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JavaScript Unlocked 1st Edition Sheiko Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Sheiko, Dmitry
ISBN(s): 9781785881572, 1785881574
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 2.10 MB
Year: 2015
Language: english
JavaScript Unlocked

Improve your code's maintainability, performance,

and security through practical expert insights and
unlock the full potential of JavaScript

Dmitry Sheiko

BIRMINGHAM - MUMBAI
JavaScript Unlocked

Copyright © 2015 Packt Publishing

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embedded in
critical articles or reviews.

Every effort has been made in the preparation of this book to ensure the accuracy
of the information presented. However, the information contained in this book is
sold without warranty, either express or implied. Neither the author, nor Packt
Publishing, and its dealers and distributors will be held liable for any damages
caused or alleged to be caused directly or indirectly by this book.

Packt Publishing has endeavored to provide trademark information about all of the
companies and products mentioned in this book by the appropriate use of capitals.
However, Packt Publishing cannot guarantee the accuracy of this information.

First published: December 2015

Production reference: 1011215

Published by Packt Publishing Ltd.

Livery Place
35 Livery Street
Birmingham B3 2PB, UK.

ISBN 978-1-78588-157-2

www.packtpub.com
 Credits

Author Project Coordinator

Dmitry Sheiko Izzat Contractor

Reviewer Proofreader
Durgesh Priyaranjan Safis Editing

Commissioning Editor Indexer

Wilson Dsouza Tejal Soni

Acquisition Editor Graphics

Meeta Rajani Abhinash Sahu

Content Development Editor Production Coordinator

Priyanka Mehta Aparna Bhagat

Technical Editor Cover Work

Mohita Vyas Aparna Bhagat

Copy Editor
Kausambhi Majumdar
 About the Author

Dmitry Sheiko is a passionate blogger and the author of Instant Testing with QUnit.
Dmitry got hooked to computer programming in the late '80s. For the last 18 years,
he has been in web development. His very first open source contribution was an
XSLT-based CMS in 2004. Since then, he has been contributing quite a lot to FOSS.
You can find Dmitry's latest works at https://github.com/dsheiko. Currently,
he is working as a web developer in the lovely city of Frankfurt am Main at
Crytek GmbH.

First, I would like to thank my family for the continuous support

and letting me to realize my potential. A special thank you to my
father, who took me to an industrial computer center when I was 3
years old. In I decade after this, with the advance in PCs, I realized
that computers mean games, and after a while, I became curious
enough to understand how the games are built. This is how I
started learning programming.

Thank you to my team at Crytek, who compliantly follow all

the practices described in the book and adapt to the constantly
evolving technologies to keep up with the pace I set.
 About the Reviewer

Durgesh Priyaranjan is a senior software developer who has been working on

various technologies. However, he loves JavaScript programming and interaction
design the most. He is currently based in Bengaluru (India) and is working as a
UI engineer for one of the Indian e-commerce giants, Flipkart.

He loves trying out different technologies without any bias. Of late, he can be found
tinkering around with Raspberry Pi.

I'd like to thank my loving wife for her continuous support of my

work and work-related hobbies.
 www.PacktPub.com

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 Table of Contents
Preface v
Chapter 1: Diving into the JavaScript Core 1
Make your code readable and expressive 2
Function argument default value 2
Conditional invocation 3
Arrow functions 4
Method definitions 5
The rest operator 6
The spread operator 6
Mastering multiline strings in JavaScript 7
Concatenation versus array join 7
Template literal 8
Multi-line strings via transpilers 8
Manipulating arrays in the ES5 way 9
Array methods in ES5 10
Array methods in ES6 12
Traversing an object in an elegant, reliable, safe, and fast way 13
Iterating the key-value object safely and fast 14
Enumerating an array-like object 14
The collections of ES6 15
The most effective way of declaring objects 17
Classical approach 17
Approach with the private state 18
Inheritance with the prototype chain 19
Inheriting from prototype with Object.create 20
Inheriting from prototype with Object.assign 21
Approach with ExtendClass 22
Classes in ES6 23

[i]
Table of Contents

How to – magic methods in JavaScript 24

Accessors in ES6 classes 26
Controlling access to arbitrary properties 28
Summary 29
Chapter 2: Modular Programming with JavaScript 31
How to get out of a mess using modular JavaScript 31
Modules 32
Cleaner global scope 32
Packaging code into files 32
Reuse 32
Module patterns 33
Augmentation 34
Module standards 35
How to use asynchronous modules in the browser 36
Pros and cons 40
How to – use synchronous modules on the server 41
Pros and cons 44
UMD 44
JavaScript's built-in module system 44
Named exports 45
Default export 46
The module loader API 47
Conclusion 47
Transpiling CommonJS for in-browser use 48
Bundling ES6 modules for synchronous loading 53
Summary 54
Chapter 3: DOM Scripting and AJAX 55
High-speed DOM operations 56
Traversing the DOM 57
Changing the DOM 58
Styling the DOM 60
Making use of attributes and properties 62
Handling DOM events 62
Communicating with the server 65
XHR 66
Fetch API 67
Summary 68

[ ii ]
 Table of Contents

Chapter 4: HTML5 APIs 69

Storing data in web-browser 69
Web Storage API 70
IndexedDB 73
FileSystem API 75
Boosting performance with JavaScript workers 77
Creating the first web component 82
Learning to use server-to-browser communication channels 86
Server-Sent Events 87
Web Sockets 89
Summary 93
Chapter 5: Asynchronous JavaScript 95
Nonblocking JavaScript 96
Error-first Callback 99
Continuation-passing style 100
Handling asynchronous functions in the ES7 way 103
Parallel tasks and task series with the Async.js library 104
Event handling optimization 106
Debouncing 107
Throttling 108
Writing callbacks that don't impact latency-critical events 109
Summary 109
Chapter 6: A Large-Scale JavaScript Application Architecture 111
Design patterns in JavaScript 111
Understanding concern separation in JavaScript 115
MVVM 117
Using JavaScript MV* frameworks 118
Backbone 118
Angular 122
React 124
Summary 127
Chapter 7: JavaScript Beyond the Browser 129
Levelling up the coding of a command-line program in JavaScript 129
Building a web server with JavaScript 136
Writing a desktop HTML5 application 137
Setting up the project 138
Adding the HTML5 application 138
Debugging 143
Packaging 144

[ iii ]
Table of Contents

Using PhoneGap to make a mobile native app 145

Setting up the project 145
Building the project 146
Adding plugins 147
Debugging 147
Summary 147
Chapter 8: Debugging and Profiling 149
Hunting bugs 149
Getting the best from a console API 151
Tuning performance 154
Summary 156
Index 157

[ iv ]
 Preface

Preface
JavaScript was born as a scripting language at the most inappropriate time—the time
of browser wars. It was neglected and misunderstood for a decade and endured six
editions. And look at it now! JavaScript has become a mainstream programming
language. It has advanced literally everywhere: in large-scale client-side
development, server scripting, desktop applications, native mobile programming,
game development, DB querying, hardware control, and OS automating. JavaScript
acquired a number of subsets such as Objective-J, CoffeeScript, TypeScript, and
others. JavaScript is marvelously concise and an expressive language. It features
prototype-based OOP, object composition and inheritance, variadic functions,
event-driven programming, and non-blocking I/O. However, to exploit the true
power of JavaScript, we need to have a deep understanding of language quirks.
Moreover, while developing in JavaScript, we will become aware of its numerous
pitfalls, and we will need a few tricks to avoid them. The project formerly known
as EcmaScript Harmony, was just recently finalized in the specification named
EcmaScript 2015, which is more often referred to as ES6. This not only brought the
language to the next level, but also introduced a number of new technologies that
require attention.

This book aims to guide the reader in understanding the upcoming and existing
features of JavaScript. It is fully packed with code recipes that address common
programming tasks. The tasks are supplied with solutions for classical JavaScript
(ES5) as well as for the next generation language (ES6-7). The book doesn't focus
only on in-browser language, but also provides the essentials on writing efficient
JavaScript for desktop applications, server-side software, and native module
apps. The ultimate goal of the author is not just to describe the language, but also
to help the reader to improve their code for better maintainability, readability,
and performance.

[v]
Preface

What this book covers

Chapter 1, Diving into the JavaScript Core, discusses the techniques to improve
the expressiveness of the code, to master multi-line strings and templating, and
to manipulate arrays and array-like objects. The chapter explains how to take
advantage of JavaScript prototype without harming the readability your code.
Further, the chapter introduces the "magic methods" of JavaScript and gives a
practical example of their use.

Chapter 2, Modular Programming with JavaScript, describes the modularity in

JavaScript: what modules are, why they are important, the standard approaches
for asynchronously and synchronously loaded modules, and what ES6 modules
are. The chapter shows how CommonJS modules are used in server-side JavaScript
and how to pre-compile them for in-browser use. It elaborates how asynchronous
and synchronous approaches can be combined to achieve a better application
performance. It also explains how one can polyfill ES6 modules for production
by the means of Babel.js.

Chapter 3, DOM Scripting and AJAX, introduces Document Object Model (DOM),
shows the best practices to minimize browser reflow, and enhance application
performance while operating with the DOM. The chapter also compares two
client-server communication models: XHR and Fetch API.

Chapter 4, HTML5 APIs, considers the persistence APIs of the browser such as
Web Storage, IndexDB, and FileSystem. It introduces Web Components and gives
a walk-through of the creation of a custom component. The chapter describes
server-to-browser communication APIs such as SSE and WebSockets.

Chapter 5, Asynchronous JavaScript, explains the nonblocking nature of JavaScript,

elaborates the event loop and the call stack. The chapter considers the popular
styles of chaining asynchronous calls and handling errors. It presents the async/
await technique of ES7 and also gives examples of running tasks in parallel and
in sequence using the Promise API and the Async.js library. It describes throttling
and debouncing concepts.

Chapter 6, A Large-Scale JavaScript Application Architecture, focuses on code

maintainability and architecture. The chapter introduces the MVC paradigm and its
derivatives, MVP and MVVM. It also shows, with examples, how concern separation
is implemented in popular frameworks such as Backbone.js, AngularJS, and ReactJS.

[ vi ]
 Preface

Chapter 7, JavaScript Beyond the Browser, explains how to write command-line

programs in JavaScript and how to build a web server with Node.js. It also covers the
creation of desktop HTML5 applications with NW.js and guides the development of
native mobile applications with Phongap.

Chapter 8, Debugging and Profiling, dives into bug detection and isolation. It examines
the capacities of DevTools and the lesser-known features of the JavaScript console API.

What you need for this book

It's enough if you have a modern browser and a text editor to run the examples
from the book. It maybe helpful, however, to use a browser tool similar to Firefox
Scratchpad (https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Tools/Scratchpad)
to edit the sample code directly in the browser. The books also contains ES6/ES7
code examples that rely on features not yet available in browsers. You can run these
examples in Babel.js's online sandbox available at https://babeljs.io/repl/.

You will find detailed instructions of how to set up your development environment
and install the required tools and dependencies in the chapters where we refer to
Node.js, NW.js, PhoneGap, JavaScript frameworks, and NPM packages.

Who this book is for

This book is for the developers who are already familiar with JavaScript and want to
level up their skills to get the most out of the language. The book is practice-oriented
and would be helpful for those who are used to the "learn by doing" approach, as the
topics are thoroughly covered with real-life examples and tutorials.

Conventions
In this book, you will find a number of text styles that distinguish between different
kinds of information. Here are some examples of these styles and an explanation of
their meaning.

Code words in text, database table names, folder names, filenames, file extensions,
pathnames, dummy URLs, user input, and Twitter handles are shown as follows:
"We can include other contexts through the use of the include directive."

[ vii ]
Preface

A block of code is set as follows:

var res = [ 1, 2, 3, 4 ].filter(function( v ){
return v > 2;
})
console.log( res ); // [3,4]

When we wish to draw your attention to a particular part of a code block, the
relevant lines or items are set in bold:
/**
* @param {Function} [cb] - callback
*/
function fn( cb ) {
cb && cb();
};

Any command-line input or output is written as follows:

npm install fs-walk cli-color

New terms and important words are shown in bold. Words that you see on the
screen, for example, in menus or dialog boxes, appear in the text like this: "As soon
as Enter is pressed, the console outputs I'm running."

Warnings or important notes appear in a box like this.

Tips and tricks appear like this.

Reader feedback
Feedback from our readers is always welcome. Let us know what you think about
this book—what you liked or disliked. Reader feedback is important for us as it
helps us develop titles that you will really get the most out of.

To send us general feedback, simply e-mail feedback@packtpub.com, and mention

the book's title in the subject of your message.

If there is a topic that you have expertise in and you are interested in either writing
or contributing to a book, see our author guide at www.packtpub.com/authors.

[ viii ]
 Preface

Customer support
Now that you are the proud owner of a Packt book, we have a number of things
to help you to get the most from your purchase.

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Piracy
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[ ix ]
Preface

Questions
If you have a problem with any aspect of this book, you can contact us at
questions@packtpub.com, and we will do our best to address the problem.

[x]
 Diving into the
JavaScript Core
You may have owned an iPhone for years and regard yourself as an experienced
user. At the same time, you keep removing unwanted characters one at a time while
typing by pressing delete. However, one day you find out that a quick shake allows
you to delete the whole message in one tap. Then you wonder why on earth you
didn't know this earlier. The same thing happens with programming. We can be
quite satisfied with our coding until, all of sudden, we run into a trick or a lesser-
known language feature that makes us reconsider the entire work done over the
years. It turns out that we could do this in a cleaner, more readable, more testable,
and more maintainable way. So it's presumed that you already have experience with
JavaScript; however, this chapter equips you with the best practices to improve
your code. We will cover the following topics:

• Making your code readable and expressive

• Mastering multiline strings in JavaScript
• Manipulating arrays in the ES5 way
• Traversing an object in an elegant, reliable, safe, and fast way
• The most effective way of declaring objects
• How to magic methods in JavaScript

[1]
Diving into the JavaScript Core

Make your code readable and expressive

There are numerous practices and heuristics to make a code more readable,
expressive, and clean. We will cover this topic later on, but here we will talk about
syntactic sugar. The term means an alternative syntax that makes the code more
expressive and readable. In fact, we already had some of this in JavaScript from the
very beginning. For instance, the increment/decrement and addition/subtraction
assignment operators inherited from C. foo++ is syntactic sugar for foo = foo + 1, and
foo += bar is a shorter form for foo = foo + bar. Besides, we have a few tricks that serve
the same purpose.

JavaScript applies logical expressions to so-called short-circuit evaluation. This

means that an expression is read left to right, but as soon as the condition result is
determined at an early stage, the expression tail is not evaluated. If we have true
|| false || false, the interpreter will know from the first test that the result is true
regardless of other tests. So the false || false part is not evaluated, and this opens
a way for creativity.

Function argument default value

When we need to specify default values for parameters we can do like that:
function stub( foo ) {
return foo || "Default value";
}

console.log( stub( "My value" ) ); // My value

console.log( stub() ); // Default value

What is going on here? When foo is true (not undefined, NaN, null, false, 0, or
""), the result of the logical expression is foo otherwise the expression is evaluated
until Default value and this is the final result.

Starting with 6th edition of EcmaScript (specification of JavaScript language) we can

use nicer syntax:
function stub( foo = "Default value" ) {
return foo;
}

[2]
 Chapter 1

Conditional invocation
While composing our code we shorten it on conditions:"
var age = 20;
age >= 18 && console.log( "You are allowed to play this game" );
age >= 18 || console.log( "The game is restricted to 18 and over" );

In the preceding example, we used the AND (&&) operator to invoke console.log
if the left-hand condition is Truthy. The OR (||) operator does the opposite, it calls
console.log if the condition is Falsy.

I think the most common case in practice is the shorthand condition where the
function is called only when it is provided:
/**
* @param {Function} [cb] - callback
*/
function fn( cb ) {
cb && cb();
};

The following is one more example on this:

/**
* @class AbstractFoo
*/
AbstractFoo = function(){
// call this.init if the subclass has init method
this.init && this.init();
};

Syntactic sugar was introduced to its full extent to the JavaScript world only
with the advance in CoffeeScript, a subset of the language that trans-compiles
(compiles source-to-source) into JavaScript. Actually CoffeeScript, inspired by Ruby,
Python, and Haskell, has unlocked arrow-functions, spreads, and other syntax to
JavaScript developers. In 2011, Brendan Eich (the author of JavaScript) admitted
that CoffeeScript influenced him in his work on EcmaScript Harmony, which was
finalized this summer in ECMA-262 6th edition specification. From a marketing
perspective, the specification writers agreed on using a new name convention that
calls the 6th edition as EcmaScript 2015 and the 7th edition as EcmaScript 2016. Yet the
community is used to abbreviations such as ES6 and ES7. To avoid confusion further
in the book, we will refer to the specifications by these names. Now we can look at
how this affects the new JavaScript.

[3]
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
However young, however weak, dear children, you may be, know
that the youngest, the weakest, have some power here to give
either pleasure or pain. A generous spirit shrinks from inflicting
suffering on the smallest insect or the feeblest worm; and I trust
that no reader of my little tale will hesitate which part to take for his
own, or leave it doubtful whether he ought to be classed under the
title of Wings or Stings.

·FINIS·

FOOTNOTES:
[A] Naturalists doubt whether the violet-bee is a native of Britain.
It is known that one species of carpenter-bee is to be found in
England, but the one described above probably belongs to foreign
lands.

TRANSCRIBER’S NOTE:
Obvious typographical errors have been corrected.
 *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WINGS AND
STINGS: A TALE FOR THE YOUNG ***

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