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Contents in a Glance
Preface xiii

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1

Chapter 2 Input, Processing, and Output 31

Chapter 3 Decision Structures and Boolean Logic 109

Chapter 4 Repetition Structures 159

Chapter 5 Functions 209

Chapter 6 Files and Exceptions 287

Chapter 7 Lists and Tuples 343

Chapter 8 More About Strings 407

Chapter 9 Dictionaries and Sets 439

Chapter 10 Classes and Object-Oriented Programming 489

Chapter 11 Inheritance 551

Chapter 12 Recursion 577

Chapter 13 GUI Programming 597

Appendix A Installing Python 659

Appendix B Introduction to IDLE 663

Appendix C The ASCII Character Set 671

Appendix D Predefined Named Colors 673

Appendix E More About the Statement 679

Appendix F Installing Modules with the Utility 683

Appendix G Answers to Checkpoints 685

Index 703

Credits 721
Contents
Preface xiii

Chapter 1 Introduction to Computers and Programming 1

1.1 Introduction 1

1.2 Hardware and Software 2

1.3 How Computers Store Data 7

1.4 How a Program Works 12

1.5 Using Python 20

Review Questions 24

Chapter 2 Input, Processing, and Output 31

2.1 Designing a Program 31

2.2 Input, Processing, and Output 35

2.3 Displaying Output with the Function 36

2.4 Comments 39

2.5 Variables 40

2.6 Reading Input from the Keyboard 49

2.7 Performing Calculations 53

2.8 More About Data Output 65

 2.9 Named Constants 73

2.10 Introduction to Turtle Graphics 74

Review Questions 100

Programming Exercises 104

Chapter 3 Decision Structures and Boolean Logic 109

3.1 The Statement 109

3.2 The Statement 118

3.3 Comparing Strings 121

3.4 Nested Decision Structures and the Statement 125

3.5 Logical Operators 133

3.6 Boolean Variables 139

3.7 Turtle Graphics: Determining the State of the Turtle 140

Review Questions 148

Programming Exercises 151

Chapter 4 Repetition Structures 159

4.1 Introduction to Repetition Structures 159

4.2 The Loop: A Condition-Controlled Loop 160

4.3 The Loop: A Count-Controlled Loop 168

4.4 Calculating a Running Total 179

4.5 Sentinels 182

 4.6 Input Validation Loops 185

4.7 Nested Loops 190

4.8 Turtle Graphics: Using Loops to Draw Designs 197

Review Questions 201

Programming Exercises 203

Chapter 5 Functions 209

5.1 Introduction to Functions 209

5.2 Defining and Calling a Void Function 212

5.3 Designing a Program to Use Functions 217

5.4 Local Variables 223

5.5 Passing Arguments to Functions 225

5.6 Global Variables and Global Constants 235

5.7 Introduction to Value-Returning Functions: Generating Random

Numbers 239

5.8 Writing Your Own Value-Returning Functions 250

5.9 The Module 261

5.10 Storing Functions in Modules 264

5.11 Turtle Graphics: Modularizing Code with Functions 268

Review Questions 275

Programming Exercises 280

Chapter 6 Files and Exceptions 287
6.1 Introduction to File Input and Output 287

6.2 Using Loops to Process Files 304

6.3 Processing Records 311

6.4 Exceptions 324

Review Questions 337

Programming Exercises 340

Chapter 7 Lists and Tuples 343

7.1 Sequences 343

7.2 Introduction to Lists 343

7.3 List Slicing 351

7.4 Finding Items in Lists with the in Operator 354

7.5 List Methods and Useful Built-in Functions 355

7.6 Copying Lists 362

7.7 Processing Lists 364

7.8 Two-Dimensional Lists 376

7.9 Tuples 380

7.10 Plotting List Data with the Package 383

Review Questions 399

Programming Exercises 402

Chapter 8 More About Strings 407
8.1 Basic String Operations 407

8.2 String Slicing 415

8.3 Testing, Searching, and Manipulating Strings 419

Review Questions 431

Programming Exercises 434

Chapter 9 Dictionaries and Sets 439

9.1 Dictionaries 439

9.2 Sets 462

9.3 Serializing Objects 474

Review Questions 480

Programming Exercises 485

Chapter 10 Classes and Object-Oriented Programming 489

10.1 Procedural and Object-Oriented Programming 489

10.2 Classes 493

10.3 Working with Instances 510

10.4 Techniques for Designing Classes 532

Review Questions 543

Programming Exercises 546

Chapter 11 Inheritance 551

 11.1 Introduction to Inheritance 551

11.2 Polymorphism 566

Review Questions 572

Programming Exercises 574

Chapter 12 Recursion 577

12.1 Introduction to Recursion 577

12.2 Problem Solving with Recursion 580

12.3 Examples of Recursive Algorithms 584

Review Questions 592

Programming Exercises 594

Chapter 13 GUI Programming 597

13.1 Graphical User Interfaces 597

13.2 Using the Module 599

13.3 Display Text with Widgets 602

13.4 Organizing Widgets with 605

13.5 Widgets and Info Dialog Boxes 608

13.6 Getting Input with the Widget 611

13.7 Using Labels as Output Fields 614

13.8 Radio Buttons and Check Buttons 622

13.9 Drawing Shapes with the Widget 629

 Review Questions 651

Programming Exercises 654

Appendix A Installing Python 659

Appendix B Introduction to IDLE 663

Appendix C The ASCII Character Set 671

Appendix D Predefined Named Colors 673

Appendix E More About the Statement 679

Appendix F Installing Modules with the Utility 683

Appendix G Answers to Checkpoints 685

Index 703

Credits 721
 Location of Videonotes in the Text
Chapter 1 Using Interactive Mode in IDLE , p. 23

Performing Exercise 2 , p. 28

Chapter 2 The Function , p. 36

Reading Input from the Keyboard , p. 49

Introduction to Turtle Graphics , p. 5

The Sales Prediction Problem , p. 104

Chapter 3 The Statement , p. 109

The Statement , p. 118

The Areas of Rectangles Problem , p. 151

Chapter 4 The Loop , p. 160

The Loop , p. 168

The Bug Collector Problem , p. 203

Chapter 5 Defining and Calling a Function , p. 212

Passing Arguments to a Function , p. 225

Writing a Value-Returning Function , p. 250

 The Kilometer Converter Problem , p. 280

The Feet to Inches Problem , p. 281

Chapter 6 Using Loops to Process Files , p. 304

File Display , p. 340

Chapter 7 List Slicing , p. 351

The Lottery Number Generator Problem , p. 402

Chapter 8 The Vowels and Consonants problem , p. 435

Chapter 9 Introduction to Dictionaries , p. 439

Introduction to Sets , p. 462

The Capital Quiz Problem , p. 486

Chapter 10 Classes and Objects , p. 493

The class , p. 546

Chapter 11 The and Classes , p. 575

Chapter 12 The Recursive Multiplication Problem , p. 594

Chapter 13 Creating a Simple GUI application , p. 602

Responding to Button Clicks , p. 608

 The Name and Address Problem , p. 654

Appendix B Introduction to IDLE , p. 663

Preface
Welcome to Starting Out with Python, Fourth Edition. This book uses the
Python language to teach programming concepts and problem-solving skills,
without assuming any previous programming experience. With easy-to-
understand examples, pseudocode, flowcharts, and other tools, the student
learns how to design the logic of programs then implement those programs
using Python. This book is ideal for an introductory programming course or a
programming logic and design course using Python as the language.

As with all the books in the Starting Out With series, the hallmark of this text is
its clear, friendly, and easy-to-understand writing. In addition, it is rich in
example programs that are concise and practical. The programs in this book
include short examples that highlight specific programming topics, as well as
more involved examples that focus on problem solving. Each chapter provides
one or more case studies that provide step-by-step analysis of a specific
problem and shows the student how to solve it.

Control Structures First, Then Classes

Python is a fully object-oriented programming language, but students do not
have to understand object-oriented concepts to start programming in Python.
This text first introduces the student to the fundamentals of data storage, input
and output, control structures, functions, sequences and lists, file I/O, and
objects that are created from standard library classes. Then the student learns
to write classes, explores the topics of inheritance and polymorphism, and
learns to write recursive functions. Finally, the student learns to develop
simple event-driven GUI applications.

Changes in the Fourth Edition

This book’s clear writing style remains the same as in the previous edition.
However, many additions and improvements have been made, which are
summarized here:

New sections on the Python Turtle Graphics library have been added to
Chapters 2 through 5 . The Turtle Graphics library, which is a
standard part of Python, is a fun and motivating way to introduce
programming concepts to students who have never written code before.
The library allows the student to write Python statements that draw
graphics by moving a cursor on a canvas. The new sections that have
been added to this edition are:
Chapter 2 : Introduction to Turtle Graphics
Chapter 3 : Determining the State of the Turtle
Chapter 4 : Using loops to draw designs
Chapter 5 : Modularizing Turtle Graphics Code with Functions
The new Turtle Graphics sections are designed with flexibility in mind.
They can be assigned as optional material, incorporated into your existing
syllabus, or skipped altogether.
Chapter 2 has a new section on named constants. Although Python
does not support true constants, you can create variable names that
symbolize values that should not change as the program executes. This
section teaches the student to avoid the use of “magic numbers,” and to
create symbolic names that his or her code more self-documenting and
easier to maintain.
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
TESTIMONY OF JAMES JARMAN, JR.
Mr. Belin. Chief Justice Warren, this is Mr. Jarman.
The Chairman. How do you do. Glad to see you.
Mr. Belin. Congressman Ford——
Mr. McCloy. Would you hold up your right hand. Do you solemnly
swear that the testimony you give in this case will be the truth, the
whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help you God?
Mr. Jarman. I do.
Mr. Ball. The statement has been read to you as to the purpose
of your examination before the Commission?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Hasn't it, Mr. Jarman?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. State your name, please?
Mr. Jarman. James Jarman, Junior.
Mr. Ball. What do they call you, Junior?
Mr. Jarman. Junior.
Mr. Ball. Where do you live?
Mr. Jarman. 4930 Echo.
Mr. Ball. Are you married?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
 Mr. Ball. What is your age?
Mr. Jarman. 34.
Mr. Ball. Where were you born?
Mr. Jarman. Dallas, Tex.
Mr. Ball. Have you lived there all your life?
Mr. Jarman. Yes; I have.
Mr. Ball. You still live there?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. And did you go to school in Dallas?
Mr. Jarman. Yes; I did.
Mr. Ball. How far did you go through school?
Mr. Jarman. To the 10th grade and went to California in 1947 and
stayed there for about a year.
Mr. Ball. What did you do in California?
Mr. Jarman. I was living with my aunt at the time.
Mr. Ball. Did you work?
Mr. Jarman. No; I was still in school.
Mr. Ball. What school did you go to?
Mr. Jarman. Alameda High.
Mr. Ball. Then where did you go after you came back, after you
left California?
Mr. Jarman. I came back to Dallas.
Mr. Ball. Did you go to school any more?
Mr. Jarman. No, I went into service.
Mr. Ball. What year did you go in the service?
Mr. Jarman. 1948.
 Mr. Ball. How long were you in the service?
Mr. Jarman. I was in the service up until 1952.
Mr. Ball. What service?
Mr. Jarman. U.S. Army.
Mr. Ball. And did you enlist in 1948?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. Enlisted?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. Did 4 years in the Army?
Mr. Jarman. Yes; I did.
Mr. Ball. Did you receive an honorable discharge from the Army?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. And then what did you do?
Mr. Jarman. I came out and stayed out for about until July of
1953.
Mr. Ball. Then what?
Mr. Jarman. And reenlisted in the service again.
Mr. Ball. How long did you stay in the Army this time?
Mr. Jarman. Until 1956.
Mr. Ball. And were you discharged then?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, I was.
Mr. Ball. Did you get an honorable discharge?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. And what did you do after that?
Mr. Jarman. Well, I started working at the Texas School Book
Depository for about 2 months after.
 Mr. Ball. After you got out of the Army?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. You are still there; are you?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Was there any period of time since 1956 to 1964 that
you didn't work there?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. How many times?
Mr. Jarman. I started in 1956. I worked from August up until
November, and I was laid off until December the same year and I
started back again and I worked up until 1958 I believe, 1958 or
1959, and I quit there and went to Parkland Hospital. From there I
went back to the Depository. And I got laid off again and I went to
Bakers Hotel, and I think it was in 1961 I went back to the
Depository and I have been there ever since.
Mr. Ball. What was your job at the Depository in November of
1963, last fall?
Mr. Jarman. Checker.
Mr. Ball. What does a checker do?
Mr. Jarman. He checks various orders, books and things that go
out to different schools.
Mr. Ball. Do the order fillers bring the books down to where you
have your——
Mr. Jarman. Right.
Mr. Ball. On a table. You have a table?
Mr. Jarman. I have a table with a scale and I weigh these books
up and put the upholstery on them and put them on a little conveyor
and the wrappers wrap them or pack them, whichever one it may
be.
 Mr. Ball. Did you know Lee Oswald?
Mr. Jarman. Only as a coworker.
Mr. Ball. Did you ever talk to him while he was working there?
Mr. Jarman. I have had him to correct orders at various times.
That is about all.
Mr. Ball. Did you ever talk to him about politics?
Mr. Jarman. No.
Mr. Ball. Religion?
Mr. Jarman. No.
Mr. Ball. Anything at all?
Mr. Jarman. Not until November the 22d.
Mr. Ball. Not until that day?
Mr. Jarman. Not until that day.
Mr. Ball. Did Oswald have any friends there?
Mr. Jarman. Well, not that I know of.
Mr. Ball. Did he have any close friend that he would eat lunch
with every day?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir; not that I know of.
Mr. Ball. Did you notice whether Oswald brought his lunch most
of the time or bought his lunch most of the time?
Mr. Jarman. Most of the time he brought his lunch.
Mr. Ball. Most of the time he brought his lunch?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. Did you ever see him buy his lunch?
Mr. Jarman. Well, occasionally. I don't think so.
Mr. Ball. I don't understand.
 Mr. Jarman. I mean sometimes he would go out of the building.
One time I know in particular that he went out, but he didn't buy
any lunch.
Mr. Ball. There is a catering service that comes by the building
every morning at 10 o'clock, isn't there?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Did you ever see him buy his lunch from this catering
service?
Mr. Jarman. I think once or twice he did.
Mr. Ball. Did you ever see him when he was eating his lunch?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. Where?
Mr. Jarman. Sometimes in the, as we called it, domino room, and
again over by the coffee table where they make coffee.
Mr. Ball. Is that the first floor?
Mr. Jarman. That is the first floor.
Mr. Ball. Now on November 22, what time did you get to work?
Mr. Jarman. About 5 minutes after 8.
Mr. Ball. Was Oswald there when you got there?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Where did you see him the first time?
Mr. Jarman. Well, he was on the first floor filling orders.
Mr. Ball. Did you bring your lunch that day?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir; I didn't.
Mr. Ball. What did you do about lunch that day?
Mr. Jarman. I got a sandwich off the carrying truck.
Mr. Ball. About what time of day?
 Mr. Jarman. It was about 10 or a little after 10, maybe.
Mr. Ball. Where did you put it, keep it until lunch?
Mr. Jarman. In the domino room.
Mr. Ball. Where in the domino room?
Mr. Jarman. Well, they have two little windows, they have two
sets of windows in there and I put it in the window.
Mr. Ball. Did you talk to Oswald that morning?
Mr. Jarman. I did.
Mr. Ball. When?
Mr. Jarman. I had him to correct an order. I don't know exactly
what time it was.
Mr. Ball. Oh, approximately. Nine, ten?
Mr. Jarman. It was around, it was between eight and nine, I
would say.
Mr. Ball. Between 8 and 9?
Mr. Jarman. Between 5 minutes after 8 and 9.
Mr. Ball. You had him correct an order?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Did you talk to him again that morning?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir. I talked to him again later on that morning.
Mr. Ball. About what time?
Mr. Jarman. It was between 9:30 and 10 o'clock, I believe.
Mr. Ball. Where were you when you talked to him?
Mr. Jarman. In between two rows of bins.
Mr. Ball. On what floor?
Mr. Jarman. On the first floor.
 Mr. Ball. And what was said by him and by you?
Mr. Jarman. Well, he was standing up in the window and I went
to the window also, and he asked me what were the people
gathering around on the corner for, and I told him that the President
was supposed to pass that morning, and he asked me did I know
which way he was coming, and I told him, yes; he probably come
down Main and turn on Houston and then back again on Elm.
Then he said, "Oh, I see," and that was all.
Mr. Ball. Did you talk to him again?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir.
Mr. Ball. What time did you quit for lunch?
Mr. Jarman. It was right about 5 minutes to 12.
Mr. Ball. What did you do when you quit for lunch?
Mr. Jarman. Went in the rest room and washed up.
Mr. Ball. Then what did you do?
Mr. Jarman. Went and got my sandwich and went up in the
lounge and got me a soda pop.
Mr. Ball. Where is the lounge?
Mr. Jarman. On the second floor.
Mr. Ball. On the second floor?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. Then where did you go after you got your soda pop?
Mr. Jarman. Came back and went down to the window.
Mr. Ball. What window?
Mr. Jarman. Where Oswald and I was talking.
Mr. Ball. Where?
Mr. Jarman. Between those two rows of bins.
 Mr. Ball. Where Oswald and you had been talking?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. What did you do there?
Mr. Jarman. I was eating part of my sandwich there, and then I
came back out and as I was walking across the floor I ate the rest of
it going toward the domino room.
Mr. Ball. You say you ate the rest of it when?
Mr. Jarman. Walking around on the first floor there.
Mr. Ball. Did you sit down at the window when you ate part of
your sandwich?
Mr. Jarman. No; I was standing.
Mr. Ball. And did you have the pop in your hand, too?
Mr. Jarman. Yes; I had a sandwich in one hand and pop in the
other.
Mr. Ball. You say you wandered around, you mean on the first
floor?
Mr. Jarman. On the first floor.
Mr. Ball. Were you with anybody when you were at the window?
Did you talk to anybody?
Mr. Jarman. No; I did not.
Mr. Ball. Were you with anybody when you were walking around
finishing your sandwich?
Mr. Jarman. No; I wasn't. I was trying to get through so I could
get out on the street.
Mr. Ball. Did you see Lee Oswald?
Mr. Jarman. No; I didn't.
Mr. Ball. After his arrest, he stated to a police officer that he had
had lunch with you. Did you have lunch with him?
 Mr. Jarman. No, sir; I didn't.
Mr. Ball. When you finished your sandwich and your bottle of
pop, what did you do?
Mr. Jarman. I throwed the paper that I had the sandwich in in the
box over close to the telephone and I took the pop bottle and put it
in the case over by the Dr. Pepper machine.
Mr. Ball. And then what did you do?
Mr. Jarman. Then I went out in front of the building.
Mr. Ball. With who?
Mr. Jarman. Harold Norman, Bonnie Ray, and Danny Arce and
myself.
Mr. Ball. You say Bonnie Ray Williams?
Mr. Jarman. Bonnie Ray Williams.
Mr. Ball. Do you remember him going with you?
Mr. Jarman. No; I am sorry. Excuse me, but it was Harold Norman
and myself and Daniel Arce.
Mr. Ball. What about Billy Lovelady?
Mr. Jarman. I didn't go out with them. They came out later.
Mr. Ball. Did you see Billy Lovelady out there?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Where was he?
Mr. Jarman. Standing on the stairway as you go out the front
door.
Mr. Ball. Where did you stand?
Mr. Jarman. I was standing over to the right in front of the
building going toward the west.
Mr. Ball. Were you on the sidewalk or curb?
 Mr. Jarman. On the sidewalk.
Mr. Ball. The sidewalk in front of the Texas School Book
Depository Building?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. How long did you stand there?
Mr. Jarman. Well, until about 12:20, between 12:20 and 12:25.
Mr. Ball. Who do you remember was standing near you that
worked with you in the Book Depository?
Mr. Jarman. Harold Norman and Charles Givens and Daniel Arce.
Mr. Ball. What about Mr. Truly?
Mr. Jarman. He wasn't standing close to me.
Mr. Ball. Did you see him?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Who was he with?
Mr. Jarman. He was with the Vice President of the company.
Mr. Ball. What is his name?
Mr. Jarman. O. V. Campbell.
Mr. Ball. Where were they standing?
Mr. Jarman. They were standing at the corner of the building in
front of the mail boxes.
Mr. Ball. You left there, didn't you, and went some place?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. With whom?
Mr. Jarman. Harold Norman and myself.
Mr. Ball. Where did you go?
 Mr. Jarman. We went around to the back of the building up to the
fifth floor.
Mr. Ball. You say you went around. You mean you went around
the building?
Mr. Jarman. Right.
Mr. Ball. You didn't go through and cross the first floor?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir; there was too many people standing on the
stairway there, so we decided to go around.
Mr. Ball. You went in the back door?
Mr. Jarman. Right.
Mr. Ball. That would be the north entrance to the building,
wouldn't it?
Mr. Jarman. Right.
Mr. Ball. Did you take an elevator or the stairs?
Mr. Jarman. We took the elevator.
Mr. Ball. Which elevator?
Mr. Jarman. The west side elevator.
Mr. Ball. That is the one you use a punch button on, isn't it?
Mr. Jarman. Right.
Mr. Ball. Where did you go?
Mr. Jarman. To the fifth floor.
Mr. Ball. Why did you go to the fifth floor?
Mr. Jarman. We just decided to go to the fifth floor.
Mr. Ball. Was there any reason why you should go to the fifth
floor any more than the fourth or the sixth?
Mr. Jarman. No.
 Mr. Ball. Did you know who made the suggestion you go to the
fifth floor?
Mr. Jarman. Well, I don't know if it was myself or Hank.
Mr. Ball. When you got there was there anybody on the fifth
floor?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir.
Mr. Ball. What did you do when you got to the fifth floor?
Mr. Jarman. We got out the elevator and pulled the gate down.
That was in case somebody wanted to use it. Then we went to the
front of the building, which is on the south side, and raised the
windows.
Mr. Ball. Which windows did you raise?
Mr. Jarman. Well, Harold raised the first window to the east side
of the building, and I went to the second rear windows and raised,
counting the windows, it would be the fourth one.
Mr. Ball. It would be the fourth window?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. Did somebody join you then?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir; a few minutes later.
Mr. Ball. Who joined you?
Mr. Jarman. Bonnie Ray Williams.
Mr. Ball. And where did he stand or sit?
Mr. Jarman. He took the window next to Harold Norman.
Mr. Ball. I show you a picture which is 480, a picture of the
Texas School Book Depository Building. Can you show me the
window before which you were standing and out of which you were
looking?
Mr. Jarman. This window here.
 Mr. Ball. It is marked W on this picture. Where was Harold
Norman, the window out of which Harold Norman was looking?
Mr. Jarman. He was first right here.
Mr. Ball. That is the one marked with a red arrow?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. Where was Bonnie Ray Williams?
Mr. Jarman. Bonnie Ray Williams was in this one.
Mr. Ball. Next to the window of Norman, is that right?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Was——
Mr. Belin. What exhibit is that?
Mr. Ball. That is 480. This is 482. You recognize those two
pictures?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Who are they?
Mr. Jarman. Harold Norman and Bonnie Ray Williams.
Mr. Ball. Now the other day you went up to the fifth floor of the
Texas State School Book Depository with me and a photographer,
and had your picture taken, did you not?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. And what did I ask you to do before the picture was
taken?
Mr. Jarman. To try to get in the same position that we were the
day the assassination was.
Mr. Ball. And did you do that?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir. We tried to the best of our knowledge.
 Mr. Ball. I have a picture here I would like to have marked as
Commission Exhibit 494.
Mr. McCloy. It is so marked.
(The document referred to was marked Commission Exhibit No.
494 for identification.)
Mr. Ball. Is that your picture?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Taken last Friday afternoon, March 20th, is that right?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Now does it or does it not show your position at about
the time, as you were watching the President's motorcade go by?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir; that is the position I had as it was going by.
Mr. Ball. You are on your knees?
Mr. Jarman. Right, sir.
Mr. Ball. I show this to each member of the Commission. This is
a new exhibit. 485, you recognize that picture?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. What does it show?
Mr. Jarman. It shows that I was on my knees as the motorcade
was passing.
Mr. Ball. And shows the other two men?
Mr. Jarman. As the motorcade was passing.
Mr. Ball. It shows their position?
Mr. Jarman. At the time.
Mr. Ball. At the time the motorcade was passing?
Mr. Jarman. Right, sir.
 Mr. Ball. This has been introduced into evidence. I don't believe
you have seen that, Congressman.
Representative Ford. This is yourself here?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Representative Ford. The one closest to an individual looking at
the photograph.
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. After the motorcade passed, what happened?
Mr. Jarman. After the motorcade turned, going west on Elm, then
there was a loud shot, or backfire, as I thought it was then—I
thought it was a backfire.
Mr. Ball. You thought it was what?
Mr. Jarman. A backfire or an officer giving a salute to the
President. And then at that time I didn't, you know, think too much
about it. And then the second shot was fired, and that is when the
people started falling on the ground and the motorcade car jumped
forward, and then the third shot was fired right behind the second
one.
Mr. Ball. Were you still on your knees looking up?
Mr. Jarman. Well, after the third shot was fired, I think I got up
and I ran over to Harold Norman and Bonnie Ray Williams, and told
them, I said, I told them that it wasn't a backfire or anything, that
somebody was shooting at the President.
Mr. Ball. And then did they say anything?
Mr. Jarman. Hank said, Harold Norman, rather, said that he
thought the shots had came from above us, and I noticed that
Bonnie Ray had a few debris in his head. It was sort of white stuff,
or something, and I told him not to brush it out, but he did anyway.
Mr. Ball. He had some white what, like plaster?
Mr. Jarman. Like some come off a brick or plaster or something.
 Mr. Ball. Did Norman say anything else that you remember?
Mr. Jarman. He said that he was sure that the shot came from
inside the building because he had been used to guns and all that,
and he said it didn't sound like it was too far off anyway. And so we
ran down to the west side of the building.
Mr. Ball. Did Norman say anything about hearing cartridges or
ejection or anything like that, do you remember?
Mr. Jarman. That was after we got down to the west side of the
building.
Mr. Ball. After you got down where?
Mr. Jarman. To the west side of the building.
Mr. Ball. Down the west side?
Mr. Jarman. Right.
Mr. Ball. Now you ran down to the west side of the building, did
you?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. And when you were up there you showed me the
window to which you ran, didn't you?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. The picture was taken of you at that place?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. When you ran down there was the window open or
closed?
Mr. Jarman. It was closed.
Mr. Ball. And who opened it?
Mr. Jarman. I did.
Mr. Ball. And what did you do after you opened the window?
 Mr. Jarman. I leaned out and the officers and various people was
running across the tracks, toward the tracks over there where they
had the passenger trains, and all, boxcars and things.
Mr. Ball. I show you 488. What does that show?
Mr. Jarman. That shows me leaning out the window and Bonnie
Ray and Harold Norman was over to the side of me.
Mr. Ball. What window?
Mr. Jarman. The window on the west side of the building.
Mr. Ball. Is that the one to which you ran after you heard the
shots?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. And you looked out that window?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. How did you happen to run to that window?
Mr. Jarman. Well, I wanted to see what was going on mostly,
because that was after the motorcade car had took off, and I
thought they had stopped under the underpass, but they hadn't. So
they went on around the bend, and after I couldn't see from there I
ran to another, the second window.
Mr. Ball. That second one you ran to, you pointed that out to me
last Friday, did you?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. And the picture was taken of that, is that right?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. And that window is on which side?
Mr. Jarman. On the west side of the building also.
Mr. Ball. I show you 489. Is that a picture of the west window?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
 Mr. Ball. And what did you see when you looked out that
window?
Mr. Jarman. When I looked out that window, I saw the policemen
and the secret agents, the FBI men, searching the boxcar yard and
the passenger train and things like that.
Mr. Ball. Where were you when you heard Harold Norman say
something that he had heard cartridges?
Mr. Jarman. All that took place right here in this corner after we
had went to this window.
Mr. Ball. This corner. What corner do you mean?
Mr. Jarman. In the corner of the building right after we had
looked out this window.
Mr. Ball. Which corner?
Mr. Jarman. Right here on the west side of the building.
Mr. Ball. On the west side of the building?
Mr. Jarman. Right.
Mr. Ball. And would that be the window that is shown in 488, or
the window that is shown in 489?
Mr. Jarman. It was between the two windows.
Mr. Ball. Between the two?
Mr. Jarman. As we was going to this window.
Mr. Ball. To that window?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. What did you hear him say?
Mr. Jarman. He said it was something sounded like cartridges
hitting the floor, and he could hear the action of the rifle, I mean the
bolt, as it were pulled back, or something like that.
Mr. Ball. Had you heard anything like that?
 Mr. Jarman. No, sir; I hadn't.
Mr. Ball. Had you heard any person running upstairs?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir.
Mr. Ball. Or any steps upstairs?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir.
Mr. Ball. Any noise at all up there?
Mr. Jarman. None.
Mr. Ball. I have here a diagram which is 487. This is the
southeast corner of the building on this diagram. Do you recognize
that?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. This is the Elm Street side?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Will you point out the window to which you three boys
ran when you looked out, you opened the window and looked out
towards the——
Mr. Jarman. This one here.
Mr. Ball. The one marked Y on this diagram?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. Is that right?
Mr. Jarman. This one right here.
Mr. Ball. That one marked Y.
Mr. Jarman. Right.
Mr. Ball. Where is the window to which you went afterwards to
look out when you saw the police and other agents searching
boxcars?
 Mr. Jarman. I went to the second window from the south side of
the building on the west.
Mr. Ball. Is that the one marked Z?
Mr. Jarman. Yes.
Mr. Ball. At that time could you see the stairwell when you stood
there at Z?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir; I couldn't.
Mr. Ball. Why?
Mr. Jarman. Because there is a row of bins there with books in
them.
Mr. Ball. They block your view?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. And did we conduct an experiment there to see how
much you could see from Z?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. I show you a picture, 491. Do you remember standing
in line near the stairwell?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. That is you on the end, isn't it?
Mr. Jarman. Right.
Mr. Ball. On the end, the farthest from the stairwell?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. And we took a picture, is that right?
Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Of that area. Does that show the bins?
Mr. Jarman. That shows the bins.
Mr. Ball. I am now referring to 492.
 Mr. Jarman. Yes, sir.
Mr. Ball. Now was there any part of the stairwell that you could
see when you were along this west wall?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir.
Mr. Ball. Could you see the elevators?
Mr. Jarman. I imagine if I had looked over, but I didn't.
Mr. Ball. Do you remember any of the elevators coming up or
down as you were standing there at the west window?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir.
Mr. Ball. Looking toward the railroad track?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir.
Mr. Ball. Do you remember seeing Mr. Truly?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir.
Mr. Ball. Or did you see a motorcycle officer come up?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir.
Mr. Ball. Or did you hear the elevator go up?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir.
Mr. Ball. What did you men do after you looked out the window
toward the railroad tracks from the west window?
Mr. Jarman. Well, after Norman had made his statement that he
had heard the cartridges hit the floor and this bolt action, I told him
we'd better get the hell from up here.
Mr. Ball. Did anybody suggest you go up to the sixth floor?
Mr. Jarman. No, sir.
Mr. Ball. And where did you go then?
Mr. Jarman. Down. We ran to the elevator first, but the elevator
had gone down.
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