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TCP IP Analysis and Troubleshooting Toolkit 1st Edition
Kevin Burns Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Kevin Burns
ISBN(s): 9780471429753, 0471429759
Edition: 1st
File Details: PDF, 12.46 MB
Year: 2003
Language: english
 TCP/IP Analysis and
Troubleshooting Toolkit

Kevin Burns
Executive Publisher: Robert Ipsen
Vice President and Publisher: Joe Wikert
Editor: Carol A. Long
Developmental Editor: Kevin Kent
Editorial Manager: Kathryn Malm
Production Editor: Pamela M. Hanley
Text Design & Composition: Wiley Composition Services
This book is printed on acid-free paper. ∞
Copyright © 2003 by Kevin Burns. All rights reserved.
Published by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana
Published simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted
in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or
otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright
Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through
payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rose-
wood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 646-8700. Requests to the Pub-
lisher for permission should be addressed to the Legal Department, Wiley Publishing, Inc.,
10475 Crosspoint Blvd., Indianapolis, IN 46256, (317) 572-3447, fax (317) 572-4447, E-mail:
permcoordinator@wiley.com.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their
best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect
to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any
implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may
be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and
strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with
a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any
loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, inci-
dental, consequential, or other damages.
For general information on our other products and services please contact our Customer
Care Department within the United States at (800) 762-2974, outside the United States at
(317) 572-3993 or fax (317) 572-4002.
Trademarks: Wiley, the Wiley Publishing logo and related trade dress are trademarks or
registered trademarks of Wiley Publishing, Inc., in the United States and other countries,
and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of
their respective owners. Wiley Publishing, Inc., is not associated with any product or ven-
dor mentioned in this book.
Screenshot(s) Copyright © 2002 Wildpackets, Inc. All rights reserved.
Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears
in print may not be available in electronic books.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: is available from the publisher
ISBN: 0-471-42975-9
Printed in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
To my parents, who always believed in me
 Contents

Acknowledgments xi
About the Author xiii
Introduction xv
Part I Foundations of Network Analysis 1
Chapter 1 Introduction to Protocol Analysis 3
A Brief History of Network Communications 3
OSI to the Rescue 5
Defining the Layers 6
Layer 1: Physical Layer 6
Layer 2: Data Link Layer 7
Layer 3: Network Layer 7
Layer 4: Transport Layer 7
Layer 5: Session Layer 7
Layer 6: Presentation Layer 8
Layer 7: Application Layer 8
Protocol Analysis of the Layers 8
Layer 1: The Physical Layer 8
Layer 2: The Data Link Layer 10
Layer 3: Network Layer 18
Layer 4: Transport Layer 21
Layer 5: Session Layer 23
Layer 6: Presentation Layer 23
Layer 7: Application Layer 24
Putting It All Together 24
History of TCP/IP 26
Summary 28
Chapter 2 Analysis Tools and Techniques 29
Reviewing Network Management Tools 30
Categorizing Network Management Tools by Function 30
Fault Management Systems 31
Performance Management and Simulation 31
v
vi Contents

Protocol Analyzers 32
Application-Specific Tools 33
Classifying Tools by How They Perform Functions 33
Protocol Analyzers—Problem-Solving Tools 35
Why Protocol Analysis? 36
Protocol Analyzer Functions 37
Data Capture 37
Network Monitoring 42
Data Display 42
Notification 44
Logging 45
Packet Generator 45
Configuring and Using Your Analyzer 45
Capture Configuration 45
Filtering 48
Expert Analysis 52
Measuring Performance 56
Analysis Tips 61
Placing Your Analyzers 61
Using Proper Filters 62
Troubleshooting from the Bottom Up 63
Knowing Your Protocols 63
Comparing Working Traces 63
Analyzing after Each Change 65
Summary 65
Part II The Core Protocols 67
Chapter 3 Inside the Internet Protocol 69
Reviewing Layer 2 Communications 70
Multiplexing 70
Error Control 71
Addressing 71
Case Study: NetBEUI Communications 72
Name Resolution 73
Reliable Connection Setup 74
NetBIOS Session Setup 75
Application Process 75
Limitations of Layer 2 Communication Networks 76
Network Layer Protocols 77
Internet Protocol Addressing 79
IP Addressing 81
Reserved Addressing 85
Classful Addressing 85
Classless Addressing 88
IP Communications 92
Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) 93
ARP Packet Format 94
Case Study: Troubleshooting IP Communications
with ARP and PING 97
ARP Types 100
ARP in IP Communication 101
Case Study: Incomplete ARP 101
 Contents vii

IP Routing 104
The Routing Table 104
Route Types 108
Router Routing Tables 110
The Forwarding Process 112
Case Study: Local Routing 114
IP Packet Format 117
Version 117
Header Length 117
Type of Service 117
Datagram Length 119
Fragment ID 119
Fragmentation Flags 119
Fragment Offset 119
Time to Live 120
Protocol 120
Header Checksum 121
Source IP Address 121
Destination IP Address 121
Options 121
Data 121
Case Study: TTL Expiring 122
Case Study: Local Routing Revisited 124
A Word about IP Version 6 126
The IPv6 Header 128
IPv6 Address Format 129
Other Changes to IPv6 130
Summary 130
Chapter 4 Internet Control Message Protocol 131
Reliability in Networks 132
Connection-Oriented versus Connectionless Networks 132
Feedback 133
Exploring the Internet Control Messaging Protocol 134
ICMP Header 134
ICMP Types and Codes 135
ICMP Message Detail 137
Destination Unreachable (Type 3) 137
Diagnostic Messages 144
Redirect Codes (type 5) 146
Time Exceeded (Type 11) 151
Informational Messages 151
Network Diagnostics with ICMP 152
Summary 154
Chapter 5 User Datagram Protocol 155
Revisiting the Transport Layer 156
UDP Header 157
Source Port 157
Destination Port 157
UDP Length 158
UDP Checksum 158
Data 159
UDP Communication Process 160
viii Contents

Case Studies in UDP Communications 164

Name Resolution Services 165
Routing Information Protocol 166
Simple Network Management Protocol 169
UDP and Firewalls 169
Case Study: Failed PCAnywhere Session 170
Case Study: NFS Failures 171
Traceroute Caveats 173
Summary 174
Chapter 6 Transmission Control Protocol 175
Introduction to TCP 175
Requirements for a Reliable Transport Protocol 176
Fast Sender and Slow Receiver 177
Packet Loss 177
Data Duplication 178
Priority Data 178
Out-of-Order Data 179
The TCP Header 179
Source Port 180
Destination Port 180
Sequence Number 181
Acknowledgment Number 181
Header Offset 181
Reserved Bits 181
Connection Flags 182
Window Size 182
TCP Checksum 182
Urgent Pointer 182
Options 183
Data 183
TCP Implementation 183
Multiplexing 183
Data Sequencing and Acknowledgment 183
Flow Control 183
TCP Connection Management 184
TCP Open 185
Initial Sequence Number (ISN) 185
TCP Connection States 189
TCP Options 189
TCP Close 192
Half-Close 193
TCP Reset 194
Case Study: Missing Drive Mappings 194
Case Study: No Telnet 196
Case Study: Dropped Sessions 197
TCP Data Flow Management 200
Data Sequencing and Acknowledgment 200
TCP Retransmissions 202
Retransmission Time-Out 202
Case Study: Bad RTO 203
Delayed Acknowledgments 204
Case Study: Slow Surfing 206
 Contents ix

The Push Flag 207

TCP Sliding Windows 209
Slow Start and Congestion Avoidance 212
Nagle Algorithm 213
Data Protection 215
Case Study: TCP Checksum Errors 215
TCP Expert Symptoms 217
TCP Application Analysis 218
TCP and Throughput 218
Segment Size 218
Latency 219
Window Size 220
Case Study: Slow Web Server 221
Case Study: Bad Windowing 222
Case Study: Inefficient Applications 224
High-Performance Extensions to TCP 225
Selective Acknowledgments 225
Window Scale Option 227
Timestamp Option 229
Summary 229
Part III Related TCP/IP Protocols 231
Chapter 7 Upper-Layer Protocols 233
Introduction to Upper-Layer Protocols 233
Analyzing Upper-Layer Protocols 235
Chapter Goals 238
Domain Name System (DNS) 240
DNS Database 242
DNS Message Format 244
Using NSLookup 247
Name Servers 249
ROOT Name Servers 250
Name Server Caching 254
Resource Records 254
Analyzing DNS 260
IPCONFIG 260
CyberKit 261
DNS Expert 262
Common DNS Configuration Mistakes 264
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 265
FTP Commands and Responses 265
Case Study: Active Transfer Failure 269
Case Study: Passive Transfer Failure 272
Case Study: FTP Failures through Firewall 273
Case Study: Revisiting FTP Transfer Failures 276
Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) 278
HTTP Requests 278
HTTP Responses 281
HTTP Headers and Messages 284
Host Header 285
Redirection 285
Cookies 285
Cache Control Headers 288
x Contents

HTTP Proxies 289

Measuring Proxy Latency 290
Analyzing Advanced Web Architectures 291
Case Study: Web Site Failure 293
Simple Mail Transport Protocol 294
Summary 298
Chapter 8 Microsoft-Related Protocols 299
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol 299
DHCP Header 300
DHCP Process 302
DHCP Messages 306
DHCP Options 308
DHCP Leases 311
NetBIOS over TCP/IP 312
NetBIOS Names 312
NetBIOS Services 315
Datagram Service 316
Session Service 317
Name Service 319
NetBIOS Operations 320
Name Service Operations 321
NetBIOS Datagram Operations 326
NetBIOS Session Operations 326
Server Message Block 329
SMB Header 330
SMB Commands 332
SMB Responses 336
SMB Operations Analysis 338
Initial Connection 339
File Transfer 344
File Locking 351
Interprocess Communication 352
Named Pipes 353
Mailslots 353
DCE/RPC 354
Microsoft Applications 359
NetLogon 359
Browser Protocol 362
Summary 368
Appendix A What’s on the Web Site 369
System Requirements 369
What’s on the Web Site 370
Standards and RFCs 370
Author-Created Materials 371
Applications 371
Using the Flash Video Examples 371
Troubleshooting 372
Appendix B BSMB Status Codes 373
Index 399
 Acknowledgments

This book never would have been a reality without the following people: Emily
Roche, who helped me open the door to writing and took me to my first book
proposal seminar; Toni Lopopolo, who taught the seminar and put me in con-
tact with my great agent Jawahara Saidullah. I want to thank Tony Fortunato
for patiently reviewing my book for technical accuracy. Thanks also goes out
to everyone at Wiley Publishing who worked so hard on this book, including
my great development editor Kevin Kent, who held me to task on making sure
readers would be able to easily understand the complex case studies and
examples in the book. Last but not least, I want to thank my parents, who have
given me everything and asked for nothing in return. This book is for you.

xi
 About the Author

Kevin Burns is the founder of Tracemasters, Inc., of Philadelphia, Pennsyl-

vania, a consulting organization specializing in network analysis and training.
Kevin’s 10 years of experience consist of the design, implementation, and
analysis of various multiprotocol, multivendor networks. This book comprises
the techniques he has used in diagnosing complex network and application
problems, which he also teaches to students at various seminars and corporate
settings. Kevin can be reached at kburns@tracemasters.com.

xiii
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
which were surely paving the way to their ultimate failure in
business. Hence it was not until just before the end of the old
civilization that they began to realize that something was the matter.
Sharp competition among the large number of small dealers reduced
the average profits below a fair compensation for the labor
expended, and large combines with unlimited money capital, were
able to meet the universal demand for cheap goods. The dealers
were finding themselves crowded out of business. They blamed their
customers for not giving them the preference, even if the large
department stores could afford to sell for less. They demanded
legislation against the large stores and took an active interest in the
Anti-Trust agitation of the time.
"This opposition to Trusts and Department stores, like the farmer's
organizations and trade unions, took a very narrow view of the
situation. They saw their profits decreasing and their sole object was
to prevent this, without any reference to the interests of the people
who as purchasers of goods must pay all the profits. The masses of
the people understood their motives and did not hesitate to
patronize Department stores and purchase Trust products, provided
they could get them for less. They might have been able to protect
themselves from the inordinate greed of the trusts and combines, by
taking their customers into partnership and with their assistance
organizing consumption and thus controlling distribution for the
equal benefit of all. This would have been in exact accordance with
the ideal that had been handed down in their system of religion, that
we should always do unto others as we would have them do unto
us.
"The entire history of Altruria as an independent republic belongs to
the Transition Period in the progress of the world and in a larger, but
not so well defined a sense it extends to the discovery of the
continent, and even to an earlier period, distinguished by the
breaking up of the ancient religious hierarchy and the introduction of
a constantly increasing number of warring sects. These were the
evolutionary forces developed under the operations of natural law, in
strict accordance with the constitution of the human mind, which
always tends towards the utmost possible development of the race,
physically, mentally and morally. These forces in the early stages of
human development, work so slowly, that even the best trained
intellects do not discover their existence and hence have no power
to intelligently co-operate with them, with a view to accelerating
their own progress upward toward the highest possible planes of
development. But, it was during the last fifty years of this Transition
Period, that all these forces became more apparent to the careful
historian, and it is these to which I have more particularly directed
your attention.
"Human selfishness on the lower planes of development constitutes
the first step in the development of that higher selfhood, which is
the predominating characteristic on the higher planes. During the
last fifty years of the Transition Period, human selfishness, in the
baser sense, was making its last struggle for existence as the
controlling factor in human affairs. All classes of people were
inspired to action by selfish interests, and these interests could not
fail to clash. Out of this clashing between forces they ultimately
learned that the best and highest interest of every individual could
always be secured by carefully guarding the interest of every other
individual. Out of this was evolved our present universal rule, which
governs our relations towards each other, of 'each for all and all for
each,' and hence all are equally secure in the exercise of every
natural right and in the possession of absolute economic
independence.
"The Gold Power sought for and secured universal dominion over all
the nations of the earth and there being no other nations to conquer,
in its inordinate greed, it continued to impose additional burdens
upon the people. This met opposition, first from one class and then
from another, but all these movements were animated by the same
element of selfishness which characterized the Gold Power. The
farmers organized to secure better conditions for themselves without
any regard to the interests of the millions of wage workers and
others upon whom they depended for a market. The workmen
organized to secure better wages for the members of their unions
with no regard for any other class of people, or even for other
workmen who did not belong to their fraternity. At the close of the
old system the small dealers and manufacturers were unanimous
against the encroachments of the vast combines who could undersell
them, but they ignored the interests of the great mass of consumers
upon whom they depended for a market. Selfishness, in the baser
sense, guaranteed the failure of all these movements. No one class
of people, seeking to promote its own selfish interests was able to
hold its own against the superior intelligence of the great financiers
who had planned to financially conquer the world by controlling the
world's supply of gold through an organized system of creating debts
both actual, for borrowed money, and constructive as investments
which exacted tribute from the wealth producing classes. This
process of debt creating continued until in this country the entire
volume of sixteen hundred millions of money of all kinds would have
paid but a fraction of the annual charge for interest, dividends, etc.,
upon investments and all the gold in the world, about
$4,000,000,000 would have paid but a fraction of the principal.
"But another, and in the end the most potent evolutionary force
which was destined to emancipate the people, was the arousing of
the moral sense of large numbers who had never turned their
attention to the study of economic science but whose souls revolted
at the conditions imposed upon vast multitudes of people. The Gold
Power while still a mighty factor in the control of the religious press
and a large number of the leading religious teachers of the country,
was not able to still the voice of the truest disciples of Krystus, and
these demanded that the spirit of the founder of their religion should
be exemplified in the practical every day affairs of life. They well
understood that if the people were doing to each other as they
would have others do to them, there could be no such thing as
poverty, with all its tendencies towards vice and crime. These
pioneers of a Diviner Civilization, with nothing but a theological
training, were perhaps not clear in their own minds, as to just how
this Golden Rule could be applied in business under the prevailing
financial and commercial systems of the country, but they did believe
that the ideal in every human relation could be realized, and they
insisted that the effort should be made by every true follower of
Krystus, to establish the dominion of good upon earth to the end
that righteousness might prevail in human affairs.
"For this grand culmination, the operation of the evolutionary forces
for the last fifty years had been a post-graduate course for the
workers who were to set the machinery in motion, on the material
plane, by which all the crushing burdens imposed by Greed could be
easily and speedily removed. And in this course, the mistakes made
by the people had been the most potent educators. The producing
classes had been induced to organize because they felt that they
were not getting their just share in the distribution of wealth; but to
save that which was lost in the distribution, they made the strange
mistake of organizing as producers. The farmer had no need of an
organization, to enable him to produce more wealth. The soil would
produce just as much without such organization as with it. The same
thing was true of mechanics, miners and other wage-workers, who
organized in their capacity of wealth producers. But as consumers
they could all stand on one platform, and being the market upon
which all producers must depend, they would be masters of the
situation. With an equal distribution of the benefits of such
organization of consumption, it would be just as easy to pay
dividends to labor, and thus increase their share in the distribution,
as it was to pay dividends on capitalistic investments.
"So it was, that at a time when every thing seemed hopeless, the
few who never yield to disappointments, and who had made an
exhaustive study of existing economic conditions reinforced the
earnest followers of Krystus who were demanding the application of
the Golden Rule in business by formulating methods by which this
much desired result could be attained. They had studied the moral
problem that confronted the religionists, from the objective side, and
understood just how it must be solved along business lines.
Inasmuch as all material wealth was created by labor, and
distributed by being bought and sold, it followed as a logical
sequence, that there was but one way by which every useful worker
could secure a just share in the distribution, and that was to take
charge of the business of exchange (buying and selling) and divide
the benefits equally among all who united their efforts to establish
the largest possible round of exchange between producers and
consumers. This was simply the organization of the market for the
express purpose of establishing Equity in Distribution, by paying
dividends to labor. The people had at last discovered the vital truth
upon which the application of the Golden Rule depends, that
Organized Consumption Controls Distribution.
"Organizations of consumers were effected with a view to
concentrating their purchasing power through channels of their own,
not to reduce prices, but to pool the net profits into a common fund
for the equal benefit of all the members. A portion of this was set
aside as an educational fund to extend the work, and the remainder
was used to pay dividends to the members who, as customers, had
paid the profits into the common treasury. This was known as the
"Dividend to Labor," and it was always distributed equally, as it had
been secured by the united purchasing power of all the members.
And, in order to secure this fund, which belonged alike to all, no
member had added one cent to his or her cost of living. It was all a
saving, as between the new equitable system of exchange and the
old and wasteful profit system. This was a PROFIT-SAVING
BUSINESS MACHINE of which the PRODUCERS who constituted, in
the main, the great markets of the world, COULD NOT BE
DEPRIVED, and WITH THIS, it became a matter of indifference as to
who had immediate control of the LABOR-SAVING MACHINERY of
PRODUCTION.
"This movement had its origin in the West where the people were
more inclined to think for themselves, but the benefits were so
decided and so easily secured, that it spread rapidly. The first
exchanges demonstrated that the use of money could be very
largely minimized, and banks were established as depositories for all
the money that came into their hands, and to facilitate their financial
relations with unorganized communities where money was still a
necessity. These savings of money, were held as a sacred trust, to
enable the members to pay taxes, and debts, in cases where the
creditor could not be induced to take products at a fair price. Among
themselves they used exchange certificates which were issued on
the deposit of products or money, and for necessary labor. These
certificates being issued on values which were seeking a market and
redeemed in products needed for consumption and cancelled,
constituted an ideal currency that was always just equal to the
demand,—neither more nor less.
"The people learned by experience how easy it was to minimize the
use of money, and the tendency of this decrease in the demand for
money, was to relatively increase the amount in circulation. It was
easy now, for the most unfamiliar with business methods, to
understand how the large operators, under the old system, had
enriched themselves by making their settlements through great
clearing houses where one obligation cancelled another and only two
or three per cent. of money had been used to pay balances; and
they could see how even this balance among wealth producers,
could take the shape of a check against future production and
money be entirely eliminated as a medium in the exchange of
wealth.
"All the people who were doing their buying and selling through
these exchanges were regularly supplied with carefully prepared
literature on economic questions and business methods, and of
general information as to the trend of current events, the progress
of the new order which placed business on an ethical basis and all
matters of advantage for an independent, cultured citizenship to
understand. Then for the first time, the multitudes began to realize
the weakness of the fragile thread by which they had been bound to
the triumphal car of Capitalism. Their experience gave them
confidence. They used the same business methods for the benefit of
the many that had enabled the few to concentrate in their own
hands four-fifths of the wealth of the country. It was therefore no
untried experiment. They were only exercising the same kind of
business sagacity that had been used by the money kings to
financially conquer the world. Just in proportion as they decreased
the demand for money, it flowed in upon them in exchange for their
products at a steadily increasing price. They had established a DEBT-
PAYING instead of a DEBT-CREATING system of business, and in the
course of time their debts were all paid, the necessity for legal
money had disappeared, the people were free from its exactions,
and all they had to do was to produce what they consumed and
consume what they produced, exchanging equivalent for equivalent
for the equal benefit of all. And thus the world had been saved from
its thralldom to Greed by the establishment of the 'Kingdom of God
and His Righteousness' as had been enjoined by Krystus at the
beginning of the old religious system two thousand years before.
This which was enjoined at the beginning of the Dispensation was
REALIZED at its close and hence the First became the Last, because
the Last was the First reduced to practice in human affairs."

CHAPTER XIII.
Bona Dea—Matron's Home—Pre-natal Influences—Improving the
Airships—Battell Explains—Plans for the Future—Museum of
Universal History—Relics of the Past—Building toward our Ideals—
Law of Human Progress—Presaging the Future—Profit causes Poverty
—Equitable Exchange the Remedy.
 S I listened to Norrena's description of the financial and
commercial system which had once existed in Altruria, I could
not help but notice its close similarity to the system which prevailed
in the outer world. As he elucidated the international and seemingly
unlimited power that had been exercised by the owners of gold, and
how it would take all the gold in the world to pay a small fraction of
the annual interest on the obligations held against the people, my
heart sank within me at the utter hopelessness of their condition.
I was expecting to hear that the people in their desperation had
blotted this power from the earth with fire and sword, but the
speaker finished with merely a description of a more equitable
system of transacting business. Just as he had come to this most
interesting place in the discussion, the Institute closed and took a
recess for dinner, and MacNair began to introduce us to the
superintendents of many of the large educational institutions of the
country who were members.
As we were leaving the hall Oqua joined us, accompanied by a
magnificent looking woman whom she introduced to me as Bona
Dea, the superintendent of the Matron's home at Lake Byblis,
saying:
"My dear Nequa, I want you to learn that in Altruria we commence
the education of children before they are born. This is what these
Matron's homes are established for, and Bona Dea is superintendent
of one of the oldest, largest and most thoroughly equipped
institutions of this kind in the world. I want you to make her
acquaintance, and I doubt not that you will become fast friends."
"I am indeed glad to meet you," I said, "as I want to learn all that I
can about these, to me, strange educational institutions."
"And I," said Bona Dea, "shall be happy to give you any information
in my power. Oqua informs me that you are preparing a book
descriptive of our civilization, and I am much interested as an
Altrurian in what it may present to the people of the outer world."
"Yes," I said. "And by all means, I want it to contain a review of
these Matron's homes, and all that can be learned in regard to their
origin, and the good they are designed to accomplish for humanity."
"That, indeed," said Bona Dea, "would constitute a most important
volume in a series, but it should not be the first one in a thorough
treatment of the evolutionary forces which work for the development
of the race toward higher and better conditions."
"Then," I said, "would you have me ignore this, to me, most singular
system of commencing the education of children before they are
born?"
"There is nothing singular about the system," said Bona Dea. "Even
the savages of the olden time did the same thing, but they did not
know it. The mothers were surrounded by the conditions of
savagery, and their children were born predisposed to become
savages. These pre-natal influences are in fact the commencing
point in the education of every child that is born, as they pre-dispose
the child to a life of usefulness, or the reverse, according to the
character of the influences. The object which our Matron's homes
are designed to accomplish is to provide the best possible
conditions, to start the child with a strong, healthy body and mind,
with a kindly disposition and elevated aspirations toward the highest
possible intellectual and moral development."
"If such results," I said, "can be secured by the establishment of
these homes, you certainly would not dissuade me from an
exhaustive review of the entire question?"
"Certainly not," she said, "but as a teacher of your people I would
have you follow the natural law and begin your work at the
beginning. From what I can learn, your own country is now passing
through its Transition Period, similar to that described in Norrena's
lecture, and hence the first great duty of your people is to abolish
poverty. When the fear of want is removed from every household the
first effect will be to place better pre-natal conditions around the
mothers, and the next generation will be placed on a higher plane
physically, intellectually and morally. This is the first step that your
people must take and then the Home may be introduced for the
scientific adaptation of pre-natal influences to specific purposes.
Then you will begin to determine in advance whether the child shall
be an inventor, scientist, philosopher, poet, musician, teacher or
explorer. The Homes are scientifically adapted to specific purposes,
while economic independence and general education lift the entire
people to a higher plane of being along every line of human effort.
What your people need now, is the general, mental and moral
uplifting of the victims of your present system, and to this end, my
advice to you would be, to confine your first work to the solution of
the problem, 'How to abolish poverty.'"
"But would you," I asked, "discourage these specific measures at
this time because the masses are poor?"
"Of course not," said Bona Dea, "for those who are able to apply
them, but I would first place these advanced scientific methods
within the reach of the entire people by establishing economic
independence for all. This is simply following the natural law of
human development."
"Will you," I asked, "please explain just what you regard as the
natural law of human development?"
"It is the law of growth," said Bona Dea, "and always begins at the
base and works its way upward. The plant germinates in the earth
and then pushes its way upward towards the light. The growth of
the animal organism from conception to maturity is along the same
line of progression, from the bottom of the scale, toward the top. In
the growth of human civilization and the mental, moral and spiritual
elevation of the race, the same general law of evolution holds good.
The elevating influence must reach the people through their
environments. The real man and the real woman, is the ego or spirit.
The physical body is the outermost environment of the individual
being. By improving the physical conditions we stimulate the mental
organism into a healthy activity, and the result is intellectual growth,
and spiritual unfoldment. Such is the natural law of human progress
from the physical through the mental to its culmination in the
spiritual or divine, which is the very highest type to which we
aspire."
"This," I said, "looks like a concise and logical statement of the
natural law, but how do you apply it to the present conditions which
exist in my own country? We have a civilization and many very
intelligent, well meaning and well to do people who might be greatly
benefited by a better understanding of the influences of pre-natal
conditions."
"Doubtless that is true," she replied, "but your duty as a teacher is
to take the whole people into consideration and not a part, and in
your work for their enlightenment begin at the bottom of the scale.
Your present civilization was developed along the lines of
unconscious growth, jest as the child grows from birth to maturity.
But your work as a teacher and civilizer is to work along conscious
lines and lay your plans with due deliberation. Having, as it were,
reached the top, you are able to give instruction to those who are
lower down and help them to climb higher. The place of the teacher
is one which demands that you should understand the natural law of
growth, so that you may work to the best advantage. Hence your
work is to begin with the outer environment, the physical, and that
which pertains to the higher will take care of itself. It is not the
whole, but the sick, who need the physician, so it is not the wise,
but the ignorant who need the teacher. For these reasons I advise
you to confine your present work more to the economic, as that
would prepare the field for the higher, and that, just where it is most
needed, among the poor."
"I think I comprehend your meaning," I said, "and shall act
accordingly in the preparation of my first volume on Altrurian
civilization. Oqua's advice was very similar, but situated as I am
here, these numerous lines of thought press in upon me all at once,
and there is so much to learn, that I often find it difficult to make a
selection. I am sure that the people of my own native land are
passing through their Transition Period, and I am anxious to give
them that which will do them the most good."
"Then," interposed Norrena, who had joined us, "show them how to
get rid of poverty. Without economic independence, political
independence and personal liberty, under the law, are a hollow
mockery. There can be no progress without freedom, and there can
be no freedom as long as a people are driven to their work by the
stern lash of necessity."
"But how is it," I asked, "that you have such a realizing sense of the
horrors of poverty, when you have always had an abundance?"
"Because it is the one great object," said Norrena, "of our
educational training and of our Altrurian civilization to provide
against want, and to relieve distress wherever found. Every student
in our schools is required to make a careful study of our Transition
Period, the helpless, hopeless condition of the poverty stricken
masses, and the methods by which they got out, and which must be
continued in order to stay out."
"But why," I asked, "do you now, after centuries of abundance, still
make these lessons so prominent in your educational system?"
"Because," said Norrena, "we are still on the physical plane, and if
we do not guard against them by every means in our power, these
physical evils may again overtake us. We know for a fact that eternal
vigilance is the price that we must pay for the preservation of our
present blessings."
"But constituted as your people are," I said, "with their readiness to
relieve distress under all circumstances, I should think that you have
no cause to fear a return of the old systems of oppression."
"Certainly not," said Norrena, "so far as this generation is concerned,
but should we neglect the education of the rising generation in
regard to these matters, we would begin to go back toward those
conditions. There is no danger so long as we do our duty as
educators, and keep alive the finer sensibilities of the soul. We did
not reach our present condition at one bound, and if we were to go
back it would not be all at once; but it is the duty of our teachers, to
see that we do not take a single step backwards. Hence, we
educate."
We had now reached the Department of Public Comfort where we
were making our home during our stay in Orbitello. After dinner,
Battell informed us that he intended to start within an hour to Lake
Byblis, and that before he left, he desired to have some definite
understanding as to our plans for future work.
"Then," said Norrena, "you had better join me in my rooms and talk
the matter over. I feel deeply interested in your plans for opening
communication with the outer world. So if it is agreeable, come with
me."
We accepted the invitation, and were soon discussing what was now
the leading thought in our minds—the improvement of the airships
with a view to forming a connection between the inner and the outer
worlds. Battell explained his plans for constructing a ship that could
be moved in any direction, the power to be applied instantaneously,
so as to be able to meet all the contingencies of a storm and
contending currents of air. Then plans were discussed for protecting
the occupants from intense cold. For this purpose, I had plans of my
own which I did not divulge. Several ways were proposed for making
the vessel proof against cold, but I saw at a glance, that with all of
them, the freezing moisture on the inside, would so obstruct the
vision as to very materially interfere with the proper guidance of the
vessel.
"Before I left," said Battell, "I gave plans and specifications for an
entirely new ship, that I want you to test in a storm, if you can find
one, and report as soon as possible. Captain Ganoe has agreed to go
with me and assist in its completion. As soon as it is ready I will let
you know. Will you come to Lake Byblis and start from there? or
shall I send it to some other point? What will be your address?"
"I have made no arrangements for the future," I said, "that will in
the least interfere with the proposed trial trip to the southern verge.
I think, however, I had better remain here a few days, as there are
some questions that I want to study, and to that end, I shall take a
look through the Museum of Universal History."
"Well, get your book ready," said Battell, "and we will find the means
to send it where it will do the most good."
"I have sufficient material ready," I said, "for a number of books, but
the question now is, How much out of the great abundance, shall I
select to go with an account of our discoveries?"
"Well, I should think," said Battell, "that you could not send a very
large proportion of what you can find in a single one of these
exhibits, to say nothing of the libraries; but do your best. I have
work that must be completed, in order to make yours available, so
good-bye, and may success attend you."
Captain Ganoe, MacNair and Iola accompanied Battell to Lake Byblis,
and Norrena, Oqua and myself went to the museum.
This was a most magnificent structure, situated on the river, on a
point of land where the river leaves Orbitello and makes a sharp turn
toward the east. The building was a hexagon, about 600 feet in
diameter, and the foundation had been excavated down to the level
of the water, which gave one-half the building the appearance of
extending out into the river. In the center of the building was an
inlet for boats for which there was a spacious landing, enclosed by
broad, marble steps on three sides. At the center, and each of the
six corners, was an elevator which connected with each floor. Around
what may be regarded as the main building, was a broad extension
in the form of an inclined floor, that communicated at frequent
intervals with the several stories, either on the level of the floors or
by easy flights of steps.
On the periphery of this inclined spiral floor, was a railing. The whole
of the external structure was supported by massive and highly
ornamented columns of aluminum which reflected the light like
burnished silver. In the center, and supported from above, was a
double track electric tramway, with cars moving each way at short
intervals. This arrangement gave the entire floor space to
pedestrians and those using electric chairs and other small vehicles.
The lower stories of this immense building, up to the level of the
bluff, contained supplies of all kinds, required by those engaged in
river transportation. The upper stories of the building were devoted
to the preservation of relics and records commemorative of past
civilizations and taken altogether, presented to the eye a complete
history of man's progressive development along every line from the
earliest period of recorded history. This wonderful exhibit, enabled
the student to trace, by means of practical illustrations, the progress
of the mechanical arts, from the original crude contrivances to the
present high state of development under which drudgery was
unknown, and the people were in the full enjoyment of all the
comforts of life with a minimum of labor. It is no part of my intention
to attempt to give more than the most cursory mention of this
wonderful exhibition of industrial progress.
One feature, however, impressed me most and that was the striking
similarity in these exhibits, to the much smaller ones, which I had
visited in the outer world. The methods which had prevailed in the
different stages of civilization, were almost identical with those
prevailing in the corresponding stage of outer world development. In
water craft for instance, the raft of logs bound together with thongs
and propelled by poles came first, followed by canoes hollowed out
of logs. Then smaller boats with oars, and growing in dimensions
until they assumed the shape of Roman galleys and the ships of the
Northmen. Then sails were introduced and later, steam became the
motor power. So, of the methods of land transportation. The sledge
and ox-cart were followed in time by the stage coach, this by the
electric car, and last came the airship.
I asked Norrena to explain this remarkable similarity.
"This," said he, "only indicates that human development along every
line of progress is determined by the constitution of the human
mind. Knowing this, we have the key which explains all the
mysteries connected with the progress of the race from lower to
higher conditions. At every step it has been met by similar difficulties
and hence the methods for overcoming these difficulties have been
similar, because all have alike possessed the same mental
constitution. This progress up to a certain point, has been along
unconscious lines, and the average man and woman had no clear
understanding of the influences which were impelling them forward.
In every age, and in every condition of life, man has been building in
the direction of his ideals, but never reaching them. In his primitive
state, he felt the need of some means for crossing streams, and
having observed that wood floated upon the water, he constructed a
raft. From this he formed the plan of a boat, and constructed a
canoe. As he improved in the direction of his ideals, these ideals
became more exalted, and to-day we have the magnificent electric
yacht. So it has been in every department of human effort. The
higher the ideals which have been formed in the mind of man, the
higher he has climbed in the scale of development. This is the
fundamental law of human progress. Every one of these relics of
past ages was at first an ideal that had been formed in the human
mind before it was realized."
"A thought strikes me," I exclaimed. "If all these ideals have been
realized, is it not a promise, or a prophecy, that our ideals of to-day,
will be realized in the future? And if from the constitution of the
human mind we could presage the ideals of the future, we could in a
general way predict what the civilization of distant ages will
develop."
"Certainly," said Norrena. "Your thought is strictly philosophical and
applied to our immediate future it gives an infallible rule for
presaging events where we are familiar with the forces impelling in a
certain direction. If we can ascertain where we are to-day on any
given line of progress, we can safely predict what the next step will
be on the same line, for all things are possible to the human mind in
its ultimate state of development. There is no such thing as actually
turning back in the path of progress, much as man may seem to
retrograde at times. The lessons taught by these seeming failures
are essential elements in his still greater development further on.
Nothing that is useful can be permanently lost to the race. What we
are inclined to call evil, is fleeting and fades away, while the good,
the true and the really valuable is immortal. Hence, human progress
towards higher and better conditions, as applied to the race, and
long periods of time, must ever be onward and upward toward the
Infinite Good."
"I have always," I said, "been deeply interested in everything
pertaining to the progress of the race, but I have been inclined to
regard it as somewhat a matter of chance. You seem to have
reduced it to an exact science. I can understand how certain
influences are necessarily toward improvement, but how is it that
our elevation is assured when so many are unconscious of such a
tendency, and in the outer world at least, multitudes seem to be
bent upon getting lower instead of higher in the scale? I feel quite
sure that the masses of our ancestors in the past, were no better
than the masses now, and did not consciously co-operate with
nature for their own improvement. It seems, however, that by some
kind of a blind chance they may have contributed something, but it
certainly was not intentional. I see a different influence working here
and the people are evidently co-operating with nature for the good
of all, but I fear that it will be a long time before the people of my
own country will reach that stage of development."
"Do not be discouraged," said Norrena. "The constitution of the
human mind is a guarantee of human elevation. The history of
human development presents two distinct stages, the unconscious
and the conscious. All progress from the simple cell to the human
being, is of course unconscious and is governed by fixed and
immutable laws. These same laws control human development up to
the point where knowledge enables the race to consciously
participate in the work of its own elevation. As soon as the people
are sufficiently developed to understand the operation of the laws
which control their own unfoldment, they will enter upon an epoch
of conscious progress by careful and well concerted measures. When
at the close of the Transition Period our people reached that stage,
the change for the better in every direction came suddenly upon the
world, because the masses of mankind felt the need of something
better. Unconscious development had prepared them for the
wonderful change. The blind forces which had been slowly urging
man upward toward a higher plane of existence, now had the aid of
careful and well devised methods, and the long ages of darkness
disappeared in the blaze of light which was let in upon the world."
"And from this," I said, "am I to infer that you think America is about
ready for such an uplifting of the masses? Your description this
forenoon of the Transition Period of this country, would pass as an
accurate delineation of the present condition in my own. The belief
is widespread among thoughtful people in the United States that our
country is on the eve of some great change. Persons of an optimistic
turn of mind believe that we are near the beginning of a higher,
nobler and purer civilization than the people have ever enjoyed
before, while the pessimistic are equally sure that we are destined to
go back toward barbarism. I want so very much to be able to
disseminate the light that will dispel this darkness from our future."
"I think," said Norrena, "that you have no cause for alarm. From
what I can learn the optimists of your country are largely in the
majority, and a general expectation of something better for
humanity, is a powerful psychic force, to produce something better.
If your people earnestly desire better things for the masses and at
the same time believe that better things are in store for them, your
future is most hopeful, as the people cannot fail to find out how to
attain the object they are seeking."
"Thank you," I said. "But where is the light, and what can I do to
shed it broadcast among them?"
"The light," said Norrena, "is latent in every human soul and is
manifested in the readiness with which all classes of people render
assistance to those who are placed in peril or are suffering from
some great affliction. This is the light that is manifested in your
charitable institutions and public hospitals for the relief of the poor
and the physically infirm. When those who provide these institutions
for the relief of suffering humanity learn how the sufferings which
now appeal to their sympathies can be avoided, this latent light will
be developed into a flame that will enlighten the whole earth and
the darkness will disappear as if by magic."
"But this," I said, "does not tell me how that latent light can be
developed into such a flame. Human sympathy has always existed,
but as yet in the outer world it has not succeeded in removing the
suffering which appeals to our sympathies. By what means can this
be accomplished?"
"By the discovery and application of the principles of equity in all of
our relations toward each other," said Norrena. "To assist you in this,
I suggested that we take a look through this Museum. In the relics
of past ages which you find here, you can trace the operation of the
fundamental laws of human progress. On this floor you have the
works of man in his lowest condition. On the floor above, you find
relics of a higher civilization. These have been classified as nearly as
possible in their natural order, from the lowest to the highest, with a
view to teaching the progressive development of the race in the
most effective manner."
"I realize the importance," I said, "of such a collection to every
student. But all this comes before your Transition Period and I do not
see its bearings upon the great problem of the present day in my
own country—how to secure the same conditions which I find
prevailing here."
"As yet," said Norrena, "you have only seen the relics of barbarism.
This museum is twenty stories high above the level of the bluff on
which it stands, and each story bears its record of the onward and
upward progress of the race. The first were erected soon after the
Transition Period, but others have been added since that time, to
make room for the evidences of our progress. We will now ascend to
the one devoted to the Transition Period."
We stepped upon the elevator and in a moment more were ushered
into one of the upper stories, and I found myself confronted by a
display, such as would characterize a first-class exposition of the
present day in the United States; with this difference, however; it
represented the poverty and misery of the hovel as faithfully as it did
the grandeur of the palace. Everything seemed familiar and I felt as
if I had been suddenly transported to New York or London. Every
feature of the competitive system of production and distribution was
appropriately illustrated, together with the inevitable consequences
to the people; wealth beyond the dreams of avarice for a favored
few and hopeless poverty and degradation for the many.
The clothing of the workmen in contrast with the gorgeous apparel
of the fashionable bon ton; the furnishings of the hovels of the poor
and the mansions of the rich placed side by side; the coarse and
homely fare of the wealth producer compared with the dainty viands
of the non-producer; all told more plainly than words the story of
undeserved poverty, and in millions of cases, the abject want and
misery of the most useful classes of society, in striking contrast with
the unearned abundance of the idle, and for all practical purposes,
the useless rich. The manner in which the wealth created by the
toiling millions, passed through the channels of trade, into the
possession of a few wealthy speculators, was illustrated by pictures
and printed explanations, in almost endless variety, so that even the
most obtuse observers, could not fail to get a clear idea of the
practical workings of a system of commercial exchange, under the
operation of which, interest, profit and rent were always added to
the market price of the product, every time it changed hands.
One of these illustrations was entitled, "Thirteen Usuries on One
Hog." It represented a hog passing from the farmer at one end of a
long bridge to the workman at the other. From the time the hog
starts from the producer on the farm until it reaches its destination
in the workshop of the consumer, its size (price) has become
colossal.
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