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Introduction to

Python Programming
Introduction to

Python Programming

Gowrishankar S.

Veena A.

CRC Press

Taylor & Francis Group

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Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742

© 2019 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa

business

No claim to original U.S. Government works

Printed on acid-free paper

International Standard Book Number-13: 978-0-8153-9437-2

(Hardback)

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly

regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish
reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot
assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have
attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in
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has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may
rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book
may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by
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Library of Congress Cataloging‑in‑Publication Data

Names: S, Gowrishankar, author. | A, Veena author.

Title: Introduction to Python programming / Gowrishankar S, Veena

A.

Description: Boca Raton : Taylor & Francis, a CRC title, part of the
Taylor & Francis imprint, a member of the Taylor & Francis Group, the
academic

division of T&F Informa, plc, 2018. | Includes bibliographical

references

and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2018046894 | ISBN 9780815394372 (hardback :
alk. paper) |

ISBN 9781351013239 (ebook)

Subjects: LCSH: Python (Computer program language)

Classification: LCC QA76.73.P98 S2325 2018 | DDC 005.13/3--dc23

LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018046894

Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at

http://www.taylorandfrancis.com

and the CRC Press Web site at

http://www.crcpress.com

Dedicated to my wife Roopa K. M. and to my sister Ashwini S. Nath.

—Dr. Gowrishankar S.

I would love to dedicate this book to my parents, and my family

for their love, support and encouragement.

—Veena A.
Contents

Preface
......................................................................................................
..................................... xiii

Acknowledgment
......................................................................................................
................. xvii

Authors
......................................................................................................
................................... xix

1. Introduction
......................................................................................................
.......................1

1.1

What Is a Program?
....................................................................................................1

1.2

Programming Languages
..........................................................................................2

1.2.1

Machine Language
......................................................................................2

1.2.2

Assembly Language
....................................................................................3
1.2.3

High-Level Language
.................................................................................3

1.3

Software Development
...............................................................................................5

1.4

History of Python Programming Language

...........................................................7

1.5

Thrust Areas of
Python...........................................................................................
...8

1.5.1 Academia
......................................................................................................
9

1.5.2

Scientific Tools
........................................................................................... 10

1.5.3

Machine Learning
..................................................................................... 10

1.5.4
Natural Language Processing
................................................................. 10

1.5.5

Data Analysis
............................................................................................. 10

1.5.6 Statistics
......................................................................................................
11

1.5.7

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) Library

........................................ 11

1.5.8

Database Connectors/ORM/NoSQL Connectors ................................

11

1.5.9

Web Frameworks
....................................................................................... 11

1.5.10 Cloud
Computing......................................................................................
11

1.5.11 Python Distributions

................................................................................12

1.5.12 IDE Available

.............................................................................................12
1.5.13 Community
................................................................................................ 12

1.5.14 Python Stack in Industry

......................................................................... 12

1.6

Installing Anaconda Python Distribution

............................................................ 13

1.7

Installing PyCharm IDE to Set Up a Python Development Environment

....... 16

1.8

Creating and Running Your First Python Project

................................................ 19

1.9

Installing and Using Jupyter

Notebook.................................................................23

1.9.1

Starting Jupyter Notebook

....................................................................... 24

1.10

Open Source Software

.............................................................................................27

1.10.1 Why Do People Prefer Using Open Source Software?

........................28
1.10.2 Doesn’t “Open Source” Just Mean Something Is Free of
Charge? .....29

1.10.3 Open Source Licenses

...............................................................................29

1.11 Summary
......................................................................................................
.............. 32

Multiple Choice Questions

...................................................................................................
32

Review Questions
......................................................................................................
............34

2. Parts of Python Programming Language

........................................................................35

2.1 Identifiers
......................................................................................................
.............35

2.2 Keywords
......................................................................................................
.............36

vii

viii

Contents

2.3
Statements and Expressions
....................................................................................36

2.4 Variables
......................................................................................................
............... 37

2.4.1

Legal Variable Names

............................................................................... 37

2.4.2

Assigning Values to Variables

................................................................. 37

2.5 Operators
......................................................................................................
..............38

2.5.1

Arithmetic Operators
................................................................................ 39

2.5.2

Assignment Operators
..............................................................................40

2.5.3

Comparison Operators
.............................................................................42

2.5.4
Discovering Diverse Content Through
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Sérénissime, et auront toujours le même rang en France, que les
princes dignitaires de l’Empire.

The remaining five articles have reference to the estates and

revenues in France, which the Emperor makes over to Ferdinand.
 VIII
THE CAPITULATION OF BAYLEN

1. ORGANIZATION OF THE ARMY OF CASTAÑOS

N.B.—* marks an old regiment of the regular army; † a militia
regiment; ‡ a regiment of new levies.
Commander-in-chief, Lieut.-General Francisco Xavier Castaños.
Chief of the Staff, Major-General Tomas Moreno.
Men.
1st Division, General Teodoro Reding:
*Walloon Guards (3rd batt.), 852; *Reina, 795; *Corona,
824; *Jaen, 922; *Irlanda, 1,824; *3rd Swiss, 1,100;
*Barbastro (half batt.), 331; †Jaen, 500; ‡1st of Granada,
526; ‡Cazadores of Antequera, 343; ‡Tejas, 436.
Total 8,453
Cavalry attached to the 1st Division:
*Montesa, 120; *Farnesio, 213; *Dragones de la Reina, 213;
*Numancia, 100; *Olivenza, 140; ‡ Lancers of Utrera and
Jerez, 114.
Total 900
One horse-battery (six guns), one field-battery (four guns) 200
Two companies of sappers 166
Total of the Division 9,719
2nd Division, Major-General Marquis Coupigny:
*Ceuta, 1,208; *Ordenes Militares, 1,909; † Granada, 400;
† Truxillo, 290; † Bujalance, 403; † Cuenca, 501; † Ciudad
Real, 420; ‡ 2nd of Granada, 450; ‡ 3rd of Granada, 470;
‡Volunteers of Catalonia, 1,178.
Total 7,229
Cavalry attached to the 2nd Division:
*Borbon, 401; *España, 120.
 Total 521
One horse-battery (six guns) 100
One company of sappers 100
Total of the Division 7,950
3rd Division, Major-General Felix Jones:
*Cordova, 1,106; *Light Infantry of Valencia (half batt.), 359;
*ditto of Campo-Mayor, 800; †Burgos, 415; †Alcazar, 400;
†Plasencia, 410; †Guadix, 459; †Lorca, 490; †Seville, 267.
Total 4,706
Cavalry attached to 3rd Division:
*Calatrava, 222; *Santiago, 86; *Sagunto, 101; *Principe,
300.
Total 709
Total of the Division 5,415
4th Division (Reserve), Lieut.-General Manuel la Peña:
*Africa, 525; *Burgos, 2,089; *Saragossa (3rd batt.), 822;
*Murcia (3rd batt.), 420; *2nd Swiss, 243; *Marines, 50;
†Provincial Grenadiers of Andalusia, 912; †Siguenza, 502.
Total 5,563
Cavalry attached to 4th Division:
*Pavia, 541 541
Artillery, two horse-batteries (twelve guns) (?) 302
Sappers, one company 100
Total of the Division 6,506

Total of the army, 29,590: viz. infantry, 25,951; cavalry, 2,671; artillery, 602;
sappers, 366, with twenty-eight guns.
N.B.—The force of the two flying columns of Col. Cruz-Murgeon and the Conde
de Valdecañas is not ascertainable. They were both composed of new levies:
Arteche puts the former at 2,000 foot, and the latter at 1,800 foot and 400 horse.
Other authorities give Cruz-Murgeon 3,000 men.
It should be noted that Castaños’ field-army does not comprise the whole
number of men under arms in Andalusia. Most of the regular regiments had left
behind their third battalion, which was being completed with recruits, and was not
fit to take the field. Of all the regiments only Burgos, Irlanda, and Ordenes
Militares seem to have gone forward three battalions strong.

2. CORRESPONDENCE OF THE FRENCH GENERALS.

 (a.) GENERAL DUPONT TO GENERAL VEDEL.

Je vous prie, mon cher général, de vous porter le plus rapidement

possible sur Baylen, pour y faire votre jonction avec le corps qui a
combattu aujourd’hui à Mengibar et qui s’est replié sur cette ville. Le
sixième régiment provisoire et deux escadrons, l’un de dragons et
l’autre de chasseurs, sont réunis à votre division.
J’espère que l’ennemi sera rejeté demain sur Mengibar, au delà du
fleuve, et que les postes de Guarraman et de la Caroline resteront
en sûreté; ils sont d’une grande importance.
Lorsque vous aurez obtenu ce succès, je désire que vous
réunissiez à Andujar une partie de vos forces, afin de combattre
l’ennemi qui se trouve devant nous. Vous ne laisserez à Baylen que
ce qui sera nécessaire pour sa défense.
Si l’ennemi occupe Baëza, il faut l’en chasser.
Recevez mes assurances d’amitié.
Le général Dupont.
Andujar, le 16 juillet 1808.

(b.) GENERAL VEDEL TO GENERAL DUPONT.

Mon général,
Il est huit heures et demie. J’arrive à Baylen, où je n’ai trouvé
personne. Le général Dufour en est parti à minuit et a marché sur
Guarraman. Comme il n’a laissé personne pour m’instruire des motifs
de cette démarche, je ne puis rien dire de positif à cet égard; mais le
bruit commun étant que les troupes ennemies, qui out attaqué hier
le général Belair, se sont dirigées avec celles qui étaient à Ubeda,
vers les gorges, par Linharès et Sainte-Hélène, on doit penser que le
général Dufour s’est mis à leur poursuite, afin de les combattre.
Comme les instructions de Votre Excellence portent que je dois
faire ma jonction avec le corps qui s’était replié sur Baylen, quoique
harassé et fatigué, je partirai d’ici pour me rendre encore aujourd’hui
à Guarraman, afin de regagner la journée que l’ennemi a sur moi,
l’atteindre, le battre, et déjouer ainsi ses projets sur les gorges.
Je vais écrire au général Dufour, pour l’informer de mon
mouvement, savoir quelque chose de positif sur sa marche et sur les
données qu’il peut avoir de celle de l’ennemi.
· · · · · · · · ·
Le général de division,
Vedel.
Baylen, le 17 juillet 1808.

(c.) GENERAL DUPONT TO GENERAL VEDEL.

J’ai reçu votre lettre de Baylen; d’après le mouvement de

l’ennemi, le général Dufour a très-bien fait de le gagner de vitesse
sur la Caroline et sur Sainte-Hélène, pour occuper la tête des
gorges; je vois avec plaisir que vous vous hâtez de vous réunir à lui,
afin de combattre avec avantage, si l’ennemi se présente. Mais, au
lieu de se rendre à Sainte-Hélène, l’ennemi peut suivre la vieille
route, qui de Baëza va à Guëmada, et qui est parallèle à la grande
route; s’il prend ce parti, il faut le gagner encore de vitesse au
débouché de cette route, afin de l’empêcher de pénétrer dans la
Manche. D’après ce que vous me dites, ce corps ne serait que
d’environ dix mille hommes, et vous êtes en mesure de la battre
complétement; s’il est plus considérable, manœuvrez pour
suspendre sa marche, ou pour le contenir dans les gorges, en
attendant que j’arrive à votre appui.
· · · · · · · · ·
Si vous trouvez l’ennemi à la Caroline, ou sur tout autre point de
la grande route, tâchez de le battre, pour me venir rejoindre et
repousser ce qui est devant Andujar.
· · · · · · · · ·
 Mille amitiés.
Le général Dupont.
Andujar, le 17 juillet 1808.

N.B.—It will be seen that by letter (a) Dupont deliberately divides

his army into two halves. By letter (b) Vedel shows that he made no
reconnaissances, but acted merely on ‘le bruit commun.’ By letter (c)
Dupont accepts Vedel’s erroneous views without suspicion, and
authorizes him to go off on the wild-goose chase which he was
projecting.

3. CAPITULATION.

Leurs Excellences MM. le comte de Casa Tilly et le général don

Francisco Xavier Castaños, commandant en chef l’armée d’Espagne
en Andalousie, voulant donner une preuve de leur haute estime à
Son Excellence M. le général comte Dupont, grand aigle de la Légion
d’honneur, commandant en chef le corps d’observation de la
Gironde, ainsi qu’à l’armée sous ses ordres, pour la belle et glorieuse
défense qu’ils out faite contre une armée infiniment supérieure en
nombre, et qui les enveloppait de toutes parts; sur la demande de
M. le général de brigade Chabert, commandant de la Légion
d’honneur, et chargé des pleins pouvoirs de Son Excellence le
général en chef de l’armée française, en présence de Son Excellence
M. le général comte Marescot, grand aigle de la Légion d’honneur et
premier inspecteur du génie, ont arrêté les conventions suivantes:
Art. 1er. Les troupes françaises sous les ordres de Son Excellence
M. le général Dupont sont prisonnières de guerre, la division Vedel et
les autres troupes françaises en Andalousie exceptées.
2. La division de M. le général Vedel, et généralement toutes les
troupes françaises en Andalousie, qui ne sont pas dans la position de
celles comprises dans l’article 1er, évacueront l’Andalousie.
 3. Les troupes comprises dans l’article 2 conserveront
généralement tous leurs bagages, et, pour éviter tout sujet de
trouble pendant la marche, elles remettront leur artillerie, train et
autres armes, à l’armée espagnole, qui s’engage à les leur rendre au
moment de leur embarquement.
4. Les troupes comprises dans l’article 1er du traité sortiront de
leur camp avec les honneurs de la guerre; chaque bataillon ayant
deux canons en tête; les soldats armés de leurs fusils, qui seront
déposés à quatre cents toises du camp.
5. Les troupes de M. le général Vedel et autres, ne devant pas
déposer les armes, les placeront en faisceaux sur le front de
bandière; elles y laisseront aussi leur artillerie et leur train. Il en sera
dressé procès-verbal par des officiers des deux armées, et le tout
leur sera remis ainsi qu’il est convenu dans l’article 3.
6. Toutes les troupes françaises en Andalousie se rendront à San-
Lucar et à Rota, par journées d’étape, qui ne pourront excéder
quatre lieues de poste, avec les séjours nécessaires, pour y être
embarquées sur des vaisseaux ayant équipage espagnol, et
transportées en France au port de Rochefort.
7. Les troupes françaises seront embarquées aussitôt après leur
arrivée. L’armée espagnole assure leur traversée contre toute
agression hostile.
8. MM. les officiers généraux, supérieurs et autres, conserveront
leurs armes, et les soldats leurs sacs.
9. Les logements, vivres et fourrages, pendant la marche et la
traversée, seront fournis à MM. les officiers généraux et autres y
ayant droit, ainsi qu’à la troupe, dans la proportion de leur grade, et
sur le pied des troupes espagnoles en temps de guerre.
10. Les chevaux de MM. les officiers généraux, supérieurs et
d’état-major, dans la proportion de leur grade, seront transportés en
France, et nourris sur le pied de guerre.
 11. MM. les officiers généraux conserveront chacun une voiture et
un fourgon; MM. les officiers supérieurs et d’état-major, une voiture
seulement, sans être soumis à aucun examen, mais sans contrevenir
aux ordonnances et aux lois du royaume.
12. Sont exceptées de l’article précédent les voitures prises en
Andalousie, dont l’examen sera fait par M. le général Chabert.
13. Pour éviter la difficulté d’embarquer les chevaux des corps de
cavalerie et d’artillerie, compris dans l’article 2, lesdits chevaux
seront laissés en Espagne, et seront payés, d’après l’estimation de
deux commissaires français et espagnol, et acquittés par le
gouvernement espagnol.
14. Les blessés et malades de l’armée française, laissés dans les
hôpitaux, seront traités avec le plus grand soin, et seront transportés
en France sous bonne et sûre escorte, aussitôt après leur guérison.
15. Comme, en diverses rencontres et particulièrement à la prise
de Cordoue, plusieurs soldats, au mépris des ordres des généraux et
malgré les efforts des officiers, se sont portés à des excès qui sont
inévitables dans les villes qui opposent encore de la résistance au
moment d’être prises, MM. les généraux et autres officiers prendront
les mesures nécessaires pour retrouver les vases sacrés qu’on
pourrait avoir enlevés, et les restituer, s’ils existent.
16. Tous les employés civils, attachés à l’armée française, ne sont
pas considérés comme prisonniers de guerre; ils jouiront cependant,
pour leur transport en France, de tous les avantages de la troupe,
dans la proportion de leur emploi.
17. Les troupes françaises commenceront à évacuer l’Andalousie
le 23 juillet, à quatre heures du matin. Pour éviter la grande chaleur,
la marche des troupes s’effectuera de nuit, et se conformera aux
journées d’étape qui seront réglées par MM. les officiers d’état-major
français et espagnols, en évitant le passage des villes de Cordoue et
de Séville.
18. Les troupes françaises, pendant leur marche, seront escortées
par la troupe de ligne espagnole, à raison de trois cents hommes
d’escorte par colonne de trois mille hommes, et MM. les officiers
généraux seront escortés par des détachements de cavalerie et
d’infanterie de ligne.
19. Les troupes, dans leur marche, seront toujours précédées par
des commissaires français et espagnols, qui devront assurer les
logements et les vivres nécessaires, d’après les états qui leur seront
remis.
20. La présente capitulation sera portée de suite à Son Excellence
M. le duc de Rovigo, commandant en chef les troupes françaises en
Espagne, par un officier français qui devra être escorté par des
troupes de ligne espagnoles.
21. Il est convenu par les deux armées qu’il sera ajouté, comme
articles supplémentaires, à la capitulation, ce qui peut avoir été omis
et ce qui pourrait encore augmenter le bien-être des troupes
françaises pendant leur séjour en Espagne, et pendant la traversée.
Signé,
Xavier Castaños.
Marescot, Général de Division.
Conde de Tilly.
Chabert, Général de Brigade.
Ventura Escalante, Capitan-General de Granada.

SUPPLEMENTARY ARTICLES OF AUGUST 6.

Art. 1er. On a déjà sollicité du roi d’Angleterre et de l’amirauté

anglaise des passe-ports pour la sûreté du passage des troupes
françaises.
2. L’embarquement s’effectuera sur des vaisseaux de l’escadre
espagnole, ou sur tous autres bâtiments de transport qui seront
nécessaires pour conduire le total des troupes françaises, au moins
par division, à commencer par celle du général Dupont, et
immédiatement après, celle du général Vedel.
 3. Le débarquement s’effectuera sur les côtes du Languedoc ou
de Provence, ou bien au port de Lorient, selon que le voyage sera
jugé plus commode et plus court.
4. On embarquera des vivres pour un mois et plus, afin de
prévenir tous les accidents de la navigation.
5. Dans le cas qu’on n’obtînt pas de l’Angleterre les passe-ports
de sûreté qu’on a demandés, alors on traitera des moyens les plus
propres pour le passage par terre.
6. Chaque division des troupes françaises sera cantonnée sur
différents points, dans un rayon de huit à dix lieues, en attendant
que le susdit embarquement ait son effet.
Ainsi fait à Séville, le 6 août 1808.
Signé,
Xavier Castaños.

LETTER OF THE CAPTAIN-GENERAL OF ANDALUSIA, REPUDIATING

THE CAPITULATION.

Monsieur le général Dupont,

Je n’ai jamais eu ni de mauvaise foi, ni de fausse dissimulation:
de là vient ce que j’écrivis à V. E., sous la date du 8, dicté, d’après
mon caractère, par la plus grande candeur, et je suis fâché de me
voir obligé, par votre réponse en date d’hier, de répéter en abrégé ce
que j’eus l’honneur de dire alors à V. E., et ce qui certainement ne
peut manquer de se vérifier.
Ni la capitulation, ni l’approbation de la junte, ni un ordre exprès
de notre souverain chéri, ne peuvent rendre possible ce qui ne l’est
pas; il n’y a point de bâtiments, ni de moyens de s’en procurer pour
le transport de votre armée. Quelle plus grande preuve que celle de
retenir ici très-dispendieusement les prisonniers de votre corps, pour
n’avoir point de quoi les transporter sur d’autres points hors du
continent?
 Lorsque le général Castaños promit d’obtenir des Anglais des
passe-ports pour le passage de votre armée, il ne put s’obliger à
autre chose qu’à les demander avec instance, et c’est ce qu’il a fait.
Mais comment V. E. put-elle croire que la nation britannique
accéderait à la laisser passer, certaine qu’elle allait lui faire la guerre
sur un autre point, ou peut-être sur le même?
Je me persuade que ni le général Castaños, ni V. E. ne crurent
que ladite capitulation pût être exécutée: le but du premier fut de
sortir d’embarras, et celui de V. E. d’obtenir des conditions qui,
quoique impossibles, honorassent sa reddition indispensable. Chacun
de vous obtint ce qu’il désirait, et maintenant il est nécessaire que la
loi impérieuse de la nécessité commande.
Le caractère national ne permet d’en user avec les Français que
d’après cette loi, et non d’après celle des représailles; V. E. m’oblige
de lui exprimer des vérités qui doivent lui être amères. Quel droit a-
t-elle d’exiger l’exécution impossible d’une capitulation avec une
armée qui est entrée en Espagne sous le voile de l’alliance intime et
de l’union, qui a emprisonné notre roi et sa famille royale, saccagé
ses palais, assassiné et volé ses sujets, détruit ses campagnes et
arraché sa couronne? Si V. E. ne veut s’attirer de plus en plus la
juste indignation des peuples, que je travaille tant à réprimer, qu’elle
cesse de semblables et d’aussi intolérables réclamations, et qu’elle
cherche, par sa conduite et sa résignation, à affaiblir la vive
sensation des horreurs qu’elle a commises récemment à Cordoue. V.
E. croit bien assurément que mon but, en lui faisant cet
avertissement, n’a d’autre objet que son propre bien: le vulgaire
irréfléchi ne pense qu’à payer le mal par le mal, sans apprécier les
circonstances, et je ne peux m’empêcher de rendre V. E. responsable
des résultats funestes que peut entraîner sa répugnance à ce qui ne
peut manquer d’être.
Les dispositions que j’ai données à D. Juan Creagh, et qui ont été
communiquées à V. E., sont les mêmes que celles de la junte
suprême, et sont, en outre, indispensables dans les circonstances
actuelles: le retard de leur exécution alarme les peuples et attire des
inconvénients: déjà ledit Creagh m’a fait part d’un accident qui me
donne les plus grandes craintes. Quel stimulant pour la populace, de
savoir qu’un seul soldat était porteur de 2,180 livres tournois!
C’est tout ce que j’ai à répondre à la dépêche de V. E., et j’espère
que celle-ci sera la dernière réponse relative à ces objets,
demeurant, sur toute autre chose, dans le désir de lui être agréable,
étant son affectionné et sincère serviteur,
Morla.
 IX
THE CONVENTION OF CINTRA

1. DEFINITIVE CONVENTION FOR THE EVACUATION OF PORTUGAL

BY THE FRENCH ARMY.

The Generals commanding-in-chief of the British and French

armies in Portugal having determined to negotiate and conclude a
treaty for the evacuation of Portugal by the French troops, on the
basis of the agreement entered into on the 22nd instant for a
suspension of hostilities, have appointed the undermentioned
officers to negotiate the same in their names: viz. on the part of the
General-in-chief of the British army, Lieut.-Col. Murray,
Quartermaster-General, and on the part of the French army, M.
Kellermann, General of Division, to whom they have given authority
to negotiate and conclude a Convention to that effect, subject to
their ratification respectively, and to that of the Admiral commanding
the British fleet at the entrance of the Tagus. These two officers,
after exchanging their full powers, have agreed upon the articles
which follow:—
I. All the places and forts in the kingdom of Portugal occupied by
the French troops shall be delivered up to the British army in the
state in which they are at the moment of the signature of the
present Convention.
II. The French troops shall evacuate Portugal with their arms and
baggage: they shall not be considered prisoners of war: and on their
arrival in France they shall be at liberty to serve.
III. The English Government shall furnish the means of
conveyance for the French army, which shall be disembarked in any
of the ports of France between Rochefort and L’Orient inclusively.
IV. The French army shall carry with it all its artillery of French
calibre, with the horses belonging to it, and the tumbrils supplied
with sixty rounds per gun. All other artillery arms and ammunition,
as also the military and naval arsenals, shall be given up to the
British army and navy, in the state in which they may be at the
period of the ratification of the Convention.
V. The French army shall carry away with it all its equipment, and
all that is comprehended under the name of property of the army,
that is to say its military chest, and the carriages attached to the
field commissariat and field hospital, or shall be allowed to dispose
of such part of the same on its account, as the Commander-in-chief
may judge it unnecessary to embark. In like manner all individuals of
the army shall be at liberty to dispose of all their private property of
every description, with full security hereafter for the purchasers.
VI. The cavalry are to embark their horses, as also the Generals
and other officers of all ranks: it is, however, fully understood that
the means of conveyance[745] for horses at the disposal of the British
Commander-in-chief are very limited: some additional conveyance
may be procured in the port of Lisbon.
VII. In order to facilitate the embarkation, it shall take place in
three divisions, the last of which will be principally composed of the
garrisons of the places, of the cavalry and artillery, the sick, and the
equipment of the army. The first division shall embark within seven
days from the ratification of the Convention, or sooner if possible.
VIII. The garrisons of Elvas, Peniche, and Palmella will be
embarked at Lisbon; that of Almeida at Oporto, or the nearest
harbour. They will be accompanied on their march by British
commissaries, charged with providing for their subsistence and
accommodation.
IX. All the French sick and wounded who cannot be embarked are
entrusted to the British army.... The English Government shall
provide for their return to France, which shall take place by
detachments of 150 or 200 men at a time[@ 746 repetido].
X. As soon as the vessels employed to carry the army to France
shall have disembarked it ... every facility shall be given them to
return to England without delay: they shall have security against
capture until their arrival in a friendly port[746].
XI. The French army shall be concentrated in Lisbon, or within a
distance of about two leagues from it. The British army will approach
to within three leagues of the capital, so as to leave about one
league between the two armies.
XII. The forts of St. Julian, the Bugio, and Cascaes shall be
occupied by the British troops on the ratification of the Convention.
Lisbon and its forts and batteries, as far as the Lazaretto or Trafaria
on one side, and the Fort St. Joseph on the other inclusively, shall be
given up on the embarkation of the second division, as shall be also
the harbour and all the armed vessels in it of every description, with
their rigging, sails, stores, and ammunition. The fortresses of Elvas,
Almeida, Peniche, and Palmella shall be given up so soon as British
troops can arrive to occupy them: in the meantime the British
General-in-chief will give notice of the present Convention to the
garrisons of those places, as also to the troops in front of them, in
order to put a stop to further hostilities.
XIII. Commissaries shall be appointed on both sides to regulate
and accelerate the execution of the arrangements agreed upon.
XIV. Should there arise any doubt as to the meaning of any
article, it shall be explained favourably to the French army.
XV. From the date of the ratification of the present Convention, all
arrears of contributions, requisitions, and claims of the French
Government against the subjects of Portugal, or other individuals
residing in this country, founded on the occupation of Portugal by
the French troops since December, 1807, which may not have been
paid up are cancelled; and all sequestrations laid upon their
property, movable or immovable, are removed, and the free disposal
of the same is restored to their proper owners.
XVI. All subjects of France, or of powers in friendship or alliance
with France, domiciliated in Portugal, or accidentally in this country,
shall be protected. Their property of every kind, movable and
immovable, shall be respected, and they shall be at liberty either to
accompany the French army or to remain in Portugal. In either case
their property is guaranteed to them with the liberty of retaining or
disposing of it, and of passing the sale[747] of it into France or any
other country where they may fix their residence, the space of one
year being allowed them for that purpose.
It is fully understood that shipping is excepted from this
arrangement; only, however, as regards leaving the port, and that
none of the stipulations above mentioned can be made the pretext
of any commercial speculation.
XVII. No native of Portugal shall be rendered accountable for his
political conduct during the period of the occupation of this country
by the French army. And all those who have continued in the
exercise of their employments, or who have accepted situations
under the French Government, are placed under the protection of
the British commanders. They shall suffer no injury in their persons
or property, it not having been at their option to be obedient or not
to the French Government. They are also at liberty to avail
themselves of the stipulations of the sixteenth article.
XVIII. The Spanish troops detained on board ship in the port of
Lisbon shall be given up to the General-in-chief of the British army,
who engages to obtain of the Spaniards to restore such French
subjects, either military or civil, as may have been detained[748] in
Spain, without having been taken in battle or in consequence of
military operations, but on the occasion of the occurrences of the
29th of May last, and the days immediately following.
XIX. There shall be an immediate exchange established for all
ranks of prisoners made in Portugal since the commencement of the
present hostilities.
XX. Hostages of the rank of field-officers shall be mutually
furnished on the part of the British army and navy, and on that of
the French army, for the reciprocal guarantee of the present
Convention.
The officer representing the British army to be restored on the
completion of the articles which concern the army, and the officer of
the navy on the disembarkation of the French troops in their own
country. The like is to take place on the part of the French army[749].
XXI. It shall be allowed to the General-in-chief of the French army
to send an officer to France with intelligence of the present
Convention. A vessel will be furnished by the British Admiral to carry
him to Bordeaux or Rochefort.
XXII. The British Admiral will be invited to accommodate His
Excellency the Commander-in-chief[750] and the other principal
French officers on board of ships of war.
Done and concluded at Lisbon this thirteenth day of August,
1808.
George Murray, Quar.-Mas.-Gen.
Kellermann, Général de Division.

Three unimportant supplementary articles were added, one

stipulating that French civilian prisoners in the hands of the English
or Portuguese should be released, another that the French army
should subsist on its own magazines till it embarked, a third that the
British should allow the free entry of provisions into Lisbon after the
signature of the Convention.

2. REPORT OF THE COURT OF INQUIRY.

On a consideration of all circumstances, as set forth in this

Report, we most humbly submit our opinion, that no further military
proceeding is necessary on the subject. Because, howsoever some
of us may differ in our sentiments respecting the fitness of the
Convention in the relative situation of the two armies, it is our
unanimous declaration, that unquestionable zeal and firmness
appear throughout to have been exhibited by Lieut.-Generals Sir
Hew Dalrymple, Sir Harry Burrard, and Sir Arthur Wellesley, as well
as that the ardour and gallantry of the rest of the officers and
soldiers, on every occasion during this expedition, have done honour
to the troops, and reflected lustre on Your Majesty’s arms.
All which is most dutifully submitted.
(Signed)
David Dundas, General.
Moira, General.
Peter Craig, General.
Heathfield, General.
Pembroke, Lieut.-Gen.
G. Nugent, Lieut.-Gen.
Ol. Nicholls, Lieut.-Gen.
Dec. 22, 1808.

3. LORD MOIRA’S ‘OPINION.’

I feel less awkwardness in obeying the order to detail my

sentiments on the nature of the Convention, because that I have
already joined in the tribute of applause due in other respects to the
Officers concerned. My opinion, therefore, is only opposed to theirs
on a question of judgment, where their talents are likely to have so
much more weight, as to render the profession of my difference,
even on that point, somewhat painful. Military duty is, however,
imperious on me not to disguise or qualify the deductions which I
have made during this investigation.
An Armistice simply might not have been objectionable, because
Sir Hew Dalrymple, expecting hourly the arrival of Sir John Moore’s
division, might see more advantage for himself in a short suspension
of hostilities, than what the French could draw from it. But as the
Armistice involved, and in fact established, the whole principle of the
Convention, I cannot separate it from the latter.
Sir Arthur Wellesley has stated that he considered his force, at the
commencement of the march from the Mondego river, as sufficient
to drive the French from their positions on the Tagus. That force is
subsequently joined by above 4,000 British troops, under Generals
Anstruther and Acland. The French make an attack with their whole
disposable strength, and are repulsed with heavy loss, though but a
part of the British army is brought into action. It is difficult to
conceive that the prospects which Sir Arthur Wellesley entertained
could be unfavourably altered by these events, even had not the
certainty of speedy reinforcements to the British army existed.
It is urged, that, had the French been pushed to extremity, they
would have crossed the Tagus, and have protracted the campaign in
such a manner as to have frustrated the more important view of the
British Generals, namely, sending succours into Spain.
This measure must have been equally feasible for the French if no
victory had been obtained over them; but I confess that the chance
of such an attempt seems to me assumed against probability. Sir
Hew Dalrymple notices what he calls ‘the critical and embarrassed
state of Junot,’ before that General has been pressed by the British
army; and, in explanation of that expression, observes, that the
surrender of Dupont, the existence of the victorious Spanish army in
Andalusia, which cut off the retreat of the French in that direction,
and the universal hostility of the Portuguese, made the situation of
Junot one of great distress. No temptation for the translation of the
war into Alemtejo presents itself from this picture; nor does any
other representation give ground to suppose, that Junot could have
contemplated the measure, as holding forth any prospect but
ultimate ruin, after much preliminary distress and disgrace. The
strongest of all proofs as to Junot’s opinion, arises from his sending
the very morning after the battle of Vimiero, to propose the
evacuation of Portugal; a step which sufficiently indicated that he
was satisfied he could not only make no effectual defence, but could
not even prolong the contest to take the chance of accidents. He
seems, indeed, to have been without any real resource.
I humbly conceive it to have been erroneous to regard the
emancipation of Portugal from the French, as the sole or the
principal object of the expedition.—Upon whatever territory we
contend with the French, it must be a prominent object in the
struggle to destroy their resources, and to narrow their means of
injuring us, or those whose cause we are supporting. This seems to
have been so little considered in the Convention, that the terms
appear to have extricated Junot’s army from a situation of infinite
distress, in which it was wholly out of play, and to have brought it, in
a state of entire equipment, into immediate currency, in a quarter
too, where it must interfere with our most urgent and interesting
concerns.
Had it been impracticable to reduce the French army to lay down
its arms unconditionally, still an obligation not to serve for a specified
time might have been insisted upon, or Belleisle might have been
prescribed as the place at which they should be landed, in order to
prevent the possibility of their reinforcing (at least for a long time)
the armies employed for the subjugation of Spain. Perhaps a
stronger consideration than the merit of those terms presents itself.
Opinion relative to the British arms was of the highest importance,
as it might influence the confidence of the Spaniards, or invite the
nations groaning under the yoke of France, to appeal to this country,
and co-operate with it for their deliverance. The advantages ought,
therefore, to have been more than usually great, which should be
deemed sufficient to balance the objection of granting to a very
inferior army, hopeless in circumstances, and broken in spirit, such
terms as might argue, that, notwithstanding its disparity in numbers,
it was still formidable to its victors. No advantages seem to have
been gained that would not have equally followed from forcing the
enemy to a more marked submission. The gain of time as to sending
succours into Spain cannot be admitted as a plea; because it
appears that no arrangements for the reception of our troops in
Spain had been undertaken previous to the Convention; and this is
without reasoning on subsequent facts.
I trust that these reasons will vindicate me from the charge of
presumption, in maintaining an opinion contradictory to that
professed by so many most respectable Officers; for, even if the
reasons be essentially erroneous, if they are conclusive to my mind
(as I must conscientiously affirm them to be), it is a necessary
consequence that I must disapprove the Convention.
Moira, General.
December 27, 1808.
 X
THE CENTRAL JUNTA OF REGENCY

LIST OF THE MEMBERS.

N.B.—The notes as to individuals are extracted from Arguelles.

1. For Aragon. Don Francisco Palafox, Brigadier-General [younger

brother of Joseph Palafox, the Captain-General]. Don Lorenzo
Calvo de Rozas [Intendant-General of the Army of Aragon, long
a banker in Madrid].
2. For Asturias. Don Gaspar Jovellanos [Councillor of State, sometime
Minister of Justice]. The Marquis of Campo Sagrado, Lieut.-
General.
3. For the Canary Islands. The Marquis of Villanueva del Prado.
4. For Old Castile. Don Lorenzo Bonifaz [Prior of Zamora]. Don
Francisco Xavier Caro [a Professor of the University of
Salamanca].
5. For Catalonia. The Marquis of Villel [Grandee of Spain]. The Baron
de Sabasona.
6. For Cordova. The Marquis de la Puebla [Grandee of Spain]. Don
Juan Rabe [a merchant of Cordova].
7. For Estremadura. Don Martin Garay [Intendant-General of
Estremadura]. Don Felix Ovalle [Treasurer of the Army of
Estremadura].
8. For Galicia. The Conde de Gimonde. Don Antonio Aballe [an
advocate].
9. For Granada. Don Rodrigo Riquelme [Regent of the Chancellery].
Don Luis Funes [Canon of Santiago].
10. For Jaen. Don Francisco Castanedo [Canon of Jaen]. Don
Sebastian Jocano [Accountant-General].
11. For Leon. Don Antonio Valdes [Bailiff of the Knights of Malta,
sometime Minister of Marine]. The Vizconde de Quintanilla.
12. For Madrid. The Marquis of Astorga [Grandee of Spain]. Don
Pedro Silva [Patriarch of the Indies].
13. For the Balearic Isles. Don Tomas Veri [Lieut.-Col. of Militia]. The
Conde de Ayamans.
14. For Murcia. The Conde de Florida Blanca [sometime Secretary of
State]. The Marquis Del Villar.
15. For Navarre. Don Miguel Balanza and Don Carlos Amatria [formerly
representatives in the Cortes of Navarre].
16. For Seville. The Archbishop of Laodicea [Coadjutor-Bishop of
Seville]. The Conde de Tilly.
17. For Toledo. Don Pedro Rivero [Canon of Toledo]. Don José Garcia
Latorre [an advocate].
18. For Valencia. The Conde de Contamina [Grandee of Spain]. The
Principe Pio [Grandee of Spain and a Lieut.-Col. of Militia].
 XI
THE SPANISH ARMIES, OCT.-NOV. 1808

N.B.—* signifies an old line or light regiment; † a militia battalion; ‡

a newly raised corps.

1. THE ARMY OF GALICIA [Return of Oct. 31].

General Blake.
Officers. Men.
Vanguard Brigade, General Mendizabal:
*2nd Catalonian Light Infantry (one batt.);
*Volunteers of Navarre (one batt.); *two batts.
of United Grenadiers; *Saragossa (one batt.);
*one company of sappers 87 2,797
1st Division, General Figueroa:
*Rey (two batts.); *Majorca (one batt.); *Hibernia
(one batt.); *one batt. of united light companies;
†Mondoñedo; ‡ Batallon Literario; *one company
of sappers 86 3,932
2nd Division, General Martinengo:
*Navarre (two batts.); *Naples (two batts.);
† Pontevedra; † Segovia; ‡ ‘Volunteers of Victory’
(one batt.); sappers, one company; Cavalry:
*Reina (two squadrons); *Montesa (one
squadron); and one detachment of mixed
regiments. [The cavalry was 302 sabres in all.] 117 4,949
3rd Division, General Riquelme:
*Gerona Light Infantry (one batt.); *Seville (two
batts.); *Marines (three batts.); † Compostella
(one batt.); one company of sappers 119 4,677
4th Division, General Carbajal:
 *Barbastro Light Infantry (one batt.); *Principe
(two batts.); *Toledo (two batts.); *two batts. of
United Grenadiers; *Aragon (one batt.); † Lugo;
†Santiago 143 3,388
5th Division [from Denmark], General Conde de San
Roman:
*Zamora (three batts.); *Princesa (three batts.);
*1st Barcelona Light Infantry (one batt.); *1st
Catalonian Light Infantry (one batt.); one
company of sappers 159 5,135
Asturian Division: General Acevedo:
*Hibernia (two batts.); † Oviedo; ‡ Castropol;
‡ Grado; ‡ Cangas de Onis; ‡ Cangas de Tineo;
‡Lena; ‡Luarca; ‡Salas; ‡Villaviciosa 233 7,400
Reserve Brigade, General Mahy:
*Volunteers of the Crown (one batt.); *United
Grenadiers (one batt.); † Militia Grenadiers (two
batts.); ‡Batallon del General (one batt.) 90 2,935
Detached Troops on the line of communications—
Reynosa, Burgos, Astorga:
*Saragossa (one batt.); *Buenos Ayres (one batt.);
*Volunteers of the Crown (one batt.); †Santiago;
† Tuy; † Salamanca; ‡ Batallon del General (one
batt.); and seven detached companies of various
corps 181 5,577
Detached troops left with the Artillery Reserve:
†Betanzos; †Monterrey 40 900
Artillery Reserve (thirty-eight guns) 33 1,000
Total 1,288 42,690
N.B.—The four cavalry regiments from Denmark, Rey, Infante, Villaviciosa, and
Almanza did not join Blake, being without horses, but marched on foot to
Estremadura to get mounted. They had 147 officers and 2,252 men.

2. THE ARMY OF ARAGON.

General Joseph Palafox.
Men.
1st Division, General O’Neille:
 *Spanish Guards (one batt.), 609; *Estremadura (one batt.),
600; *1st Volunteers of Aragon (one batt.), 1,141; ‡ 1st
Light Infantry of Saragossa, 614; ‡ 4th Tercio of Aragon,
1,144; ‡ 2nd of Valencia, 869; ‡ 1st Volunteers of Murcia,
1,029; ‡ 2nd ditto, 968; ‡ Huesca, 1,219; ‡ Cazadores de
Fernando VII (Aragonese), 386; ‡ Suizos de Aragon, 825;
‡ Escopeteros de Navarra, 227; *Dragoons ‘del Rey,’ 169;
artillery, 79; sappers, 47.
Total 9,926
[From a return of Nov. 1, 1808, in the English Record Office.]
2nd Division, General Saint March:
*Volunteers of Castile (three batts.); † Soria; ‡ Turia (three
batts.); ‡Volunteers of Borbon (one batt.); ‡Alicante (three
batts.); ‡ Chelva (one batt.); ‡ Cazadores de Fernando VII
(Valencian) (one batt.); ‡Segorbe (one batt.); *Dragoons of
Numancia (620 sabres); one company of sappers.
Total 9,060
[This total is from Vaughan’s diary. He was present when
Palafox reviewed the division on Nov. 1, and took down the
figures.]
3rd Division, General Conde de Lazan [detached to Catalonia, Nov.
10]:
‡1st Volunteers of Saragossa, 638; ‡3rd Volunteers of Aragon,
593; ‡ Fernando VII de Aragon, 648; ‡ Daroca, 503; ‡ La
Reunion, 1,286; ‡Reserva del General, 934; artillery, 64; one
troop of cavalry (Cazadores de Fernando VII), 22.
Total 4,688
[The figures are from a table in Arteche, iii. 469.]
Reserve at Saragossa:
There was a mass of troops in the Aragonese capital which had not yet
been brigaded, and in part had not even been armed or clothed in
October. They included the following regiments at least: 2nd
Volunteers of Aragon; 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 5th Tercios of Aragon; 2nd
Light Battalion of Saragossa; and the battalions of Calatayud, Doyle,
Barbastro, Jaca, Tauste, Teruel, and Torrero; besides (in all
probability) some eight or ten other corps which are found existing
in December, when the second siege began, though they cannot be
proved to have existed in October. In that month, however, there
must have been at least 10,000 armed men in the Aragonese
reserve, perhaps as many as 15,000.
 Total of the Army of Aragon, at least 33,674 men, of which only 789 were
cavalry.

3. ARMY OF ESTREMADURA.
General Galluzzo [afterwards the Conde de Belvedere].
Men.
1st Division, Conde de Belvedere: [afterwards General De Alos]
*Spanish Guards (4th batt.); *Majorca (two batts.); *2nd Light
Infantry of Catalonia (one batt.); †Provincial Grenadiers (one
batt.); one company of tirailleurs 4,160
Cavalry, *4th Hussars (‘Volunteers of Spain’) 360
Sappers, two companies; artillery, two batteries 408
2nd Division, General Henestrosa:
*Walloon Guards (4th batt.); ‡Badajoz (two batts.); ‡Valencia
de Alcantara; ‡Zafra 3,300
Cavalry, 5th Hussars (Maria Luisa) 298
Sappers, two companies; artillery, two batteries 440
3rd Division, General Trias:
†Badajoz; ‡Truxillo (one batt.); ‡Merida; ‡La Serena 3,580
Cavalry, 2nd Hussars (Lusitania) 300
Total of the Army, 12,846, of which 958 were cavalry.
[N.B.—From the Madrid Gazette of Oct. 21, 1808, compared with the table in
Arteche, iii. 496.]

4. ARMY OF THE CENTRE.

General Castaños.
Men.
1st Division, Conde de Villariezo:
*Walloon Guards (two batts.); *Reina (three batts.);
*Corona (two batts.); *Jaen (three batts.); *Irlanda
(three batts.); *Barbastro (one batt.); †Jaen (about) 8,500
Out of these fifteen battalions nine were detached to
the rear in or about Madrid, and were not present on
the Ebro.
2nd Division, General Grimarest:
 *Ceuta (two batts.); Ordenes Militares (three batts.);
† Truxillo; † Bujalance; † Cuenca; † Ciudad Real;
‡ Tiradores de España; ‡ Volunteers of Catalonia;
‡Tiradores de Cadiz; ‡Carmona (about) 6,000
3rd Division, General Rengel:
*Cordova (two batts.); *Volunteers of Valencia (one
batt.); *Campo Mayor (one batt.); † Toledo;
† Burgos; † Alcazar; † Plasencia; † Guadix; † Seville
no. 1; †Lorca; †Toro. (about) 6,500
Out of these thirteen battalions four were detached
to the rear, and were not present on the Ebro.
4th Division, General La Peña:
*Africa (two batts.); *Burgos (two batts.);
*Saragossa (one batt.); *Murcia (two batts.);
† Provincial Grenadiers of Andalusia (two batts.);
† Siguenza; ‡ Navas de Tolosa; ‡ Baylen; ‡ 5th
Battalion of Seville (about) 7,500
5th [Murcian-Valencian] Division, General Roca [vice
General Llamas]:
*Savoya(two batts.); *Valencia (three batts.);
*America (three batts.); † Murcia; † Avila; ‡ Liria;
‡ Cazadores de Valencia (three batts.); ‡ Orihuela
(two batts.); Tiradores of Xativa and Cartagena
(two companies); ‡Peñas de San Pedro (about) 8,000
[One regiment was left at Aranjuez as guard to the
Junta, with General Llamas in command.]
‘Army of Castile,’ General Pignatelli [after Oct. 30,
General Cartaojal]:
*Cantabria (two batts.); † Leon Militia; ‡ Grenadiers
‘del General’; ‡ Cazadores de Cuenca; ‡ 1st, 2nd,
and 3rd Volunteers of Leon; ‡ 1st, 2nd, and 3rd
Tercios of Castile; ‡ Tiradores de Castilla;
‡Volunteers of Benavente; ‡Volunteers of Zamora;
‡Volunteers of Ledesma (about) 11,000
The first-named four corps were made into a
detached brigade under Cartaojal on Oct. 30: the
others (except ‡Benavente in garrison at Burgos) were
dispersed among the Andalusian divisions for
misbehaviour at Logroño on Oct. 26.
Cavalry: *Farnesio; *Montesa; *Reina; *Olivenza; (about) 3,500
*Borbon; *España; *Calatrava; *Santiago;
 *Sagunto; *Principe; *Pavia; *Alcantara. Very few
of these regiments had more than three squadrons
at the front, some only one. The total was not
more than 3,500 sabres, even including one or two
newly raised free-corps, of insignificant strength

Total of the Army of the Centre, about 51,000 men, of whom only
about 42,000 were on the Ebro: the remaining 9,000 were in or
about Madrid, and were incorporated in San Juan’s ‘Army of
Reserve.’

5. ARMY OF CATALONIA.
[Morning state of Nov. 5, 1808.]
General Vives.
Men.
Vanguard Division, Brigadier-General Alvarez:
*Ultonia, 300; *Borbon (one batt.), 500; *2nd of Barcelona,
1,000; *1st Swiss (Wimpfen) (one batt.), 400; ‡1st Tercio of
Gerona, 900; ‡ 2nd ditto, 400; ‡ Tercio of Igualada, 400;
‡ditto of Cervera, 400; ‡1st ditto of Tarragona, 800; ‡ditto of
Figueras, 400 5,500
Cavalry, ‡Hussars of San Narciso 100
1st Division, General Conde de Caldagues:
*2nd Walloon Guards (one batt.), 314; *Soria (two batts.),
780; *Borbon (detachment), 151; *2nd of Savoia (two
batts.), 1,734; *2nd Swiss (detachment), 270; ‡ Tercio of
Tortosa, 984; ‡ Igualada and Cervera (detachments), 245;
*sappers, 50 4,528
Cavalry: *Husares Españoles (two squadrons), 220;
‡Cazadores de Cataluña, 180 400
Artillery, one battery (six guns) 70
2nd Division, General Laguna:
† Provincial Grenadiers of Old Castile (two batts.), 972; † ditto
of New Castile (two batts.), 924; ‡Volunteers of Saragossa,
150; sappers, 30 2,076
Cavalry, *Husares Españoles 200
Artillery, one battery (seven guns) 84
3rd Division, General La Serna:
 *Granada (two batts.), 961; ‡ 2nd Tercio of Tarragona, 922;
‡‘Division of Arzu,’ 325; ‡Compañias Sueltas, 250 2,458
4th Division, General Milans:
‡ 1st Tercio of Lerida, 872; ‡ ditto of Vich, 976; ‡ ditto of
Manresa, 937; ‡ditto of Vallés, 925 3,710
Reserve:
*Spanish Guards, 60; *Grenadiers of Soria, 188; *ditto of
Wimpfen, 169; General’s bodyguard, 340; sappers, 20 777
Cavalry, *Husares Españoles 80
Artillery (four guns) 50

Total of the Army, 20,033, of which 780 are cavalry.

These five armies formed the front line. Their total strength was
151,243, if the 9,000 men left behind at Madrid are deducted.

TROOPS IN THE SECOND LINE.

1. ARMY OF GRANADA [MARCHING TOWARDS CATALONIA].

General Reding.
Men.
1st Division:
*2nd Swiss (Reding), 1,000; ‡1st Regiment of Granada [alias
Iliberia] (two batts.), 2,400; ‡ Baza (two batts.), 2,400;
‡Almeria, (two batts.), 2,400 8,200
2nd Division:
‡Santa Fé (two batts.), 2,400; ‡Antequera (one batt.), 1,200;
‡Loxa (two batts.), 2,400 6,000
Cavalry, ‡Hussars of Granada 670
Artillery (six guns) 130
Total of the Army 15,000
N.B.—This return is from a dispatch from Granada in the Madrid Gazette of Oct.
28, corroborated by another of Nov. 5, announcing the arrival of the force at
Murcia.

2. GALICIAN RESERVES.
 Officers. Men.
Detached Troops in garrison in Galicia:
*Majorca (one batt.); *Leon (one batt.); *Aragon
(one batt.) 77 2,010
Detached troops on the Portuguese frontier:
*Leon (one batt.); † Orense; and four detached
companies 48 1,600
Total 125 3,610

3. ASTURIAN RESERVES.
[N.B.—This force is exclusive of the troops under Acevedo in the Army of Blake.
The numbers are from a morning state of December.]

Men.
Detached Troops in garrison in Galicia:
‡ Covadonga,360; ‡ Don Carlos, 335; ‡ Ferdinand VII, 316;
‡Gihon, 586; ‡Infiesto, 489; ‡Llanes, 420; ‡Luanco, 400;
‡ Navia, 528; ‡ Pravia, 581; ‡ Riva de Sella, 685; ‡ Siero,
585.
Total 5,285

4. ARMY OF RESERVE OF MADRID.

N.B.—This force, which fought at the Somosierra, consisted of parts of the
Armies of Andalusia and Estremadura; its numbers have already been counted
among the troops of those armies.
General San Juan.
Men.
From the 1st Division of Andalusia:
*Walloon Guards (one batt.), 500; *Reina (two batts.), 927;
*Jaen (two batts.), 1,300; *Irlanda (two batts.), 1,186;
*Corona (two batts.), 1,039 4,952
From the 3rd Division of Andalusia:
*Cordova (two batts.), 1,300; † Toledo, 500; † Alcazar, 500;
‡3rd of Seville, 400 2,700
From the Army of Estremadura:
‡Badajoz (remains of two batts.) 566
 Castilian Levies:
‡ 1st Volunteers of Madrid (two batts.), 1,500; ‡ 2nd ditto,
1,500 3,000
Cavalry:
*Principe, 200; *Alcantara, 100; *Montesa, 100; ‡Volunteers
of Madrid, 200 600
Artillery (twenty-two guns) 300
Total 12,118
N.B.—Of this force the following battalions fled to Madrid, and afterwards joined
the Army of the Centre:—1st Volunteers of Madrid, Corona, half 3rd of Seville,
Reina, Alcazar. The following fled to Segovia, and joined the Army of Estremadura:
—Jaen, Irlanda, Toledo, Badajoz, 2nd Volunteers of Madrid, Walloon Guards, and
half 3rd of Seville.

5. ESTREMADURAN RESERVES.
[Left in garrison at Badajoz, when the three divisions of Galluzzo marched to
Madrid.]

Men.
‡Leales de Fernando VII (three batts.), 2,256; ‡Plasencia (one
batt.), 1,200; ‡Badajoz (one batt.), 752 4,208
Cavalry: ‡ Cazadores of Llerena, 200? Cazadores of Toledo,
200? 400
Total 4,608
[For these forces compare Madrid Gazette of Oct. 21, giving organization of the
Army of Estremadura, with the list of troops which marched forward to Burgos in
first section of this Appendix. The above regiments remained behind, and are
found in existence in Cuesta’s army next spring. See Appendix to vol. ii giving his
forces.]

6. BALEARIC ISLES.
There apparently remained in garrison in the Balearic Isles, in
November, the following troops:—
Men.
*4th Swiss (Beschard) (two batts.), 2,121; *Granada (one
 batt.), 222; *Soria (one batt.), 413; †Majorca, 604
Total 3,360

7. MURCIAN AND VALENCIAN RESERVES.

[Mostly on the march to Saragossa in November, 1808. The figures mainly from
a return of Jan. 1 are too low for the November strength.]

Men.
*5th Swiss (Traxler), 1,757; ‡ 1st Tiradores de Murcia, 813;
‡ 2nd ditto, 124; ‡ 3rd Volunteers of Murcia, 1,151; ‡ 5th
ditto, 1,077; ‡Florida-Blanca, 352; ‡3rd of Valencia (figures
wanting;? 500)
Total 5,774

8. ANDALUSIAN RESERVES.
Men.
*España (three batts.), 1,039; † Jerez, 574; † Malaga, 401;
†Ronda, 574; †Ecija, 589
Total 3,177
‡ 2nd of Seville, 500; ‡ 4th ditto, 433; ‡ Cazadores of Malaga
(one batt.), 1,200; ‡Velez Malaga (three batts.), 2,400; ‡2nd
of Antequera (one batt.), 1,200; ‡Osuna (two batts.), 1,061
Total 6,794
In addition, the following regular regiments had each, as it would seem, left the
cadre of one battalion behind in Andalusia to recruit, before marching to the Ebro
to join Castaños:—Africa, Burgos, Cantabria, Ceuta, Corona, Cordova, Murcia.
What the total of their numbers may have been in November and December, it is
impossible to say—perhaps 400 each may be allowed, giving a total of 2,800. Of
cavalry regiments there must have been in existence in Andalusia the nucleus of
the following new regiments:— ‡ Tejas; ‡ Montañas de Cordova; ‡ Granada. Their
force was trifling—a single squadron, or at most two. If we give them 600 men in
all, we shall probably be not far wrong. Several regular cavalry regiments had left
the cadre of one or two squadrons behind.
The existence of all these regiments in November—December can be proved.
The 2nd and 4th of Seville reached Madrid in time to join in its defence against
Napoleon, and then fled to join the Army of the Centre. The figures given are their
January strengths, when they had already suffered severely. The Malaga