs, those who
remember him at Harrow as a most genial boy-loving master, will
miss nothing of the good-natured simplicity which they liked in him,
if they hear him in his own church discoursing about matters that
concern his parish. But in the Abbey he is different. There, his
massive face settles into a hard, expressionless look; his voice,
which is loud and roughish, is pitched in a monotonous key; and his
manner altogether lacks animation, even when his subject
imperatively demands it. To illustrate any common reflection on the
vicissitudes of life, the Archdeacon drags in the destruction of
Pompeii with the latest mining accident; the overthrow of Darius
with that of Osman Digna, the rainbow that appeared to Noah with
Mr. Norman Lockyer’s explanations of recent glorious sunsets; and all
these juxtapositions come down so pat as to suggest the irreverent
idea that the book which the venerable preacher was studying
during the prayers must have been an annotated copy of Maunders’s
“Treasury of Knowledge.”
Mr. Spurgeon stands head and shoulders above all the Non-
conformist preachers. Somebody once expressed a regret that the
great Baptist minister was not a member of the Establishment, to
which the late Bishop of Winchester answered by quoting a portion
of the tenth commandment. But Mr. Spurgeon was much more
aggressive in those days than he is now; he has softened much of
late years, and churchmen can go to hear him without fear of being
offended. On the days when he preaches his Tabernacle holds a
multitude. It is a huge hall, and to see gallery upon gallery crowded
with eager faces—some six thousand—all turned toward the pastor
whose voice has the power of troubling men to the depths of their
hearts, is a stirring sight. Mr. Spurgeon’s is not a high-class
congregation, and the preacher knows that its understanding can
best be opened by metaphors and parables borrowed from the
customs of the retail trade, and with similes taken from the
colloquialisms of the streets. Laughter is not forbidden at the
Tabernacle, and the congregation often breaks into titters, but the
merriment is always directed against some piece of hypocrisy which
the preacher has exposed, and it does one good to hear. He says:
“You are always for giving God short measure, just as if
He had not made the pint pot.”
“You don’t expect the Queen to carry your letters for
nothing, but when you are posting a letter heavenward
you won’t trouble to stick a little bit of Christian faith on
the right-hand corner of the envelope, and you won’t put
a correct address on either, and then you wonder the
letter isn’t delivered, so that you don’t get your remittance
by next post.”
 “You trust Mr. Jones to pay you your wages regularly,
and you say he’s a good master, but you don’t think God
can be trusted like Mr. Jones; you won’t serve him
because you don’t believe in the pay.”
“You have heard of the man who diminished his dose of
food every day to see on how little he could live, till he
came to half a biscuit and then died; but, I tell you, most
of you have tried on how little religion you could live, and
many of you have got to the half-biscuit dose.”
These whimsicalities, always effective, constitute but the foam of
Mr. Spurgeon’s oratory; the torrent which casts them up is broad,
deep and of overwhelming power. Mr. Spurgeon is among preachers
as Mr. Bright among parliamentary orators. All desire to criticise
vanishes, every faculty is subdued into admiration, when he has
concluded a sermon with a burst of his truly inspired eloquence,
leaving the whole of his congregation amazed and the vast majority
of its members anxious or hopeful, but in any case roused as if they
had seen the heavens open. We are compelled to add that Mr.
Spurgeon has in the Baptist communion no co-minister wielding a
tenth of his power, and that those who, having gone to the
Tabernacle to hear him, have to listen to some other man, will be
disappointed in more ways than one.—Temple Bar.
THE PRAYER OF SOCRATES.

By JOHN STUART BLACKIE.

Grant, O Olympian gods supreme,

Not my wish, and not my dream;
Grant me neither gold that shines,
Nor ruddy copper in the mines,
Nor power to wield the tyrant’s rod
And be a fool, and seem a god,
Nor precious robe with jeweled fringe
Splendid with sea-born purple tinge,
Nor silken vest on downy pillow,
Nor hammock hard on heaving billow;
But give all goodly things that be
Good for the whole and best for me.
My thoughts are foolish, blind and crude;
Thou only knowest what is good.
 C. L. S. C. WORK.

By Rev. J. H. VINCENT, D. D., Superintendent of Instruction.

To a correspondent who forwards some poetry for personal

examination and criticism, and who wants to know how she can get
her production before the public. Answer:
One of the most difficult things in literature is to give a fair
judgment of poetry. There is one invaluable test by which a writer
may know concerning the estimate of competent critics, and that is
by sending poems or other contributions to such magazines as The
Century, Harper’s, Atlantic Monthly, etc., or to such weekly papers as
the New York Independent, the Christian Advocate, The Christian
Union, the Evangelist, etc. If the editors of these publications
approve sufficiently to publish and pay for a poem, the writer may
congratulate herself. The commendations of friends who hear a thing
read, or who have a bias in favor of the author, or who, as in my
case, have sympathy with young persons who are attempting to
make fame and financial compensation for themselves, are not
always entirely trustworthy, and I therefore commend you to one of
the most invaluable tests of real poetic ability: Submit your
productions to the severest critics.

Phœbe S. Parker, of Roscoe, Ill., has recently joined the C. L. S. C.

She will be 89 years old May 30, 1884. She joined the Methodist
Episcopal Church in the year 1810, is a great reader, and has no
difficulty in keeping up with the class, and she enjoys the work
heartily. May she live to graduate.
 A lady from the West, residing in a city where there is “a public
library, in which is an excellent collection of standard works of all
kinds, the current literature of the day and all the leading
periodicals, reviews,” etc., finds it difficult “to read all the other good
things she would like to read and, at the same time, keep up the C.
L. S. C. course.” For example, she “cares nothing about ‘Easy
Lessons in Vegetable Biology,’ and would rather spend her time
reading something she enjoys, such as Farrar’s ‘Life of Christ,’
Mackenzie’s ‘Nineteenth Century,’ Kingsley’s ‘Life and Letters.’” She
says: “Having begun this work, I do not want to turn back, yet I am
very much inclined sometimes to drop a book I am reading, and take
up one I would much rather read, not in the course.”
In answer to this devoted friend of the C. L. S. C., a member of
the class of 1887, I desire to say:
(1.) That the greater range of literature with which one is familiar,
the greater the desire to read widely, and one may be tempted,
while reading anything, to wish that she had undertaken something
else, and it will be a good discipline of the will, having begun a
course, to carry it through, since there is nothing in the course that
can be pronounced “trash,” or be considered useless.
(2.) The aim of the C. L. S. C. is not merely to give pleasant or
classic reading, although the style or character of the reading should
be worthy of commendation by the most cultivated taste. The object
of the C. L. S. C. is to give the “college student’s outlook”—to
present in a series of brief readings the whole world of history,
literature, science and art. This is for the benefit of college
graduates, who in college spent so much time with the languages
and mathematics, for purposes of mental discipline, that they failed
to enjoy the charms of the literature itself. It is also for the benefit of
others, who, having studied the physical sciences years before,
desire now to review, seeing that so many changes are continually
taking place in the hypotheses and settled conclusions of the
scientists. The course is also designed for people who have never
enjoyed college training, that they may have the benefit of the
outlook which is to be enjoyed by their children later on.
(3.) A course so wide-reaching will embrace many topics about
which certain people care nothing; but one of the greatest
advantages of reading is the training of one to read because he
ought to know rather than because he has a particular aptitude or
delight in that direction.
I hope that my genial, candid, “enthusiastic” Chautauquan of the
class of 1887, from beyond the Mississippi, will continue in the ranks
of the C. L. S. C.

“Has any plan been devised by which graduates may go on with

the regular classes as long as they wish, reading new and re-reading
old subjects?” Answer: We give a seal for the re-reading of former
years, and also a special seal for those who continue year after year
to read.

Our excellent Canadian friend, Mr. James L. Hughes, writes: In

answer to your query respecting the origin of the name “Canada,” I
have the honor to state that the best authorities agree in deriving it
from an Indian word “Kan-na-ta,” meaning a village. It is certain that
Stadacona (Quebec) was spoken of as “Kan-na-ta,” and Champlain
found it to be a common name applied to Indian villages. This is the
received origin of the name. Some attribute its origin to the
Spaniards, who first visited the country in search of mines, but
finding none frequently exclaimed, “Aca Node,” “here is nothing.”
This is not now accepted as reliable. Several others have been given,
only one of which may be mentioned to show its absurdity. Some
one claimed that the French supplied their workmen in the colony
with canned food, and that each man was allowed a can a day!
Hence the name.
 A question.—“Some of our class reject the pronunciation of
Goethe’s name as given by Prof. Wilkinson in the Latin Course.
Please confirm—in the next number of The Chautauquan—the
Professor, or give us the correct pronunciation according to the
highest standard.”
An Answer:—The Rev. Dr. Jos. A. Seiss, of Philadelphia, pastor of
the leading Lutheran Church in Philadelphia, gives the following clear
and satisfactory answer to the question, “How shall we pronounce
the word Goethe?”
“There can be no doubt about the pronunciation of the
name of Goethe to those familiar with the sounds and
powers of the German alphabet, which are always and in
all relations the same. The diphthong oe, often written ö,
has the sound and force of a in gate. The remainder of
the name, the, has the sound of teh, pronounced nearly
the same as the English ty, with a slight vergence toward
ta as in take. Giving to the letters these sounds, the
pronunciation of Goethe would be represented by Gateh in
English phonography, or Gayty. It is hard for any other
than a German tongue to give exactly the sound of oe;
the above is as nearly as it can be represented in English
letters.
“Yours truly,
“Jos. A. Seiss.”
“45 East 68th St., New York, 17th April, ’84.
“Dear Sir:—In the name of Goethe the oe is
pronounced like the u in the words “but,” “hut,” “rut,” only
long. You stretch the u in those words and you will have
the vowel of the German oe as nearly as you can get it.
The th is pronounced like t, and the e at the close has the
sound of the e in “let,” “get,” etc., but is half swallowed.
 You see that it is very difficult to express in English letters
the pronunciation of the name of Goethe.
“Very truly yours,
“J. H. Vincent, Esq. C. Schurz.”

If members of the C. L. S. C. fail to receive prompt reply to their

letters addressed to the Superintendent of Instruction, they will
please remember the multitude of duties which crowd upon him,
especially at this time. He will, as soon as practicable, reply to every
letter on his table.
 OUTLINE OF C. L. S. C. READINGS.

JUNE, 1884.
The Required Readings for June include the second part of
“Pictures from English History,” Chautauqua Text-Books—No. 4,
English History, and No. 43, Good Manners, and the Required
Readings in The Chautauquan.

First Week (ending June 9).—1. Pictures from English History,

from chapter xxi, page 139 to page 175.
2. Readings in Roman History in The Chautauquan.
3. Sunday Readings in The Chautauquan for June 1.
4. Sunday Readings in The Chautauquan for June 8.

Second Week (ending June 16).—1. Pictures from English History,

from page 175 to page 207.
2. Readings in Art in The Chautauquan.
3. Sunday Readings in The Chautauquan for June 15.

Third Week (ending June 23).—1. Pictures from English History,

from page 207 to page 241.
2. Criticisms on American Literature in The Chautauquan.
3. Sunday Readings in The Chautauquan for June 22.
 Fourth Week (ending June 30).—1. Pictures from English History,
from page 241 to page 273.
2. Readings in United States History in The Chautauquan.
3. Sunday Readings for June 30.
 LOCAL CIRCLES.

Letter-writing, that is genuine letter-writing, where one fills a half-

dozen sheets with happy thoughts, spicy comments and fresh ideas
has become, if not a lost art, at least an old-fashioned
accomplishment. We lose much, both of culture and pleasure, when
we neglect our letters. Animated, interested, breezy letter-writing
produces almost the same feeling of sympathy and good fellowship
as a face-to-face visit, and no means of social intercourse quicker
brings into activity our best mental gifts. We fancy that among the
many good works of the C. L. S. C. must be included as one of the
first, the incentive which it has given to letter-writing in its
“Correspondence Circle.” It may surprise some of our readers to
know that already this circle numbers several hundred members.
Our first report from a local circle of correspondents comes from
Jersey City, N. J., and is very suggestive of what may be done.
The secretary writes: “Our little circle thinks it time to claim a place
in the family. We are septangular, perfect in number if in no other
respect. We can not strictly be called ‘local,’ as our angles are far
reaching. Three of our members live on Staten Island, one at Spring
Valley, one at Tappan, one in New York City, and one in Jersey City.
Our communication is maintained by correspondence. We
commenced our reading in October, 1882, and for one year plodded
along without the help to be gained from association. Then it was
agreed to carry on the work of a circle by correspondence. This plan
has been in successful operation for six months, and it has proved of
great benefit and interest to us all. The object of the circle is to
awaken a more active interest in and incite to a more thorough
study of the course of readings prescribed by the C. L. S C.,
therefore it is resolved: First, that on the first day of every month
each member shall prepare a list of questions (containing not less
than ten nor more than twenty) on the prescribed readings of the
preceding month, and forward as many copies of the list as there
are members in the circle to the secretary, who shall distribute them
to the members. These questions must be answered and returned to
the secretary within two weeks of the time of reception, after which
the collection of answered questions must be passed from one
member to another throughout the entire circle. Second—The
questions must be such as will admit of answers which can be
written on two lines of common note paper. We are seven busy
people, our president is an active business man, three of our
members are teachers, and we have all to use the corners of time to
keep up with our studies. The preparation and answering of our lists
of questions and answers adds greatly to our labor, but we all agree
that it pays. We are all loyal Chautauquans. Please count us in.”
The wonderful class of ’87 is doing a great deal of enthusiastic
work, if one is to judge from the throngs of reports that come to us.
We have never had as many new circles to report as we have this
month, and at no time have the reports been more enthusiastic and
suggestive. Biddeford, Me., starts the list with a circle of nearly
fifty. They have a capital idea in their “German evening,” in which
the history, literature and music of the “Fatherland” was honored by
carefully selected exercises. Very similar to this must have been the
“Tour through Germany” which the Knoxville, Tenn., circle took
one evening not long ago. They had a delightful time, as their letter
shows: “One member conducted the party from Knoxville to New
York, across the ocean to Bremen, and then to Frankfort. Another
member took us to a German hotel, then sightseeing in Frankfort,
and to a German home, where our hostess kindly showed us over
her house and explained many of their customs. This member of the
circle was also our guide on all our journeys, and pointed out many
of the peculiarities of the customs and people, and called our
attention to many amusing incidents. Other members of the circle
described the principal cities which we visited, government buildings,
art galleries, pictures, etc. Altogether, the evening we spent in
Germany was one of the most delightful of the year.”
 From the hill town of East Barrington, N. H., a friend sends a
most interesting account of the founding of their circle. “This is a
scattered farming community,” she writes, “containing an unusual
number—for its population—of people desirous of more intellectual
advantages than have heretofore been within their reach. We are
too far from the cities to derive much benefit from lectures, libraries,
etc., and are not rich enough to have them at home. Chautauqua
offers just what we need. My oldest son is a member of the class of
1886. The other children are ‘picking up’ a great deal, and will join
as soon as they are old enough. I did not join with him—for I feared
with my many cares I should not find the requisite time; but I can
not let the books alone, and have kept step with him so far. He read
alone the first year. Every one to whom he recommended the course
—and that was every acquaintance—shook their heads doubtfully.
‘Greek, Russian History, Geology? O, no! we are not “up” to that.’ I
did not like that. I knew better, and procured a copy of ‘Hall in the
Grove’ and sent it on its mission. Result—a C. L. S. C. organized
January 1, 1884. Four regular members, and a number of local ones,
which increased with every meeting, and who all announced their
determination to ‘begin squarely next October.’ Many of our
members are in my Bible class, and I can see the fruits of their
reading every week. At home I see it every day. I would not have
dared to report our little band as a circle, were it not for the notice
in the March number of The Chautauquan—‘If there are but two
members associated in study, report as a circle.’ You may judge of
our enthusiasm when I say that some members drive four miles in a
New Hampshire winter to attend the meetings.” It takes a great deal
of pluck, as well as enthusiasm, for people to brave New Hampshire
winters, but no more, perhaps, than the little circle at North
Weymouth, Mass., has to exercise in carrying out all the work of a
full-grown circle while numbering but two. In spite of numbers they
meet on Monday evening of each week, and look forward with great
deal of pleasure to those meetings. They generally question each
other on the studies of the previous week, and sometimes read
essays on what has been studied. On the memorial nights they invite
in some of their friends, varying the order of exercises, and doing
their best to entertain. What a lesson to some of us who adjourn if
the leader is absent, and who enforce but one parliamentary rule—
that of requiring a quorum to have a meeting!
From Brighton, Beverly, Melrose and Shirley, Mass., we hear
of new classes. At Roxbury a circle of twenty-three was organized
in November last. One of their members declares that he never
enjoyed anything more. Twelve busy people form the “Pansy” Circle,
of Chelsea, the second circle of that city, organized last October.
They write that they are obliged to plan a great deal to find time to
accomplish their readings, but that they are so interested that they
do not often fail.
The “Raymond Circle” formed on January 1st, and composed of
eighteen members, is the third class now in active operation at Lynn.
Eight new circles from Massachusetts in one report!
At Greenwich, Conn., the members of the class of ’87 have
organized the “Sappho Circle.”
Babylon, R. I., has a circle of over thirty, which has been in
operation since last October. It is said that a dozen circles were
formed in Providence, R. I., last fall; if this be true they have not
all reported, although we have three reports of new organizations
before us: The “Clio Circle” numbering forty-two, the “Whittier
Circle” of thirteen, and the “Milton Circle” with twenty-two members.
These circles all mention as one of their greatest social pleasures,
the interchange of courtesies by the circles on Memorial Days. On
Longfellow’s Day, “Milton Circle” entertained their C. L. S. C. friends
in the city.
To the already goodly list of New York circles we have six new
ones to add from the following towns: Bath, Cicero, Manchester,
Pultney, West Galway, and Gouverneur. The circle at Bath has a
membership of thirty, a full corps of officers, and a prepared
program, which they find both pleasant and profitable. At Cicero the
circle was not formed until January 1, but the reading has been so
enjoyable that they have done double work to “catch up.” The circle
of fourteen at Manchester have honored themselves by giving their
class the name of the “Mary A. Lathbury Circle.” Miss Lathbury’s
birthplace and early home was Manchester. At Gouverneur the circle
has increased to thirty-eight members since its organization, and
they seem particularly interested. The work has been done so
willingly that the secretary writes: “It has been pleasant to note how
ready the members are to respond when called upon to prepare
articles for the society, and what thorough work they are willing to
do, though they are all busy people.” In the report of their
Longfellow memorial we were pleased to notice that they had a
paper on “Longfellow’s prose-writings,” a subject which was almost
entirely neglected in most of the programs. There are many fine
things in Longfellow’s prose. An evening spent with the poet is
hardly complete if it neglects “Outre-Mer,” “Hyperion,” and
“Kavanagh.” The experience of the Gouverneur circle is that of many
others when it writes: “One of the chief benefits which we derive
from our meetings is that which comes from knowing each other
better. Our circle is made up of people who would not often be
called together by other interests, so that beside the benefit that
comes from the reading and study, we have each added to our list of
friends many whom we can not lose.”
The secretary writes from the circle of fifteen at Tunkhannock,
Pa.: “I can say, not boastingly, but confidently, that but few, if any,
circles are more wide awake or thorough in the course;” while from
West Middlesex, of the same state, they send word that they are
trying by careful study to hail their fellow students from the top
round of the ladder.
A vigorous, growing circle exists at Reading, Pa. In March they
held a public meeting which did much to extend public interest in
the C. L. S. C. They prepared an excellent program, taking care to
select subjects which would show the scope of the Chautauqua
work, and presented it so entertainingly that many were aroused to
interest in the work.
 From Corry, Pa., the “Omega” is reported, and from Troy
Center, of the same state, a member of the new circle organized
there in January, 1884, writes of the influence of their reading:
“Though we are country people we find both enjoyment and
improvement in our reading. The meager knowledge of the farmer
has widened into that of their more fortunate brethren. I doubt if
some of the hopes, inspirations and longings that have been kindled
by this winter’s studies will be satisfied by the old ways of spending
the few leisure moments that come to us.”
Lancaster, Pa., organized a circle in December, the first in the
city, and so called “No. 1.”
The Asbury C. L. S. C. in Wilmington, Del., numbering about
twenty-five members, was organized September last. They write:
“Our meetings, held semi-monthly, are exceedingly interesting, being
conducted on the conversational plan, affording us an opportunity of
hearing the opinions and ideas of the different members, giving us
new thoughts, as well as impressing what we have read more
indelibly upon our memories; we also have questions prepared by
different members on some particular branch of our studies.”
We are always glad to hear of new circles in the South. This
month we have an excellent item from Richmond, Va. A circle was
formed there last November with a membership of six, and it has
steadily increased, until they now have a membership of thirty,
which comprises nearly all of the male teachers in the city and three
of the principals. They have given two public entertainments, both of
which met with marked success.
At Media, Ohio, there is a C. L. S. C. “Olive Branch” of ten
members, which so arranges its programs that each member has
something to do at each meeting—a most excellent plan to insure
interest and attention. At Springboro, Ohio, is another new circle
of four members, but so zealous that in spite of numbers they have
observed all the “Days.” Saint Paris, Ohio, reports a class of
fourteen, organized in October last, most of whom, they write, are
reading the White Seal Course in addition to their regular work. At
Franklin, Ohio, is a quartette of readers, brought together by one
lady’s visit last summer to the Monteagle Assembly, and she now
writes of their circle: “We meet once a week. Read and talk, and
query and give information most informally, and always have
delightful times. We have decided that outside of our Chautauqua
work we are the four busiest people in town, yet we find time to do
our work. Not so thoroughly as we would like, but in such a way as
to derive much benefit from it.”
At both Franklin and Crawfordsville, Ind., there are new
circles, each numbering twenty-eight members. The circle at Marion
(a beautiful town of about 5,000 inhabitants in central Indiana), is
the result of the efforts of a few ladies who, after much thought, and
many misgivings, started out one afternoon to try and interest the
ladies of their town in the good work. The time was surely just right
for such an enterprise, for they met with a success beyond their
most sanguine expectations. Fortunately they succeeded in enlisting
many of their friends, who were ladies of influence, and now have a
flourishing organization known as the “Marion C. C.” They have a
membership of twenty-three, an average attendance of about
twenty, and all so deeply interested, that they write that there is not
one but anticipates the four years’ course.
Preston, Carbondale and Tuscola, towns of Illinois, have each
formed new circles this year. The Tuscola circle rejoices in a member
who, having traveled through Europe, delights them by picturing St.
Peter’s, St. Paul’s, the Appian Way, the Coliseum, Westminster
Abbey, and many other places of historic interest.
A new circle which was formed last October at Kalamazoo,
Mich., reports a very promising outlook in the growth of the work
there; while the circle at Erie, Mich., organized in the fall, and now
numbering twenty-eight members, says: “We have every reason to
hope for a large addition to our membership in October next.”
Perhaps the secret is to be found in the interest they are taking in
their work, for they write: “We congratulate ourselves on the
pleasure afforded us by our studies, and on the improvement from
month to month in the work of individual members.”
We like that sort of interest in the C. L. S. C. which leads
members to do everything in their power to follow the methods
outlined by the leaders. It is such interest that makes the Circle grow
—a case to the point comes from Winfield, Mich., from a member,
who writes: “I have secured a student to join in the studies of the C.
L. S. C. for the class of ’87, and so am able to report as a circle from
this place, though only two of us.” Too often “only two of us” is
made an excuse for not joining the Plainfield office.
“We are doing very thorough work, not only reading, but
studying,” writes the secretary of the Litchfield, Mich., circle.
Howell, Mich., has a circle of thirty-five ’87s. They had the
privilege of welcoming the president of the class of ’87, the Rev.
Frank Russell, on the 20th of February last, on the evening of which
day he delivered his popular lecture on the “Man Invisible,” there
under the auspices of their local circle. They took occasion to
celebrate his coming with a reunion of the Chautauqua circles of the
county. A most excellent idea, and one that evidently did both the
fortunate hosts and guests much good, for they declare that they
feel sure that all present were encouraged to press on to help swell
the “Pansy” class of ’87 to 20,000.
The “Flour City,” Minneapolis, Minn., circle, commenced work
the first of November. “Our number,” they write, “does not exceed
twenty. We meet every Monday night for two hours, even when the
thermometer has been on its way from twenty-five to thirty-five
below zero. There is a great deal of pressure upon our lives in this
thriving city, and we have not attempted to follow out attractive lines
of study suggested, but have followed the course carefully, varying
our exercises from time to time. We get up maps and charts, and
exhibit pictures of places that we study about. Recently we spent the
evening with the German authors from whose pens extracts have
appeared. Each member present had a character, and all were well
prepared. It proved one of our most delightful evenings.”
 A “Chautauqua Triangle” meets weekly at Grinnell, Iowa. From
Brighton, Iowa, a class of nine is reported, and from Ackley, of
the same state, a lady writes: “Our circle of about a dozen members
has just been organized, what it lacks in numbers being made up in
enthusiasm. We are to meet weekly. We have considerable variety
among our members, some being college graduates, and others
wishing they were; some being C. L. S. C. graduates, and others
hoping to become such in ’86 or ’87, and still others, knowing that
they can not pass through the ‘beautiful golden gate’ before ’88. For
the sake of such we unite in reading the ‘Bryant Course’ for the rest
of this C. L. S. C. year, the old C. L. S. C.ists taking that work in
addition to the regular reading, on which all will enter in the fall.”
A little company of readers have formed a new circle at
Davenport, Iowa. The interest in the C. L. S. C. course is
increasing constantly, there being now over fifty persons who are
taking the whole or parts of the course.
Our friends at Corydon, Iowa, have been experiencing the
effects of being too social. Their club of fifteen was organized last
fall. Their meetings were always pleasant, but as they had no plan in
their work they often found themselves unwittingly off the topic.
Fortunately they discovered their mistake, and voted to reform. They
write: “The two most profitable meetings we have yet had, were the
two since ‘the change.’ Now we think we have the ‘Chautauqua
Idea.’”
Kansas sends word of two new clubs; one at Elk Falls, of nine
members, and another at Andover, of seven.
From New Market, Platt County, Mo., we have received the
program of the exercises held on Longfellow’s Day by the circle of
four there.
The teachers of the Natchez union schools, at Natchez,
Missouri, were formed into a circle in December.
 In Southern Dakota, at Bijou Hills, the circle of ’87 has been
holding weekly meetings all winter, and writes that notwithstanding
the limited advantages on the frontier they are not discouraged, but
live in hopes of having a larger circle next year.
In January there was formed a circle at McGregor, Texas. Two
of the members are of the class of ’82, and until recently lived in
New York state, having spent nine happy summers at Chautauqua.
One of the beautiful things about Chautauqua is that you can carry it
with you—even as far as Texas, and that, as these two friends have
done, you can impart its strength and inspiration to others.
The first report which The Chautauquan has received from
Wyoming Territory comes from Cheyenne, where, in February, a
circle was organized consisting of eight active members, who
pledged themselves to complete the four years’ course of study.
With true Western vim they write: “Although small in numbers, we
are earnest in purpose, and are determined to be in the front ranks
among the classes of 1887.”
Canon City, Col., has organized a circle of ten busy
housekeepers, who, though they have long been away from the
discipline of the school room, yet find that it becomes continually
easier to master the readings.
Linden, California, has a class of seven regular members, with
a few “socials.”
There is a great deal of genuine, healthy, social life in the C. L. S.
C., and a great many pleasant plans followed by different circles,
which can not fail to be suggestive to others. The “Alpha” circle, of
Lewiston, Maine, closed the year of 1882-3 with a social at the
home of one of the members. While making merry over cake and ice
cream, the writing of a book by the circle, each member contributing
one chapter, was proposed. The idea was at once accepted by all.
The plan of the book, subject, etc., was decided upon, two of the
members volunteering to write a poem. The first meeting of the
circle this Chautauqua year was a lakeside picnic, at which the party
added to the usual picnic sports the election of officers for this year,
and the reading of the first chapter of their book. We hope that book
will be finished and reported. They are not alone in their
“Chautauqua picnic.” The Galesburg, Ill. circle kept alive their
enthusiasm last summer by holding one in the vacation, to which all
Chautauquans of the city were invited, whether graduates or not.
Perhaps the chief social event in the C. L. S. C. world so far this
year has been the Alumni banquet held by the classes of ’82 and ’83,
in Boston, on February 23d, in honor of Dr. Vincent, and Dr.
Hurlbut. The Boston Journal gave a full account of the event, and
from it we quote: “The ladies and gentlemen who by virtue of their
diplomas became members of the ‘Hall in the Grove’—so the menu
announced—were presided over for the day by Rev. O. S. Baketel.
Prof. W. F. Sherwin acted as toastmaster, and never did a more
humorous or genial master call for responses. He wanted a short,
pleasant, instructive, amusing, cheerful, delightful, jocose, scientific
speech from every one, and thought that five or six minutes’
speaking would surely not take ten minutes’ time. The class
representatives called upon endeavored to follow out this request,
the first one, Rev. George Benedict, of Hanson class, of ’87,
condensing his short, pleasant, etc., oration to half a dozen words
uttered in one minute. As soon as the toastmaster realized that ’87’s
speech was disposed of, he called upon him ‘who had been under
the snow so long,’ Rev. B. P. Snow, of Biddeford, Me., class of ’86,
and Mr. Snow described in glowing colors the work of the C. L. S. C.
in popularizing culture for older people, declaring that it was not a
college of universal smatter, but one of real work and progress. Rev.
J. E. Fullerton, of Hopkinton, who responded for the class of ’85,
spoke of the Chautauqua movement as Christian, popular,
progressive and peculiarly American. For the classes of ’84 and ’83,
Rev. W. N. Richardson, of East Saugus, and Rev. Alexander Dight, of
Holliston, respectively, responded. Each speaker had naturally
spoken in immeasurably high terms of the ability and wisdom of his
own particular class, but it remained for the final class
representative, Rev. Dr. J. L. Hurlbut, of ’82, to put the climax on
humorous mock modesty and class exaltation by eulogizing the first
graduating class of the Circle to the very highest skies, declaring that
it possessed so much knowledge that there was scarcely enough left
to go around among the other classes, and, moreover, it had laid the
foundation of the great people’s college. A few hearty words
laudatory of the founder of the Chautauqua movement, Dr. Vincent,
and then the speaker announced that henceforth that day, February
23d, the anniversary of the birthday of the beloved Superintendent
of Instruction, was to be recognized and celebrated as ‘Founder’s
Day.’ When the applause which greeted this announcement had
subsided, toastmaster Sherwin bade the assembly ‘do just as I do,’
and then taught them the ‘Chautauqua salute’ with variations,
consisting of fifteen waves of the handkerchief in front and above
the head. Dr. Vincent arose after this salute, and having expressed
his appreciation and thanks, spoke to his pupils on the distinctive
character of the C. L. S. C. ‘A short dialogue,’ announced toastmaster
Sherwin, ‘will now be given,’ and in accordance with this instruction
Rev. Mr. Full, of South Framingham, recited his prepared part, which
closed with a presentation to the Superintendent of two valuable
sets of books, the works of Hawthorne and Oliver Wendell Holmes,
as a slight token of the admiration of the alumni. The second part of
the dialogue came from Dr. Vincent, who, although entirely
unprepared and taken completely by surprise, yet acknowledged in
graceful terms the gift of his friends. A final prayer, and then the
alumni of C. L. S. C. separated for their homes.”
The class of ’82 has set an excellent example to all succeeding
classes by the way in which they have kept up their “class feeling”—
especially has the New England Branch been faithful in paying
allegiance to their Alma Mater, and in holding fast to the class bonds.
Last August, at Framingham, they held a very pleasant reunion. The
president of the N. E. branch of class of ’86, Mr. Pike, presided.
Speeches were made by many gentlemen, well-known workers in
the C. L. S. C. Songs were sung and a class poem read. A delightful
affair in every respect, and one that they should try to repeat each
summer.
We do not often find new Memorial Days being added to the list,
but the “Merrimac” C. L. S. C. of Newburyport, Mass., has added
one. “Although Whittier’s birthday is not a ‘Memorial,’ yet we felt we
must observe it, as he belongs almost to us, living just across ‘Our
River,’ which he has enshrined in verse, and from which we receive
our title.” This class is enjoying some excellent “helps” in their work.
Quite recently a gentleman, well fitted for the work, kindly favored
them with an address on Biology, supplementing his words with
microscopic views. They have now, in prospectus, a whole evening
with the microscope, through the courtesy of an educated German
resident, and also hope from him a “Talk” on his nation’s customs
and ceremonies.
From the list of special occasions we must not omit the
entertainment which the circle of Hampshire, Ill., held at the close
of their last year of study. They had a Chautauqua banquet, each
member having the privilege of inviting one guest. A very interesting
literary program was prepared by the members, consisting of essays,
recitations and music, followed by toasts. All present declared the
evening delightful. The circle has increased this year from twelve to
twenty-three.
Not many lectures have been reported as yet. Under the auspices
of the C. L. S. C. of Nashville, Tenn., Dr. J. H. Worman, the well
known German professor in the C. S. L., lectured March 3rd, at the
Nashville College for Young Ladies, on “Modern Art.” The society is to
be congratulated on securing so able a speaker as Prof. Worman. At
Milwaukee, Wis., the six circles, Alpha, Beta, Grand Avenue, Delta,
Iota, and Bay View, had a delightful entertainment the 29th of
March, when President Farrar, of the Milwaukee College, devoted an
hour and a half to “Views of Architecture” from the earliest Egyptians
down to the present time, given with the fine stereopticon which he
uses every week in the Ladies’ Art Class of over two hundred
members.
 The old circles seem to be doing splendid work. Richford, N. Y.,
reports a steadily increasing interest and determination. A member
of the “Harlem” Circle, New York City, describes in an entertaining
letter their method of quizzing. It is good. The quizzing forms a
regular feature of the program, and is limited to fifteen minutes. It is
conducted by some one previously appointed. After that any
member may question the quizzer for a few minutes longer. Our
correspondent has been doing some useful C. L. S. C. work. He sent
one of his old copies of The Chautauquan home, and the people there
were so much pleased with its plan, that they are planning for some
similar organization in their midst.
At Ithaca, N. Y., the circle is fortunate enough to be in reach of
Cornell University and its professors. They are improving their
opportunities, too, having recently had lectures on “Architecture”
and “Political Economy.”
We like the ring of the report from South Lansing, N. J. It is
worth while to belong to a circle of two if it can be as pleasant as
this one: “In number we are but two (sisters)—the only C. L. S. C. in
this place. The duties of the usual officers of circles are borne by
either member, as opportunity seems to favor. Examinations,
reviews, exercises in pronunciation and definition are held at the
most unconscionable hours by a self-constituted leader. Suddenly a
member, inspired by some new reading, or a suggested thought,
resolves into an animated question box; or perhaps, presumes to
criticise some notable book. In this systemless manner we conduct
our unadjourned meeting, and though our method, or rather, lack of
method, may not be commendable to other circles, it certainly helps
to meet the exigencies of ours. As we take leave of the regular
course—for we are ’84s—we would join our voices to the chorus of
Chautauqua enthusiasts.”
Naples, N. Y., has a circle of twelve, of the class of ’86, the fruit
of the zealous work of one lady. This same friend was instrumental
in arousing interest in the reading at West Bloomfield, where now
there is a class of thirty. She accomplished this, she writes, while
visiting the town, by introducing the C. L. S. C. into every tea party
she attended while there.
A two-year-old club exists at New Wilmington, Pa., from which
we have never before heard. There are twenty-four members. “As a
rule,” writes the secretary, “our members are teachers and business
men and women who have little spare time, but that little is
enthusiastically and profitably employed. We are fortunate in
possessing several members who are graduates of Westminster and
other colleges. The studies are made interesting by a thorough
recitation in each study. Obscure points are brought out and
discussed freely and searchingly. The exercises are spiced by essays
on, and recitations from favorite authors and subjects. Also by
question box, debates, and music.”
The pleasant circle at Hillsboro, O., is enjoying the reading and
doing very thorough work.
There are two excellent features in the report received from the
society at South Toledo, O. The members hand in a list of words to
the vice president to be corrected—including mispronounced words,
or those about whose pronunciation they are undecided, and they
are at once corrected—the discussion over points doing much
toward fixing the correct forms in their minds. Their city, on the
banks of the Maumee River, historical ground, with old Fort Miami
and Meigs standing sentinel over their respective charges, South
Toledo and Perrysburg, and these enterprising students have wisely
made the most of their location. They write: “In connection with our
reading of Canadian and American History, in which the greatest
interest was taken, ‘we dived down deep’ into the subject, had the
history of this memorable spot written by our secretary, who gave an
account of the battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, fought between
General Wayne, accompanied by General Scott and their forces, and
Indians under command of Blue Jacket and Little Turtle, with their
Canadian allies. The points of interest mentioned being so familiar to
us; also gave the history of the settlement of Maumee (now South
Toledo), with the progress of the place, and difficulties encountered,
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