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Essential ASP NET with Examples in Visual Basic NET
1st Edition Fritz Onion Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Fritz Onion
ISBN(s): 9780201760392, 0201760398
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 6.29 MB
Year: 2003
Language: english
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Contents

Main Page
Table of content
Copyright
Microsoft .NET Development Series
Titles in the Series
Figures
Tables
Foreword
Preface
C# versus VB.NET
Sample Code, Web Site, Feedback
Prerequisites
Organization of This Book
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1. Architecture
1.1 Fundamentals
1.2 ASP 4.0
1.3 System.Web.UI.Page
1.4 Code-Behind
1.5 Shadow Copying
1.6 Directives
1.7 The New Intrinsics
Summary
Chapter 2. Web Forms
2.1 Server-Side Controls
2.2 ViewState
2.3 Events
2.4 A Day in the Life of a Page
2.5 Web Forms and Code-Behind
2.6 Root Path Reference Syntax
2.7 HtmlControls
2.8 WebControls
2.9 WebControls versus HtmlControls
2.10 Building Web Forms with Visual Studio .NET
Summary
Chapter 3. Configuration
3.1 web.config
3.2 Configuration Data
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3.3 Process Model

3.4 Additional Settings
3.5 Reading Configuration Information
3.6 Building a Custom Configuration Section Handler
Summary
Chapter 4. HTTP Pipeline
4.1 A Day in the Life of a Request
4.2 Context
4.3 Applications
4.4 Custom Handlers
4.5 Custom Modules
4.6 Threading in the Pipeline
Summary
Chapter 5. Diagnostics and Error Handling
5.1 Diagnostics in ASP.NET
5.2 Debugging
5.3 Error Handling
Summary
Chapter 6. Validation
6.1 Form Validation
6.2 Validation Control Architecture
6.3 Validation Controls
Summary
Chapter 7. Data Binding
7.1 Fundamentals
7.2 Data Binding Controls
7.3 Binding to Database Sources
7.4 DataGrid
7.5 Templates
Summary
Chapter 8. Custom Controls
8.1 Fundamentals
8.2 State Management
8.3 Composite Controls
8.4 User Controls
8.5 Validation and Data Binding
8.6 Designer Integration
Summary
Chapter 9. Caching
9.1 Caching Opportunities in ASP.NET
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9.2 Output Caching

9.3 Data Caching
Summary
Chapter 10. State Management
10.1 Types of State
10.2 Application State
10.3 Session State
10.4 Cookie State
10.5 View State
Summary
Chapter 11. Security
11.1 Web Security
11.2 Security in ASP.NET
11.3 System Identity in ASP.NET
Summary

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Table of Contents
Essential ASP.NET with Examples in Visual Basic .NET
By Fritz Onion

Publisher : Addison Wesley

Pub Date : February 11, 2003
ISBN : 0-201-76039-8
Pages : 432

"This well-conceived and well-written book has extensive knowledge and priceless experience
overflowing from its pages. It captures the true essence of ASP.NET and walks the reader to a high
level of technical and architectural skill."-J. Fred Maples, Director of Software Engineering,
NASDAQ.com
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Essential ASP.NET with Examples in Visual Basic .NET is the Visual Basic programmer's definitive
reference for ASP.NET through version 1.1. It provides experienced programmers with the information
needed to fully understand the technology, and is a clear guide to using ASP.NET to build robust and
well-architected Web applications.

This book begins with a discussion of the rationale behind the design of ASP.NET and an introduction to
how it builds on top of the .NET framework. Subsequent chapters explore the host of new features in
ASP.NET, including the server-side compilation model, code-behind classes, server-side controls, form
validation, the data binding model, and custom control development. Throughout the book, working
examples illustrate best practices for building Web-based applications in VB.NET.

Among the topics explored in depth are:

•
•

• ASP.NET architecture
•
•

• Web forms
•
•

• Configuration
•
•

• HTTP pipeline
•
•

• Diagnostics and error handling

•
•

• Validation
•
•

• Data binding
•
•

• Custom controls
•
•
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• Caching
•
•

• State management
•
•

• Security
•

Essential ASP.NET with Examples in Visual Basic .NET provides readers with the know-how needed
to build more powerful, better architected Web applications with ASP.NET.

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Table of Contents
Essential ASP.NET with Examples in Visual Basic .NET
By Fritz Onion

Publisher : Addison Wesley

Pub Date : February 11, 2003
ISBN : 0-201-76039-8
Pages : 432

Copyright
Microsoft .NET Development Series
Titles in the Series
Figures
Tables
Foreword
Preface
C# versus VB.NET
Sample Code, Web Site, Feedback
Prerequisites
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Organization of This Book

Acknowledgments

Chapter 1. Architecture
Section 1.1. Fundamentals
Section 1.2. ASP 4.0
Section 1.3. System.Web.UI.Page
Section 1.4. Code-Behind
Section 1.5. Shadow Copying
Section 1.6. Directives
Section 1.7. The New Intrinsics
Summary

Chapter 2. Web Forms

Section 2.1. Server-Side Controls
Section 2.2. ViewState
Section 2.3. Events
Section 2.4. A Day in the Life of a Page
Section 2.5. Web Forms and Code-Behind
Section 2.6. Root Path Reference Syntax
Section 2.7. HtmlControls
Section 2.8. WebControls
Section 2.9. WebControls versus HtmlControls
Section 2.10. Building Web Forms with Visual Studio .NET
Summary

Chapter 3. Configuration
Section 3.1. web.config
Section 3.2. Configuration Data
Section 3.3. Process Model
Section 3.4. Additional Settings
Section 3.5. Reading Configuration Information
Section 3.6. Building a Custom Configuration Section Handler
Summary

Chapter 4. HTTP Pipeline

Section 4.1. A Day in the Life of a Request
Section 4.2. Context
Section 4.3. Applications
Section 4.4. Custom Handlers
Section 4.5. Custom Modules
Section 4.6. Threading in the Pipeline
Summary

Chapter 5. Diagnostics and Error Handling

Section 5.1. Diagnostics in ASP.NET
Section 5.2. Debugging
Section 5.3. Error Handling
Summary

Chapter 6. Validation
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Section 6.1. Form Validation

Section 6.2. Validation Control Architecture
Section 6.3. Validation Controls
Summary

Chapter 7. Data Binding

Section 7.1. Fundamentals
Section 7.2. Data Binding Controls
Section 7.3. Binding to Database Sources
Section 7.4. DataGrid
Section 7.5. Templates
Summary

Chapter 8. Custom Controls

Section 8.1. Fundamentals
Section 8.2. State Management
Section 8.3. Composite Controls
Section 8.4. User Controls
Section 8.5. Validation and Data Binding
Section 8.6. Designer Integration
Summary

Chapter 9. Caching
Section 9.1. Caching Opportunities in ASP.NET
Section 9.2. Output Caching
Section 9.3. Data Caching
Summary

Chapter 10. State Management

Section 10.1. Types of State
Section 10.2. Application State
Section 10.3. Session State
Section 10.4. Cookie State
Section 10.5. View State
Summary

Chapter 11. Security

Section 11.1. Web Security
Section 11.2. Security in ASP.NET
Section 11.3. System Identity in ASP.NET
Summary

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Copyright

Many of the designations used by manufacturers and sellers to distinguish their products are claimed as
trademarks. Where those designations appear in this book, and Addison-Wesley was aware of a
trademark claim, the designations have been printed with initial capital letters or in all capitals.

The .NET logo is either a registered trademark or trademark of Microsoft Corporation in the United
States and/or other countries and is used under license from Microsoft.

The author and publisher have taken care in the preparation of this book, but make no expressed or
implied warranty of any kind and assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is
assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the
information or programs contained herein.

The publisher offers discounts on this book when ordered in quantity for special sales. For more
information, please contact:

U.S. Corporate and Government Sales

(800) 382-3419

corpsales@pearsontechgroup.com

For sales outside of the U.S., please contact:

International Sales

(317 581-3793

international@pearsontechgroup.com

Visit Addison-Wesley on the Web:

www.awprofessional.com

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

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Microsoft .NET Development Series

John Montgomery, Series Advisor

Don Box, Series Advisor

Martin Heller, Series Editor

"This Microsoft .NET series is a great resource for .NET developers. Coupling the .NET architects at
Microsoft with the training skills of DevelopMentor means that all the technical bases, from reference to
'how-to,' will be covered."

—JOHN MONTGOMERY, Group Product Manager for the .NET platform, Microsoft Corporation

"The Microsoft .NET series has the unique advantage of an author pool that combines some of the most
insightful authors in the industry with the actual architects and developers of the .NET platform."

—DON BOX, Architect, Microsoft Corporation

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Titles in the Series

Keith Ballinger, .NET Web Services: Architecture and Implementation with .NET, 0-321-11359-4

Don Box with Chris Sells, Essential .NET Volume 1: The Common Language Runtime, 0-201-73411-7

Microsoft Common Language Runtime Team, The Common Language Runtime Annotated Reference
and Specification, 0-321-15493-2

Microsoft .NET Framework Class Libraries Team, The .NET Framework CLI Standard Class Library
Annotated Reference, 0-321-15489-4

Microsoft Visual C# Development Team, The C# Annotated Reference and Specification,

0-321-15491-6

Fritz Onion, Essential ASP.NET with Examples in C#, 0-201-76040-1

Fritz Onion, Essential ASP.NET with Examples in Visual Basic .NET, 0-201-76039-8

Damien Watkins, Mark Hammond, Brad Abrams, Programming in the .NET Environment,
0-201-77018-0

Shawn Wildermuth, Pragmatic ADO.NET: Data Access for the Internet World, 0-201-74568-2

http://www.awprofessional.com/msdotnetseries/

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Figures

Figure 1-1: High-Level Architecture of ASP.NET

Figure 1-2: ASP.NET Page Type

Figure 1-3: Server-Side Code Placement in Page Compilation

Figure 1-4: Class Hierarchy Created Using Code-Behind

Figure 1-5: Shadow Copy Mechanism Used by ASP.NET

Figure 1-6: Dynamic Base Directory Used by ASP.NET

Figure 2-1: Conceptual Model for Desktop Applications

Figure 2-2: Conceptual Model for Web Forms Applications

Figure 2-3: Client-Server Interaction with Web Forms

Figure 2-4: Accumulator Page Request Sequence

Figure 2-5: Page Event Sequence

Figure 2-6: Binding Fields to Server-Side Controls

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Tables

Table 1-1: .aspx File Directives

Table 1-2: @Page Directive Attributes

Table 2-1: Tag Mappings for HtmlControls

Table 3-1: Top-Level Configuration Elements Available in web.config

Table 3-2: Attributes of the processModel Element

Table 4-1: Properties of HttpContext

Table 4-2: Events Exposed by HttpApplication

Table 4-3: Additional Events Available through global.asax

Table 4-4: Modules Defined in ASP.NET

Table 4-5: Module versus global.asax

Table 5-1: Contents of Page Trace Information

Table 5-2: trace Element Attributes

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Foreword

There are plenty of good reasons for a company to migrate to the .NET Framework and to the
Common Language Runtime (CLR). For example, new development tools make it much easier to write,
test, and debug your code. There's an incredible wealth of functionality provided by the Framework
Class Libraries (FCL) that goes far beyond what's been available in previous versions of Visual Basic.
The CLR makes it much easier and less costly to deploy an application and its dependant DLLs.
Furthermore, the CLR provides many new extra security layers to defend against attacks from malicious
software such as viruses and worms. However, of all the good reasons companies have found to migrate
to the .NET Framework, ASP.NET seems to be leading the pack.

ASP.NET has established itself as one of the most mature and viable aspects of the .NET Framework.
ASP.NET is a server-side application framework that provides a complete development platform for
creating Web applications that target users such as customers, employees, and vendors. ASP.NET is
powerful because it gives you the ability to reach users across the Internet running on a variety of
different browsers and operating systems.

Over the last five or six years, the software industry has witnessed hundreds of companies that have
successfully built large-scale applications with the original ASP framework. However, many of these
same companies are now finding that there are tremendous benefits to migrating to ASP.NET. These
benefits include improvements in performance, developer productivity, and code maintainability.
ASP.NET also introduces valuable new features for caching and state management that can further
improve an application's performance and its ability to scale in a Web farm environment.

While there are many different books available on the topic of ASP.NET, I strongly encourage you to
read and thoroughly absorb the material in this book. Fritz Onion teaches you about ASP.NET by
providing you with a thorough and detailed view of the underlying architecture. If you're like me, you
want to know more than just how to use Visual Studio .NET to build simple Web applications. You
really want to know why ASP.NET works the way it does. You want to be able to answer questions
like these.

• Why do ASP.NET applications run faster than ASP applications?

•
•

• Why does shadow copying make it easier to deploy applications?

•
•

• How does a Web form interact with its server-side controls?

•
•

• What do you really need to know about ASP.NET configuration?

•
•
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Preface

It was late at night in Torrance, California, in August 2000. I had spent 12 hours of the day teaching
DevelopMentor's Guerrilla COM course with Mike Woodring and Jason Whittington. Don Box had
come over after class, and, as usual, we were staying up late into the night after the students had long
since gone to bed, discussing technology and hacking. Microsoft had just released its preview version of
.NET at the PDC in July, and we had been spending much of the year up to that point digging into "the
next COM" and were excited that it had finally been released so we could talk about it. It was that
evening that Don, in his typical succinct way, showed me my first glimpse of ASP.NET (then called
ASP+). He first typed into emacs an .aspx file that looked like this:

<%@ Page Language="C#" src="TestPage.cs"

Inherits="TestPage" %>

<html>
<h1 runat=server id=ctl/>
</html>

He then wrote another file that looked like this:

using System;
using System.Web;
using System.Web.UI;
using System.Web.UI.HtmlControls;

public class TestPage : Page

{
protected HtmlGenericControl ctl;
void Page_Load(object src, EventArgs e)
{
ctl.InnerText = "Hello!";
}
}

He then placed the two files in c:\inetpub\wwwroot on his machine and showed me the rendering of the
.aspx page through the browser, exclaiming, "Get it?" Perhaps it was the late hour or the fact that I had
been teaching all day, but I have to admit that although I "got" the technical details of what Don was
showing me, I was somewhat underwhelmed by being able to change the innerText of an h1 element
from a class.

The following week, after a couple of good nights of sleep, I revisited the .aspx example and began to
explore ASP.NET in more detail. After a day of reading and experimenting, I finally "got it" and I was
hooked. This technology was poised to fundamentally change the way people built Web applications on
Windows, and it took full advantage of the new .NET runtime. I spent the next six months researching,
building ASP.NET applications, and writing DevelopMentor's Essential ASP.NET course, and I spent
the subsequent year and a half teaching, speaking, and writing about ASP.NET. This book is the
culmination of those activities, and I hope it helps you in your path to understanding ASP.NET.
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C# versus VB.NET

Before .NET, Visual Basic was not just another language—it was a platform unto itself. Building
applications in Visual Basic 6.0, for example, was completely different from using C++ and MFC. With
.NET, this distinction is gone, and Visual Basic is indeed just another .NET language that uses the same
libraries, the same development tools, and the same runtime as all others. As a consequence, we can
now talk about technologies like ASP.NET from a language-neutral standpoint. The code samples,
however, must be shown in a particular language, so this book is published in two versions: one with
examples in C# and one with examples in VB.NET. All content outside the examples is nearly identical
between the two books.

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Sample Code, Web Site, Feedback

All the code samples in this book are drawn from working samples available for display and download
from the book's Web site at http://www.develop.com/books/essentialasp.net/. This site also contains any
errata found after publication and a supplemental set of more extended examples of the concepts
presented in this book for your reference. The author welcomes your comments, errata, and feedback
via the forms available on the Web site.

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Prerequisites

This book focuses exclusively on ASP.NET and does not spend time reviewing .NET programming,
object-oriented programming techniques, database access, or general Web application development
techniques. You will be able to get the most out of this book if you have spent some time gaining
experience in each of these areas.

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Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
 3. Another method for the security of religion is, to
distinguish between Legatine, and the Archiepiscopal power
of the ArchBp. of Canterbury, and to reduce that exorbitant
power he possesses at present to what it was before the
year 1400, when he enjoyed only his Archiepiscopal
authority, not being made legaties natus till after that year.
These two powers are compounded at present, and the
ArchBp., though he enjoys the legatine, only in virtue of the
exercise thereof by his predecessors, derived originally from
a Papal grant of no force in England, does yet continue to
exercise it, tho’ he hereby encroaches upon the jurisdiction
and rights of all the Bishops and the Kingdom in several
cases, and by the abuse thereof may ruin the established
church when he pleases. It was in virtue of this Legatine
power, which is as yet affirmed by no law, that Dr. Tennison
deprived Watson Bp. of St. Davids by his single authority;
tho’ according to the ancient Canons and constitution of the
Christian Church, no Bp. can be regularly condemned, but
by the sentence of a Provincial Synod, in which twelve Bps.
are present. ’Tis easy to see how fatal such a claim of
power, now supported by the seeming countenance of an
House of Lords, may be in its consequence to the Church of
England.
There was in the time of Henry 8 (when the Papal
power was abolished in England) an authority vested in the
ArchBp. of Canterbury to grant faculties and dispensations
in all cases where the Pope used before to dispense. Under
pretext of this general grant Archbishops have taken upon
themselves to grant dispensations in cases where the Pope
himself could not effectually dispense. Such particularly is
the power of qualifying persons for living and dignities
annexed by Law to certain degrees in our Universities. The
Pope had certainly long used to confer honorary degrees on
such as he saw fit, but these degrees never qualified
persons in France or other countries abroad for benefices
and dignities appropriated to Graduates in their
Universities. This is so settled a point that even in the
Pope’s own territory of the Comtat de Venagsein about
Avignon, tho’ he confess such benefices on those who are
not graduates, yet he always in his bulls obliges them to
take their degree requisite in the Universities. Yet in
England ArchBps. of Canterbury have of late exerted their
power in numberless instances to the great discouragement
of learning and prejudice of our Universities. This is a point
that well deserves to be corrected.
4. As the Universities are a nursery for the Church, and
a great support of the established religion, there cannot be
too great an assurance given of the preservation of their
privileges, their statutes and rights of election; which
should not be liable to be invaded, by any Ecclesiastical
Commission for the extraordinary visitation of particular
Colleges or of the Universities in general, or by writs of
Mandamus for putting in Heads or Fellows of Colleges,
contrary to their Statutes and right of election; or in fine, by
appeals from the sentence of Visitors to the Courts of
Common Law, where they have been controverted of late;
particularly in Dr. Bentley’s case; tho’ such sentences were
ever deemed unappealable and have been so declared in
the House of Lords in the case of Exeter College, wherein
they gave judgment against their own jurisdiction in this
point.
But if it should be apprehended that an unlimited
restraint from all relief at Common Law, may in some eases
be hard on a sufferer by a Visitor’s sentence, the absolute
prohibition of an appeal may be thus limited, “unless the
body of the University assembled in a Convocation
(whereof, and as well of the occasion of its being called as
the day and time when it is to be held, publick notice shall
be given a month before) shall within a year or 6 months
after such sentence petition the King for a revision thereof;
and then his Majesty may issue out a Commission of
Delegates, composed of the Chancellor of the University,
the Visitors of all the Colleges therein, and an equal
number of Drs. of Civil Law, to review the process and give
a final decision.” If University causes come into Common
Law Courts, there is no end of them, and no supporting the
expense: and our ancestors wisely provided they should
never come there: but those Courts are hardly ever at a
loss for pretexts to draw all causes to the Bar, and to break
through all regulations. Their power is now grown to an
exorbitant height, and with it their oppression is extended;
so that since the Chancery, by being put almost ever since
the Reformation into the hands of Common Lawyers, is
become in a manner a Common Law Court where equity is
little considered, they are become one of the greatest
grievances of the Nation.
5. Whereas Deans and Chapters of Cathedral Churches
in England do at present retain an empty shadow of the
privilege they formerly had of choosing their own Bps. in
that a Conge d’Elire is constantly upon the vacancy of a
see, sent to them and requiring them to proceed to such
election; but they are obliged to choose the person named
to them by the King in a letter missive sent at the same
time, under the pain of incurring a Praemunire and
subjecting themselves to the penalties of the Act of Henry 8
regulating the election and confirmation of Bishops. It were
to be wished that a better regulation might be made in this
respect, and that Deans and Chapters may, in the case of a
person whom they cannot in conscience contribute by any
act of theirs to advance to a See of which he is unworthy
(by having preached or published heretical and false
doctrines, or by being guilty of Simony or other crimes
punishable by deprivation), be allowed the liberty of
declining their choice and approbation without being liable
to the said penalties. It may not perhaps be fit to make
them judges in the case any further than relates to their
own conduct, and therefore upon their signifying the crime
of which the person named in the letter missive is accused
and on account whereof they cannot choose him, and of
the grounds they have to presume of his guilt, till he is
judicially cleared, the cognisance thereof may in the case of
a Bp. be taken by a Provincial Synod, and in the case of a
Presbyter, by a Synod of the Diocese, wherein he has
usually resided; and if the person be acquitted therein, the
Chapter then to be obliged to choose him under all the
penalties of the aforesaid Act, but, if he be condemned, to
be justified in their rejecting him, and a better to be named
in his stead.
There are some other regulations of a like kind, that
would be useful with regard to the inferior Clergy, viz.: that
every Certificate of good behaviour and right principles in
religion, usually brought to a Bp. by every person that
comes for Ordination or for Institution to a Living, be
signed by the Rural Dean of the district wherein he has
resided for the time mentioned therein; (unless such person
hath been constantly resident in the University, in which
case the Certificate of his College may serve as at present)
otherwise the Bp. to be at liberty to reject him. And if a Bp.
upon examining a person presented to a benefice shall find
him illiterate and unqualified for the Cure, he shall appoint
such person to attend him another day, when he shall
likewise summon the Rural Deans of his Diocese to appear
and shall in their presence examine the pretentee; and if
upon the concurrent judgment of all or of the major part,
or of two thirds of them, he shall be declared illiterate and
insufficent for the charge of a cure of Souls, the Bp. shall
be justified in refusing him institution without being aliable
to any suit in law, or other prosecution whatever.
Such expedients as these afford undoubtedly a very
rational security to the Church of England, and yet none of
them really intrench on the just prerogative of the Crown,
unless the redeeming of the Church from the slavist part of
the Letter missive put upon it contrary to the first article of
Magna Charta be deemed to do so, tho’ it does not infringe
the Kings right of naming the Sees but only provides
against the ill consequences of his being deceived and
drawing into the naming of unworthy prelates; or unless it
be in the waving of the claim of right to make writs of
Mandamus for putting Heads and Fellows upon Colleges in
the University; which if it was a right of the Crown, has
been exercised very rarely and never without great odium,
and which seems only to be founded upon a notion, that
the incorporation of Colleges and establishment of Status
for electing the Heads and members thereof, as well as for
regulating their conduct, tho’ made at the request of the
Founders who endowed them, yet derived their force from
the authority of the Crown, which might therefore dispense
with Statuts of their own creating and rights of their own
granting, whenever there was occasion or it was thought
proper to exert the unlimitedness of the prerogative. But if
this maxim were good and would hold in Law, it would hold
as well in regard to Corporations as Colleges; and yet it was
never used in the ease of the former, unless upon some
crime and forfeiture of their privileges, or at least on a
pretence thereof, and even then when advantage was
taken of such forfeiture (as was the case a little before the
Revolution) it raised a terrible ferment in the nation.
There are some other things which tho’ not immediately
relating to the security of the Church of England, yet being
much for the benefit, dignity, and credit of the Clergy, will
contribute not a little to its support.
The English being naturally a serious and devout people
ran eagerly in all ages into all the modes of religion then in
vogue. Hence an infinite number of Monasteries of all kinds
were erected in the Kingdom, and the Religious thereof
being by their institution more attached to the Pope than
the secular Clergy were, it came to pass that when the
Papal power was first introduced into England in the reign
of Henry the First (in whose time the Cardinal de Crema
came over the first Legate of the See of Rome, and appeals
to that Court began to be introduced), they soon got the
Pope to exert the plentitude of his power, and the
sovereignty he claimed over all the possessions of the
Spirituality (tho’ originally the grant of our Kings) and to
appropriate the tythes glebe and revenues of livings to
Monasteries. This was done generally between the years
1120 and 1250. Hereupon the Religious of these
Monasteries, keeping all the great tythes and sometimes
the small ones also, and even the oblations (which in those
days were very considerable) to themselves either supplied
the cures by one of their own body, or endowed a resident
vicar either with a slender portion of the small tythes, or
with a stipend in money, which, whatever it was in those
days, is now very inconsiderable, and insufficient for his
maintenance. When Monasteries were dissolved, and their
lands given to Henry 8, the tythes and revenues of Livings
thus appropriated to religious houses were given to him at
the same time, and were alienated by that Prince together
with the Abbey lands. Thus was the Church miserably
impoverished, and even to the time of the Rebellion in 1642
there were left 6000 Vicarages in England under £30 a year,
4000 under £20 and 2000 not worth £10 a year. The
Bishops upon the Restoration having abundance of leases,
particularly of Tythes (for Q. Elizabeth had forced their
predecessors to exchange their manners of their Sees for
the tythes then remaining in the Crown which she could not
keep in conscience as she alledged) that were either
expired during the troubles or were near expiring, took care
in the renewal thereof to augment great numbers of these
poor vicarages. Private persons have since made them
considerable benefactions and many Vicarages have been
of late augmented out of the revenue of the First fruits and
Tenths: yet still there are some thousands so meanly
provided for that they do not afford a competent
subsistence to a Minister.
 Of all Livings throughout the Kingdom none suffered so
much in the general alienation of Church revenues as those
in Cities and great Towns; for scarce any of these were
without one or more Monasteries, the Monks whereof
supplying the cure of those Livings, had only a small
stipend for their pains. Hence these Livings are the most
provided for of any in England, two or three of them being
often united together to make up about £30 a year for an
Incumbent, whose poverty neither allows him to buy books
to increase his stock of learning, nor to live with a dignity
suitable to his character, not to do that good or speak with
that authority in his parish which a better income would
enable him to do, and generally speaking worthless Livings
will be filled with worthless Clergymen. This hath proved as
much to the disservice of the Crown as of the Church. For
these great Towns being sorrily supplied with Ministers, and
being many of them thronged with Calvinists that came out
of the Low countries, Germany and other foreign countries
and settled there for the sake of trade, the Puritan party in
the reigns of K. James and K. Charles took care to send
Lecturers thither (to whom they gave large stipends) to
propagate Sedition and disaffection to the Church and
Crown among the inhabitants of those great Towns, which
by that means generally sided with the Parliament against
the King in the rebellion of 1641, and by their wealth
contributed greatly to the neine of His Majesties affairs.
Had these Towns been duly supplied with a learned and
well affected Clergy, the rebellion would probably have
been prevented or the event of the war have proved more
favourable to the royal cause. There are few things would
be more serviceable to the interests both of the Church and
Crown than a proper endowment of the Livings in such
great Towns and Cities: and if any forfeited houses therein,
or forfeited lands and tythes of lands adjoining thereto
were applied thereto, the benefit to both would be great,
and the Clergy in such Cities would by their interests as
well as principle be obliged to support the Crown from
which they desire such benefactions.
K. Charles the First gave all the Tythes remaining in his
time to the Crown throughout Ireland to the Churches
whereunto they originally belonged, as often as Leases of
Crown lands were to be renewed or grants thereof expired.
K. Charles the Second after the Restoration gave all the
forfeited tythes in that Kingdom to the Church. Many grants
of lands in England, with tythes annexed thereto or part
thereof, may probably be now expired or are continually
dropping in to the Crown; and forfeitures of a like nature
will according to the course of human affairs be making
from time to time and afford opportunities of the like
benefactions; for if tythes were exempted as well in the
renewal of such grants as in the remission of forfeitures,
they might be very usefully applied for the better
endowment of churches in popular Cities. In this or the like
manner may that great inconvenience be in a good
measure removed.
A noble grant hath been made of the First Fruits, and
Tenths for the augmentation of small Livings, which will in a
course of years be a considerable, though slow remedy for
this evil. But it is still a question whether the Church will
gain more by that benefaction, than it will lose in the same
term of years, by the late change of the maxims of the
Court of Exchequer in relation to tythes by the great
encouragement which the Judges thereof give to pretended
and unreasonable moduses (or certain trifling payments of
money in lieu of tythes of 20, 30 or fifty times their value)
and by the continual multiplying of such moduses all over
the Kingdom; which Gentlemen are labouring by all ways to
find pretexts to create, and corrupt patrons have too great
opportunities of effecting with regard to livings in their
Advowson, so that the evil is not unlikely in some years to
grow universal.
 The case of the Clergy is certainly very hard in this
respect. They come to a Living generally Strangers to the
place and ignorant of the rights and dues belonging to the
Church. It is the interest and commonly the business of
every one in their parish to impose upon them with false
accounts of the value of their tythes, and to draw them into
agreements much below the real value thereof. Their
predecessor being dead, his papers neglected or carried off
by his executors, they derive little knowledge from either.
After long waiting for some equivalent to the large expense
of a University education, coming at last into a benefice,
they are glad to take the first offer that will make them
easy, being either by their former manner of life and
attachment to their studies, indisposed to have their time
and thoughts taken up in the collecting of tythes, or by the
ignorance of country affairs utterly unqualified to manage
so new and troublesome an affair as the gathering of them
in kind, not caring to oppress or disoblige their
parishioners, or to go to law upon a footing they do not
fully understand, and at an expense they are not able to
bear; especially since they have only a life interest in the
Living, and if they can but be easy for their own time, they
are willing to leave the burden of asserting the rights of the
Church to their next successor. These circumstances and
this temper of mind induce the Clergy too often to afford
those who have a mind to make a prey of the revenue of
the Church, means of effecting their dishonourable
purpose; in which they are not a little favoured by the
proceedings of the Courts of Westminster Hall.
Great care had been taken in ancient times to preserve
the revenue of the church, but it was by methods adapted
to the nature and circumstances of those times. Terriers or
particular accounts of the rights of each benefice in a
Diocese, have been for many ages given in at every Bps.
triennial visitation; and these being drawn up by the joint
consent of the Incumbent and Parishioners, and signed by
the Minister and Churchwardens were used to be looked
upon, and in all reason and equity ought to be deemed
exceptionable evidences of such rights. They were
accordingly received as such in the spiritual Courts where
all suits for Tythes and other dues of the Clergy were
carried on, and being Ecclesiastical causes and only of their
cognisance. But since the Reformation the Common
Lawyers have found out querks in law to draw these causes
into their Courts, and particularly whenever a modus is
pretended, that pretence is a sufficient reason for a Judge
to issue out a prohibition ordering the Spiritual Court to
proceed no further in such a cause. It being thus brought
into the Common Law Courts, the next thing is to set aside
all the evidences against such pretence of a modus, arising
from the agreement of these Terriers for hundreds of years
together; which is done on a pretext that these Terriers
were taken by direction from Bps. and not in virtue of any
special commission from the Crown, the result of which
alone is all the evidence allowed in these Courts.
The Clergy thus stripped of all the evidences wherein
they confided, and had been ever safe before, were forced
to have recourse to other methods for opposing such
pretences of a modus. Now by Law a Modus must have
been from time immemorial, and this was judged to be the
time of Richard I. higher than whose reign none of our
Records relating to this subject go; and indeed none are
ancienter except the Piperolls and Domesday book. When
therefore a Modus of sixpence an acre for land now set at
twenty shillings an acre and the Crop whereof is probably
worth considerably more was pretended, they thought it a
sufficient refutation of such Modus, to shew by records of
the Tax rolls in the resigns of the Successors of that King,
and by Inquisitions taken in virtue of commissions from the
Crown, that the very land in question was set in later reigns
than Richards but at three pence an acre, and therefore six
pence an acre could never be then paid for the tythe
thereof. This proof was indeed allowed till Baron Pryse was
removed from the Exchequer Court; since which it has been
rejected and all the maxims formerly received there in
favour of tythes laid aside; so that the decision of the cause
is now left to the testimony of living witnesses for the time
of their particular memory; in which respect the Clergy lye
under a manifest disadvantage, few caring to depose on
their side, and their predecessors papers and accompt
books seldom falling into the hands of the successors,
whilst all the receipts of those predecessors are in the
hands of their adversaries with whom they are at law.
To bring them out of these difficulties and to put a stop
to the growing evil of new Moduses starting up daily
nothing seems more proper or can be more effectual than a
Commission to be granted to worth virtuous and
understanding Gentlemen in every County of the Kingdom
to enquiry into the value of Livings and to draw up a
particular account of the rights and dues of each to be
returned into the Court of the Exchequer and there kept on
record. This would stop at once all future pretences to new
Moduses; because there is no averring against a record,
and the rights of the Clergy will be fixed for ever, liable to
no invasion, especially if exemplifications of such returns of
the Commissioners under the Seale of the Court of
Exchequer were lodged in the registry of every Bp. and
Archdeacon in England.
K. James the First took this method in Ireland when he
granted the escheated Counties of Ulster in different
parcels of land to Planters, he caused a glebe of 60 acres of
land in every thousand of which a parish consisted, to be
set out for the Minister to whom he likewise gave all
manner of tythes in kind of all the lands throughout each
parish. As every Planter was obliged to pass patents under
the Great Seale for this land, so were the Clergy for their
glebe or tythes; but as the passing of so many single
patents as there were benefices in Ulster would have been
too heavy a charge upon each incumbent he directed for
the saving of fees that the endowments of all the livings in
each County should be passed in one patent. Among other
happy consequences of this proceeding, it is a very
agreeable one to the Clergy of that province that they
never have any lawsuits with their parishioners, nor indeed
can have, so long as a record subsists to clear and express
in their favour. Were the same method taken in England,
were the rights of Livings as well ascertained and lawsuits
about them as effectually prevented, no Clergy upon earth
would have more credit with their parishioners than those
of England, who are not inferior to any other in learning,
judgment, merit or indeed any other respect. Few things
would be more serviceable to the security of the Church of
England, than such a method of keeping the Clergy always
well with their parishioners.
With the same view was it that K. James settled one
common tything table for all Ulster thereby preventing all
disputes in small matters. It were to be wished, the same
method was taken in England, and that one uniform tything
table was settled all over the Kingdom, or at least in the
different quarters thereof, according to the different
circumstances of each quarter. This would contribute to the
same desirable end.
There was about a.d. 1710 a Bill passed in Parliament in
favour of the Clergy, for the more easier recovery of small
tythes, by which in the case of Quakers and other
refractory persons Justices of the Peace were empowered
to give the Clergy possession of their dues by distraining on
the premises or on the goods of the refractory persons.
This remedy was speedy attended with very little expense,
and was had at first without trouble or difficulty. But of late
years men disaffected to the Clergy having been put into
the Commissions of the Peace, and the terms of the Act
being that they may (not that they shall) give relief and do
justice to the Clergy, these Justices say, they are indeed
empowered but not obliged to help the Clergy to their
rights, and so refuse to act in the case; by which the law is
evaded, and the intent of it defeated. If this or some other
such short and easy method of recovering the dues of the
Clergy were properly established it would be another help
to the security of the Church.
After all the means that have been mentioned for the
security of the Church of England in an ecclesiastical way,
there is another of a different kind more considerable and
necessary than all of them together: and this is the
establishing of the choice of an House of Commons on such
a foot, as it may be free from all Court or Ministerial
influence. There cannot be a point conceived of more
absolute necessity for the good of the kingdom, nor is there
any other so universally and ardently the common wish of
the Nation. This, once settled, would secure everything else
that any lover of this country and religion has to wishe. But
the great question is by what means and in what manner
this is to be effected.
For my part, I readily profess that in all cases I am
disposed to have recourse to the old ways of our
constitution for the redress of any pressing grievance.
There was formerly a reasonable proportion between the
representatives of Counties which were about 90, and
those of Cities and great Towns which amounted to about
100, and those of lesser burroughs which returned about
70 deputies, these making in all about 256 members of
Parliament. This proportion of representation lasted till the
time of Q. Elizabeth: but since the beginning of her reign, it
has been gradually destroying, and is now so entirely
overturned, that the smaller burroughs, though they do not
possess the thousandth part of the others property, can
outvote them both in the House of Commons, there having
been as many representatives for these paltry burroughs
added to the Parliament, as it consisted of before that time.
In one Session of Parliament in that Queen’s reign eight
small burroughs in Cornwall were called upon to send
Deputies, and the humour went on till the Parliament of
1641 made up the disproportion now complained of with so
much reason. There does not therefore appear to me any
means of rectifying this abuse and of restoring the ancient
balance of our Constitution, so natural as the disfranchising
at once of all those late created Parliamentary burroughs,
whose constant corruption and bribery of late years so well
known and so easy to be proved, call loudly for such a
method to be taken.
If this should be thought too great a change, and the
disfranchising of these burroughs should be deemed
improper, their corruption may probably be prevented by
allowing all the freeholders of 40s. a year within the
hundred, in which such burrough is situated, to vote
equally with the present electors or inhabitants in the
burrough for the representatives thereof: and in case this
method be taken, such Freeholders being allowed a right of
voting for representatives, no wrong would be done them,
if the right of voting in elections of Knights of the Shire
were restrained to Freeholders that pay for 10£ a year to
the land tax: which would render County elections much
more easy and less expensive.
If neither of these methods should be approved, it may
be considered whether all these burroughs should not be
limited to one representative, and the choice of the other
transferred to the several Counties of the kingdom in
proportion to their payments towards the Land Tax; by
which means the present number of representatives may
be preserved. One or other of these methods seems
necessary to be taken, or else the corruption, being grown
so general and barefaced in these burroughs, will not admit
of a cure: and unless it be cured, Parliaments that should
naturally be the guardians of all our rights and liberties, will
prove the worst of our grievances, and such an one as will
make all the rest irremediable. If these great points, of the
proportion of our representation, and the unbiassed
freedome of elections were once secured, everything else
will easily be secured by Parliament.
To establish this freedom and put a stop to the
corruption or violence that destroy it, nothing appears at
first sight more proper than the putting of Parliaments upon
their ancient foot, allowing them to sit but one Session, and
never to continue above a year. In such a case foreigners or
strangers who have no merit or interest in a burrough but
what their bribes and money purchase them, will never be
able to carry elections against the Gentlemen of the
neighbourhood, who have a natural interest in the place.
For as the present circumstances of the Crown and Nation,
so different from what they formerly were, require
Parliament to be annually held for the granting of new
supplies, no private purse can hold out for any length of
time in furnishing those immense sums that are now
squandered away by strangers in the expences of disputed
elections: and as this evill is grown very rife, and all laws
made to remedy it have hitherto proved ineffectual, it is
scarce possible to be cured by any other method.
There is another practice in the House of Commons
itself, that helps to destroy the freedome of Parliaments: I
mean the method taken by the stronger party of thinning
the House, and expelling such as are of different
sentiments from themselves, however duely chosen;
altering the rights of electors as they see fit and as will best
furnish them a pretence for that purpose. Some method
should therefore be taken in fixing the right of voting in
elections on an invariable foot, so as not to be violated or
altered by any determination of the House of Commons. If
this were done by an Act of Parliament, and every person
whose vote is refused by the returning officer, or whose
right is infringed by the intrusion of a wrong member, had
power to bring an action and to recover very great
damages, from both of these, this scandalous and
mischievous evill might possibly be prevented.
The iniquities of these late times suggest some other
measures to be taken; such as the limiting of the number
of officers and pensioners that sit in the House of
Commons; and the disabling of all Excise men, Custom
house officers, and soldiers, that are under command and
consequently not free to vote according to their own
inclinations and real sentiments, from having voices in
elections, unless on account of their freeholds, when they
have any.
In former times the Civil and Military power of the
Nation lay entirely in the hands of Gentlemen of estates,
and was incident to their tenures; but that face of things is
now changed, and the exercise of the Civil power is at
present vested in the Justices of the peace, as that of the
military is in the Lord and Deputy Lieutenants. Very
inconsiderable persons have of late years been put into
both these commissions; and very ill consequences have
either been found or are daily apprehended, to arise from
thence. This makes it generally wished that none should be
qualified for the office of a Deputy Lieutenant who has not
£500 a year, or for that of a Justice of peace in any county,
who has not £300 or at least £200 a year in such County.
These methods for restoring in some degree such
considerable branches of our old Constitution would at the
same time advance the security of the Church.
There are penal laws enough already made, and I do
not see any occasion there can be of adding to them unless
that instead of receiving the Sacrament occasionally, the
constant conformity of a person to the established Church,
be made the qualification for any government, command or
office of rank or profit: and that instead of a Certificate of a
persons having received the Sacrament, another of his
being a constant communicant with the Church of England
be insisted on and given by the Minister and
 Churchwardens of the parish where such person usually
resides six months at least in the year, before he shall be
allowed to enter upon the exercise of his office.
Some such regulations as these, (which are but too
much wanted at present,) would contribute equally to the
security of the Church, and the happiness of the Nation.

At the end of this Memorandum there is appended the following

autograph letter from the Pretender, which would seem to show that
Sir Robert Walpole had personally authorised Mr. Carte to obtain a
statement of his views. It runs as follows:—
 Rome, July 17, 1739.
The Message you bring could not but appear verry
singular and extraordinary to me because you deliver it only
from second hand and that I have no sort of proof of your
being authorised by the person in question, who cannot but
feel that it is natural for me to mistrust what may come
from him. It may be and I hope it is the case that he
wishes me and my cause well, and I am sensible it may be
greatly in his power to serve both.
If he hath realy my interest at heart, lett him send to
me some trusty friend and confident of his to explain to me
his sentiments and viewes; and if he pursues measures
which manifestly tend to my Restoration, I shall be
persuaded of his sincerity, and shall consider and reward
him after my restoration proportionably to the share he
may have had in bringing it about. But whatever may or
may not be in this matter, I have no difficulty in putting it in
your power to satisfy him authoritically on the two articles
about which he is sollicitous, since independant of his
desire, I am fully resolved to protect and secure the Church
of England according to the reiterated promisses I have
made to that effect, and shall be ready after my restoration
to give all reasonable security which a first Parliament can
ask of me for that end. As for ye Princes of the House of
Hannover I thank God I have no ressentment against them,
nor against any one living; I shall never repine at their
living happily in their own Country after I am in possession
of my Kingdomes and should they fall into my power upon
any attempt for my restoration, I shall certainly not touch a
hair of their heads.
I thought it proper to explain in this manner my
sentiments on these heads not absolutely to neglect an
overture which may be of great importance if well
grounded, and if otherwayes no inconvenience can arise
from what I have here said.
 James R.

At the back of this letter is written in Sir Robert Walpole’s writing

—

This original letter wrote to Mr. Tho. Cart when at Rome,

and given Him by the Pretender was deliver’d to me by the
said Mr. Tho. Cart Sept. 15th. 1739 together with the Heads
&c.

Whilst this correspondence would seem to show that Sir Robert

was not altogether disinclined to enter into secret negotiations with
the Pretender, it must be remembered that up to comparatively
recent times statesmen at the head of affairs were much given to
employing secret agents for the purpose of obtaining information—
very often without the knowledge of the Government over which
they presided. Cavour, I believe, was about the last to employ these
methods, and it is said that though he was very much given to this
sort of thing, he never obtained any good by it, as the agents he
employed never reported anything of the slightest value, most of
their communications being absolutely unreliable and untrue. Mr.
Carte, however, appears to have really enjoyed the confidence of the
Pretender, and the whole correspondence is somewhat interesting as
showing the great amount of intrigue and love of secret negotiation
which prevailed at the period of the eighteenth century when this
memorandum was drawn up.

[2] The site of Sir Robert’s house in Chelsea is now

covered by Walpole Street, which traverses the
ground upon which his mansion stood.

INDEX
Advertisement, a curious, 305
Agnew, Sir William, 212
Aidé, Mr. Hamilton, and his paintings, 191
Ailesbury, Maria, Marchioness of, her appearance, economies, and
one extravagance, 39
Ainsworth, Harrison, 42
Airlie, Countess of, and her garden of friendship, 244-245
Albert Gate, Hudson’s house at, 293;
stone stags at, 164
Aldershot in 1860, Bernal Osborne’s criticism on, 66
Alexandra, Queen, 155;
her dogs, 233
Algerian corsairs, a prisoner of, alive in 1854, 89
Algiers in 1861, a letter on, from Cobden, 240
Amelia, Princess, statue of George III. erected by, in Berkeley
Square, 150
American girl, the, her conquest of English society, 33
invasion, the, 30, 33
Amusements and entertainments, recollections of, 246 et seq.
Anglo-American marriages, 30, 33
Angoulème, Duchesse de, and her brother’s escape, 116, 119;
her Memoirs, 119
Annesley, Lady (née Grant), famous portrait of, 188
Apethorpe, needlework carpet at, 50
Apsley House entertainments, forbidden ground to the Press, 27-28
Aquarium, 249
Architecture in London, eccentricities of, 140-141, 144-145
Art in the Victorian era, 40
Artist acquaintances, 188 et seq.
Ashburnham Iron Furnace, extinction of (1825), 282
Ashburton, Lord, the late, and the English truffle, 131
Ashley, Hon. Evelyn, and the Owl, 16
Astley, Miss, and the customs, 120
Atheism, Russian, story of, 302
Atkyns, Mrs. (née Charlotte Walpole), her efforts to save the
Dauphin (Louis XVII.), 110;
 ingratitude of Louis XVIII., 111;
her Memorial at Ketteringham, a print of her in character, 112-
113;
a letter from her to Mr. Perceval, 113-114
Author, the, her bad handwriting, 71;
her long ride in the ’thirties, 233;
portraits of, and of her sister, 188, 189

Bagot, Bishop, discards the wig, 268

Bancroft, Sir Squire and Lady, souvenir of their retirement, 257
Banks, Lady, her art treasures, 197, 200
Bantling’s cure for fat, verses, etc., on, in the Owl, 17-18
Bardelin, Chevalier de, his life in exile, 79;
before and after his marriage, and daughter, 80
Bartolozzi, engraved benefit tickets by, 200
Bath, Marquis of, and his election, 44-45
Marquis of (late), and his wife, as hosts, 44-45
Battersea Park, old nursery gardens near, 310
Battle Abbey, its owners, 55-57, 59;
historical associations and surroundings of, 57;
relics from, fate of, 282
Beaconsfield, Countess of (Mrs. Wyndham Lewis), 36, 72, 73, 155;
her dinner-parties, 71;
her bad writing, 70-71
— Earl of (Disraeli), 51, 190;
letter from, on Henrietta Temple, 42;
great ladies befriending him, 68, 69;
early days of, 74;
his Reform Bill, 75-76;
his real views on politics and distrust of Gladstone, 75;
his motto, 70;
his friendship with the author and her brother, a letter showing,
73-74;
his marriage and devotion to his wife, 72-73;
his carelessness as to money, his tact, 73;
his death in Curzon Street, 154
Bean, attack by, on Queen Victoria, 165
Beauclerk, Lady Diana, her riding dress, 170
Beaufort, Duchess of (a former), her “lover’s tragedy,” 169-170
Bedford, Duke of, duel of, in Kensington Gardens (1822), 173
— Paul, comedian, 256
Belgrave Square, art treasures in, 207
Belvoir Castle, lamps at, in former days, 272
Bentinck, Lord George, his good looks, 50-51
Berkeley Chapel, its famous incumbent, 150
— Square, associations of, and notable inhabitants, 145, 150, 151
Bernal, Mr., collection of, present-day value of, 184;
tragic death of his wife, ib.
Berri, Duchesse de, 98, 195
Berry, the Misses, in Curzon Street, 154
Bertall, caricaturist, 308
Bessborough, Earl of, 163
Best, Mr., duel of, with Lord Camelford, 174, 177-178
Bewick, Thomas, drawings by, of gibbets, 277
Bexhill, smuggling affray at (1828), 275
Bill-heads, engraved, author’s collection of, 200
Bird pets of the author, 234 et seq.
Bismarck, Count, on non-indispensableness, 20
Blanchet, portrait of Prince Charles Edward by, its past and present
owners, 194
Blarenberghe, Von, snuff-box painted by, 209
Blessington, Countess of, 179, 235
Blomfield, Bishop, two stories of, 268-269
Boileau, Sir Francis and Lady, Memorial set up by, to Mrs. Atkyns,
112
Bookbindings in human skin, 279-280
Bookplates, 257
Borghese, Princess Pauline, sister of Napoleon I., 81
Borrow family and the West Norfolk Regiment, 47
Bourbon family, devotion inspired by, instances of, 98 et seq.
Bourgogne, Duchesse de, her portrait in a Sussex cottage, 183
Bradlaugh, Mr., and the House of Commons, 301
Braham, the singer, 39;
his singing of “The Midnight Review,” 94;
beauty of his voice, 262
Brick Street, associations of, 153
Bridge-playing, 298-299
Brienne, Napoleon I.’s early days at, 84
British Museum, Banks’ collection of engraved benefit tickets in, 200
Brocket, Lady Holland’s impertinence at, 63
Browne family of Cowdray, 183;
the curse on, stories of, 282 et seq.
“Brummell, Beau,” his house in Charles Street, 151
Buckingham, Duke of, duel of, in 1822, 173
Buckingham Palace, 165
Buckinghamshire, Earl of, and his unwelcome baby girl, 49
Buckner, portrait by, of the author, 189
Bulstrode, literary associations of, 42
Burdett, Sir Francis, 168
Burgess, Mr. John, and his collections, 216-217
Buried treasures in France, 102, 103, 105
Burke, Edmund, his snub to the youthful Fox, 288
Burney, Dr., and Nelson’s nightcap, 269-270
Burnham, Norfolk, a Walpole property, 174
Burton, Decimus, architect, 248
Byron, Lord (the poet), on the sham funeral of Harriet Webster, 61

Caldbeck Hill and the Battle of Hastings, 57

Camber Castle, smuggling affray at (1838), 275
Cambridge House, Lady Palmerston’s parties at, 65
Camelford, first Lord (Thomas Pitt), verses by, on the lovely Lepell
(Lady Hervey), 178
— second Lord, his will preserved at Wolterton, occasion of its
making, 174-178;
his burial place, 178;
his family, ib.
Camoys, Sir John, and his wife, sarcophagus of, at Trotton, 286
Campbell, Sir Neil, 85
Cardigan, Countess of, her vis-à-vis carriage, 172
Carnarvon, Earl of, Napoleonic relic owned by, 80-81;
other treasures, 187
Carriages, former magnificence of, in Hyde Park, 172
Carte, Mr. Thomas, and the Pretender’s negotiations with Sir R.
Walpole, 317 et seq.
Casanova, stormy meeting with Lord Orford at Vienna, 47;
his hasty temper, 48
Cassilis, Lord, quaint mistake concerning, 38
“Castle” rule in Ireland, Bernal Osborne’s views on, 77
Catherine II., Empress of Russia, 208
Cattermole, George, and John Burgess, 216
Cavour and his methods, 341
Caylus, Madame de, lines on her dog’s collar, 232
Cerito in social life, 254-255
“Chaff” and flippancy in modern gatherings, 23-24
Cham, caricaturist, 308
Chambers, George, and his paintings, 194
Chambord, Comte de (Henry V.), his appearance and character, 99
Changes and survivals, 265 et seq.
Chantrey, Sir Francis, works done by, in Curzon Street, 153
Charles I. and Hyde Park, 162
Charles II., 285
Charles X. (Comte d’Artois), 83, 95;
portrait of the old Pretender mistaken for, 195-196
Charles Street, curiosities of, 145, 152;
derivation of the name, 151;
notable inhabitants, 150-151
Chatham, Earl of, 198
Chelsea in 1826, 311
Cheltenham, a Sedan-chair used at, in the ’sixties, 128
Chesterfield, Lady, her friendship with Lord Beaconsfield, 69
Chinese Ambassador, mistaken for his own wife, 38
Chippendale, 212 et seq.;
characteristics of his work, 214-215
Church “restorations,” nineteenth-century effects of, 286-287
Churchill, Lord Randolph, and the Fourth Party, 18;
association of, with the Primrose League, 19;
as conversationalist, 19;
his personality, portraits, and caricatures, what he really said at
time of his political fall, 20-21
Cigars, when introduced into England, 138
Cigarettes, as making for temperance, 137, 138;
origin of, 138
Cipriani, engraved tickets by, 200
Cleveland, Duke of (Sir Harry Vane), one-time owner of Battle
Abbey, 55, 56, 59
— Duchess of (née Paulet), her detestation of slang, 38
— Duchess, the late, and Battle Abbey visitors, public, 55;
and personal, 57
— Duchess of, on her visit to Holland House in youth, 60-61
Clive, a dweller in Berkeley Square, 151
Cobden, Richard, 242;
his dislike of Palmerston, 67;
his discovery of a French painting, 182-184;
his home in Sussex, 289
— letters from, on Algiers, 240-242;
on the author’s silkworms, 243
“Coliseum,” the, and its attractions, 284
Comfort, rise in standard of, 311-312
Conjuring, Houdin’s feats, 259-260
Constitution Hill, and its associations, 165;
old name of, 166
Continental travelling in old days, difficulties and discomforts of, 120,
126, 127, 130;
the early days of railways, 129
Conversation a lost art, 23, 26-27
Conyngham, Marquis of, the late, 210
Cooper, Thomas Sidney, as scene-painter, 194
Corder, William, the “Red Barn” murderer, and his skin, 279
Corrigan, Tom, and Bernal Osborne’s repartee, 3, 4
Cortachy, “garden of friendship” at, lines on, by Lord Sherbrooke,
244-245
Cossé-Brissac, Due de, last lover of the Du Barry, his fate, 107
Costessey Hall, the Jerninghams of, 108
Couder, sketches by, of Napoleon I., 82
Country houses of England, a unique national possession, 41;
utilised by authors, 42
— old-time self-dependence of, 266-267
Country houses as political forces in former days, 42, 44;
why so no longer, 43
Coutts Bank, jewellery of emigrés still unclaimed at, 109
Coventry, Earl of (husband of Miss Gunning), and the abolition of
Mayfair, 152-153
Cowdray, ruins, stones and relics of, 183, 282 et seq.
Cowley, Countess of (temp. William IV.), wedding of, 198-201
Cowper, Countess, her recipe for a successful ball, 152
Cox, David, as scene-painter, 194
Crayfish, author’s attempt to acclimatise, 132
Cremorne, 247-248, 311
Creevy, Mr., 168
Crinoline, 156
Croome, needlework carpet at, 50
Cruikshank, George, 143
Cumming, Miss Gordon, her conversation, an amusing example, 24-
25
Curzon, Lady Georgiana, afterwards Duchess of Beaufort, a pet of
William IV., 197-198;
her story of a wedding, 198-199
Curzon Street, highway robbery in (1889), 149;
notable inhabitants of, 153-154
Customs officers, 274-275;
murder of, at Poole, 275

Dacheux, Mr. Peter Lewis, a schoolfellow of Napoleon I., at Lynn, 80

Daily Telegraph founded, 304
Dance, Sir Charles, his steam cars, 294
Dandies of the past, 158
Dangstein, 238
Darwin, Mr. Charles, a talk with, 239
Davis, Mr. Frederick, and his son, 208-211
Day, Mr., of Norwich, a loyal banker, 114
Dayes, military prints drawn by, 205
Delane, Mr., of the Times, 28
Demidoff, Prince, and Napoleon’s old gardener, 87
Democracy, English, Lord Beaconsfield’s views on, 75
Devis, Arthur, paintings by, 181
Devonshire, Duchess of, 45
Duke of, 195
Dillon family and the Dauphin (Louis XVII.), 109
Dogs owned by the author, 229 et seq.;
their graves and epitaphs, 232
— of Queen Alexandra, 232-233
D’Orsay, Count, dandyism of, 171-172;
lithographs after his drawings, 189-100;
a match for Lady Holland, 62
Downing Street, historic scene in, 180
Drewitt brothers, story of, 277-278
Du Barry, Madame, her missing jewellery, 103-104;
how she came to her end, 104 et seq.
Dubois, famous table by, 208, 210
Duelling, slow extinction of, in England, 173
Dumb-bell gallery at Knole, 223
Duncannon, Lord, afterwards Earl of Bessborough, and the
improvement in the Green Park, 163
Dunford, Cobden’s Sussex home, 289

East Anglian folklore, 314

Edward VII., 155, 232
Egan, Pierce, 143
Eglinton Tournament, 305;
Napoleon III. present at, 306
Egmont, sixth Earl of, new house built by, at Cowdray, 284
Egypt, evacuation of, 76
Elba, Island of, Napoleon I. at, 84 et seq.
Election souvenirs, political squibs, etc., 2, 4, 6, 7
Electric light, early days of, 144
Elizabeth, Princess, daughter of George III., her paper cuttings, 197
Elwin, Mr. Whitwell, on Thomas Carte, 317
English furniture, eighteenth-century, no representative public
collection of, 211
Eridge Castle, Lady Holland’s visit to, 62;
large silhouettes at, 186;
mysterious passage from, 274;
park, smugglers’ caves in, 274
Evans’ supper rooms, a visit to, 258
Evelyn, John, mention of stage scenery by, 195
Exhibition of 1851, 258

Fabry, Baroness de, her parentage, 85

Falmouth, Charles, Earl of, 151
Family portraits owned by the author, 179 et seq.
Farren, Miss Nelly, 251
Fauveau, Mademoiselle Félicie de, sculptress, her devotion to the
Bourbons, 98-100
Fersen, Count, his devotion to Marie Antoinette, 101
FitzGerald, Edward, 127
Flags of Napoleon I. at Elba, present location of, 88-89
Florence, a diorama at, 246
Flower, Sir William, his letter on the author’s pet choughs, 237
Footmen, running, stories of, 145-148
Foreign manners and customs, old-time English dislike to, 36
Fox, Charles James, 60;
his first seat, 280
Fragonard’s “Escarpolette,” print of, 205;
replica of, at Hertford House, 206
Franco-German war, caricatures of and skits on, 307
Franking letters, 295-296
French art, past and present estimates of, 182-184;
 eighteenth-century books at Highclerc, 186-187;
furniture, Jones collection of, 206
French panelling, fine examples of, set up in London house, 206-207
Friday, Napoleon I.’s superstitions as to, 84
Frotté, Vicomte de, a brave French royalist, 98
Fulham and its market gardens, 310-311
Fuller, Dr., and the crinoline, 156;
family, source of its wealth, 281-282
Furniture supports, a curious set of, 221

Gambling, 299
Gardening, a letter on, from Cobden, 240-242;
modern books on, 244;
old gardens of friendship, lines on, by Lord Sherbrooke, 244-245
“Gazette,” derivation of, 304
George III., 197, 219;
statue of, formerly in Berkeley square, 150
George IV., 210, 214;
robbed on Hay Hill, 148-149
Géramb, Baron de, and the hussars, his end as Trappist Procureur-
Général, 170-171
Gibbets, pictures of, 277
Girodet, sketches by, of Napoleon I., 82
Gladstone, Rt. Hon. W. E., a bad portrait of, one view of, 14, 15;
as a subject of caricature, 6;
Lord Beaconsfield’s distrust of, verbal jugglery, 75-76;
Bernal Osborne’s apt nickname for, 76-77;
Mr. Orrock’s reply to, 212-213
Glasse, Mrs., her famous cookery book, 187
Glenesk, Lord, and the Owl, 16
Goethe, his favourite flower, 86
Goodall, Messrs., and the first series of Christmas cards, 202
Goodwood House, coming-of-age festivities at, of the present Duke
of Richmond, 46;
“Lion dogs of China” bred at, 229-230
Gordon, General C. G., death of, cartoon on, directed against
Gladstone, 7
Gorst, Sir John, and the Fourth Party, 18
Goschen, Viscount, and Lord Randolph Churchill, 21
Gossip and scandal in newspapers, an instance of, 305
Gould, Sir F. Carruthers, his political caricatures, 7
Grange, the, Hants, English truffles at, 131-132
Grant, Sir Francis, and the red-cloak craze in portraits, 188;
portraits of the author and her sister by, ib.
Graves, Hon. Henry, portrait of the author by, 189
Great Eastern steamship, its builder, 295
Green, Paddy, and Horace Walpole’s “Opera Pass,” 253-254
Green Park, old Ranger’s Lodge in, 163
Gregory, Sir William, as cat purveyor, 228
Greville, Mr. Charles, his nickname, 258
Grévin, caricaturist, 308
Grieve, George, destroyer of Madame du Barry, 104 et seq.
Grieves, Mr. Mackenzie, the late, a well-known figure in Paris society,
309-310
Groome, Archdeacon Hindes (the late), 127;
Misses, two survivals noted by, 127-128;
Mrs., and the Cheltenham Sedan-chair, 128
Grosvenor Square, No. 9, drawing-room in, 152
Grote, Mrs., her claim to Norman descent, 56
Guinea-pigs as a table dish, 15
Gurney, Mr., his steam coaches, 294
Guy Fawkes celebrations, 143

Haliburton, Lord, 315

Hambro, Mr., 254
Hamilton, Emma, Lady, cabinets once owned by, 220
Hammersley and Morland, bankers of Madame du Barry, 104
Hammersmith, its nursery gardens and fine fruit, 310
Hancock’s steam omnibus, 294
Hanged man’s hand, curative power ascribed to, 277-278
Hanging in chains, 275, 277;
 the last case of, 276
Hanson, Mr., and others associated with the American “Dauphin,”
116
Harcourt, Sir William, and the Owl, 17;
his mot on “The Souls,” 15
Harold, King, and the battle of Hastings, 56, 57-58
Hastings, the battle of, 57-58
Haversham, Lord and Lady, artistic tastes of, 152
Hawkins, Mr., art collector, his eccentricities, 211
Hay, Lady Emily, afterwards Lady Emily Peel, marriage of, 27
Hay Hill, inn sign near, 148;
robberies on, eighteenth century, 148-149
Hayward, Mr. Abraham, and the Owl, 17;
his Art of Dining, 130;
his powers of port wine drinking, 136
Henniker, Hon. Mary and Hon. Helen, 314-315
Hepplewhite, 212, 214
Herbert, Sir R., 226
Hertford, Marquis, as collector, 184;
the Tilsit table, 208-210
Hervey, Lord, and his lovely wife, 178
Hewgill, Captain, military prints published by, 205
Higgins, Mr., the tailor, and the word “Piccadilly,” 154
Highclerc Castle, Napoleonic relic at, 80
Highwaymen in Mayfair, 148-150
Hinchingbrooke, 45
Hogarth, William, mise en scène of his “Mariage à la Mode,” 155;
paintings by, at Vauxhall, 247
Holard, Monsieur, Napoleon’s gardener, his tales of his imperial
master, 84 et seq.,
his life-story, 86-87
Holland, Lady (née Vassall), her first husband and life at Battle
Abbey, 59;
her elopement and marriage with Lord Holland, 60;
her court at Holland House, 60, 63;
her kinship with the author, 61;
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