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 Chapter 1: Introduction to Data Structures
What are we studying in this chapter?
 Introduction to data structures
 Classification of data structures: Primitive and non-primitive data structures
 Data structure operations
 Inserting, deleting
 Traversing, searching, sorting and merging

1.1 Introduction
In this chapter, let us discuss about the definition of data structures and see how the
data structures are classified. Basic terminology and concepts are defined along with
examples. The way the data is represented, organized, managed and structured is
crucial part of the data structures. The data to be manipulated can be used
individually or in a group under one common name and data can be of different types.

1.2 Basic terminology

First, let us see “What is data? What is information?”

Definition: The word data is the plural of datum. Data is a representation of facts or
concepts in an organized manner. The data may be stored, communicated, interpreted,
or processed. In short, we can say that data is a piece of information or simply set of
values and data as such may not convey any meaning.
For example, numbers, names, marks etc are the data. Consider the two data
items “Rama” and 10. The data “Rama” and 10 does not convey any meaning to the
reader.
Definition: Information is defined as a collection of data from which conclusions may
be drawn. So, information is subset of data which when interpreted conveys meaning
so that the people can understand. Hence, Information can be considered as a message
that is received and understood.
Ex 1: The output of the computer may be “Rama scored 10 marks”. This sentence is
an information. Because, it conveys meaning to the reader.
Ex 2: The instructions given to a person or commands issued to the computer are
considered as information.
1.2  Introduction to data structures and arrays
Now, let us see “What are the differences between data and information?”
Data Information
1. Data is collection of facts and figures 1. Information is the result of
(may be numbers). Facts are the processing the data. So, information
things done or things existing. is collection of data from which we
can draw conclusions.
2. Data do not convey any meaning 2. Information conveys meaning
3. Computers work with data 3. Computers do not work with
information
4. Data is unstructured, lacks context 4. When data is correctly organized,
and may not be relevant to the processed, filtered and presented
recipient. with context, it can become
information because it then has
meaning to the recipient
5. Data is the representation of 5. Information is the things that we
information. So, data representation know. So, even though data
may change representation changes, information
do not change

Note: Let us take an example relating to the last difference. Consider the statement
“My daughter is seven years old”. I can represent may daughter’s age as “seven in
words” or “7 in figures” or “VII in roman” or “111 in binary” or “1111111 in unary”
and so on. All these representations we call as data. Even though representation
changes, my daughter’s age has not changed. So, we say that information does not
change and data representation may change.

Note: Even though normally we use data and information interchangeably, they are
totally different and they are not synonyms.

Now, let us see “How computers represent data?”

The data are represented by the state of electronic switches. A switch with ON state
represents 1 and a switch with OFF state represents 0 (zero). Thus, all digital
computers use binary number system to represent the data. So, the data that we input
to the computer is converted into 0’s and 1’s. The letters, digits, punctuation marks,
sound and even pictures are represented using 1’s and 0’s. Thus, computers represent
data using binary digits 0 and 1 i.e., in binary number system.
  Systematic Approach to Data Structures using C - 1.3
For example, consider the string “ABC01” that we type from the keyboard. This data
can be represented in the computer as shown below.

Characters typed: A B C 0 1

ASCII values 41 42 43 30 31
(Binary values) 0100 0001 0100 0010 0100 0011 0011 0000 0011 0001

Note: In general, any data whether numerical or non-numerical is represented

using 1’s and 0’s.

All the quantities are measured in some units. For example, length may be measured
in meters or feet. On similar lines, to measure computer memory, we require units.
Now, let us see “How does the data represented using 1’s and 0’s can be grouped or
measured?” The data represented can be grouped or measured using following units:

Bit = 0 or 1
Nibble = 4 bits
Byte = 8 bits
Units of data
Kilobyte = 1024 bytes
Megabyte = 1024 Kilobytes
Gigabyte = 1024 Megabytes
Terabyte = 1024 Gigabytes

Now, let us see “What is an entity and what is an attribute?”

Definition: An entity can be defined as a person, place, thing or concept about which
data can be collected and stored. An entity is made up of a number of attributes which
represent that entity. An attribute is the one which describes the facts, details or
characteristics of an entity.

For example, if we collect name, usn, phone number, branch of engineering of a

particular student, then student is treated as an entity whereas name, usn, phone
number, branch are the attributes. The entity student and its attributes are pictorially
represented as shown below:
1.4  Introduction to data structures and arrays

attributes
entity
student Name Usn Phone_no branch
MONALIKA 101 9900170827 CSE

Attribute values

Now, let us see “What is an entity set?”

Definition: A collection of entities with similar attributes is an entity set. For
example, all the students in a college represent entity set. The entity set of students
can be pictorially represented as shown below:

Name Usn Phone_no branch

Entity set
MONALIKA 101 9900170827 CSE
KRISHNA 102 999999999 MECH
NARENDRA 103 9845070827 CIVIL
MITHIL 104 9844010200 ISE
PADMA 105 9844012222 EC

Now, let us see “In what way the attributes, entities and entity sets are related to
fields, records and files?” The way the data are organized into the hierarchy of fields,
records and files reflect the relationship between attributes, entities and entity sets.
Now, let us see “What is a field? What is a record? What is a file”
Definition: A field is a single elementary unit of information representing an attribute
of an entity. A record is a collection of field values of a given entity. A file is a
collection of records of the entities in a given entity set.

1.3 Data Structures

In this section, we shall “Define data structures?”
Definition: The study of how the data is collected and stored in the memory, how
efficiently the data is organized in the memory, how efficiently the data can be
retrieved and manipulated, and the possible ways in which different data items are
logically related is called data structures. The data structures are mainly classified as
shown below:
  Systematic Approach to Data Structures using C - 1.5

Primitive data structures

Types of data structures
Non-primitive data structures
1.3.1 Primitive Data Structures
Now, let us see “What are primitive data structures?”

Definition: The data structures that can be manipulated directly by machine

instructions are called primitive data structures. Thus, the primitive data structures
are fundamental data types that are supported by a programming language. The
primitive data structures are also called simple data structures.
For example, in C language, the different primitive data structures are defined
using the data types such as int, float, char, double and pointers.

Integers: An integer is a whole number without any decimal point or a fraction part.
No extra characters are allowed other than ‘+’ and ‘–‘ sign. If ‘+’ and ‘–‘ are present,
they should precede the number. The integers are normally represented in binary or
hexadecimal. All negative numbers are represented using 2’s complement. Based on
the sign, the integers are classified into:
 Unsigned integer
 Signed integer

Floating point number: The floating point constants are base 10 numbers with
fraction part such as 10.5. All negative numbers should have a prefix ‘–‘. A positive
number can have an optional ‘+’ sign. No other extra characters are allowed. The
floating point constants can be represented using two forms as shown below:
Fractional form
Floating point
notations Scientific notation
(Exponent notation)
Fractional form: A floating point number represented using fractional form has an
integer part followed by a dot and a fractional part. We can omit the digits before the
decimal point or after the decimal point. For example, 0.5, -0.99, -.6, -9., +.9 etc
are all valid floating point numbers.

Exponent form (Scientific notation): The floating point number represented using
scientific notation (also called exponential notation) has three parts namely:
mantissa e/E exponent.
1.6  Introduction to data structures and arrays
Ex1: 9.86 E 3 imply 9.86x103
Ex2: 9.86 e -3 imply 9.86x10-3
where
 The mantissa can be an integer or a floating point number represented using
fractional notation.
 The letter e or E should follow mantissa.
 The exponent should follow e or E. The exponent has to be an integer with
optional ‘+’ or ‘–‘ sign.

For example,
6.698274e2 means 6.698274 x 102
-0.36e-54 means -0.36 x 10-54

Character: A character data is a primitive data structure. A wide variety of character

sets (also called alphabets) are handled by computers. The two widely used character
sets are:
 ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
 EBCDIC(Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)
Note: ASCII (pronounced as as-key) code is a 7-bit code to represent various
characters such as letters, digits, punctuation marks and other symbols. ASCII stands
for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. The ASCII Table is shown
below.
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0 NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI
1 DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US
2 SP ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /
3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
4 @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
5 P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
6 ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
7 p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL

Observe from the table that character ‘A’ has an ASCII value 41, the character ‘B’
has an ASCII value 42 and character ‘C’ has an ASCII value 43. So, if we type the
text “ABC” from the keyboard, to the computer, it appears as shown below:
A B C (Characters)

41 42 43 (ASCII values)
0100 0001 0100 0010 0100 0011 (Binary values )
  Systematic Approach to Data Structures using C - 1.7
Pointer: A pointer is a special variable which contains address of a memory location.
Using this pointer, the data can be accessed.
For example, assume that a program contains four occurrences of a constant 3.1459.
During the compilation process, four copies of 3.1459 can be created as shown below:

3.1459 3.1459 3.1459 3.1459

a b c d
However, it is more efficient to use one copy of 3.1459 and three pointers referencing
a single copy, since less space is required for a pointer when compared to floating
point number. This can be represented pictorially as shown below:

c 3.1459 a

The variables b, c and d are called pointers since they contain address of variable a.

1.3.2 Non-primitive Data Structures

Now, let us see “What are non-primitive data structures? What are the different types
of non-primitive data structures?”
Definition: The data structures that cannot be manipulated directly by machine
instructions are called non-primitive data structures. Thus, the non-primitive data
structures are created or constructed using primitive data structures. The non-
primitive data structures are also called compound data structures.

For example, arrays, structures, stacks, queues, linked lists, trees, graphs, files
etc., are some of the non- primitive data structures.
Now, let us see “What are the different types of non-primitive data structures?” The
non-primitive data structures are classified as shown below:

Linear data structures Ex: Arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists

Non-linear data structures Ex: Trees, graphs, files etc.

1.8  Introduction to data structures and arrays
Now, let us see “What are linear data structures?”
Definition: The data structure where its values or elements are stored in a sequential
or linear order is called linear data structure. The elements can be accessed
sequentially one after the other in a linear order and hence the name. The linear
relationship between the elements is maintained:
 by means of sequential memory locations as in arrays: Here, one or more elements
are stored one after the other sequentially.
 by means of links as in linked list: Here, each element is stored in a node. One or
more nodes are logically adjacent and the logical adjacency is maintained using
links. In linked lists, even though the nodes are not physically adjacent, they seem
to be adjacent logically because of links. The logical adjacency is maintained
using pointers.
For example, arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists etc., are all linear data structures.

Now, let us see “What are non-linear data structures?”

Definition: The data structure where its values or elements are not stored in a
sequential or linear order is called non-linear data structures. Unlike linear data
structures, here, the logical adjacency between the elements is not maintained and
hence elements cannot be accessed if we go in sequential order. In non-linear data
structures, a data item (or an element) could be attached to several other data items.

For example, graphs, trees, files are all non-linear data structures.
Now, let us “Explain non-linear data structures?” All the non-linear data structures
such as arrays, stacks, queues, linked lists, graphs, trees and files are discussed below:
 Arrays: Definition: An array is a special and very powerful data structure in C
language. An array is a collection of similar data items. All elements of the array
share a common name. Each element in the array can be accessed by the subscript
(or index). Array is used to store, process and print large amount of data using a
single variable.

Ex 1: Set of integers, set of characters, set of students, set of pens etc. are
examples of various arrays.

Ex 2: An array of 5 integers is pictorially represented as shown below:

10 15 20 25 30
A[0] A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4]
  Systematic Approach to Data Structures using C - 1.9
Ex 3: An array of 5 characters is pictorially represented as shown below:

‘A’ ‘B’ ‘C’ ‘D’ ‘E’

A[0] A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4]

 Stack: A stack is a special type of data structure (linear data structure) where
elements are inserted from one end and elements are deleted from the same end.
Using this approach, the Last element Inserted is the First element to be deleted
Out, and hence, stack is also called Last In First Out (LIFO) data structure.
The stack s={a0, a1, a2,……an-1) is pictorially represented as shown below:
Insert Delete The elements are inserted into the
stack in the order a0, a1, a2,……an-1.
That is, we insert a0 first, a1 next and
so on. The item an-1 is inserted at the
an-1 Top of stack end. Since, it is on top of the stack, it
is the first item to be delted. The
various operations performed on
a2 stack are:
 Insert: An element is inserted
a1
from top end. Insertion operation
a0 Bottom of stack is called push operation
 Delete: An element is deleted from top end only. Deletion operation is called pop
operation.
 Overflow: Check whether the stack is full or not.
 Underflow: Check whether the stack is empty or not.

 Queue: A queue is a special type of data structure (linear data structure) where
elements are inserted from one end and elements are deleted from the other end.
The end at which new elements are added is called the rear and the end from
which elements are deleted is called the front. Using this approach, the First
element Inserted is the First element to be deleted Out, and hence, queue is also
called First In First Out (FIFO) data structure.
For example, consider the queue shown below having the elements 10, 50 and 20:
q
10 50 20
0 1 2 3 4
front rear
 The items are inserted into queue in the order 10, 50 and 20. The variable q is
used as an array to hold these elements
1.10  Introduction to data structures and arrays
 Item 10 is the first element inserted. So, the variable front is used as index to
the first element
 Item 20 is the last element inserted. So, the variable rear is used as index to
the last element
 Linked lists: A linked list is a data structure which is collection of zero or more
nodes where each node is connected to the next node. If each node in the list has
only one link, it is called singly linked list. If it has two links one containing the
address of the next node and other link containing the address of the previous
node it is called doubly linked list. Each node in the singly list has two fields
namely:
 info – This field is used to store the data or information to be manipulated
 link – This field contains address of the next node.

The pictorial representation of a singly linked list where each node is connected to
the next node is shown below:

first

20 30 10 60 \0

The above list consists of four nodes with info fields containing the data items 20,
30, 10 and 60.
 Graphs: A graph is a non-linear data structure which is a collection of vertices
called nodes and the edges that connect these vertices. Formally, a graph G is
defined as a pair of two sets V and E denoted by
G = (V, E)
where V is set of vertices and E is set of edges. For example, consider the graph
shown below:

1 6 Here, graph G = (V, E) where

0  V = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} is set of vertices

5
4  E = { (1, 6), (1, 2), (2, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (5, 6), (6, 4) }
2 0 is set of edges
Note:|V| = |{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}| = 6 represent the number of
3 vertices in the graph.

 |E| = |{(1, 6), (1, 2), (2, 3), (4, 3), (5, 3), (5, 6), (6, 4) }| = 7 represent the
number of edges in the graph.
  Systematic Approach to Data Structures using C - 1.11
 Trees: A tree is a set of finite set of one or more nodes that shows parent-child
relation such that:
 There is a special node called the root node
 The remaining nodes are partitioned into disjoint subsets T1, T2, ……Tn, n ≥ 0
where T1, T2, T3 ……Tn which are all children of root node are themselves
trees called subtrees.
Ex1 : Consider the following tree. Let us identify the root node and various
subtrees:
 The tree has 8 nodes : A, B, C, D, E,
root A
F, G and H.
subtrees  The node A is the root of the tree
 We normally draw the trees with root
B C D at the top
 The node B, C and D are the children
E F G H of node A and hence there are 3
subtrees identified by B, C and D
 The node A is the parent of B, C and D whereas D is the parent of G and H

 Binary tree: A binary tree is a tree which is collection of zero or more nodes and
finite set of directed lines called branches that connect the nodes. A tree can be
empty or partitioned into three subgroups namely root, left subtree and right
subtree.
 Root – If tree is not empty, the A
first node is called root node.
 left subtree – It is a tree which is
connected to the left of root. B D
Since this tree comes under root,
it is called left subtree.
 right subtree – It is a tree which C E F I
is connected to the right of root.
Since this tree comes under the H J
root, it is called right subtree.

1.4 Data structure operations

In this section, let us see “What are the operations performed on various data
structures?” The operations performed on various data structures are:
 Creating: The process of repatedly adding various data items into the list is called
creating a list. For example, we can create a student records consisting of names,
1.12  Introduction to data structures and arrays
marks, address, phone number etc., by repeatedly adding or inserting data items
into the list.
 Inserting: The process of adding a data item into the list is called inserting. For
example, a student record consisting of name, marks and address can be added
whenever a student joins a course. It is called inserting student record into the list.
 Deleting: The process of removing a data item from a list is called deleting. For
example, removing a student record from the list whenever the student leaves the
course in the middle.
 Searching: The process of informing whether a particular item is present in a list
or it is not present in a list is called searching. We can also find a set of elements
based on some criteria. For example, display student names who have passed in
all subjects or who have scored more than 90%.
 Sorting: The process of arranging various data items either in ascending order or
descending order is called sorting. For example, in a student record consisting of
names, marks, phone number etc., we can arrange student records based on
alphabetical order of names or based on ascending order of marks etc.
 Merging: Given two sorted lists we can combine those two lists into a single
sorted list. This process is called merging. For example, two sorted arrays can be
combined into a single sorted array. This process is called simple merge.
 Traversing: The process of accessing each data item exactly once so that it can be
processed and manipulated is called traversal. For example, to print all array
elements, to display all student names in a class, to display each item in a list etc.

Each of the operations can be performed one after the other. For example, given an
item, we may have to traverse the list and during this process we can search for the
item in the list. If the item is present in the list, we may delete that item and insert
another item in that place. Then we may have to sort the resulting list and display the
sorted list.

Exercises
1) What is data? What is information?
2) What are the differences between data and information?
3) Define the terms: entity, attribute, entity set, field, record, file
4) Define data structures and types of data structures
5) What are primitive data structures? Explain
6) What are non-primitive data structures? Explain
7) Explain the different types of non-primitive data structures
8) What are the different types of number systems that are commonly used?
9) What are linear data structures? What are non-linear data structures? Explain
10) What are the operations performed on various data structures?
 Chapter 2: Arrays
What are we studying in this chapter?
 Arrays: Definition and representation of linear arrays in memory
 Dynamically allocated arrays (Discussed in chapter 3)
 Array operations
 Traversing, Inserting and deleting
 Searching and sorting
 Multi-dimensional arrays
 Application of arrays:
 Polynomials (discussed in structures and unions – chapter 5)
 sparse matrices (discussed in structures and unions – chapter 5)

2.1 Introduction
In this section, let us see array concepts in detail. First, let us see “What is an array?”

Definition: An array is a special and very powerful data structure in C language. An

array is a collection of similar data items. All elements of the array share a common
name. Each element in the array can be accessed by the subscript (or index). Array is
used to store, process and print large amount of data using a single variable.

Ex 1: Set of integers, set of characters, set of students, set of pens etc. are examples of
various arrays.

Ex 2: Marks of all students in a class is an array of marks

The pictorial representation of an array of 5 integers, an array of 5 floating point

numbers and an array of 5 characters is shown below:

A[0] 10 B[0] 5.5 C[0] ‘A’

A[1] 20 B[1] 6.5 C[1] ‘B’
A[2] 30 B[2] 7.5 C[2] ‘C’
A[3] 40 B[3] 8.5 C[3] ‘D’
A[4] 50 B[4] 9.5 C[4] ‘E’
Array of 5 Array of 5 Array of 5
integers floats characters
2.2  Arrays
Now, let us see “What is a single-dimensional array?” A single-dimensional array
(also called one-dimensional array) is a linear list consisting of related data items of
same type. In memory, all the data items are stored in contiguous memory locations
one after the other. For example, a single dimensional array consisting of 5 integer
elements is shown below:

10 15 20 25 30
A[0] A[1] A[2] A[3] A[4]

Now, the question is “How to access these elements?” Since an array is identified by
a common name, any element in the array can be accessed by specifying the subscript
(or an index). For example,
 0th item 10 can be accessed by specifying A[0]
 1st item 20 can be accessed by specifying A[1]
 2nd item 30 can be accessed by specifying A[2]
 3rd item 40 can be accessed by specifying A[3]
 4th item 50 can be accessed by specifying A[4]
Now, let us see “How to declare and define a single dimensional array?” As we
declare and define variables before they are used in a program, an array also must be
declared and defined before it is used. The declaration and definition informs the
compiler about the:
 Type of each element of the array
 Name of the array
 Number of elements (i.e., size of the array)
The compiler uses this size to reserve the appropriate number of memory locations so
that data can be stored, accessed and manipulated when the program is executed. A
single dimensional array can be declared and defined using the following syntax:
data type such as int, float, char etc.
name of the array
expression must be evaluated to integer
type array_name [ int_expression ]; // semicolon is must at the end

Ex 1: int marks [5]; /* marks is an array of 5 integers */

5 memory locations
marks [0] [1] [2] [3] [4] with 2 bytes each.
  Systematic Approach to Data Structures using C - 2.3
2.2 Representation of Linear arrays in memory

Consider the following declaration:

C Syntax Pascal Syntax Pictorial representation

int a[5]; a : array[0..4] of integer
lower bound = 0 a[0] a[1] a[2] a[3] a[4]
upper bound = 4
Number of items = 5
= 4– 0 +1
= ub – lb + 1
Where ub is upper bound = 4
lb is lower bound = 0

not possible a : array[5..9] of integer

a[5] a[6] a[7] a[8] a[9]

Number of items = ub – lb + 1
=9 -5 +1
=5

Observe that in C language, array index always starts from 0 whereas in Pascal
language, array index can start from any integer (even negative indexing is possible in
Pascal). Now, let us see “How to obtain the location of a[j] in a single dimensional
array?” Let us take the following array declaration in Pascal language:
a : array[5..9] of integer; // Here, lower bound : LB = 5
// upper bound : UB = 9

The storage representation for the above single a[5] 3000

dimensional matrix assuming base address as 3000 can be a[6] 3002
written as shown in figure on the right hand side. a[7] 3004
a[8] 3006
The location of a[j] is given by:
a[9] 3008
Loc A[j] = base address + x ………………………….(1)

where
 x is the distance from base address upto jth row
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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* Naples and the Campagna Felice, 33.
* Napoleon, anecdote of, 292.
Napoleon's bees, 30.
—— spelling, 386. 502.
—— thunderstorm, 148.
* Nash the artist, 79.
N. (D.) on Lewis and Sewell families, 521. 621.
N. (D. Y.) on the Porter family, 364.
Nedlam on snail-eating, 128.
* Neele (H.), editor of Shakspeare, 539.
Nemo on death of Falstaff, 314.
Newans (Thomas), a prophet, 381.
Newburiensis on Francis Browne, 639.
—— Sir George Brown, 243. 301.
—— poetical tavern signs, 569.
—— worm in books, 526.
Newington on Milton's widow, 595.
Newman (W.) on "The Devil on Two Sticks," 413.
Newspapers in Scotland, the earlier, 57.
Newspapers, notes on, 333.
Newstead Abbey, 2.
New Testament, an early edition, 219. 277.
Newton (Mr. Justice) noticed, 15. 110.
* Newton (Sir Isaac) and Flamsteed, 102.
* —— and his half-niece, 429.
* —— and Somers, 78.
* —— his memorial, 172.
—— on railway travelling, 34. 65.
* New Universal Magazine, inquiry respecting, 639.
New Year's Eve and New Year's Day, custom on, 618.
N. (G.) on books burned by the hangman, 626.
—— hour-glass in pulpits, 83.
—— lines on the institution of the Garter, 479.
—— medal of Mary Queen of Scots, 444.
—— old Fogie, 455.
N. (G. E. T. S. R.) on chronograms in Sicily, 562.
—— Gentile names of the Jews, 563.
—— St. Clement's apple-feast, 618.
N. (H.) on anticipatory use of the cross, and ringing of bells for the
dead, 417.
Nicholas (Emperor), his manifesto, 585.
Nicholas (St.), his performances on Christmas Eve, 615.
Nightingale and thorn, 527.
Nightingale's song, 112. 475. 651.
Nimmo (Thos.) on an inedited letter of Henry VIII., 510.
Nine as a multiple, 149. 305.
Nixon the prophet, 257. 326.
* Noel family, 316.
No Judge on piccalyly, 8.
* Nonjurors, sources for their history, 621.
Norfolk (Margaret, Duchess of), her arms, 84.
Norman of Winster, 126. 302.
North (Lord), a woodcut of, 183. 230. 303.
Nostradamus, edition of 1605, 552.
Novus on advice given to Julius III., 54.
Noxid on cement of glass-baths, 397.
N. (S.) on Earl of Oxford, and the creation of peers, 292.
—— helmets over shields, 538.
Nugget, not an Americanism, 375. 481.
Nuneham Regis, discovery at, 101.
Nursery rhymes, 452. 605.
* Nursrow, origin of the word, 538.
.( .), epigram on M‘Adam, 441.
N. (W.) on Aristotle's checks, 98.
N. (W. L.) on MS. of Spenser's Fairy Queen, 357.

O.
Oak, how to clean old, 45. 58.
Oak, veneration for the, 468. 632.
Oaken tombs, &c., 179. 454.
* Oasis, how accented, 410.
Oaths as taken by the English and Welsh, 364. 471. 605.
Oaths of pregnant women, 503.
Obnoxious, its different meanings, 439.
* O'Brien (Nelly) noticed, 410.
Observer on Lord North, 303.
O. (D. N.) on passage in Blackwood, 493.
Offertory alms, superstition respecting, 617.
O. (J.) on Alexander Clark, 517.
—— books burned by the hangman, 346.
—— impossibilities of our forefathers, 559.
—— parish clerks and politics, 56.
—— Patrick Carey, 406.
—— Peter Brett, 533.
—— Robert Drury, 104.
—— Temple lands in Scotland, 480.
—— Thomas Newans, a prophet, 381.
—— William Blake, 69. 435.
* Okey the regicide, 620.
Oldenshaw (C.) on song by Dr. Lisle, 281.
Old Grumbleum on punning devices, 376.
Oldham, Bishop of Exeter, 183.
Oliver on Rathband family, 493.
Omega on pues or pews, 127.
Omicron on humbug, its derivation, 575.
—— Osborne family, 448.
—— Osborn filius Herfasti, 654.
—— Wellington's first victory, 491.
O. (P. A.) on post-office about 1770, 8.
* Orange blossom, 341.
O. (R. A. S.) on St. George family pictures, 104.
Orton (Job), the publican, his burial, 59.
Osborn family, 270. 448.
Osborn filius Herfasti, 515. 654.
Osmotherly in Yorkshire, tradition of, 617.
O'Sullivan (Wm.) on Gurney's short-hand, 589.
Oswald (Richard) noticed, 442. 549.
Outlawe (Roger) noticed, 5.
* Owen (Dr. Charles) noticed, 492.
Owen (Hugh) on yellow bottles for chemicals, 110.
Oxford commemoration squib, 1849, 584.
Oxford (Earl of), and the creation of peers, 292. 392.
Oxoniensis on "Amentium haud amantium," 19.
—— Nightingale's song, 112.
—— pure, its singular use, 125.

P.
Packington (Lady), supposed author of the Whole Duty of Man, 564.
Paget (Arthur) on Lisle family, 423.
—— Milton's widow, 452.
—— Synge family, 423.
—— teaching a dog French, 581.
Paget family, 12. 134. 200. 375. 452.
Pagoda, 401. 523.
Paint, how taken off of old oak, 45. 58.
Palæologus (Theodore), his inscription, 408. 526.
* Pale, its meaning, 78.
Paley's plagiarism, 589.
Palindromes, 520.
Panama, the Isthmus of, 144.
Paper, how split, 413. 604.
Parallel passages, 30. 195. 372. 465. 560.
* Parchment deeds, on cleansing soiled, 270.
Pardon churchyard, 63.
Parish clerk, a female, 338. 474.
Parish clerks and politics, 56. 230. 575.
—— clerks' company, 341. 452.
—— registers, lines prefixed to, 30.
* Park, the antiquary, 8.
* Parker (Abp.), his correspondence, 149.
* Parliament, a member of, electing himself, 586.
Parochial libraries, 62. 274. 327. 369. 527. 595.
Parr (Dr.), his letter on Milton, 433.
Party, its earliest use, 137.
Party names in the seventeenth century, 117.
Party-similes of the seventeenth century, 485.
Parvise explained, 161.
Pascal, a saying of his, 44.
Pater-noster, the white, 614.
* Patriarchs of the Western Church, 317.
Patrick (Bp. Simon) noticed, 103. 205.
* Patrick (St.), or Maune and Man, 291.
Patrick's purgatory, 178. 327.
Patten (Margaret), her picture, 442.
* "Pay the Piper," its origin, 198.
P. (C. J.) on fishermen's custom at Wardhouse, 78.
Peacock (Edw.) on ecclesiastical censure, 466.
—— Francis Moore, 271.
—— hour-glass in pulpits, 83. 279.
—— North Lincolnshire folk lore, 382.
—— Sir William Hewet, 652.
—— weather rules, 50.
Peasantry, popular stories of the English, 94.
"Peccavi! I have Scinde," 490. 574.
Pedigree indices, 317. 453.
* Pedigree to the time of Alfred, 586.
"Peg" or "nail," for an argument, 561.
* Pelasgi, a sorrowful race, 516.
Pembrokiensis on tomb of Henry I., 411.
Pennycomequick, its derivation, 8. 113. 184. 255.
Pepys (Samuel) and East London Topography, 263.
—— his grammar, 466. 502.
* —— his queries, 341.
Percy (Lady), wife of Hotspur, 104. 184. 251.
* Perfect tense, its rationale, 410.
Perseverant, its early use, 44.
Persius Flaccus (Aulus), his birth-place, 389.
Personage, a mysterious one, 34. 113.
Perthensis on Alexander Clark, 18.
—— aliases and initials of authors, 124.
Peterborough Cathedral, inscription in, 215. 303.
* Peter the Great, his will, 539.
Petheram (John) on Sir Thomas Button's Voyages, 385.
* Petrarch's Laura, 562.
P. (Francis) on heraldic query, 220.
P. (G.) on the meaning of trash, 135.
P. (H.) on crosses on stoles, 411.
—— French Prayer Books, 478.
—— love charm from a foal's forehead, 292.
Φ. on ampers and, 254.
—— yew-trees in churchyards, 346.
Φ. (2) on stereoscopic angles, 16.
E‫ף‬‎. on chronicles of kings of Israel, 561.
—— non-recurring diseases, 516.
Ph. on oaths of pregnant women, 503.
—— pagoda, 401.
Φ. Φ. on standard of weights and measures, 340.
Phantom bells, 576.
Pharaoh's ring, 416. 521.
Philadelphia Directories, 168.
Philadelphia, the early delights of, 537.
Philharmonicus on Weber's Cecilia, 589.
Philip III. of Spain, his death, 583.
Philo-Handel on Handel's Dettingen Te Deum, 388.
Philo-Pho. on ammonio-nitrate of silver, 204.
φ. (ω.) on book inscriptions, 64.
Φωτογραφος on Dr. Diamond's calotype process, 572.
Photography:—
aceto-nitrate of silver, 649.
albumenised paper, 395. 501. 548. 572.
albumenised process, 549.
 ammonio-nitrate, is it dangerous? 134. 158. 204. 276.
baths for collodion process, 42.
calotype process, 548. 572. 596.
camera obscura, 41.
cameras, their lining, 157.
cement for glass baths, 397.
clouds in photographs, 451. 477. 501.
collodion negatives, 629.
collodion pictures, 181.
collodion process, 41. 42. 46.
cyanuret of potassium, 157.
developing mixture, 549.
Dr. Diamond's collodion process, 41. 133.
—— lecture on the calotype process, 596.
engraving, 628.
gallo-nitrate of silver, 17.
glass chambers, 133.
iodizing paper, 46.
Ingleby's Essay on the Stereoscope, 401. 451.
lenses, 133. 476.
Lyte's three new processes, 252. 373.
—— treatment of positives, 15.
manuscripts copied, 456. 501.
minuteness of detail on paper, 157.
Muller's process, 203. 253. 275. 451.
multiplication of photographs, 85. 157.
negative paper, 203.
photographic exhibition, 476.
photographs by artificial light, 228.
photographs in natural colours, 228.
Pollock's process, 17.
positives, 15. 17. 397. 451.
precision in photographic processes, 301.
protonitrate of iron, 228.
printing on albumenised paper, 324.
Pumphrey's process for black tints, 349.
 restoration of old collodion, 650.
Sisson's developing solution, 157. 181. 253. 301. 373.
stereoscopic angles, 16. 109. 157. 181. 227. 275. 348. 419. 451.
476. 501.
Stewart's new photographic process, 60.
—— pantograph, 301.
tent for collodion, 301.
yellow bottles for chemicals, 86. 110.
* Phrases, Dictionary of English, 292.
Piccadilly, a collar, 467.
Piccalyly, its origin, 8. 110.
Pictor on epitaph in Wingfield Church, 98.
Picts' houses in Aberdeenshire, 264. 392. 551.
Pierrepont (John), his descendants, 303.
Pigs said to see the wind, 100.
Pilgrim's Progress, Part III., 222.
Pimlico on "Tub to a whale," 220.
Pinkerton (W.) on Cambridge and Ireland, 350.
—— fishermen's custom at Wardhouse, 281.
—— Land of Green Ginger, 606.
—— Megatherium Americanum, 109.
—— mysterious personage, 34.
—— nightingale epithets, 475.
—— "Pinece with a stink," 496.
—— poem attributed to Shelley, 183.
Pistol (fire-arms), its earliest use, 7. 137.
P. (J.) on marriage of cousins, 387.
P. (J.) jun. on Lord Audley's attendants, 573.
P. (J. R.) on arrow-mark, 440.
—— daughter pronounced dafter, 504.
Planets, the discovery of, 601.
Plantin Bibles in 1600, 537.
Plants, wild, and their names, 35. 136. 207.
Plat (Sir Hugh) noticed, 495.
Players, an interpolation of the, 147.
Plum, origin of the word, 65. 654.
Ply on lens for negatives, 158.
Poema del Cid, with glossary and notes, 367. 574.
* Poems and songs in MS., 587.
Polarised light, 409. 552.
Politian, his epitaph at Florence, 537.
* Politics, their influence on fashion, 515.
* Poll tax in 1641, 340.
Polonius on Ireland a bastinadoed elephant, 523.
Pope and Cowper, 383.
* Pope's Elegy on an unfortunate lady, 539.
Popes, St. Malachy's prophecies on, 390.
* Popham (Sir John) and Littlecott, 218.
Porcpisee or porpoise, 208.
Porridge, the Book of Common Prayer, so called, 486.
Porter family, 364. 526. 576.
Porter (liquor), early use of the word, 9.
* Post-office about 1770, 8.
—— riddles for, 185.
Potenger's unpublished letter, 53.
Pots used by members of the Temple, 171. 256. 574.
Pottery, Dutch, 183.
* Poyntz (Gabriel), his arms, 440.
P. (P.) on books chained in churches, 453.
—— ladies' arms borne in a lozenge, 329. 652.
—— point of etiquette, 527.
—— slow-worm superstition, 328.
P. (P. P.) on consecrated roses, 38.
Prayer Book, French translation, 343. 478.
Prayer Books, early editions, 318.
—— pictorial editions, 446.
—— prior to 1662, 504.
Prayer, occasional forms of, 535.
* Presbyterian titles, 126.
Pretenders, their births and deaths, 565.
Price (R.) on Latin riddle in Aulus Gellius, 243.
—— proverbial expressions, 624.
Prideaux (J.) on Wm. Cookworthy, 585.
Prie dieu, ancient furniture, 101. 183.
Printers' grammars, &c., 62.
Proclamations, collection of, 528.
* Property, the right of redeeming, 516.
Prophet—Thomas Newans, 381.
Proverbial expressions, change of meaning in, 464. 624.
Proverbs, definition of one, 243. 304. 523.
—— pictorial, 20.
—— quoted by Suetonius, 86.
—— weather, 218.
* —— wedding, 150.
—— Miscellaneous:—
As good as a play, 363.
Dover Court; all speakers and no hearers, 9.
Hauling over the coals, 125. 280. 524.
Put a spoke in his wheel, 269. 351. 522. 576.
Putting your foot into it, 77. 159.
* Raining cats and dogs, 565.
* The full moon brings fine weather, 79.
* Vaut mieux avoir affaire, &c., 220.
Tread on a worm and it will turn, 464. 624.
When the maggot bites, 244. 304. 353. 526.
Psalm cxxvii. 2., translation of, 387. 519. 641.
P. (S. C.) on high and low Dutch, 413.
P. (T.) on Staffordshire knot, 220.
Pues or pews, its correct spelling, 127.
Pugillus on Andrew Johnson, 589.
Pullen (Rev. Josiah) noticed, 489.
Pulpits of stone, 562.
Pulteney (Sir John de) noticed, 263.
Pumphrey (Wm.) on procuring black tints, 349.
Pun, a pictorial one, 385.
Punning devices, 270. 376.
* —— divine, 586.
Pure, a peculiar use of the word, 125. 230. 352.
P. ( W.) on "A mockery, a delusion, and a snare," 244.
—— Willingham boy, 305.
P. (W. H.) on church temporalities, 412.
—— humming ale, 245.
—— Major André, 277.

Q.
Q. on Ashman's Park, 376.
—— etymology of awk, 602.
—— etymology of bad, 207.
—— belike, its etymology, 600.
—— enough, its pronunciation, 210.
—— lad and lass, their etymology, 210.
—— lowbell, its etymology, 208.
—— "mob" and "cash," 573.
—— Macbeth, a passage in, 217.
—— Naples and the Campagna Felice, 33.
—— perseverant, 44.
—— porc-pisee, its etymology, 208.
—— portrait of Sir A. Wingfield, 245.
—— quarrel, its etymology, 206.
—— scheltrum, its orthography, 206.
—— spur, its meaning, 209.
—— "spoke in his wheel," 576.
—— tenet, or tenent, 602.
—— unkid, its meaning, 604.
—— voiding knife, 232.
—— windfalls, 14.
* Quadrille, its derivation, 441.
Quæsitor on "The Whole Duty of Man," 564.
Quarles and Pascal, 172.
Quarrel, its derivation, 206.
Quarter, as sparing life, its origin, 246. 353.
* Queen at chess, 469.
Questor on "the apple of the eye," 204.
—— discovery of planets, 601.
—— epitaph at Crayford, 363.
Quotations:—
Alterius orbis Papa, 254.
Amentium haud amantium, 19. 89. 136.
A mockery, a delusion, and a snare, 244. 302.
Antiquitas Sæculi Juventus Mundi, 502. 651.
Aquæ in vinum conversæ, 242.
A saint in crape, 102. 208.
* Celsior exsurgens pluviis, &c., 220.
* Chew the bitter cud of disappointment, 103.
Could we with ink the ocean fill, 127. 180. 257. 422. 522. 648.
Crowns have their compass, 376.
* Cutting off the little heads of light, 56.
Earth says to earth, &c., 110. 353.
Firm was their faith, the ancient bands, 564.
From the sublime to the ridiculous, 177.
Homo unius libri, 440. 569.
Horace, De Arte Poetica, 444.
* in copy of the Pugna Porcorum, 151.
In necessariis unitas, 197. 281.
Inter cuncta micans, 230.
Johnson's turgid style, 366. 526.
* Latin quotations, 197. 281. 353.
* Like one who wakes from pleasant sleep, 292.
Limerick, Dublin, and Cork, 102. 257.
Magna est veritas et prævalebit, 77.
Man proposes, but God disposes, 411. 552.
Mater ait natæ, &c., 160.
Never ending, still beginning, 103. 162.
Now the fierce bear, &c., 440. 577.
Oh for a voice of that wild horn, 622.
Pinece with a stink, 270. 350. 496.
Pity is akin to love, 89.
* Plus occidit gula, 292.
 Populus vult decipi, &c., 65. 522.
Quem Deus vult perdere, 73.
Qui facit per alium, 231. 422.
Quid facies, facies Veneris, &c., 539.
* Sad are the rose leaves, 197.
Sat cito si sat bene, 18. 87.
Scire ubi aliquid invenire posses, &c., 587.
* Solamen miseris, &c., 272.
* Suaviter in modo, fortiter in re, 586.
* To know ourselves diseased, 219.
* Too wise to err, too good to be unkind, 539.
* Trail through the leaden sky, 494.
Up, guards, and at 'em! 111. 184. 204. 275.
Veni, vidi, vici, 400.
Virgin wife and widowed maid, 56. 230.
* We've parted for the longest time, 388.
* What does not fade? 366.
* When we survey yon circling orbs, 515.
Wilderness of monkeys, 413.

R.
R. on Baskerville's burial, 423.
—— gloves at fairs, 136.
R. (A. B.) on barnacles, 300.
—— Coleridge's Christabel, 111.
—— lines on the institution of the Garter, 182.
—— lines typifying Tyranny, 56.
Radcliffe (J. N.) on Huggins and Muggins, 503.
—— moon superstitions, 322.
Raffaelle's Sposalizio, 14. 574.
Railway travelling foretold, 34. 65.
Rainbow, odour from the, 158.
Raleigh (Sir Walter) called "Our English Milo," 495.
* —— his descendants, 78.
—— his supposed scepticism, 267.
Rapping no novelty, 512. 632.
* Rathbane family, 493.
Rathe, or early, 208.
Ravilliac noticed, 219. 479.
Rawlinson (Robert) on falsified gravestone at Stratford, 124.
—— meteorology of Shakspeare, 336.
—— Shakspeare emendations, 51.
R. (C.) on history of the Nonjurors, 621.
R. (C. I.) on "Could we with ink," &c., 180.
—— "Fag," or after-math, 229.
—— Garrick Street, May Fair, 411.
—— La Fête des Chaudrons, 57.
—— poetical tavern signs, 627.
R. (C. T.) on "Amentium haud Amantium," 136.
Reader on Norman of Winster, 302.
—— Sir Arthur Aston, 302.
R. (E. B.) on mousehunt, 606.
"Rebellious Prayer," a poem, 19.
* Receipt or Recipe, 583.
Rector on marriage service, 525.
Red hair, 86. 522.
Reed (Charles) on Haulf-Naked manor, 205.
—— palindromes, 520.
—— shoe thrown for luck, 377.
Reformed faith temp. Hen. VIII., 135.
R. (E. G.) on artificial drainage, 493.
—— "Could we with ink," &c., 522.
—— longevity, 255.
—— mardle, 577.
—— Northamptonshire folk lore, 216.
—— rowans, or rawins, 229.
—— strut-stowers, 233.
Regium Donum, its origin, 517.
R. (E. M.) on Mackey's Mythological Astronomy, 567.
Rents of Assize, &c., 81.
Reynolds' nephew, 102. 232.
Reynolds' portrait of Baretti, 411.
Reynolds (Sir Joshua), his baptism, 513.
R. (F.) on female parish clerk, 475.
R. (G. H.) on "Could we with ink," &c., 648.
R. (G. M.) on Charles Fox and Gibbon, 312.
R. (H. P. W.) on Sir Ralph Winwood, 272.
Rhymes, designed false English, 249. 602.
Rhymes on places, 305. 466. 615.
Richard I., notices of, 72.
Richard, King of the Romans, his arms, 265. 454. 653.
Richard's Guide through France, 534.
Richardson (John) on dog-whipping day in Hull, 409.
—— Land of Green Ginger, 227.
Richmond in Yorkshire, vault at, 388. 573.
Richmond (Margaret, Countess of), her arms, 84.
Riddle in Aulus Gellius, 243. 322.
Ridley (T. D.) on muggers, 305.
—— Pelasgi, 516.
—— quotation from Walter Scott, 376.
Riggs (Romulus), an American name, 638.
Riley (H. T.) on Abigail, 42.
—— angel-beast—cleek—longtriloo, 63.
—— bacon or beechen, 63.
—— burial in unconsecrated ground, 43.
—— dissimulate, its early use, 10.
—— Dover Court, 9.
—— Hans Krauwinckel, 63.
—— humbug, its etymology, 64.
—— "Marry come up!" 9.
—— mugger, 34.
—— pictorial proverbs, 20.
—— porter (liquor), early use of the word, 9.
—— rub-a-dub, 63.
—— Shakspeare's Tempest, passage in, 45.
—— Sir Heister Ryley, 9.
—— snail-eating, 34.
Rimbault (Dr. E. F.) on Abp. Chicheley, 350.
—— Discovery of the Inquisition, 350.
—— groaning-board, 309.
—— Jacob Bobart, 344.
—— palace at Enfield, 352.
—— Sir John Vanbrugh, 352.
—— "When Orpheus went down," 397.
Ring finger, 61. 574.
Ring money, called Manillas, 278.
* Rings formerly worn by ecclesiastics, 387.
Rings, a chapter on, 416.
Rix (S. W.) on Cromwell's portrait, 55.
—— hour-glass in pulpits, 83. 209.
—— parochial libraries, 62.
R. (J.) on Les Lettres Juives, 541.
—— nursery rhymes, 452.
R. (J. C.) on Christian names, 63.
—— Calvin's correspondence, 62.
—— Order of John of Jerusalem, 61.
—— ring finger, 61.
R. (J. S.) on origin of Rundlestone, 317.
R. (L. D.) on passage in Boerhaave, 602.
R. (L. M. M.) on German phrase, 150.
—— mysterious personage, 113.
—— Pretenders' births and deaths, 565.
—— praying to the West, 102.
R. (M. W.) on Sir Anthony Fitzherbert, 576.
R. (N.) on the nursrow, 538.
Roberts (Chris.) on Dr. Robert Cary, 79.
—— Harmony of the Four Gospels, 416.
Robin Hood's festival, 622.
Robson (W.) on aldress, 503.
—— crescent, its origin as a standard, 196.
—— interpolation of the players, 147.
—— Spanish play-bill, 336.
* Roden's colt, 340.
Rogers (Dr. John), his works, 172.
Roman Catholic Bible Society, 494.
Roman remains at Durham, 466.
* Romanists confined in Ely, 79.
Rome and the number six, 490.
—— epigrams on, 584.
* Rondall (Rev. W.) noticed, 515.
Rose (Samuel), his letter on Pope and Cowper, 383.
Rosicrucians, 106. 175.
* Rothwell family, 243.
* Rounceval, Our Lady of, 340.
* Royalty dining in public, two paintings of, 538.
R. (R. I.) on rapping no novelty, 632.
R. (R. J.) on divining-rod, 479.
R. (S.) on Dr. John Taylor, 299.
—— passage in Milton, 249.
—— selling a wife, 209.
Rub-a-dub, its early use, 63.
* Rubens's MS. on painting, 539.
Rubi on book inscriptions, 64.
—— poetical tavern signs, 568.
—— weather proverbs, 218.
Rubrical query, 207.
Ruby on ladies' arms borne in a lozenge, 653.
* Rudd (Bp. Anthony), his monument, 9.
Rufus on Waugh, Bishop of Carlisle, 271.
Rulers of the world in 1853, 638.
* Rundlestone, origin of the term, 317.
Russell (Lord Wm.), his burial-place, 100. 179.
Russian grammars, 561.
Russians, their religion, 582.
R. (W.) on authors' remuneration, 81.
—— burning for witchcraft, 470.
R. (W. B.) on Kentish Town Assembly House, 293.
* Ryley (Sir Heister), his Visions, 9.
 S.
S. on eclipse in 1263, 441.
Σ. on clouds in photographs, 451.
Saint Florentin (M. L. P.), alias Duke de la Vrillière, 351.
Salmon (W. R. D.) on mousehunt, 516.
—— myrtle bee, 173. 593.
—— stage-coaches, 600.
Salopian on monumental inscription, 268.
* Salter (Sir Ambrose Nicholas) noticed, 318.
Saltpeter maker, 225. 399.
"Salus populi suprema lex," its origin, 410. 526. 606.
S. (A. M.) on hurrah! 20.
Sams (Mr.), his Egyptian antiquities, 521.
Sandwich Islands discovered by Cook, 7. 108.
Sangaree, its derivation, 527.
Sansom (J.) on Bohn's Hoveden, 290.
—— arms of the see of York, 302.
—— Craton the philosopher, 603.
—— hurrah! 324.
—— Osborn filius Herfasti, 515.
—— Reynolds's nephew, 232; his baptism, 513.
—— Sir William Hankford, 278.
Sarah Anna on Broderie Anglaise, 172.
* Savigny, Life of, 294.
* Saying, an old, "Merry be the first," 197.
Sackville (Lord George) noticed, 238.
Sc. on Raffaelle's Sposalizio, 14.
—— selling a wife, 43.
* Scale of vowel sounds, 34.
Scheltrum, its derivation, 206.
School libraries, 220. 298. 395. 498. 640.
* Scobell (Henry), compiler of Collection of Acts, 493.
Scotchmen in Poland, 131.
Scott (Francis John) on Celtic and Latin languages, 353.
—— claymore, 365.
—— fierce, a provincialism, 352.
—— Marcarnes, 572.
—— muffs worn by military men, 353.
—— singular discovery of a cannon-ball, 366.
—— sneezing, 624.
Scott (John) on ladies' arms borne in a lozenge, 277.
Scott (Sir Walter), unpublished epigram by, 575.
Scottish National Records, 405.
—— newspapers, early, 57. 161.
Scrape, "Getting into a scrape," origin of, 292. 422. 601.
Scribe (John) on Greek and Roman fortifications, 654.
* Scrimshaw (Jane) noticed, 441.
Scrymzeour on Scottish castles, 366.
S. (D.) on battle of Villers en Couché, 128.
Searson's Poems, 176.
Sea-serpent noticed, 40.
Seleucus on Adamsoniana, 135.
—— slow-worm superstition, 146.
—— snail-eating, 129.
—— snail-gardens, 161.
Semi-Tone on passage of Cicero, 640.
"Semper eadem," origin of the royal motto, 174. 255. 440.
Serpent with a human head, 304.
Serpents, notes on, 39.
Serviens on anonymous works, 174.
—— Major André, 174. 644.
* Seven Oaks and Nine Elms, 34.
Sewell and Lewis families, 388. 521. 621.
* Seymour (Col. Hyde) noticed, 388.
Seymour (Jane), her royal descent, 184. 251.
S. (G. L.) on History of Jesus Christ, 386.
—— Lepel's regiment, 504.
—— Sewell family, 621.
S. (G. S.) on creation of knights, 620.
—— Lady Mason's third husband, 620.
Shadbolt (Geo.) on albumenised paper, 395. 548.
—— clouds, how introduced, 477.
—— multiplication of photographs, 85.
—— stereoscopic angles, 227. 348. 476.
Shakspeare:—
Bacon (Lord) and Shakspeare, 438.
Ben Jonson's criticisms, 263. 313.
coincident suggestions on the text, 265.
Collier's Monovolume, 35. 338.
delighted, 241. 437.
digest of various readings, 74. 170. 362. 466.
emendations, 51. 75.
Falstaff, his death, 263. 313, 314.
* first folio, reprint of, 220.
Jackson's emendations, 193.
meteorology of Shakspeare, 336.
parallels, 240.
portrait, 438. 538.
Priam's six-gated city, 288. 375.
Professor Hilgers' Treatise, 52.
readings, 28. 168.
remonstrance respecting the Shakspearian discussions, 261.
skull, 217.
winds, North and South, 338.
passage in All's Well That Ends Well, 217.
As You Like It, 383.
Hamlet, 123. 195. 409.
Henry IV. (Second Part), 263. 313, 314. 384. 408.
King John, 28. 266. 384.
King Lear, 4. 97.
Love's Labour's Lost, 241.
Macbeth, 217.
Measure for Measure, 194. 241. 288. 361.
Richard II., 338.
Romeo and Juliet, 3. 216. 361. 384.
Taming of the Shrew, 52. 73. 97, 98. 438.
 Tempest, 45. 123, 124. 169. 338. 408.
Troilus and Cressida, 288.
Two Gentlemen of Verona, 52.
Winter's Tale, 95. 169. 254. 361.
Shaw (R. J.) on names of wild plants, 36.
Shaw's (Mrs.) tombstone, 222.
Sheer ale explained, 168.
Sheer hulk, its meaning, 126. 280.
Shelley (Percy Bysshe), poem by him, 71. 183.
Shepherd's Kalendar quoted, 50.
Sheridan (R. B.), translation of a song by him, 563.
Sheriffs of Glamorganshire, 353. 423.
Sherlock (Dr. Richard) noticed, 245.
Ship "William and Ann," 54.
Shirtcollars, 467.
Shoemakers, a recitation for Oct. 25th, 619.
Shoes, throwing old ones for luck, 377.
"Short red, God red," 182. 398.
* Shoulder knots, their origin, 244.
S. (H. S.) on "Could we with ink," &c., 180.
Sights and exhibitions temp. James I., 558.
Sigma on Cawdray's Treasurie of Similies, 499.
Siller gun of Dumfries, 412.
Silo, a Spanish granary, 639.
Simpson (W. Sparrow) on battle of Villers en Couché, 8.
—— bell inscriptions, 108. 448.
—— books chained in churches, 93. 206. 323.
—— hour-glasses in pulpits, 328.
—— Prayer Books prior to 1662, 504.
Sims's Hand-book to the Library of the British Museum, 511. 553.
653.
Sincere, its derivation, 195. 328. 399. 567.
Singer (S. W.) on Hobbes and Hollar, 368.
—— its, early use of, 254.
—— Milton and Malatesti, 295.
—— Milton's widow, 471.
—— passage in Romeo and Juliet, 3.
Singleton (S.) on gravestone inscription, 328.
Sisson (J. Lawson) on bell inscriptions, 448.
—— derivation of Mardel, 411.
—— Muller's processes, 253.
—— Sisson's developing solution, 181. 253.
S. (J.) on book inscriptions, 591.
S. (J. H.) on Cawdray's Treasure of Similes, 386.
S. (J. L.) on the arms of De Sissonne, 243.
—— hour-glass stand, 454.
—— poetical tavern signs, 627.
S. (J. P.) on Westhumble Chapel, 410.
Skyring (G. W.) on bullaces, 326.
—— divining-rod, 293.
—— local rhymes, Kent, 466.
—— moon superstitions, 322.
—— "spoke in the wheel," 522.
Slang expression, "Just the cheese," 89.
* Slaves, collections for poor, 292.
—— execution for whipping, 112.
S. (L. D.) on quotation from Canning, 365.
Sleednot (J.) on "Qui facit per alium," 231.
Sloane-Evans (W. Sloane) on Bible and Prayer Book proper names,
469.
—— Edmund Spenser and Hans Sloane, 389.
—— marriage of cousins, 525.
—— Urban Vigors, 477.
Slow-worm superstition, 33. 146. 328. 479.
Smith (A.) on inscription near Cirencester, 76.
Smith (T. C.) on battle of Villers en Couché, 127.
Smith (W. J. Bernhard) on the claymore, 520.
—— ducking stool, 315.
—— megatherium in British Museum, 19.
—— nightingale and thorn, 527.
—— poetical tavern signs, 568.
—— spiked maces in Great Malvern Church, 254.
Snail-eating, 34. 128. 229.
—— gardens, 33. 128. 161. 229.
* Snayers (P.), his picture The Battle of Forty, 538.
Sneezing, an omen and a deity, 121.
—— popular ideas respecting, 366. 624.
Sneyd (W.) on Margery Trussell's arms, 412.
—— poems published at Manchester, 388.
Snow (B.) on D. Ferrand, 243.
S. (N. W.) on buckle, 526.
—— crow-bar, 439.
—— first and last, 439.
—— mauilies, manillas, 278.
—— Sir John Vanbrugh, 480.
—— stone-pillar worship, 207.
—— "To grab," 466.
S. 2 (N. W.) on cob and conners, 43.
—— Devonianisms, 44.
Soke mills, 272. 375.
Songs and Ballads:—
Barrels regiment, 620.
Bonnie Dundee, 19.
Danish and Swedish, 444.
Guardian angels, now protect me, 443.
* Jamieson the piper, 126.
Mary, weep no more for me, 385. 500.
The Angels' Whisper, 54.
They shot him on the nine-stane rig, 78. 376.
To the lords of Convention, 19.
When Orpheus went down, 196. 281. 397. 503.
Sophocles, passage in, 73. 478. 631.
Sotadic verses, 229.
Soul and magnetic needle, 87. 159.
* Southwark pudding wonder, 79.
Souvaroff's dispatch, 490.
Spanish play-bill, 336.
Sparrows at Lindham, 572.
S. (P. C. S.) on death of Edward II., 477.
—— Hungarians in Paules, 441.
—— MS. poems and songs, 587.
Speaker of the House of Commons in 1697, 152.
Speech, erroneous forms of, 65.
* Spendthrift, inquiry respecting, 102.
* Spenser (Edmund) and Sir Hans Sloane, 389.
* —— Fairy Queen, the missing books, 367.
Speriend on barnacles in the Thames, 124.
—— blotting-paper, 104.
—— Duke of Gloucester, 100.
—— German heraldry, 150.
Spes on Abp. Lancaster's cure for the gout, 6.
—— wooden tombs and effigies, 19.
Spiller (John) on protonitrate of iron, 228.
Spinster on wedding proverb, 150.
Spoor (Wm.) on Canute's Point, Southampton, 204.
Spur, explained, 209.
S. (Q. M.) on Martyr of Collet Well, 411.
S. (S. A.) on Caldecott's translation of New Testament, 410.
—— Calves' Head Club, 480.
S. s. (J.) on Pharaoh's ring, 521.
—— Picts' houses, 392.
S. (S. S.) on college guide, 57.
—— passage in Bishop Horsley, 9.
S. (S. W.) on "pinece with a stink," 496.
S. (S. Z. Z.) on Bacon's Essays, 289.
—— Cranmer's correspondence, 183.
—— Crassus' saying, 258.
—— editors, offer to intending, 172.
—— Lamech, 305.
—— Latin quotations wanted, 197.
—— parochial libraries, 275.
—— rubrical query, 207.
—— satirical medal, 231.
—— Sotades, 229.
—— "widowed wife," 230.
Staffordshire knot, 220. 454.
Stage-coaches, their speed, 439. 600.
* St. Andrew's priory, Barnwell, 80.
Stanhope (Charles Earl), his versatility of talent, 9. 135.
Stanhope (Henry Lord) noticed, 281. 563. (See Wotton.)
Stansbury (Joseph) on Washington anecdotes, 125.
Stars the flowers of heaven, 158. 346.
Statfold on Chancellor Steele, 220.
* Steele (Lord Chancellor), pedigree of, 220.
Steinman (G. S.), notes on Grammont, 461.
—— return of gentry temp. Henry VI., 630.
—— Sir Arthur Aston, 629.
Stephens (Edward) noticed, 588.
Sternberg (V. T.) on Carlist calembourg, 618.
—— Dr. Dodd a dramatist, 245.
—— haschisch or Indian hemp, 540.
—— Italian-English, 638.
—— spurious Don Quixote, 590.
—— stories of English peasantry, 94.
—— Tom, mythic and material, 239.
Sterne and the Drummer's letter, 153.
S. (T. G.) on Anderson's Royal Genealogies, 326.
—— Histories of Literature, 453.
—— Temple lands in Scotland, 521.
* St. George family pictures, 104.
Stillingfleet (Bishop), his library, 389.
Stillwell (John P.) on bees, 440.
—— "Hauling over the coals," 524.
Stone pillar worship, 207. 413.
Stoner (W. P.) on hour-glass in pulpits, 209.
—— Mulciber, 232.
* Storms at the death of great men, 493.
Stornoway on house of Falahill, 134.
Stoups, exterior, 574.
Stoven Church, the original, 80.
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