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Database Systems Using Oracle A Simplified Guide to
SQL and PL SQL 2nd Edition Nilesh Shah Digital Instant
Download
Author(s): Nilesh Shah
ISBN(s): 9780131018570, 0131018574
Edition: 2
File Details: PDF, 3.42 MB
Year: 2004
Language: english
Database Systems
Using Oracle
A Simplified Guide to SQL and PL/SQL
Second Edition
(Updated for Oracle9i)

Nilesh Shah
Associate Professor, CIS Department
DeVry University, North Brunswick, New Jersey
Senior Systems Analyst, IT Department
Monroe College, Bronx, New York

Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Shah, Nilesh.
Database systems using Oracle: a simplified guide to SQL and PL/SQL / Nilesh Shah.—
2nd ed.
p. cm.
“Updated for Oracle 9i.”
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-13-101857-4
1. Oracle (Computer file) 2. Relational databases. I. Title.
QA76.9.D3S487 2004
005.75’85—dc22 2004044618
Vice President and Editorial Director, ECS: Marcia J. Horton
Acquisitions Editor: Kate Hargett
Editorial Assistant: Michael Giacobbe
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Executive Managing Editor: Vince O’Brien
Managing Editor: Camille Trentacoste
Production Editor: Kevin Bradley
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Cover Designer: Bruce Kenselaar
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Manufacturing Manager: Trudy Pisciotti
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About the Cover: Courtesy of Getty Images
© 2002, 2005 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Pearson Prentice Hall
Pearson Education, Inc.
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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any means, without per-
mission in writing from the publisher.
Pearson Prentice Hall® is a trademark of Pearson Education, Inc.
The author and publisher of this book have used their best efforts in preparing this book. These efforts
include the development, research, and testing of the theories and programs to determine their effec-
tiveness. The author and publisher make no warranty of any kind, expressed or implied, with regard to
these programs or the documentation contained in this book. The author and publisher shall not be liable
in any event for incidental or consequential damages in connection with, or arising out of, the furnishing,
performance, or use of these programs.
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
ISBN 0-13-101857-4

Pearson Education Ltd., London

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 To my two special boys,
Naman, 12
(an honor student and an excellent basketball player)
and
Navan (Jinku), 6
(for reading my book at the age of 4)
To my wife,
Prena
(for her support)
To my parents,
Dhiraj and Hansa
(for their sacrifice)
This page intentionally left blank
 Contents

FOREWORD by Alex Ephrem, Ph.D. xviii

FOREWORD by John W. Weber xx

PREFACE xxii
The Reader xxii
The Text xxii
The Software xxiii
Using the Text xxiii
Acknowledgments xxiv

Part 1: Database Concepts 1

CHAPTER 1 DATABASE CONCEPTS: A RELATIONAL APPROACH 1

Database: An Introduction 1
Relationships 2
Database Management System (DBMS) 3
The Relational Database Model 5
Integrity Rules 8
Theoretical Relational Languages 8
Relational Algebra 9
Applications of Relational Algebra 14
Relational Calculus 15
Final Note 17
In a Nutshell Á 17
Exercise Questions 18
CHAPTER 2 DATABASE DESIGN: DATA MODELING
AND NORMALIZATION 20
Data Modeling 21
Dependency 24
Database Design 26

v
 vi Contents

Normal Forms 26
Anomalies 26
First Normal Form (1NF) 27
Second Normal Form (2NF) 28
Third Normal Form (3NF) 28
Dependency Diagrams 28
Conversion from 1NF to 2NF 29
Conversion from 2NF to 3NF 30
Denormalization 32
Another Example of Normalization 32
1NF to 2NF (Removing Partial Dependencies) 32
2NF to 3NF (Removing Transitive Dependencies) 32
Summary 32
In a Nutshell Á 34
Exercise Questions 35

Part 2: Oracle SQL 37

CHAPTER 3 ORACLE9i: AN OVERVIEW 37

Personal Databases 37
Demand on Client and Network 38
Table Locking 39
Client Failure 39
Transaction Processing 39
Client/Server Databases 39
Demand on Client and Network 40
Table Locking 40
Client Failure 40
Transaction Processing 41
Oracle9i: An Introduction 41
The SQL * Plus Environment 43
Structured Query Language (SQL) 43
Logging in to SQL * Plus 44
SQL * Plus Commands 46
Oracle Errors and Online Help 49
Alternate Text Editors 49
SQL * Plus Worksheet 51
iSQL * Plus 54
Sample Databases 56
The Indo–US (IU) College Student Database 56
The NamanNavan (N2) Corporation Employee Database 61
In a Nutshell Á 64
Exercise Questions 65
Lab Activity 66
Contents vii

CHAPTER 4 ORACLE TABLES: DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL) 67

Naming Rules and Conventions 68
Data Types 68
Varchar2 69
Char 69
Number 70
Date 70
Constraints 72
Types of Constraints 72
Naming a Constraint 72
Defining a Constraint 73
Creating an Oracle Table 76
STORAGE Clause in CREATE TABLE 78
Displaying Table Information 79
Viewing a User’s Table Names 79
Viewing a Table’s Structure 80
Viewing Constraint Information 80
Viewing Tablespace Information 82
COMMENT on Tables and Columns 82
Altering an Existing Table 82
Adding a New Column to an Existing Table 83
Modifying an Existing Column 84
Adding a Constraint 84
Dropping a Column (Oracle8i Onward) 86
Dropping a Constraint 87
Enabling/Disabling Constraints 88
Renaming a Column (Oracle9i Version 9.2 Onward) 88
Renaming a Constraint (Oracle9i Version 9.2 Onward) 88
Modifying Storage of a Table 88
Dropping a Table 89
Renaming a Table 89
Truncating a Table 89
Oracle’s Various Table Types 90
Spooling 90
Error Codes 91
In a Nutshell Á 93
Exercise Questions 94
Lab Activity 96

CHAPTER 5 WORKING WITH TABLES: DATA MANAGEMENT

AND RETRIEVAL 97

Data Manipulation Language (DML) 97

Adding a New Row/Record 98
Rounding by INSERT 99
viii Contents

Entering Null Values 100

Entering Default Values 100
Substitution Variables 100
Customized Prompts 102
Updating Existing Rows/Records 102
Deleting Existing Rows/Records 104
Retrieving Data from a Table 105
SELECT (*) 106
DISTINCT Function 109
Column Alias 110
COLUMN Command 110
Concatenation 112
Arithmetic Operations 113
Order of Operation 113
Restricting Data with a WHERE Clause 114
Wild Cards 121
Sorting 122
Revisiting Substitution Variables 125
DEFINE Command 126
CASE Structure 127
In a Nutshell Á 128
Exercise Questions 129
Lab Activity 130

CHAPTER 6 WORKING WITH TABLES: FUNCTIONS AND GROUPING 132

Built-In Functions 132

Single-Row Functions 133
Group Functions 147
Grouping Data 149
HAVING Clause 151
Nesting Group Functions 153
In a Nutshell Á 153
Exercise Questions 153
Lab Activity 154

CHAPTER 7 MULTIPLE TABLES: JOINS AND SET OPERATORS 156

Join 157
Cartesian Product 157
Equijoin 158
Table Aliases 160
Additional Conditions 161
Nonequijoin 161
Outer Join 163
Self-Join 165
Contents ix

Set Operators 166

Union 166
Union All 167
Intersect 169
Minus 169
In a Nutshell Á 171
Exercise Questions 171
Lab Activity 172

CHAPTER 8 SUBQUERIES: NESTED QUERIES 173

Subquery 174
Single-Row Subquery 174
Multiple-Row Subquery 181
Top-N Analysis 183
Important Note about Top-N Analysis 185
MERGE Statement 185
Correlated Subquery 185
EXISTS and NOT EXISTS Operators 186
In a Nutshell Á 188
Exercise Questions 189
Lab Activity 189

CHAPTER 9 ADVANCED FEATURES: OBJECTS, TRANSACTIONS,

AND DATA CONTROL 191
Views 191
Creating a View 192
Removing a View 195
Altering a View 195
Sequences 196
Modifying a Sequence 199
Dropping a Sequence 200
Synonyms 200
Index 201
Rebuilding an Index 203
ROWID Pseudocolumn 203
Transactions 204
Read Consistency and Locking 206
Locking Rows for Update 206
Controlling Access 207
Users and Roles 208
Object Privileges 209
In a Nutshell Á 212
Exercise Questions 212
Lab Activity 213
x Contents

SQL REVIEW: SUPPLEMENTARY EXAMPLES 215

Script for Creation of Tables 216

Script for Insertion of Rows into Tables 217
Insertion of Rows with Substitution Variables 217
Alternate Method 217
Display all Customer Information 218
Display all Item Names and their Respective Unit Price 218
Display Unique Invoice Numbers from the INVITEM Table 218
Display Item Information with Appropriate Column Aliases 218
Display Item Name and Price Using Concatenation 218
Find the Total Value of Each Item Based on Quantity on Hand 218
Find Customers from Florida 218
Display Items with a Unit Price of at Least $5 218
Find Items with a Unit Price Between $2 and $5 219
Find Customers from the Tristate Area of New York, New Jersey,
and Connecticut 219
Find all Customers Whose Names Start with the Letter E 219
Find Items with the Letter W in their Name 219
Sort all Customers Alphabetically 219
Sort all Items in Descending Order by their Price 219
Sort all Customers by their State and also Alphabetically 219
Display all Customers from New Jersey Alphabetically 220
Display all Item Prices Rounded to the Nearest Dollar 220
Find the Payment Due Date if the Payment Is Due in Two Months
from the Invoice Date 220
Display Invoice Dates in “September 05, 2003” Format 220
Find the Total, Average, Highest, and Lowest Unit Prices 220
Display How Many Different Items Are Available for Customers 220
Count the Number of Items Ordered in Each Invoice 220
Find Invoices in which Three or More Items Are Ordered 220
Find all Possible Combinations of Customers and Items
(Cartesian Product) 221
Display all Item Quantities and Item Prices for Invoices 221
Find the Total Price for Each Invoice 221
Use an Outer Join to Display Items Ordered and Not Ordered 221
Display Invoices, Customer Names, and Item Names Together
(Multiple Joins) 221
Find Invoices with HAMMER as an Item 221
Find Invoices with HAMMER as an Item by Using a Subquery 221
Display the Items Ordered in Invoice Number 1001 (Subquery) 222
Find Items That Are Cheaper than NUT 222
Create a New Table for all New Jersey Customers Based on the
Existing CUSTOMER Table 222
Copy all New York Customers to the Newly Created
NJ_CUSTOMER Table 222
Rename NJ_CUSTOMER Table to NYNJ_CUSTOMER 222
 Contents xi

Find Customers Who Are Not from New York or New Jersey
(Set Operator) 222
Delete Rows from the CUSTOMER Table that Are also in the
NYNJ_CUSTOMER Table 223
Find the Items with the Top-Three Prices 223
Find the Two Items with the Lowest Quantity on Hand 223
Create a Simple View with Item Names and Item Prices Only 223
Create a View that Displays Invoice Number and Customer Names for
New Jersey Customers 223
Create a Sequence that Can Be Used to Enter New Items into the
ITEM Table 223
Add a New Item into the ITEM Table with the
ITEMNUM_SEQ Sequence 224
Create a Synonym for the INVITEM Table 224
Create an Index File Based on Customer Name 224
Lock Customer Bayer’s Record to Update State and Phone Number 224
Give Everybody SELECT and INSERT Rights on Your ITEM Table 224
Revoke the INSERT Option on the ITEM Table from User BOND 224

Part 3: PL/SQL 225

CHAPTER 10 PL/SQL: A PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE 225
A Brief History of PL/SQL 226
Fundamentals of PL/SQL 227
Reserved Words 227
User-Defined Identifiers 227
Literals 228
PL/SQL Block Structure 228
Comments 230
Data Types 230
Character 231
Number 232
Boolean 233
Date 233
Other Data Types 233
NLS 233
LOB 233
Variable Declaration 234
Anchored Declaration 234
Nested Anchoring 235
NOT NULL Constraint for %TYPE Declarations 236
Assignment Operation 236
Bind Variables 237
Substitution Variables in PL/SQL 238
Printing in PL/SQL 239
Arithmetic Operators 240
xii Contents

In a Nutshell Á 241
Exercise Questions 242
Lab Activity 243
CHAPTER 11 MORE ON PL/SQL: CONTROL STRUCTURES AND
EMBEDDED SQL 244
Control Structures 245
Selection Structure 245
Looping Structure 254
Nested Blocks 259
SQL in PL/SQL 260
SELECT Statement in PL/SQL 260
Data Manipulation in PL/SQL 262
INSERT Statement 262
DELETE Statement 262
UPDATE Statement 263
Transaction Control Statements 264
In a Nutshell Á 264
Exercise Questions 265
Lab Activity 266
CHAPTER 12 PL/SQL CURSORS AND EXCEPTIONS 267
Cursors 268
Types of Cursors 268
Implicit Cursors 268
Explicit Cursors 269
Declaring an Explicit Cursor 269
Actions on Explicit Cursors 270
Explicit Cursor Attributes 272
%ISOPEN 272
%FOUND 273
%NOTFOUND 273
%ROWCOUNT 274
Implicit Cursor Attributes 274
Cursor FOR Loops 274
Cursor FOR Loop Using a Subquery 276
SELECT Á FOR UPDATE Cursor 276
WHERE CURRENT OF Clause 277
Cursor with Parameters 277
Cursor Variables: An Introduction 279
REF CURSOR Type 279
Opening a Cursor Variable 280
Fetching from a Cursor Variable 280
Exceptions 280
Contents xiii

Types of Exceptions 281

Predefined Oracle Server Exceptions 282
Nonpredefined Oracle Server Exceptions 283
User-Defined Exceptions 286
RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR Procedure 287
More Sample Programs 289
In a Nutshell Á 289
Exercise Questions 294
Lab Activity 295

CHAPTER 13 PL/SQL COMPOSITE DATA TYPES: RECORDS, TABLES,

AND VARRAYS 296

Composite Data Types 296

PL/SQL Records 297
Creating a PL/SQL Record 297
Referencing Fields in a Record 298
Working with Records 298
Nested Records 299
PL/SQL Tables 300
Declaring a PL/SQL Table 300
Referencing Table Elements/Rows 301
Assigning Values to Rows in a PL/SQL Table 302
Built-In Table Methods 304
Table of Records 305
PL/SQL Varrays 306
In a Nutshell Á 309
Exercise Questions 311
Lab Activity 311

CHAPTER 14 PL/SQL NAMED BLOCKS: PROCEDURE, FUNCTION,

PACKAGE, AND TRIGGER 313

Procedures 314
Calling a Procedure 314
Procedure Header 315
Procedure Body 315
Parameters 315
Actual and Formal Parameters 316
Matching Actual and Formal Parameters 316
Functions 319
Function Header 319
Function Body 320
RETURN Data Types 320
Calling a Function 320
Calling a Function from an SQL Statement 323
 xiv Contents

Packages 323
Structure of a Package 324
Package Specification 324
Package Body 325
Triggers 328
BEFORE Triggers 330
AFTER Triggers 331
INSTEAD OF Trigger 333
Data Dictionary Views 334
In a Nutshell Á 335
Exercise Questions 336
Lab Activity 336

Part 4: Miscellaneous Topics 338

CHAPTER 15 ORACLE WITH JAVA: A TUTORIAL ON JDBC AND SQLj 338

Java: A Programming Language 339
JDBC 339
Importing Package or JDBC Classes 340
Loading JDBC Drivers 340
Connecting to the Oracle Database 340
Interacting with the Oracle Database 341
Closing Connection 344
Sun’s JDBC Driver and the Oracle Data Source 344
Creating a Data Source in the Windows Control Panel 344
Sample Java Code 345
OracleDriver and Oracle thin Driver 348
Setting Up oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver for SDK1.4 or JBuilder8 348
Sample Java Code 350
Java Applet: Putting It All Together 351
SQLj 358
Configuring Oracle SQLj in JBuilder8 359
Creating an SQLj Project 359
Host Variables 361
SQLj Iterators 361
Named Iterator 361
Positional Iterator 363
PL/SQL from SQLj 364
In a Nutshell Á 365
Exercise Questions 366
Lab Activity 367
CHAPTER 16 ORACLE9i: ARCHITECTURE AND ADMINISTRATION 368
Database Administrator (DBA) 368
Oracle Architecture: An Overview 369
Contents xv

Installation 374
Connecting to the Oracle9i Database 375
Instance and Database 377
Working with Oracle Enterprise Manager (OEM) 378
Tablespace with Storage Manager 378
User and Role with Security Manager 380
System Privileges 386
Oracle Data Dictionary 387
In a Nutshell Á 388
Exercise Questions 389

APPENDIX A SAMPLE DATABASES: TABLE DEFINITIONS 390

The Indo–US (IU) College Student Database 390

The NamanNavan (N2) Corporation Employee Database 393
APPENDIX B QUICK REFERENCE TO SQL AND PL/SQL SYNTAX 395
SQL Key Words 395
PL/SQL Key Words 396
SQL and PL/SQL Syntax 396
Creating a Table 397
Column-Level Constraint 397
Table-Level Constraint 397
Adding a Column to an Existing Table 397
Modifying an Existing Column 397
Adding a Constraint to a Table 397
Dropping a Column (Oracle8 Onward) 397
Setting a Column as Unused (Oracle8 Onward) 397
Dropping an Unused Column (Oracle8 Onward) 397
Renaming a Column (Oracle9i Onward) 398
Renaming a Constraint (Oracle9i Onward) 398
Dropping a Table 398
Renaming a Table 398
Truncating a Table 398
Inserting a New Row into a Table 398
Customized Prompts 398
Updating Rows 398
Deleting Rows 398
Dropping a Constraint 398
Enabling|Disabling a Constraint 399
Retrieving Data from a Table 399
DEFINE Command 399
DECODE Function 399
CASE Structure 399
Joining Tables: Equijoin or Outer Join 399
Set Operation 399
SELECT Subquery 400
xvi Contents

Creating a Table Using a Subquery 400

Inserting a Row Using a Subquery 400
Inserting into Multiple Tables 400
Updating Using a Subquery 400
Deleting Using a Subquery 400
Top-N Query 400
MERGE Statement 401
Creating a View 401
Altering a View 401
Dropping a View 401
Creating a Sequence 401
Modifying a Sequence 401
Creating a Synonym 402
Dropping a Synonym 402
Creating an Index 402
Rebuilding an Index 402
Locking Rows for Update 402
Creating a User 402
Changing a User’s Password 402
Granting System Privileges 402
Granting Object Privileges 403
Revoking Privileges 403
PL/SQL Anonymous Block 403
PL/SQL Variable/Constant Declaration 403
Anchored Variable Declaration 403
Assignment Operation 403
IF-THEN-END IF 403
IF-THEN-ELSE-END IF 404
IF-THEN-ELSIF-END IF 404
CASE Statement 404
Basic Loop 404
WHILE Loop 404
FOR Loop 405
Bind/Host Variable 405
SELECT-INTO in PL/SQL 405
Explicit Cursor Declaration 405
Opening an Explicit Cursor 405
Fetching a Row from an Explicit Cursor 405
Closing an Explicit Cursor 405
Cursor FOR Loop 405
Cursor FOR Loop with a Subquery 405
WHERE CURRENT OF Clause 406
Cursor with SELECT-FOR UPDATE 406
Cursor with Parameters 406
REF CURSOR Type 406
Opening a Cursor Variable 406
Fetching from a Cursor Variable 406
EXCEPTION Section 406
Contents xvii

PRAGMA EXCEPTION_INIT Directive 407

RAISE_APPLICATION_ERROR Procedure 407
Creating a PL/SQL Record 407
Declaring a PL/SQL Table 407
Declaring a PL/SQL Varray 407
PL/SQL Procedure 407
Calling a Procedure 407
Recompiling a Procedure 408
PL/SQL Function 408
PL/SQL Package Specification 408
PL/SQL Package Body 408
PL/SQL Trigger 408
Creating a Tablespace 409
Starting Up an Instance 409
Shutting Down an Instance 409
Creating a User from the Command Line with Various Clauses 409
Dropping a User 409
Logging into SQL * PLUS from the Command Line 409

APPENDIX C REFERENCE TO SQL * Plus COMMANDS 410

SQL * Plus Editing Commands 416
SQL * Plus File-Related Commands 416
APPENDIX D OBJECT ORIENTATION 417
An Object 417
SQL Queries for Objects 418
Retrieving Data from an Object Table 418
Inserting a Row into an Object Table 419
Updating an Object 419
Deleting Rows from on Object Table 419

APPENDIX E WHAT’S NEW IN ORACLE9i SQL AND PL/SQL? 420

New Features in SQL 420
New Features in PL/SQL 423
APPENDIX F ADDITIONAL REFERENCES 425
Web Sites 425
Books and Other Published Material 426
INDEX 427
Foreword
Alex Ephrem, Ph.D.

Computer science educators and IT administrators are—and, traditionally, have

been—faced with a common problem. In an industry characterized by rapid and
dramatic changes, the manager must determine how he or she can maintain state-of-
the-art skills among the IT staff. In a similar vein, the educator, must be able to
judge how students can be best prepared to work as professionals in a field that may
have gone through revolutionary transitions between the time that student first en-
tered college and the time that he or she graduates.
Certainly, a technical education must incorporate a strong foundation in the core
concepts of operating systems, file or database structure, computer architecture, and
general programming theory. The difficulty arises when the educator seeks to select an
application or a development platform to use for introducing these concepts and for
providing students with practical, functional, and marketable hands-on skills. As the
ones responsible for such preparation, we often look for a package that not only will
give students the most vivid demonstration of the theoretical concepts we are attempt-
ing to portray but will also offer students an opportunity to use that knowledge almost
immediately in a variety of environments. In addition, we seek packages that are in
heavy and common demand, with a “track record” of success, reliability, and longevity.
The area of relational database management systems (RDBMS) is crowded
with a vast number of quality RDBMS products. Only one, however, addresses the
many concerns the educator has for students. That product, of course, is Oracle. It
has been on the market for more than 20 years, and it holds a major portion of the
market share, which accounts for Larry Ellison’s position among the world’s wealth-
iest men and Oracle’s position among the largest global corporations. There are ver-
sions of the product for nearly every hardware platform, from personal computers
through minicomputers and supercomputers, and for operating systems from DOS,
Windows, and Linux through MVS, OS/400, PICK, and the multitudinous flavors of
Unix. Of all the RDBMS systems available, Oracle is the one the student is most
likely to encounter on the job—and the one in which employers most eagerly seek
expert applicants and employees.
From an educator’s perspective, Oracle, as a truly relational database, incorpo-
rates virtually all the relational operations that any database theory course must en-
compass. This allows the student to actually see the results of such operations.

xviii
Foreword xix

Similarly, the instructor retains the flexibility to design customized exercises that
combine one, several, or all the standardized operations discussed in lectures on rela-
tional theory. In addition, Oracle’s ease of use allows the instructor to concentrate on
the purpose of the course rather than on how to utilize the RDBMS software.
Computer science has never been one of the “pure” sciences, concerned solely
with theoretical constructs. Like engineering, its concern and preparation are direct-
ly and fully aimed at the practical application of knowledge. In today’s economy, a
comprehensive grasp of database design, use, and implementation is a basic skill re-
quired of IT professionals, and as an educator and CIO, it is my opinion that any uni-
versity course or professional training seminar focusing on database concepts that
does not also provide the student with at least an introduction to Oracle is deficient.
Nilesh Shah’s Database Systems Using Oracle includes everything that both the
educator seeking to present essential database concepts and the student wishing to
learn Oracle, either in a guided classroom or an independent study approach, would
need. It is organized so that the beginner is presented with enough background to
quickly progress to a functional mastery of the more complex material, and the pro-
gression of topics and degree of coverage are comprehensive enough to meet the
needs of the demanding professional. In recognition of the necessity to go beyond
theory, numerous hands-on exercises are included, and examples are given of fea-
tures, such as Web interfaces to Oracle tables, from Oracle’s most recent versions.
For those of you who are first entering the world of RDBMS, the Shah text is
a reliable vehicle that will assist you in meeting your objectives and assure that you
finish with confidence in your ability.
To the database professional, the Shah text will give you a reference and guide
that you will use frequently.
To the university professor or professional trainer, the Shah text has given you
a uniquely flexible educational tool. With it, you can develop, plan, and implement
your course in a manner that will give your students the necessary academic under-
standing of core database concepts while simultaneously teaching them a hugely
marketable skill within the computer industry.
As a professor of computer science at Monroe College as well as that college’s
Senior Systems Analyst, Nilesh Shah has demonstrated the dual abilities of fully com-
prehending the broad range of complexities involved in database management as well
as the gift of presenting complex subject matter in an easily understandable format.To
the reader’s benefit, these abilities come across clearly in the text before you.
This new and expanded edition provides even greater depth of instruction in the
use of those elements that have resulted in the Oracle’s huge popularity. Additionally,
it adeptly covers a range of Oracle’s newest features and capabilities. Few texts can
genuinely be considered both a useful learning and reference tool for the experienced
professional as well as a comprehensive and understandable introduction for the data-
base beginner. With this text, Dr. Shah appears to have achieved that difficult union.
ALEX EPHREM, PH.D.
Senior Vice-President and Chief Information Officer
Monroe College
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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 Venice played a double part in what followed, making a show of rousing
the Pope to preach a crusade on the one hand, and, on the other, quietly
drawing up a treaty with the Sultan, by which the Republic was to pay
tribute for her Eastern settlements, the slave-trade was to be allowed to
continue in the
 CA D’ORO

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bought and sold, and the Sultan was to force the Genoese of Pera to pay
what they owed the Venetians. The latter clause was, no doubt, a good stroke
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was sordidly commercial.
Two hundred and fifty years had passed since blind Enrico Dandolo had
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cannot be justified, it is true, but no man who has fighting blood in his veins
can help admiring the magnificent courage that performed such a feat of
arms. In the same way, I suppose that no one in whom the true commercial
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insult and forget injury so completely as those later Venetians did in 1454,
for the sake of making money. It avails not to reflect that it was probably too
late to stem the westward movement of the Turks; the man of heart will
always feel that the richest nation in Europe might have done something to
save Constantinople from her fate.
Pope Nicholas V. thought so, and expressed his disgust to the Senate
through his legate, but the Venetian government answered him in one of
those sanctimonious speeches which it knew so well how to frame on
occasion, and advised the Pope to turn his attention towards pacifying and
uniting all Christian princes in a general league against the common enemy,
well knowing that no such attempt could succeed.
In spite of the treaty, however, the Venetians never did well in the East
after that, and their old enemies the Genoese got the better of them in the
trade of the Black Sea, for the Turks were by no means satisfied yet with
what they had taken, and Venice was more or less engaged during the next
twenty years in trying to protect her Mediterranean colonies.
She had suffered considerably in her fortunes, though her credit appeared
inexhaustible. Romanin has unearthed some curious figures. He estimates
the loss of property by the fall of Constantinople at three hundred thousand
ducats, and says that there were a number of bad commercial failures in
Venice in consequence, notably that of Andrea Priuli, for twenty-four
thousand ducats. The aggregate estimated value of the houses in Venice
diminished between 1425 and 1445 by thirteen thousand ducats, which does
not seem very disastrous where the whole reached three hundred and sixty
thousand; but the war with Milan alone cost seven million ducats in ten
years, in 1428 the Venetian Chamber of Commerce owed nine millions, and
Romanin adds that in 1440 the bonds of the public debt were only worth
eighteen and a half per cent of their nominal value, a statement in which
there seems to be some mistake, unless that extreme depression was merely
momentary. There can be no doubt but that the acquisition of extensive
territory by warfare, and the reckless extravagance which became only too
common in Foscari’s brilliant reign, had led to a serious diminution of
wealth and population, and had burdened the Republic with a debt from
which she was never to free herself again.
An attempt was made by Pope Pius II. to send a crusade against the
Turks, and as such an expedition, if it had resulted in the expulsion of the
Turks, would have been much to the advantage of Venice, she lent her
support readily. The Pope, however, died suddenly when he was about to
bless the united fleet on its departure from Ancona, and the result was that
the whole alliance broke up at once, and those who had composed it
departed for their homes without delay.
In Italy itself there was constant war, useless to those who paid for it, and
profitable only to the soldiers they employed. The command of the Venetian
troops had now passed to the great condottiero Bartolommeo Colleoni, a
man quite as brave and devoted to the Republic as Gattamelata had been,
and for employing whom the other Italian states envied her. When his
contract with Venice had been executed, the Florentines succeeded in
engaging him; but the incredible rivalry amongst the divers Italian states to
obtain his services at last led to a treaty by which it was agreed that he
should be sent against the Turks at the joint expense of them all. Of course
this was not carried out, and perhaps no one ever expected that it could be.
Moreover, Colleoni did not live long, and dying at a comparatively early
age, he left all his fortune to the Republic on condition that it should be used
for a campaign against the Turks, and that a statue should be set up to
himself in the Square of Saint Mark’s.
With amazing dishonesty and admirable indifference to his
wishes, Venice used his money for a war against the Duke of Statue of
Ferrara; and the monument, which must indeed be admitted to be Bartolom meo
one of the finest equestrian statues in existence, was placed m Colleoni,
the little square of San Giovanni e Paolo. attributed
to
In spite of the treaty with the Sultan, Venice was obliged to Verrocchi
spend no less than twelve hundred thousand ducats in defending o, Piazza
SS.
her possessions against the Turks during five years; and the Giovanni
Mussulmans crossed Dalmatia and appeared in Friuli, to the e Paolo.
general consternation of Europe. It is said that at this time the
only ally upon which Venice could count was the King of Persia, whose
interest it was to check the progress of Turanian invasion. Every one knows
that although the Persians are Mohammedans, they belong to a sect which
entertains a profound aversion for that of the Turks.
One of the principal episodes in this somewhat desultory warfare was the
siege of Scutari in Albania, to possess which the Conqueror was willing to
sacrifice any number of men. The place itself was very strong, but contained
only about two thousand and five hundred persons, between mercenaries,
citizens, and women. The Sultan brought eighty thousand men against them,
whom he divided into four watches, each of twenty thousand, and each
under orders to fight during six hours out of the twenty-four. The assault
upon the breach, which was soon made, was therefore continuous; yet the
heroic Antonio da Lezze, by dividing his little force in a similar manner,
succeeded in resisting the enemy during thirty-six hours, and the slaughter
was so terrific that Mohammed determined to give up the attempt and to
starve the town till it surrendered. He had lost over twenty-five thousand
men.
Smedley, quoting Sabellico, says that the continued storm of
arrows discharged by the assailants during two days and a night Smedley,
was something almost indescribable; a wretched cat that tried to II.xiii.
chap.

steal across an exposed roof was shot through by eleven arrows

at once; in many places three and four arrows had struck in
1478.
precisely the same spot, splitting one another in succession, and
during several months after the Turks had withdrawn, the shafts they had
shot supplied kitchens, baths, and ovens with firewood.
The heroic little city held out against famine and artillery
during eleven months, and when at last Venice had made peace Rom. iv.
382.
with the Sultan on condition that the garrison should be allowed
to leave the town with its arms and baggage, Antonio da Lezze marched out
with four hundred and fifty men and one hundred and fifty women, all that
was left of the little force which had successfully resisted the greatest
conqueror of the age during the greater part of a year.
It is almost needless to say that the Republic treated the hero with her
usual vile ingratitude, and that Da Lezze was imprisoned for a year and
banished for ten because certain of the surviving inhabitants of Scutari
accused him of having written to Venice that the town
 ENTRANCE TO S. ZACCHARIA

was short of provisions when there was still a considerable store.

The impulse of conquest which had led the Turks so far was now almost
exhausted, and when Mohammed the Conqueror died, the moment would
have been favourable for driving the Turks out of the Archipelago, especially
as the throne of the
Osmanlis was disputed by a number of claimants. But Venice
was exhausted by her many struggles, and the sovereigns of 1483.
Defence
other European states were only too ready to sacrifice the of
interests of Christianity at large to Brescia,
their private ends. The result was that the Republic, finding Tintoretto
; Hall of
herself alone, made another ignominious peace with the Turks. Great
But even now she had no rest, for she was at war with the Duke Council.
of Ferrara, who enjoyed the protection of the Pope. The latter
exhausted every diplomatic means to induce Venice to withdraw; 1484.
but the only result was that the Republic recalled its ambassador Taking of
Gallipoli,
from Rome. Sixtus IV. now excommunicated Venice, and Tintoretto
attempted to send notice of ; ceiling,
Hall of
the excommunication by the political agent whom the Venetian Great
ambassador had left in Rome. That official, however, declined to Council.
take the message, and the pope sent a special envoy, who was to
present himself at the palace of the Patriarch. But the prelate 1484.
succeeded in avoiding him by feigning illness, so that official Victory of
Vittor
notice Soranzo
of the interdict never reached the Signory, a result which over the
men of
delighted the Venetians and proportionally scandalised all other Este,
Catholics. Venice gave formal notice to the Emperor, the King of Tintoretto
France, the King of England, the Duke of Burgundy, and the ; Hall of
Great
Duke of Austria, that she appealed against the excommunication Council.
to a future council, and meanwhile no further attention was paid
to the interdict. It was, in fact, removed by the next Pope,
1484.
Innocent VIII., who had no especial reason for maintaining it. Defeat of
The Republic had to deal at this time with internal troubles as the Duke
of
well as external difficulties. It happened that two men of the Ferrara,
same name and family were successively elected to be doges, Francesc
and that the house in question was one of those known as ‘the o
Bassano;
new.’ For the aristocracy divided itself into two classes, of which ceiling,
‘the old’ included only the families of tribunitian descent, who Hall of
Great
considered themselves vastly superior to all the rest. Council.
Nevertheless, the younger houses succeeded in keeping the ducal
honour to themselves for more than two hundred years. In 1450 sixteen of
these families had solemnly sworn never to allow the election of any doge
from amongst the elder houses, and sixty-eight years had already passed
since one of the latter had been chosen. On the death of Marco Barbarigo it
was noised abroad that the old houses were about to make a determined
effort to recover the desired dignity. Agostino Barbarigo was elected with
some difficulty, and it was quite clear that there were now two hostile
factions in the Venetian government which were more occupied with their
party spites than with what concerned the welfare of the Republic.
It was a period of contradictions in Venetian history, for while the State
seemed to be often gaining territory it was frequently losing influence and
undermining the sources of its own wealth; and, on the whole, the loss
during the fifteenth century considerably exceeded the profit.
It was at this time that Venice accomplished that remarkable piece of
juggling which ended in the annexation of Cyprus.
Caterina Corner, or Catharine Cornaro, as we are accustomed
to call her, was the niece of a Venetian noble who lived in b. 1454,
d. 1510.
Cyprus, and she had married Jacques de Lusignan, an Smedley,
illegitimate son of the last king of the island. Less than two years II. chap.
after her marriage, when she was about to become a mother, her xiv.
husband suddenly died, bequeathing his kingdom to the child
that should be born. The infant that came into the world was a 1489.
son indeed, but only lived a few months, and as Catharine’s
husband had grasped the throne by driving out his half-sister, Finding
who was legitimate, his widow now had great difficulty in of the
relic of
maintaining her position against the rightful heir, whose name the Cross
was Charlotte, and who was married to the powerful Duke of in the
Savoy. Catharine had no choice but to place herself under the Grand
Canal,
protection of Venice, and the Republic, as usual when it said to
undertook to help a friend in distress, began by hoisting its own contain
flag on the citadel. With great skill the queen was gradually the
portrait
forced, in the course of fifteen years, into the position of of
resigning her little kingdom altogether into the hands of the Caterina
Corner,
Republic. In exchange she was to receive a considerable income crowned,
and an estate at Asolo, where she could keep up the forms of a by
small court, still retaining her royal title. She was brought to Gentile
Bellini;
Venice, and was received with the utmost pomp and display, and Accademi
she retired quietly to Asolo, to spend the rest of her life in the
society of the most distinguished philosophers and men of letters a, Room
XV.
of the century.
Venice laid hands on all possible aspirants to the throne of Cyprus, men
and boys, women and girls; the latter were consigned to convents, from
which they were only allowed to go out occasionally with an escort. The
young men were closely watched and their expenses defrayed by the
Republic, and the boys were educated to be good Venetians.
So Venice got Cyprus, and for the sake of that little possession the
Republic appears to have sacrificed the opportunity of helping Columbus to
discover America. The fact has been denied, discussed, and asserted again by
historians, but a document has been discovered by M. Urbain de Gheltof
which, if genuine, puts an end to all doubt. That scholar has found in a
private archive in Venice the copy of a letter to a Venetian noble written by
Christopher Columbus from Palos, just before sailing to discover America. I
translate the short document, in which the simple character of the Genoese
explorer finds full expression:—
Very magnificent Sir—As your Republic did not think it was to its interest to accept my
offers, and as all the hatred of enemies conspired to thwart me everywhere, I threw
myself into the arms of the Lord my God. And He, by the intercession of His
Saints, brought it about that the most clement King of Castile, in his Urbain de
Gheltof,
generosity, should help me to carry out my plan of conquering a new world. Letter of
Thus, praise be to the Lord my God, I obtained command of vessels and Christ. Col.
men, and I am presently going to sail towards this yet unknown land which
God inspires me to seek. I thank you for all your kindness to me, and beg you to pray for
me.
Columbo Crist.
Written from Palos, August 1, 1492.

The Venetians may not have very deeply regretted their refusal to help the
Genoese navigator, but they were made to suffer acutely by the Portuguese
discovery of the route to India by the Cape of Good Hope. For Portugal now
imported by sea direct to Lisbon the rich merchandise of the East, of which
the Venetians had hitherto enjoyed a monopoly, but for the passage of which
they paid heavy duties to the Sultan. The supremacy of Venetian navigation
was over, and a more daring race of seamen ventured voyages in distant and
unknown oceans whither they were not followed by the old-fashioned
mariners of the Mediterranean. It was in vain that the Republic proposed to
the Sultan Bajazet a commercial alliance by which both powers might have
profited; the Turk could not understand that the ruin of Venetian trade must
impoverish the whole Archipelago and Constantinople itself. Instead of an
alliance, a renewal of hostilities ensued, in the course of which Lepanto fell
into the hands of the Turks, either because the garrison was insufficient or
because the Venetian admiral,
 THE PIAZZETTA, MISTY MORNING

Grimani, was not equal to the service required of him.

He shared the fate of almost all native-born Venetian
commanders, and was brought home laden with chains so heavy Marin
Sanudo,
that he could not have walked across the Piazzetta from the III. chap.
landing-place to his prison if he had not been held up by his son, iii. 105.
who was a Cardinal. He was confined in one of the worst cells,
surnamed ‘Forte,’ the Strong, and his sufferings were such, according to
Sanudo, who kept his journal at the time, that the Cardinal appeared before
the Signory one day to beg, as a favour, that his father might be executed
rather than made to die by inches in his dungeon.
The people, as often happened, were quite of the opinion of their masters,
that to be beaten in fight was a shameful crime, and a savage song about the
unlucky Grimani was bawled in the streets—

Antonio Grimani, ruin of Christians, rebel of Venice!

May you be eaten by dogs,
By dogs and their pups,
You and your sons,
Antonio Grimani, ruin of Christians!

But it was of small use to torment the poor man and to make songs upon
him. Venice was forced to make a commercial treaty with the Portuguese, to
save herself from ruin.
Then came Charles VIII. of France and descended into Italy with fire and
the sword, and Venice was drawn into new and disastrous Italian wars. So
ended the fifteenth century.
 THE DOGES OF VENICE
(ACCORDING TO ROMANIN)
Note.—The Venetian year began on March first, whence the frequent
discrepancies between the dates given by different writers. In this work
every effort has been made to bring all dates under the usual reckoning.
I. Paolo Lucio Anafesto elected 697 d. 717 Seat in Heraclea.
II. Marcello Tegaliano “ 717 “ 726
III. Orso Ipato “ 726 “ 737 (murdered). Seat in Malamocco.
(From 737 to 742, military governors called ‘Magistri Militum.’)
IV. Teodato Orso elected 742 — 755 (blinded and deposed).
V. Galla Gaulo “ 755 — 756 (blinded and exiled).
VI. Domenico Monegario “ 756 — 764 (blinded and deposed).
VII. Maurizio Galbaio “ 764 d. 787
Giovanni Galbaio and his
VIII. “ 787 — 804 (both deposed).
son Maurizio
Obelerio with his sons (the father put to death as a
IX. “ 804 d. 811
Beato and Costantino traitor).
X. Agnello Partecipazio “ 811 “ 827 Seat henceforth in Rialto.
XI. Giustiniano Partecipazio “ 827 “ 829
XII. Giovanni Partecipazio I. “ 829 — 836 (deposed).
XIII. Pietro Tradonico “ 836 d. 864 (murdered).
XIV. Orso Partecipazio I. “ 864 “ 881
XV. Giovanni Partecipazio II. “ 881 — 888 (abdicated).
XVI. Pietro Candiano I. “ 888 d. 888 (killed in battle with pirates).
XVII. Pietro Tribuno “ 888 “ 912
Orso Partecipazio II.
XVIII. “ 912 — 932 (abdicated and died a monk).
(Badoer)
XIX. Pietro Candiano II. “ 932 d. 939
Pietro Partecipazio
XX. “ 939 “ 942
(Badoer)
XXI. Pietro Candiano III. “ 942 “ 959
XXII. Pietro Candiano IV. “ 959 “ 976 (murdered).
(abdicated and died a monk,
XXIII. Pietro Orseolo I. “ 976 — 978
with the reputation of a saint).
XXIV. Vital Candiano “ 978 — 979 (abdicated and became a monk).
XXV. Tribuno Memmo “ 979 d. 991
 XXVI. Pietro Orseolo II. “ 991 “ 1008
XXVII. Ottone Orseolo “ 1008 — 1026 (exiled to Constantinople).
XXVIII. Pietro Centranigo “ 1026 — 1032 (driven out).
XXIX. Domenico Flabianico “ 1032 d. 1043
XXX. Domenico Contarini “ 1043 “ 1071
XXXI. Domenico Selvo “ 1071 “ 1085
XXXII. Vital Falier “ 1085 “ 1096
XXXIII. Vital Michiel I. “ 1096 “ 1102
XXXIV. Ordelafo Falier “ 1102 “ 1118 (died in the Hungarian war).
XXXV. Domenico Michiel “ 1118 “ 1130
XXXVI. Pietro Polani “ 1130 “ 1148
XXXVII. Domenico Morosini “ 1148 “ 1156
XXXVIII. Vital Michiel II. “ 1156 “ 1172 (killed).
XXXIX. Sebastian Ziani “ 1172 “ 1178
XL. Orio Mastropiero “ 1178 — 1192 (abdicated and became a monk).
XLI. Enrico Dandolo “ 1192 d. 1205 (died in Constantinople).
XLII. Pietro Ziani “ 1205 — 1229 (abdicated).
XLIII. Jacopo Tiepolo “ 1229 — 1249 (abdicated).
XLIV. Marin Morosini “ 1249 d. 1253
XLV. Renier Zeno “ 1253 “ 1268
XLVI. Lorenzo Tiepolo “ 1268 “ 1275
XLVII. Jacopo Contarini “ 1275 — 1280 (abdicated).
XLVIII. Giovanni Dandolo “ 1280 d. 1289
XLIX. Pietro Gradenigo “ 1289 “ 1311
L. Marin Zorzi “ 1311 “ 1312
LI. Giovanni Soranzo “ 1312 “ 1329
LII. Francesco Dandolo “ 1329 “ 1339
LIII. Bartolommeo Gradenigo “ 1339 “ 1343
LIV. Andrea Dandolo “ 1343 “ 1354
LV. Marin Falier “ 1354 d. 1355 (beheaded April 17).
LVI. Giovanni Gradenigo “ 1355 “ 1356
LVII. Giovanni Dolfin “ 1356 “ 1361
LVIII. Lorenzo Celsi “ 1361 “ 1365
LIX. Marco Corner “ 1365 “ 1368
LX. Andrea Contarini “ 1368 “ 1383
LXI. Michel Morosini “ 1383 “ 1384
LXII. Antonio Venier “ 1384 “ 1400
LXIII. Michel Steno “ 1400 “ 1413
LXIV. Tommaso Mocenigo “ 1413 “ 1423
 (deposed, and died a few days
LXV. Francesco Foscari “ 1423 — 1457
later).
LXVI. Pasquale Malipiero “ 1457 d. 1462
LXVII. Cristoforo Moro “ 1462 “ 1471
LXVIII. Niccolò Tron “ 1471 “ 1474
LXIX. Niccolò Marcello “ 1474 “ 1474
LXX. Pietro Mocenigo “ 1474 “ 1476
LXXI. Andrea Vendramin “ 1476 “ 1478
LXXII. Giovanni Mocenigo “ 1478 “ 1485
LXXIII. Marco Barbarigo “ 1485 “ 1486
LXXIV. Agostino Barbarigo “ 1486 “ 1501
LXXV. Leonardo Loredan “ 1501 “ 1521
LXXVI. Antonio Grimani “ 1521 “ 1523
LXXVII. Andrea Gritti “ 1523 “ 1538
LXXVIII. Pietro Lando “ 1538 “ 1545
LXXIX. Francesco Donato “ 1545 “ 1553
LXXX. Marcantonio Trevisan “ 1553 “ 1554
LXXXI. Francesco Venier “ 1554 “ 1556
LXXXII. Lorenzo Priuli “ 1556 “ 1559
LXXXIII. Girolamo Priuli “ 1559 “ 1567
LXXXIV. Pietro Loredan “ 1567 “ 1570
LXXXV. Aloise (Luigi) Mocenigo “ 1570 “ 1577
LXXXVI. Sebastian Venier “ 1577 “ 1578
LXXXVII. Niccolò Da Ponte “ 1578 “ 1585
LXXXVIII. Pasquale Cicogna “ 1585 “ 1595
LXXXIX. Marin Grimani “ 1595 “ 1606
XC. Leonardo Donà “ 1606 “ 1612
XCI. Marcantonio Memmo “ 1612 “ 1615
XCII. Giovanni Bembo “ 1615 “ 1618
XCIII. Niccolò Donà “ 1618 “ 1618
XCIV. Antonio Priuli “ 1618 “ 1623
XCV. Francesco Contarini “ 1623 “ 1624
XCVI. Giovanni Corner “ 1624 “ 1630
XCVII. Niccolò Contarini “ 1630 “ 1631
XCVIII. Francesco Erizzo “ 1631 d. 1646
XCIX. Francesco Molin “ 1646 “ 1655
C. Carlo Contarini “ 1655 “ 1656
CI. Francesco Corner “ 1656 “ 1656
CII. Bertuccio Valier “ 1656 “ 1658
 CIII. Giovanni Pesaro “ 1658 “ 1659
CIV. Domenico Contarini “ 1659 “ 1674
CV. Niccolò Sagredo “ 1674 “ 1676
CVI. Aloise Contarini “ 1676 “ 1683
CVII. Marcantonio Giustiniani “ 1683 “ 1688
CVIII. Francesco Morosini “ 1688 “ 1694
CIX. Silvestro Valier “ 1694 “ 1700
CX. Aloise Mocenigo “ 1700 “ 1709
CXI. Giovanni Corner “ 1709 “ 1722
Aloise Sebastian
CXII. “ 1722 “ 1732
Mocenigo
CXIII. Carlo Ruzzini “ 1732 “ 1735
CXIV. Luigi Pisani “ 1735 “ 1741
CXV. Pietro Grimani “ 1741 “ 1752
CXVI. Francesco Loredan “ 1752 “ 1762
CXVII. Marco Foscarini “ 1762 “ 1763
CXVIII. Aloise Mocenigo “ 1763 “ 1779
CXIX. Paolo Renier “ 1779 “ 1788
(abdicated with the aristocratic
CXX. Ludovico Manin “ 1788 — 1797
government).
 TABLE OF THE PRINCIPAL DATES IN VENETIAN HISTORY
A.D.
421 (about) Venice founded by fugitives from Aquileia, Altinum, and Padua.
(According to tradition on March 25, 421, at noon.)
975 ... Paulus Lucas Anafestus of Heraclea chosen as first Doge.
975 ... Pepin, son of Charlemagne, attempts to take Venice and is defeated.
828 (about) The body of Saint Mark is brought to Venice, and he is proclaimed
protector of the Republic in place of Saint Theodore.
959 (about) The brides of Venice and their dowries are carried off by Istrian pirates.
975 ... The first basilica of Saint Mark is destroyed by fire.
975 ... Pietro Orseolo is acclaimed as Doge of Venice and Dalmatia.
975 ... The Emperor Otho III. visits Venice secretly.
975 ... Venice is ravaged by the plague.
975 ... Venetians defeat the Pisans off Rhodes.
975 ... Defeat of the Turks at Jaffa.
975 ... The Doge Domenico Michiel takes Tyre.
975 Venice joins the Lombard League, with Verona, Padua, Milan, Bologna,
...
and other cities.
975 Institution of the Great Council, in which membership is open and
...
elective.
975 The Emperor Frederick Barbarossa makes submission to Pope Alexander
...
III. at Venice.
975 ... The ceremony of the Espousal of the Sea by the Doge instituted.
1202 (Oct. 8) The Venetian fleet sets out for the Fourth Crusade under the Doge Enrico
Dandolo.
1204 (April 12) Constantinople taken by the Venetian and French forces.
975 ... Membership in the Great Council limited to those of legitimate birth.
975 Closure of the Great Council, in which membership becomes a privilege
...
of the nobles.
975 ... Conspiracy of Marino Bocconio.
975 ... Conspiracy of Marco Quirini and Bajamonte Tiepolo.
975 ... Permanent institution of the Council of Ten.
975 ... Venice loses half her population by the plague.
975 ... Conspiracy of Marino Faliero.
1379- War of Chioggia.
...
80
1404- During this time Venice possesses herself, on the mainland, of Padua,
54 ... Ravenna, Verona, Treviso, Vicenza, Brescia, Bergamo, Feltre, Belluno,
Crema, and Friuli.
975 ... Carlo Zeno takes Padua from Carrara.
975 League with Florence concluded. Brescia surrenders to the allied forces,
...
the Venetian troops being commanded by Carmagnola.
975 ... Bergamo surrenders to Carmagnola.
1432 (May 5) Carmagnola executed as a traitor to the Republic.
975 Erasmo da Narni, nicknamed Gattamelata, is made commander of the
...
Venetian army.
975 ... Bartolommeo Colleoni is commander of the Venetian forces.
1453 (May 29) Constantinople taken by the Turks. Many Venetians are massacred and
much Venetian property destroyed.
975 Scutari, besieged by the Turks, is successfully defended by Antonio da
...
Lezze.
975 Venice annexes Cyprus, leaving Catharine Cornaro the empty title of its
...
Queen.
975 League of Cambrai, between the Emperor Maximilian, Pope Julius II.,
...
Louis XII. of France, and Ferdinand of Aragon.
1571 (Oct. 7) Battle of Lepanto won by the allied fleets of Venice, Genoa, the Holy See,
and Spain, commanded respectively by Sebastiano Venier, Andrea Doria,
and Marcantonio Colonna, under Don John of Austria as commander-in-
chief.
975 ... Visit of Henry III. of France.
1575- Venice, swept by the plague, loses one-fourth of her population, Titian
...
7 among them. Church of the Redentore built to commemorate its cessation.
1577 Fire destroys the Hall of the Great Council, with many magnificent works
(Dec. 20)
of art.
975 Another visitation of the plague, commemorated by the Church of the
...
Salute.
1715- The Turks wrest from Venice Crete and the Peloponnesus.
...
18
975 ... Angelo Emo, the last Venetian leader, humbles the Bey of Tunis.
975 ... Election of the 120th and last Doge, Ludovico Manin.
975 The ceremony of the Espousal of the Sea by the Doge takes place for the
...
last time.
1797 (April 18) General Bonaparte, by the treaty of Campo-Formio, cedes to Austria the
Venetian provinces between the Po, the Oglio, and the Adriatic, in
exchange for Romagna, with Ferrara and Bologna.
1797 (May 12) The Doge Ludovico Manin abdicates, and the Great Council accepts the
Provisional Government required by General Bonaparte.
1798 (Jan. 18) The Austrian garrison takes possession of Venice.
1866 (Oct. 19) Austria cedes Venice to Napoleon III., who transfers it to Victor Emanuel
II., King of Italy.
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commissione.
Archivio storico italiano, serie i. vol. viii.
Archivio Veneto, part i. voi. xi. 1871.
Ateneo Veneto (1865) (see below, Carrer).
Baschet, Armand. Les Archives de Venise. Souvenirs d’une
mission. Les Archives de Venise. Histoire de la Chancellerie
secrète.
Bembo. Delle istituzioni di beneficenza nella città e provincia di
Venezia.
Bonnal. Chute d’une République. Venise d’après les archives
secrètes de la République.
Brown, H. F. Life on the Lagoons.
Venetian Studies. Venice. An historical Sketch of the Republic.
Brown, Rawdon. Venetian Archives, with special reference to
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 INDEX
A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, Z
Abydos, 138
Achaia, Duke of, 358
Acre, 104
Adda, the, 450
Adelaide, Empress, 78, 79, 86
Adige, the, 406, 478
Adriatic, 121, 143, 163, 371, 372, 375, 377, 412, 439
campaign against pirates of the, 86-88
Agnello, Leonardo dall’, 414
Alaric, 13, 14
Albania, 485
Alessandria, 114
Alexandria, 40, 41
Alexis (Angelos), Emperor, 133, 134, 139
the Younger, 133-139
Altinum, 12, 15, 17, 19, 20, 25
Chronicle of, 19, 21
Amadeus of Savoy, 448
Amalfi, 94, 95, 96, 99
America, 470, 491, 492
Amiano, 108
Anafestus, Paulus Lucas. See under Doges
Anagni, 116
Anapolis, 350
Ancona, 58, 378, 484
Ancona, Professor d’, 18
Andromachos, 307
Andronicus, 360-364
Andros, 138
Antiochus, 16
Antipope Victor IV., 112, 116, 117
Anzio, battle of, 375, 379
Apulia, 378, 405, 412
Aquila, the, 132
Aquileia, 11, 12, 15-17, 19, 25, 112
patriarch of, 113
Aquitaine, 83
Arator, 21
Arbo, 87
Arbo, Count of, 110
‘Archimicidium.’ See Canal Orfano
Arengo, the, 31, 316
Aristocracy, development of Venetian, 164-184
Arius, 21
Arno, the, 97, 99
Arnold of Brescia, 110
Arrow manufactory, 207
Arsenal, the, 70, 213, 235, 236, 293, 338, 413
Asti, 114
Attila, 14-18
Austria, Duke of, 221, 222, 343, 344, 489
Autolinus, 22
Avignon, 317, 319, 355
Avogadori, the, 173, 174, 176, 185, 335, 437, 438
Azov, Sea of, 369
Azzone, Marquis, 189, 231

Babylonians, 59
Badoer, the, 38, 228
Alban, 442
Badoero, 235-239
Bajazet, Sultan, 492
Baldwin of Flanders, 136, 142
Baldwin II., 145
Bandinelli, Cardinal. See Pope Alexander III.
Barattiere, Nicola, 181
Barbarella, the, 173, 179, 311
Barbarigo. See under Doges
Baschet, M. Armand, 253
Basilica of Saint Mark, 106, 130, 242, 374, 381
Bavaria, Duke of, 428, 429
Beg, Zani, 370
Belegno, Filippo, 239
Vittor, 80
Bellini, 216
Belluno, 189
Bembo, Angelo, 246
Francesco, 442, 450
Marchesina, 377
Benevento, 116
Bergamo, 114, 479
Black Sea, 481, 483
Blacks and Whites, wars of the, 125
Boccaccio, 223, 306
Bocconio, Marino, 161-163, 202, 224, 241, 288
conspiracy of, 161, 226-228, 309
Bollani, Piero, 322, 323
Bologna, 114
Bordone, Paris, 266
Borgia, Cæsar, 429
Bosphorus, 138, 371
Bossone, Francesco. See Carmagnola
Bows and arrows, 206-207
Braccio, 475, 476
Bragadin, Francesca, 377
Brandolini, Count, 476
Brazza, 87
Brenta, the, 9, 386, 401
Brescia, 114, 450, 453, 478, 479
Bridge. See Ponte
dei Dai, 235, 237
of Saint Barnabas, 200
British Constitution, 419
Empire, 94
Brondolo, 384, 387, 400, 401, 405-409, 414
Brown, Horatio, 453
Rawdon, 339
Bucentaur, 202, 221, 286, 298, 318, 412
Buda, 382
Buddha, 419
Building, early methods of, 42
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