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PREFACE TO THE FOURTH EDITION

Our aim in writing the fourth edition of this book has been the same as it was for all previous
editions: to provide students of commercial law with a book that combines extracts from the
cases and other materials with a substantial commentary that helps put those extracts in
context and questions their significance. We hope we have got somewhere near to achieving
that goal.
The fourth edition takes account of scores of new cases and includes extracts from the
most significant: J & H Ritchie Ltd v Lloyd Ltd (sale of goods); Lonsdale v Howard & Hallam
Ltd (agency); Architects of Wine Ltd v Barclays Bank plc (cheques); Barbados Trust Co v Bank
of Zambia and Offer-Hoar v Larkstore Ltd (assignment); Re Spectrum Plus Ltd (charges);
Marubeni Hong Kong and South China Ltd v Mongolian Government (guarantees). New
legislation has also impacted upon commercial law, including the Consumer Credit Act
2006, which amends the Consumer Credit Act 1974, and the Companies Act 2006, and we
have assumed that these important statutes are fully in force whenever we have referred to
them in the book. The chapter on trade finance has been rewritten to take account of the
2007 revision of the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, and the section
of the book that deals with bills of exchange and banking incorporates references to the 2008
editions of the Banking Code and the Business Banking Code.
We are grateful to the many people who have provided us with advice and assistance. Our
particular thanks go to our colleagues in Cambridge and beyond, to David Wills and the
staff of the Squire Law Library, to Meera Patel, who provided valuable administrative assist-
ance as the project drew to a close, to our publishers and, not least, to our families.
We have tried to state the law as it stood from sources available to us on 1 January 2008,
although our publishers have kindly allowed us to incorporate some changes and new
material at proof stage.

Len Sealy
Richard Hooley
Cambridge
May 2008
This page intentionally left blank
CONTENTS

Preface to the fourth edition vii

Acknowledgements xvii
Table of statutes xx
Table of cases xxxvi

PART I INTRODUCTION

1 An introduction to commercial law 3

1 The nature of commercial law 3
2 The function of commercial law 9
3 The historical development of commercial law 14
4 The sources of commercial law 21
5 The role of equity in commercial law 29
6 Public law in the commercial arena 35
7 The philosophy and concepts of commercial law 38
8 The codification of commercial law 46
9 The challenges for commercial law in the twenty-first century 48

2 Basic concepts of personal property 55

1 The distinction between real and personal property 55
2 Types of personal property 56
3 What is property? 57
4 What are the characteristics of property rights? 61
5 Types of property rights 64
6 The significance of property rights 64
7 Ownership 68
8 Acquisition and transfer of legal and equitable ownership 70
9 Possession 72
10 Attornment 75
11 Transfer of possession 76
12 The importance of possession 77
13 Bailment 78
14 Types of bailment 80
x Contents

15 The bailee’s liability 82

16 Bailment and third parties 88

PART II THE LAW OF AGENCY

3 Introduction 95
1 The legal concept of agency 95

4 Creation of agency and the authority of the agent 111

1 Creation of the agency relationship 111
2 Authority of the agent 113

5 Relations with third parties 149

1 Disclosed agency 149
2 Undisclosed agency 179

6 Relations between principal and agent 202

1 Duties of the agent 202
2 Rights of the agent 231
3 Termination of agency 244

PART III DOMESTIC SALES LAW

7 Introduction and definitions 265

1 Introduction 265
2 Definitions 267
3 Sale of goods distinguished from other transactions 278
4 Formation of the contract of sale 293

8 Passing of the property in the goods as between seller and buyer 295
1 Significance of the passing of property 295
2 Relationship of property to risk 299
3 Statutory provisions relating to perishing of specific goods 304
4 Frustration of sale of goods contracts 314
5 Rules for determining when the property passes 315

9 Transfer of title 349

1 The rule nemo dat quod non habet 349
2 First exception: estoppel 352
 Contents xi

3 Second exception: sale under the Factors Act 1889, s 2 364

4 Third exception: sale under power of sale or court order 374
5 Fourth exception: sale in market overt (now repealed) 375
6 Fift h exception: sale under a voidable title 375
7 Sixth exception: sale by seller continuing in possession 377
8 Seventh exception: sale by buyer in possession 381
9 Eighth exception: sale by unpaid seller under SGA 1979, s 48 390
10 Ninth exception: private purchase of motor vehicle held on hire purchase 390

10 Statutory implied terms 392

1 Introduction 392
2 The implied condition as to title (s 12(1)) 393
3 Sale of a limited title 396
4 The implied warranties as to freedom from encumbrances and
quiet possession (s 12(2)(a), (b)) 396
5 The implied condition that the goods will correspond with their
description (s 13) 397
6 Implied terms as to quality and fitness 405
7 Terms implied in sales of goods by sample (s 15) 417
8 Exclusion of seller’s liability 419
9 Product liability 421
10 Consumer guarantees 422

11 Performance of the contract 423

1 Duties of the seller 423
2 Duties of the buyer 425
3 Instalment contracts 426

12 Remedies of the seller 431

1 Action for the price 431
2 Action for damages for non-acceptance 435
3 Seller’s right to terminate contract upon breach or repudiation by buyer 437
4 Remedies of an unpaid seller 438

13 Remedies of the buyer 471

1 Introduction 471
2 To reject the goods 471
3 Buyer’s action for damages for non-delivery 477
4 Action for damages for late delivery 483
5 Action for damages for breach of warranty 484
xii Contents

6 Buyer’s remedies at common law 485

7 Specific performance 485
8 Buyer’s additional remedies in consumer sales 486

PART IV INTERNATIONAL SALES

14 International sales 489

1 Introduction 489
2 Typical export transactions 492
3 FAS contracts 493
4 FOB contracts 494
5 CIF contracts 498
6 Ex ship or ‘arrival’ contracts 507
7 Contracts for the international sale of goods shipped in bulk 509
8 Contracts of sale involving road, rail, and/or air transport 510
9 Payment in international sales transactions 511

PART V BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND BANKING

15 Negotiable instruments 515

1 Introduction 515
2 Definition of a negotiable instrument 516
3 How instruments come to be negotiable 522
4 Types of negotiable instrument 525
5 Advantages of a negotiable instrument 526

16 Bills of exchange 530

1 The use of bills of exchange 530
2 The Bills of Exchange Act 1882 530
3 Definition of a bill of exchange 532
4 Transfer of a bill of exchange 537
5 Persons entitled to the benefit of the obligation on the bill 546
6 Liability on the bill of exchange: general principles 562
7 Liability on the bill: specific parties 569
8 Enforcement of the bill 573
9 Discharge of the bill 576
10 Mistaken payment 578
 Contents xiii

17 Banks and their customers 595

1 Bank regulation 595
2 What is a ‘bank’? 603
3 Who is a ‘customer’? 611
4 The nature of the banker-customer relationship 615
5 Terms of the banker-customer contract 619
6 Bank’s duty to honour the customer’s mandate 631
7 Bank’s duty to obey the customer’s countermand 638
8 Bank’s duty of care 645
9 Bank’s fiduciary duties 656
10 Banks and undue influence 659
11 Banks and fraud: liability ‘as a constructive trustee’ 679
12 Bank’s duty of confidentiality 689
13 The customer’s duty of care 701
14 Termination of banker-customer relationship 710
15 Dispute resolution 712

18 Payment systems 714

1 Introduction 714
2 The nature of a funds transfer 715
3 Terminology 719
4 Credit/debit transfers 720
5 Clearing and settlement 726
6 Clearing systems and clearing rules 731
7 Duties of the banks involved in a funds transfer 733
8 Countermand 754
9 Completion of payment 756
10 Unwanted payments 763

19 Cheques and other instruments 768

1 Cheques 768
2 Promissory notes 799
3 Banker’s drafts 802
4 Travellers’ cheques 802

20 Payment cards 804

1 Introduction 804
2 Types of payment card 808
3 Contractual networks 811
xiv Contents

4 The regulation of contractual relationships 833

5 Liability for unauthorised transaction 838
6 Connected lender liability 841

PART VI THE FINANCING OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

21 The financing of international trade 847

1 Documentary bills 847
2 Documentary credits 849
3 Standby credits, performance bonds and guarantees 913
4 Other financing methods 927
5 Export credit guarantees 928

PART VII ASSIGNMENT AND RECEIVABLES FINANCING

22 Assignment of choses in action 931

1 Introduction 931
2 Statutory assignment 940
3 Equitable assignment 955
4 Principles applicable to both statutory and equitable assignments 967

23 Receivables financing 1016

1 General introduction 1016
2 Financing by sale 1026
3 Financing by secured transactions 1043
4 Equities affecting assigned receivables 1068
5 Priorities 1068
6 Reform 1071
7 International factoring 1071

PART VIII COMMERCIAL CREDIT AND SECURITY

24 Introduction 1075
1 Commercial credit 1075
2 Security 1077

25 Possessory security 1091

1 Pledge 1091
2 Lien 1106
3 Reform 1122
 Contents xv

26 Non-possessory security 1123

1 Mortgage 1123
2 Equitable charge 1131
3 Equitable lien 1138
4 Statutory control 1139
5 Reform 1148

27 Guarantees 1150
1 The legal nature of a guarantee 1150
2 Guarantee and indemnity distinguished 1151
3 Characterisation 1151
4 Types of guarantees 1157
5 The contract of guarantee 1160
6 Relations between creditor and surety 1171
7 Relations between surety and principal debtor 1184
8 Relations between co-sureties 1185

PART IX PRINCIPLES OF INSURANCE LAW

28 Insurance 1189
1 Introduction 1189
2 Formation of the contract 1192
3 Content and interpretation of the contract 1198
4 Liability of the insurer 1202
5 Rights of the insurer 1205
6 Marine insurance 1206

PART X INSOLVENCY LAW

29 Insolvency 1209
1 Introduction 1209
2 The basic objectives of insolvency law 1210
3 The various definitions of insolvency 1212
4 Insolvency procedures 1213

APPENDIX FORMS

1 Commercial invoice 1243

2 Combined transport bill of lading 1245
xvi Contents

3 Application to open irrevocable documentary credit 1253

4 Irrevocable documentary credit 1255
5 Factoring agreement 1258
6 Master block discounting agreement 1269
7 Trust receipt 1276
8 ‘All monies’ continuing bank guarantee 1278

Index 1285
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Grateful acknowledgement is made to all the authors and publishers of copyright material
which appears in this book, and in particular to the following for permission to reprint
material from the sources indicated.
Extracts from Law Commission Reports, Committee Reports and other government papers
are Crown copyright material and are reproduced under Class Licence Number C2006010631
with the permission of the Controller of OPSI and the Queen’s Printer.
Association for Payment Clearing Services for tables from UK Payments Statistics 2007,
copyright © APACS 2007. Note: APACS can accept no liability that may arise from any third
party’s reliance on these data.
Cambridge Law Journal and the authors for extracts from Cambridge Law Journal: Kevin
Gray: ‘Property in Thin Air’, CLJ 252 (1991); and L S Sealy: ‘ “Risk” in the Law of Sale’,
CLJ 225 (1972).
Canadian Bar Association for extract from G H L Fridman: ‘The Demise of Watteau v
Fenwick: Sign-o-Lite Ltd v Metropolitan Life Insurance Co’ 70 Canadian Bar Review 329
(1991).
CCH Editions for extracts from Commercial Law Cases and British Company Cases.
Council for Law Reporting for New South Wales for extract from the New South Wales Law
Reports (NSWLR) : Grey v Australian Motorists and General Insurance Co Pty Ltd [1976] 1
NSWLR 669, copyright © Council of Law Reporting for New South Wales 1994.
R Hooley for extract from ‘Payment in a Cashless Society’ in B A K Rider (ed): The Realm of
Company Law—A Collection of Papers in Honour of Professor Leonard Sealy (1998).
HSBC Bank plc and Roger A Brown, Senior Legal Advisor, Group Legal Department, HSBC
Holdings plc for the trade finance documentation used in the Appendix.
ICC Services Publications, 38 Cours Albert 1er, 75008 Paris, France, www.iccbooks.com,
for article 14(a) and (b) from Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits
(International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) Paris), copyright © ICC 2006. All rights
reserved.
Incorporated Council of Law Reporting for extracts from the Law Reports: Appeal Cases
(AC), Chancery Division (Ch), King’s Bench Division (KB), Queen’s Bench Division (QB), and
Weekly Law Reports (WLR).
Informa Law for figures from Mario Giovanoli: ‘Legal Issues Regarding Payment and
Netting Systems’ in J J Norton, C Reed and I Waldron (eds): Cross-Border Electronic Banking
(1995); and for extracts from Lloyd’s Law Reports (LLR).
Israel Law Review Association and the author for extract from A Barak: ‘The Nature of the
Negotiable Instrument’, 18 Israel LR 49 (1983).
xviii Acknowledgements

Law Book Co for extracts from Commonwealth Law Reports (CLR), © Law Book Co, part of
Thomson Legal and Regulatory Ltd, http://thomson.co.au.
Monash University Law Review for extract from R Goode: ‘The Codification of Commercial
Law’, 14 Mon LR 135 (1988).
Mohr Siebeck Verlag for extract from Tony Weir: ‘The Common Law System’ in International
Encylopedia of Comparative Law, Vol II, ch 2, Part III.
New Zealand Council for Law Reporting for extracts from the New Zealand Law Reports
(NZLR).
Oxford University Press for extracts from Paul Finn: ‘Fiduciary Law and the Modern
Commercial World’ in E McKendrick (ed): Commercial Aspects of Trust and Fiduciary
Obligations (OUP, 1992); R Goode: ‘Reflections on the Harmonization of Commercial
Law’ in R Cranston and R Goode (eds): Commercial and Consumer Law—National and
International Dimensions (OUP, 1993); L Sealy and S Worthington: Cases and Materials
in Company Law (8e, OUP, 2007); and from Oxford Journal of Legal Studies: E P Ellinger:
‘Bank’s liability for paying fraudulently issued cheques’, 5 OJLS 293 (1985).
Reed Elsevier (UK) Ltd trading as LexisNexis Butterworths for extracts from Kevin J Gray:
Elements of Land Law (1e, Butterworths, 1987); forms and documents used in the Appendix
from Encyclopedia of Forms and Precedents (Reed Elsevier, 5e, 2002); and extracts from Law
Reports: Butterworths Company Law Cases (BCLC) and All ER.
Standen Engineering Ltd for commercial invoice used in the Appendix.
Sweet and Maxwell Ltd for extracts from R Goode: ‘Commercial Law in an International
Environment: Towards the Next Millennium’ in R Goode: Commercial Law in the Next
Millennium (1998); F Oditah: Legal Aspects of Receivables Financing (1991); N E Palmer:
Bailment (2e, 1991); Snell’s Equity (30th edition, 2000); and Bowstead & Reynolds on Agency
(18th edition); and for extracts from Law Quarterly Review: R M Goode: ‘Ownership and
Obligation in Commercial Transactions’, 103 LQR 433 (1987); G McMeel: ‘Philosophical
Foundations of the Law of Agency’, 116 LQR 387 (2000); Sir Peter Millett: ‘Equity’s place
in the Law of Commerce’, 114 LQR 21( 1998); Severine Saintier: ‘Final guidelines on com-
pensation of commercial agents’, 124 LQR 31 (2008); G Samuel: ‘Civil and Commercial
Law: A Distinction worth making’, 102 LQR 569 (1986); and A Tettenborn: ‘ “Pay Now, Sue
Later”—Direct Debits, Set-Off and Commercial Practice’, 113 LQR 374, (1997); and from
Journal of Business Law: Charles Debattista: ‘The New UCP 600: Changes to the Tender of
the Sellers Shipping Documents under Letters of Credit’, JBL 329 (2007); R M Goode: ‘Some
Aspects of Factoring Law 1—The Acquisition of Rights and Receivables’, JBL 240 (1982) and
‘The Banker’s Duty of Confidentiality’, JBL 269 (1989); and C M Schmitthoff: ‘The concept of
Economic Law in England’, JBL 309 (1966) and ‘The codification of the Law of International
Trade’, JBL 34 (1985); and from Law Reports: Professional Negligence Law Reports (PNLR)
and Palmer’s Company Cases (PCC).
TransCargo International UK Ltd for combined transport bill of lading used in the
Appendix.
Wiley-Blackwell Publishing Ltd for extracts from Modern Law Review: G Battersby and
A D Preston: ‘The Concepts of “Property”, “Title” and “Owner” used in the Sale of Goods
 Acknowledgements xix

Act’, 35 MLR 268 (1972); F E Dowrick: ‘The Relationship of Principal Agent’, 17 MLR 24
(1954); and R King: ‘The Receiving Bank’s Role in Credit Transfer Transactions’, 45 MLR
369 (1982).
Every effort has been made to trace and contact copyright holders prior to publication but
this has not been possible in every case. If notified, the publisher will undertake to rectify
any errors or omissions at the earliest opportunity.
TABLE OF STATUTES

Access to Justice Act 1999 (11 Statutes 1483) . . . 967 4 . . . 1242

Agricultural Credits Act 1928 (1 Statutes 959) 5(2) . . . 535, 562, 801–2, 830
s 5(7) . . . 610 7(1), (2) . . . 535
Agricultural Holdings Act 1948 . . . 1021 (3) . . . 531, 536, 538–43
Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 (12 8 . . . 545, 775
Statutes 2351) . . . 597 (1) . . . 521, 544–5
Sch 2, Pt 3 . . . 694 (3) . . . 537
Arbitration Act 1889 to 1934 . . . 507 (4) . . . 543, 546
Arbitration Act 1996 (2 Statutes 566) . . . 12–3, 29, 49 9(1) . . . 535
s 1 . . . 12 10(1) . . . 535
7 . . . 224 11 . . . 535
46(l)(b) . . . 13 12 . . . 45
69 . . . 12 16(1) . . . 572
19 . . . 572
Bank Charter Act 1844 . . . 827 20 . . . 536, 554, 572
s 11 . . . 828 (1), (2) . . . 536
s 28 . . . 830 21(1) . . . 547, 552, 562
Bank of England Act 1946 (4 Statutes 462) (2) . . . 553
s 4(1) . . . 602 (3) . . . 550, 562, 777
Bank of England Act 1998 (4 Statutes 612) . . . 595, 22 . . . 547
602–3 (1) . . . 562
Bankers’ Books Evidence Act 1879 (17 Statutes (2)(a) . . . 562
393) . . . 690 23 . . . 151, 563, 570
s 7 . . . 694 24 . . . 535, 542, 546, 555, 566–7, 569, 578, 778,
9(1)(a) . . . 610 792, 815, 817
Banking Act 1979 (4 Statutes 469) . . . 597–600 (2) . . . 812
s 2(1) . . . 597 25 . . . 151, 563
47 . . . 798 26 . . . 165
Sch 1, 2 . . . 597 (1) . . . 151, 563–4
Banking Act 1987 (4 Statutes 473) . . . 49, 598–9, 602, (2) . . . 564
610–1, 697 27 . . . 547
s 1(1) . . . 598 (1) . . . 547, 551
(4) . . . 600 (a) . . . 532, 548, 551
67, 69 . . . 611 (b) . . . 548–9
Banking Act 1989 (2) . . . 547, 549–52, 558
s 89 . . . 836 (3) . . . 558, 792, 1117
Bankruptcy Act 1861 28(1) . . . 556
s 137 . . . 1046 29 . . . 555
Bankruptcy Act 1883 . . . 1209 (1) . . . 45, 553–4, 557–8, 789, 995
Bankruptcy Act 1914 . . . 1209 (a) . . . 577
s 31 . . . 1038–9 (b) . . . 558, 578, 792
44(1) . . . 1233–4 (2) . . . 559–60
Bills of Exchange Act 1882 (5 Statutes 414) . . . 15, 45, (3) . . . 554, 560–1
265–6, 519, 522, 530–2, 534, 539, 547, 30(2) . . . 45, 553–4
555, 566–7, 596, 610, 641, 723, 726, 31 . . . 553
769, 1206 (1), (2) . . . 537
Preamble . . . 531 (3) . . . 543
s 2 . . . 534, 542, 546, 550, 553, 562, 610 (4) . . . 544
3 . . . 528, 532, 722, 768 34(1), (2) . . . 537
(1) . . . 516, 534, 536, 540, 544, 550, 778, 802–3, (3) . . . 538
828
 Table of statutes xxi

(4) . . . 543 73 . . . 768, 803, 815

35 . . . 546 74 . . . 574–5
36(1) . . . 546, 577 (1) . . . 782
(3) . . . 556, 577 74A . . . 774
38(1) . . . 546, 552 74B . . . 774
(2) . . . 552–3, 559, 993 (1), (3), (6) . . . 774
39 . . . 573 s 75 . . . 612, 638
40 . . . 573 (2) . . . 641, 711
43(1) . . . 573 76(1) . . . 769
(2) . . . 573, 907 (2) . . . 769
44(1), (2), (3) . . . 573 77 . . . 769
45 . . . 574, 774 (2), (3), (4), (5), (6) . . . 769
(1) . . . 574 78 . . . 769–70
(2) . . . 575, 782 79(2) . . . 45, 770
(3) . . . 774 80 . . . 45, 778–9, 782, 784, 786–7, 798, 802
46(1) . . . 574 81 . . . 544–5, 769, 792
47(1) . . . 573 81A . . . 725, 768, 778
(2) . . . 561, 907 (1) . . . 543, 546, 769, 778, 783, 788, 792,
48–50 . . . 581 798, 802
48 . . . 575 (2) . . . 778
r (1) . . . 576 82 . . . 612, 779–81, 786–7
49, r (3) . . . 575 ss 83–89 . . . 801
(4) . . . 575 83 . . . 803
50(1) . . . 583 (1) . . . 799, 828
(2) . . . 576, 581 86 . . . 575
(c) . . . 576, 581 87 . . . 575
51(2) . . . 576 (1) . . . 801
52(1) . . . 574 88(1) . . . 547
(3) . . . 575 89 . . . 575
(4) . . . 576 (1) . . . 577, 801
53–8 . . . 569 (2) . . . 801
53(1) . . . 570, 956 (3) . . . 801
54(1) . . . 547, 570 90 . . . 45, 557, 780
(2) . . . 571 91(1) . . . 151, 563
(a) . . . 535, 540, 569 95 . . . 531
55(1) . . . 571 97(2) . . . 532
(a) . . . 547 Bills of Lading Act 1855 . . . 491, 509
(2) . . . 543, 556, 571 s 1 . . . 64
(a) . . . 547 Bills of Sale Act 1878 (5 Statutes 476) . . . 50, 946, 1043,
(b) . . . 535, 569 1122, 1133, 1139–40, 1145
(c) . . . 578 s 4, 8 . . . 1140
56 . . . 572 10, 11 . . . 1141
57 . . . 570 Bills of Sale Act (1878) Amendment Act 1882 (5
58 . . . 573 Statutes 491) . . . 50, 285, 287, 1124,
1133, 1139–40, 1145
(2) . . . 572
s 2 . . . 1145
(3) . . . 573, 578
3 . . . 1140
59 . . . 542, 546, 777
4, 5 . . . 1141
(1) . . . 45, 546, 571, 576–7
7 . . . 1129–30, 1146
(2), (3) . . . 571
7A . . . 1130, 1146–7
60 . . . 45, 649, 775, 777–82, 786, 798
8 . . . 1140, 1145
61 . . . 576
12 . . . 1145
62 . . . 576
13 . . . 1130, 1146
63 . . . 576
15 . . . 1140
64 . . . 569, 576, 770, 775, 784, 786–8
17 . . . 1139
(1) . . . 569, 776–8, 783–4, 786, 788
Bills of Sale Acts 1878–1891 . . . 1029, 1085, 1088, 1105,
68(5) . . . 139
1122, 1129, 1149
ss 73–82 . . . 768
xxii Table of statutes

Bretton Woods Agreements Act 1945 . . . 880 Companies Act 1989 (8 Statutes 872) . . . 1142
Building Societies Act 1986 (5 Statutes 514) Pt VII . . . 121
s 84(2) . . . 622 Companies Act 2006 . . . 122, 209, 458, 462, 1122,
Sch 12, Pt III, para 4 . . . 622 1139, 1142, 1149
s 17 . . . 122
Carriage by Air Act 1961 (4 Statutes 19) . . . 86, 510 28 . . . 122
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1971 (39 Statutes 39 . . . 562
324) . . . 86 (1) . . . 112, 122
Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1992 (39 Statutes 40 . . . 119–20, 122
451) . . . 11, 298, 491–2, 509, 512 (1) . . . 122
s 1(5) . . . 512 (2)(b)(i), (ii), (iii) . . . 122
2 . . . 64 41 . . . 122
(1) . . . 66 51 . . . 565
Cheques Act 1957 (5 Statutes 468) . . . 596, 610 (1) . . . 142, 171, 565
s 1 . . . 45, 612, 778–9, 781, 802 82 . . . 566
(2)(b) . . . 802 83 . . . 566
2 . . . 555, 789–91 (1), (2) . . . 566
3 . . . 790 170 . . . 209
4 . . . 45, 612, 775, 779, 788, 790, 792–3, 796–9, 802 (3), (4) . . . 209
(1) . . . 792, 798 174 . . . 208
(2) . . . 798 175 . . . 209
(b), (c) . . . 778 176 . . . 210
(d) . . . 778, 802 177 . . . 210
(3) . . . 798 178(2) . . . 208
5 . . . 531, 778, 802 182 . . . 210
6 (1) . . . 610 232 . . . 209
(2) . . . 521 544 . . . 936
Cheques Act 1986 . . . 769 ss 860–874 . . . 1025
Cheques Act 1992 (5 Statutes 473) . . . 768–9, 797–8 860 . . . 1044–8, 1124, 1136–7,
s 3 . . . 798 1141–42, 1145
Civil Aviation Act 1982 (4 Statutes 96) (2) . . . 1142
s 88 . . . 1071, 1107 (7) . . . 1085
Civil Liability (Contribution) Act 1978 (13 Statutes (f) . . . 454, 1041, 1050, 1069
604) . . . 243, 685, 783, 1186, 1205 (g) . . . 1050
s 3 . . . 159 861 . . . 1044–6, 1046
Civil Procedure Act 1997 (11 Statutes 1472) (3) . . . 1046
s 7 . . . 12 862 . . . 1142
Coinage Act 1971 (10 Statutes 169) . . . 832 869
Common Law Procedure Acts 1852–1860 . . . 1172 (4) . . . 1143
Companies Act 1948 (6) . . . 1142
s 95 . . . 466–7, 1035, 1044–6 870 . . . 1142
(1) . . . 454 872 . . . 1143
(2)(e) . . . 454, 1046–7 873 . . . 1143
227 . . . 1231 (1) . . . 1143
322 . . . 1236 874 . . . 972, 1018, 1023, 1041,
Companies Act 1967 (19 Statutes 38) 1044–6, 1046, 1142
s 123 . . . 610 (1) . . . 466
Companies Act 1985 (8 Statutes 88) . . . 122, 1089–90, (3) . . . 1142
1209, 1144 875–877 . . . 1144
36C(1) . . . 142, 171 894 . . . 1045, 1090
221(1), (2)(a) . . . 1239 1282 . . . 1080, 1136
247(3) . . . 1214 Pt 10, Ch 2 . . . 209
349(4) . . . 565–6 Pt 21 . . . 936
395 . . . 50, 972, 1018, 1041, 1057, 1142 Pt 25 . . . 462, 946, 1011, 1044–5, 1069, 1071, 1083,
396 . . . 1057 1090, 1122, 1139, 1141, 1149
(1)(e) . . . 1041, 1050 Companies (Consolidation) Act 1908 . . . 1236
Pt XII . . . 1011, 1045, 1090, 1149 Company Securities (Insider Dealing) Act 1985 . . . 700
 Table of statutes xxiii

Competition Act 1998 (47 Statutes 866) . . . 25, 109 (3), (4) . . . 560
Consumer Credit Act 1974 (11 Statutes 17) . . . 16–7, 25, 127 . . . 1146
285, 383, 390, 596, 629, 713, 825, 834, (3) . . . 1105
1076, 1104, 1145–6, 1272 137–140 . . . 628, 1147
s 6 . . . 834 140A–140C . . . 1075, 1146
8 . . . 835, 1103 140A–140D . . . 628, 1147
(3) . . . 835 140A . . . 1148
12(a) . . . 841 (1) . . . 1147
(b), (c) . . . 841–2 (2), (5) . . . 1148
14(1) . . . 834–5, 837–8 140B . . . 1147
(a) . . . 835–6 (9) . . . 1148
(b) . . . 835–7 140C(1) . . . 1148
(2) . . . 835–8 171(4)(b) . . . 838
(3) . . . 835–7 187(3A) . . . 836, 841
16 . . . 835, 1105, 1148 189(1) . . . 835, 1077, 1093, 1105, 1146
16A . . . 1077, 1146 192(4) . . . 610
16B . . . 1077, 1105, 1146 Pt V . . . 834, 836–7
21, 39, 40 . . . 1105, 1146 Pt VII . . . 1146
51 . . . 834 Sch 2, Pt 2 . . . 835
56 . . . 836, 842 Sch 5, Pt I . . . 610
(2) . . . 842 Consumer Credit Act 2006 . . . 285, 628, 835, 1105,
60 . . . 1146 1146
65 . . . 1146 ss 1–4 . . . 596
66 . . . 834 s 2 . . . 1077, 1146
70(2) . . . 1107 3 . . . 285, 1077
73(5) . . . 1107 4 . . . 1077, 1146
74(1)(b) . . . 837 15 . . . 1105, 1146
(3), (3A) . . . 836–7 ss 19–22 . . . 1147
75 . . . 836, 841–2 59 . . . 713
(1) . . . 841–2 Sch 2 . . . 713
(2) . . . 842 Consumer Protection Act 1987 (39 Statutes 123) . . . 16,
(3) . . . 842 25, 421
(4) . . . 842 Pt I . . . 421
76 . . . 1147 Contracts (Applicable Law) Act 1990 (11 Statutes
(2)(a) . . . 1147 245) . . . 618, 908–12, 924
82 . . . 629 s 2(1) . . . 908
83 . . . 708, 838, 840 Contracts (Rights of Third Parties) Act 1999 (11 Statutes
(1) . . . 840 308) . . . 86, 142, 182, 229,, 491, 498,
(3) . . . 838 624, 732, 739, 851, 1202
84 . . . 708, 838, 840 s 1 . . . 492
(3) . . . 838 (1) . . . 151, 230, 753, 832
(3A)–(3D) . . . 840 (b) . . . 753
87–89 . . . 1146 (2) . . . 851
105(1) . . . 1168 (3) . . . 142, 832
(4) . . . 1168 6(5), (6) . . . 492
(6) . . . 1127, 1168 Conveyancing Act 1881 (37 Statutes 104)
(7) . . . 1168 s 7 . . . 395
ss 114–122 . . . 1105 12 . . . 952–3
114(3)(a), (b) . . . 1105 Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (11 Statutes
401)
116(1) . . . 1103
s 90 . . . 936
120(l)(a) . . . 1105
County Courts Act 1984 (11 Statutes 701)
121(1) . . . 11035
Pt VI . . . 1213
123–125 . . . 560
Courts and Legal Services Act 1990 (11 Statutes
123 . . . 802
1293)
(1), (3) . . . 559–60
s 58, 58A . . . 967
124 . . . 802
Criminal Justice Act 1988 (17 Statutes 503)
125(1) . . . 559
s 93D . . . 696
xxiv Table of statutes

Criminal Justice Act 1993 Finance Act 1989 . . . 1128

s 52(1), (2), (3) . . . 700 Financial Services Act 1986 (22 Statutes 444) . . . 26–7,
Pt V . . . 700 37, 596
Criminal Law Act 1967 (12 Statutes 302) Financial Services and Markets Act 2000 (18 Statutes
s 13(1) . . . 968 73) . . . 25–6, 36–7, 215, 595–6, 598–9,
s 14(1), (2) . . . 968 610–1, 700, 712, 1148, 1192
Currency Act 1983 (10 Statutes 182) . . . 832 s 1 . . . 599
Currency and Bank Notes Act 1928 (4 Statutes (1)(b) . . . 602
458) . . . 828 2 . . . 599
Currency and Bank Notes Act 1954 (4 Statutes 19 . . . 595
467) . . . 832 (1) . . . 598
s 3 . . . 830 24 . . . 611
31(l)(b) . . . 537
Data Protection Act 1984 . . . 699 55 . . . 599
Data Protection Act 1998 (7 Statutes 414) . . . 54, 596, 118(8) . . . 701
699, 701 147 . . . 215, 700
s 7, 10, 11, 13, 14 . . . 699 226 . . . 712
Sch 1, Pt I . . . 699 (2)(a) . . . 712
226A . . . 712–3
East India Company Bonds Act 1811 . . . 522 227 . . . 712
Electronic Communications Act 2000 . . . 53 228(2) . . . 621, 623, 712
s 8 . . . 53, 534 (5) . . . 712
Enduring Powers of Attorney Act 1985 (1 Statutes 229(2)(a), (b), (5) . . . 712
97) . . . 261 397(4) . . . 700
Enterprise Act 2002 . . . 25, 1149, 1209, 1213–15, 1220, (5)(c) . . . 700
1225–6 426 . . . 602
s 250 . . . 1080, 1136 Pt IV . . . 598, 610
251 . . . 1065 Pt XI . . . 694, 697
252 . . . 1080 Pt XVI . . . 623, 712
Sch B1 . . . 1215 Sch 1, para 19 . . . 600
Estate Agents Act 1979 (1 Statutes 61) Sch 2 . . . 595, 598
s 3 . . . 216 Sch 3 . . . 602
21 . . . 216 para 5(b), 12(1), 15 . . . 610
European Communities Act 1972 (17 Statutes Pt III . . . 602
284) . . . 420 Sch 17, Pt 3A . . . 713
s 2(1) . . . 27 Fires Prevention (Metropolis) Act 1774
Evidence (Proceedings in Other Jurisdictions) Act 1975 s 83 . . . 1204
(17 Statutes 468)
Forgery Act 1861 (12 Statutes 101) . . . 566
s 9(1) . . . 8
Forgery Act 1913 . . . 566
Exchange Control Act 1947 . . . 1124
s 1 . . . 566
Forgery and Counterfeiting Act 1981 (12 Statutes
Factors Act 1877 . . . 386 647) . . . 567
Factors Act 1889 (1 Statutes 45) . . . 104, 284, 334, s 1 . . . 566
364–8, 371–2, 380, 383, 386, 521, 9(l)(d), (2) . . . 566
1092, 1099
Fraud Act 2006
s 1 . . . 365
s 1 . . . 719
(1) . . . 364–5
2 . . . 719
(4) . . . 380, 1095
2 . . . 365, 369, 371–3, 378, 380, 384, 386–7, 1099,
Gold Standard (Amendment) Act 1931 . . . 830
1117
(1) . . . 45, 364–5, 367, 370, 372, 383, 387
Hire-Purchase Act 1964 (11 Statutes 4) . . . 390–1
(2), (3) . . . 367
ss 27–29 . . . 45
3 . . . 1095
s 27(1), (2)–(5) . . . 391
8 . . . 45, 377–8, 383, 386–7, 389, 446, 451, 1117
29(1), (2) . . . 391
9 . . . 45, 284–5, 377–8, 381–4, 386–7, 389, 440,
469, 1115 Pt III . . . 390–1, 394, 396
Factors Acts 1823–1877 . . . 1094, 1100 Hotel Proprietors Act 1956 (24 Statutes 343)
Fair Trading Act 1973 (47 Statutes 229) . . . 16 s 1(1) . . . 1111
Fatal Accidents Acts . . . 1190 2(2) . . . 1111
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Transcriber's Notes:
Obvious punctuation errors were corrected.
Page 25, "amonnia" changed to "ammonia" (as the ammonia
used)
Page 26, "may" changed to "many" (in as many small)
Page 30, "sault" changed to "salt" (with salt, pepper and
butter)
Page 35, "sesasoned" changed to "seasoned" (mashed potato
well seasoned)
Page 61, "5-8" and "3-8" changed to "5/8" and "3/8"
respectively (5/8 of an inch thick) (about 3/8 of an inch)
Page 63, "marcaroni" changed to "macaroni" (a bit of
macaroni)
Page 74, "over" changed to "oven" (hour in a hot oven)
Page 80, "floor" changed to "flour" (of flour. Stir and)
Page 81, "desertspoonful" changed to "dessertspoonful"
(dessertspoonful Worcestershire Sauce)
Page 90, "Chesse" changed to "Cheese" (Asparagus With
Cheese)
Page 108, "spoonsfuls" changed to "spoonfuls" (spoonfuls into
a)
 Page 116, "CAPTER" changed to "CHAPTER" (CHAPTER XXI)
Page 127, "sweeteend" changed to "sweetened" (the extra
juice sweetened)
Page 151, "Balitmore" changed to "Balitmore" (Chicken à la
Baltimore)
Page 152, "SAUCEES" changed to "SAUCES" (PUDDINGS AND
PUDDING SAUCES)
Page 155, "Waldrof" changed to "Waldorf" (Waldorf Sauer
Kraut)
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK STANDARD PAPER-
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