Educational Management 1st Edition V. Deshmukh Ashima pdf download
Educational Management 1st Edition V. Deshmukh Ashima pdf download
Deshmukh
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Educational Management 1st Edition V. Deshmukh
Ashima Digital Instant Download
Author(s): V. Deshmukh Ashima; Anju P. Naik
ISBN(s): 9789350440025, 9350440024
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 46.04 MB
Year: 2010
Language: english
Educational
Management
I§I
GJIirnalaya GpgblishingGJIouse
MUMBAI • NEW DELHI • NAGPUR • BENGALURU • HYDERABAD • CHENNAJ • PUNE • lUCKNOW • AHMEDABAD
• ERNAKULAM • BHUBANESWAR • INDORE' KOlKATA
,
© Authors
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form of by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording and/or otherwise without the prior written permission
of the publishers.
ISBN : 978-81-84888-96-6
First Edition: 2010
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CONTENTS
Section I: Management
1. Management 3-66
2. Educational Management 67-91
3. Systems Approach to Educational Management 92 -113
MANAGEMENT
"This page is Intentionally Left Blank"
Chapter
MANAGEMENT
Learning Objectives
>~ ~,,~ y, ...>i
Structure '
,>, ,
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Concept of Management
1.3 Nature and Features of Management
1.4 Levels of Management
1.5 Objectives of Management
1.6 Evolution of The Theory and Practice of Management
1.7 Definitions of Management with reference to Functions of Management
1.8 Importance of Management
1.9 Management and Administration
_
Educational Management
----------
This chapter is very important for any student to understand the "concept of management"
in brief, as it will help to develop and understanding of the fundamental concept of educational
management well. Hence, the author has made an attempt to first talk about the aspects of
management.
1; 1 INTRODUCTION
What is Management?
Management is an universal phenomenon. Management is a very popular term in present
time. All organisations - business, political, cultural or social are involved in management because
it is the management, which helps and directs the various efforts towards a definite purpose, It is
used in various fields as it has an important role in all types of work. It has developed as an
independent discipline of its own. But in educational field, management has new role to play and
hence it has to be 'understood very well. Thus, educational management is very important in
today's time for any educational institution.
The verb manage comes from the Italian maneggiare (to handle - especially a horse), which
in turn derives from the Latin manus (hand). The French word mesnagement (later menagement)
influenced the development in meaning of the English word management in the 17th and 18th
Centuries.
The phrase "management is what managers do" occurs widely, suggesting the difficulty of
defining management, the shifting nature of definitions, and the connection of managerial practices
with the existence of a managerial cadre or class.
of trial and error initially, but application of management principles over the years makes
them perfect in the job of managing.
5. Goal-oriented: Every art is result-oriented as it seeks to achieve concrete results. In the
same manner, management is also directed towards accomplishment of pre-determined
goals. Managers use various resources like men, money, material, machinery and methods
to promote growth of an organisation.
Thus, we can say that Management is an art therefore it requires application of certain principles
rather than it is an art of highest order because it deals with moulding the attitude and behaviour
of people at work towards desired goals.
Management involves creating an internal environment, at the same being influenced by the
external environment. It is the management, which puts into use the various factors of production.
Therefore, it is the responsibility of the management to create such conditions, which are conducive
to maximum efforts so that people are able to perform their task efficiently and effectively. It
includes ensuring availability of raw materials, determination of wages and salaries, formulation of
rules and regulations, etc. In the context of maximum output, the management has to bank on its
human resources other than material resources.
Therefore, we can say that good management includes both being effective and efficient.
Being effective means doing the appropriate task and also by the right person at right place, i.e.,
fitting the square pegs in square holes and round pegs in round holes. In business houses its
understood that being efficient means doing the task correctly at least possible cost with minimum
wastage of resources.
Management as a Noun
Those individuals who exercise leadership in an educational institution, i.e., managers,
principaV HM, directors, Head of Department, etc., form the management of the Institute.
Management as a Group
Management as a (noun) group refers to all those persons who perform the task of managing
an enterprise. When we say that management of ABC and Co. is good, we are referring to a group
of people those who are managing. Thus, as a group technically speaking, management will include
all managers from chief executive to the first-line managers (lower-level managers). But in common
practice management includes only top management, i.e., Chief Executive, Chairman, General
Manager, Board of Directors, etc. In other words, those who are concerned with making important
decisions, these persons enjoy the authorities to use resources to accomplish organisational objectives
and also responsibility to for their efficient utilization.
Management as a group may be looked upon in 2 different ways:
1. All managers taken together
2. Only ~e top management
The interpretation depends upon the context in which these terms are used. Broadly speaking,
there are three types of managers
Management _
----------
1. Patrimonial/Family Manager: Those who have become managers by virtue of being
owners or relatives of the owners of the company.
2. Professional Managers: Those who have been appointed on acco1)nt of their specialized
knowledge and degree.
3. Political Managers/Civil Servants: '[hose who manage public sector undertakings.
Managers have become a part of elite group of society as they enjoy higher standard of living
in the society.
Management as a Process
The elements of management as process consists of planning, organizing, controlling, staffing,
directing and evaluating. As a process, management refers to a series of inter related functions.
According to George R. Terry, it is the process by which management creates, operates and directs
purposive organisation through systematic, coordinated and cooperated human efforts,
"Management is a distinct process consisting of planning, organizing, actuating and controlling,
performed to determine and accomplish stated objective by the use of human beings and other
resources" .
As a process, management consists of three aspects:
(a) Management is a social process: Since human factor is most important among the other
factors, therefore management is concerned with developing relationship among people.
It is the duty of management to make interaction between people - productive and useful
for obtaining organisational goals.
(b) Management is an integrating process: Management undertakes the job of bringing together
human, physical and financial resources so as to achieve organisational purpose. Therefore,
it is an important function to bring harmony between the various above factors.
(c) Management is a continuous process: It is a never ending process. It is concerned with
constantly identifying the problem and solving them by taking adequate steps. It is an on-
going process.
Management is an Activity
Management is a purposive activity. It is something that directs group efforts towards the
attainment of certain predetermined goals. It is the process of working with and through others to
effectively achieve the goals of the organisation, by efficiently using limited resources in the
everchanging world. These goals may vary from one enterprise to another.
Uke various other activities performed by human beings such as writing, playing, eating,
cooking etc., management is also an activity because a manager is one who accomplishes the
objectives of the organisation by directing the efforts of others. According to Koontz, "Management
is what a manager does". Management as an activity includes:
(a) Informational activities - In the functioning of business enterprise, the manager constantly
has to receive and give information orally or in written. A communication link has to be
maintained with subordinates as well as superiors for effective functioning of an enterprise.
(b) Decisional activities - Practically all types of managerial activities are based on one or the
other types of decisions. Therefore, managers are continuously involved in decisions of
_
Educational Management
----------
different kinds since the decision made by one manager becomes the basis of action to be
taken by other managers. (E.g., Sales manager is deciding the media and content of
advertising) .
(c) Inter-personal activities - Management involves achieving goals through people. Therefore,
managers have to interact with superiors as well as the subordinates. They must maintain
good relations with them. The inter-personal activities include with the subordinates and
taking care of the problem. (E.g., Bonuses to be given to the subordinates).
Management as Profession
Over a large few decades, factors such as growing size of business unit, separation of ownership
from management, growing competition, needs and specialization, etc., have led to an increased
demand for professionally qualified managers. The task of a manager has been quite specialized.
As a result of these developments the management has reached a stage where everything is to be
managed professionally. The School Head and the college Principal is thus an educational institute
of professional manager.
A profession may be defined as an occupation that requires specialized knowledge and intensive
academic preparations to which entry is regulated by a representative body. The essentials of a
profession are:
1. Specialized Knowledge: A professiol"l must have a systematic body of knowledge that
can be used for development of professionals. Every professional must make deliberate
efforts to acquire expertise in the principles and techniques. Similarly, a manager must
have devotion and involvement to acquire expertise in the science of management.
2. Formal Education and Training: There are number of institutes and universities to
impart education and training for a profession. No one can practice a profession without
going through a prescribed course. Many institutes of management have been set up for
imparting education and training. For example, a CA cannot audit the NC's unless he has
acquired a degree or a diploma for the same but no minimum qualifications and a course
of study has been prescribed for managers by law. For example, MBA may be preferred
but not necessary.
3. Social Obligations: Profession is a source of livelihood but professionals are primarily
motivated by the desire to serve the society. Their actions are influenced by social norms
and values. Similarly, a manager is responsible not only to its owners but also to the
society and therefore he is expected to provide quality goods at reasonable prices to the
society.
4. Code of Conduct: Members of a profession have to abide by a code of conduct which
contains certain rules and regulations, norms of honesty, integrity and special ethics. A
code of conduct is enforced by a representative association to ensure self-discipline among
its members. Any member violating the code of conduct can be punished and his
membership can be withdrawn. The teachers' organisations, school boards as well as the
universities have prescribed a code of conduct for educational heads and managers and it
has right to take legal action against any manager who violates it.
5. Representative Association: For the regulation of profession, existence of a
representative body is a must. For example, an institute of Chartered Accountant of India
Management _
----------
establishes and administers standards of competence for the auditors but the organisation of
accountants however does not have any statotury powers to regulate the activities of managers.
From above discussion, it is quite clear that management fulfills several essentials of a profession,
even then it is not a full-fledged profession because:
1. It does not restrict the entry in managerial jobs for account of one standard or other.
2. No minimum qualifications have been prescribed for managers.
3. No management association has the authority to grant a certificate of practice to various
managers.
4. All managers are supposed to abide by the code formulated by their organisation or
associations or guilds.
5. Competent education and training facilities do not exist.
6. Managers are responsible to many groups such as shareholders, employees and society. A
regulatory code may curtail their freedom.
7. Managers are known by their performance and not mere degrees.
8. The ultimate goal of business is to maximize profit and not social welfare. That is why it is
rightly remarked, "The slogan for management is becoming - 'He who serves best, also
profits most'. "
Management is an activity concerned with'-'guiding human and physical resources such that
organisational goals can be achieved. Nature of management can be highlighted as:
1. Management is Goal-Oriented: The success of any management activity is accessed
by its achievement of the predetermined goals or objectives. Management is a purposeful
activity. It is a tool, which helps use of human and physical resources to fulfill the pre-
determined goals. For example, the goal of an enterprise is maximum consumer satisfaction
by producing quality goods and at reasonable prices. This can be achieved by employing
efficient persons and making better use of scarce resources.
2. Management integrates Human, Physical and Financial Resources: In an
organisation, human beings work with non-human resources like machines. materials,
financial assets, buildings, etc. Management integrates human efforts to those resources. It
brings harmony among the human, physical and financial resources.
3. Management is Continuous: Management is an ongoing process. It involves continuous
handling of problems and issues. It is conce rned with identifying the problems and taking
appropriate steps to solve them. E.g. , the target of a company is maximum production,
for achieving this target various policies have to be framed but this is not the end. Marketing
and advertising is also to be done. For this policies have to be again framed . Hence, this is
an ongoing process.
4. Management is all Pervasive: Management is required in all types of organisations
Whether it is political, social, cultural or business because it helps and directs various efforts
towards
_
Educational Management
----------
1.4 LEVELS OF MANAGEMENT
The term "Levels of Management' refers to a line of demarcation between various managerial
positions in an organisation. The number of levels in management increases when the size of the
business and workforce increases and vice versa. The level of management determines a chain of
command, the amount of authority and status enjoyed by any managerial position. The levels of
management can be classified in three broad categories:
1. Top leveVAdministrative level
2. Middle leveVExecutive level
3. Low leveVSupervisory/Operative/First-line managers
Managers at all these levels perform different functions. The role of managers at all the three
levels is discussed below:
Emotional intelligence
Teaching & Non- and coaching for
Teaching Staff performance, etc.
MANAGERIAL SKILLS
CONCEPTUAL
SKILLS-ability to
conceptualize to
deci de goals
HUMAN SKILLS-
signifi cant peopl es
responsibilities
HUMAN SKILLS-
communication,
negotiation, human
& material resources
TECHNICAL SKILLS-
specialized & new technology
S. S
S. A. S. S. A. S.
ó
X M Y X M Y
XPO. FERENS. El Almirante.
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