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The document provides links to various sociology-related eBooks by Robert Brym and others, including titles such as SOC+ 4th Canadian Edition and Society in Question 7th Edition. It outlines the contents of the SOC+ textbook, covering topics like socialization, deviance, social stratification, race and ethnicity, families, and more. The document emphasizes the importance of understanding societal structures and issues through a sociological lens.

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(eBook PDF) SOC+ 4th Canadian Edition by Robert Brym pdf download

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Fourth Edition

Robert Brym
3 Socialization s6
Social Isolation and Socialization 57 The Mass Media and the Feminist Approach to
The Crystallization of Self-Identity 58 Socialization 68
Resocialization and Total Institutions 68
The Symbolic-lnteractionist Foundations
of Childhood 59 Socialization Across the Life Course 70
The Looking-Glass Self 59 Adult Socialization and the Flexible Self 70
The "I" and the "Me" 60 Self-Identity and the Internet 71
Gender Differences 62 Childhood, Adolescence, and Early
Civilization Differences 62 Adulthood 72
Function, Conflict, Symbolic Interaction, The Emergence of Childhood and Adolescence 72
and Gender: How Agents of Problems of Childhood, Adolescent, and
Socialization Work 63 Early Adult Socialization Today 73
Family Functions 63
Declining Adult Supervision and Guidance 73
School Functions 64 Increasing Mass Media and Peer Group Influence 73
School Conflicts 64 Declining Extracurricular Activities and Increasing
Symbolic lnteractionism and the Self-Fulfilling Adult Responsibilities 73
Prophecy 64 The Vanishing Adolescent? 73
Peer Groups 65 Millennials: The "Me" Generation? 74
The Mass Media 66

4 From Social Interaction to Social

Organizations 70
Feminist Theory and Social Networks, Groups, and
Interaction 77 Organizations 85
The Holocaust 85
Social Structure and Emotions 79
How Social Groups Shape Our Actions 86
Emotional Labour 79
Social Networks 89
Conflict Theories of Social Interaction 80
The Value of Network Analysis 89
Competing for Attention 80
Interaction as Competition and Exchange 80 Groups 92
Group Conformity 92
Symbolic Interaction Theory and Social
Primary and Secondary Groups 95
Interaction 81
Goffman 's Dramaturgical Analysis 81 Bureaucracy 95
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication 82 Organizational Constraints and Freedom 97

NEL CONTENTS V

Sanctions 100 Moral Panic 113

Measuring Crime 101 Other Forms of Punishment: Two
Criminal Profiles 102 Extremes 115

Explaining Deviance and Alternative Strategies 115

Crime 103 Rehabilitation 115
Symbolic lnteractionist Approaches to Decriminalization/Legalization 116
Deviance and Crime 104 Diversion 116
Functionalist Explanations 106
Conflict Theories 107
Feminist Contributions 109

6 Social Stratification: Canadian

and Global Perspectives 118
Social Stratification: Shipwrecks and Social Mobility 133
Inequality 119
Politics and the Perception of
Patterns of Social Inequality 120 Class Inequality 135
Wealth 120
Global Inequality 135
Income 122
Levels and Trends in Global Inequality 135
Explanations of Income Inequality 123
Modernization Theory: A Functionalist
Poverty 125
Approach 136
Is Stratification Inevitable? Three Dependency Theory: A Conflict
Theories 127 Approach 136
Marx's Conflict Theory 12 7 Core, Periphery, and Semiperiphery 138
The Functionalist Theory of Davis and Moore 130
Weber's Compromise 131

Vi CONTENTS NEL

8 Sexualities and Genders 164

Sex, lntersex, Gender, Transgender 165 Gender Inequality 178
Sex and lntersex 165 The Earnings Gap 178
GenderandTransgender 166
Male Aggression against
The Social Learning of Gender 166 Women 180
Gender Theories 166 Sexual Assault 180
Essentialism 166 Explanations for Male Aggression
Functionalism and Essentialism 167 against Women 180
Social Constructionism and Symbolic Sexual Harassment 182
lnteractionism 169 Gender Risk across 137 Countries 183
Gender Socialization 169
Toward 2089 183
The Mass Media and Body Image 171
Child Care 184
Male- Female Interaction 173
Equal Pay for Work of Equal
Homosexuality 173 Value 185
Sexual Orientation and Queer Theory 175
The Women's Movement 185
The Emergence of Homosexuality 176

NEL CONTENTS Vii

10 Religion 210
Religion 211 Secularization 221
Religious Revival and Religious
Classical Approaches in the
Fundamentalism 223
Sociology of Religion 212
The Revised Secularization
Durkheim's Functionalist Theory 212
Thesis 224
Religion, Feminist Theory, and Conflict
The Market Model 226
Theory 213
Weber and the Problem of Social Change: A Religion in Canada 221
Symbolic lnteractionist Interpretation 219 Church, Sect, and Cult 227

The Rise, Decline, and Partial Revival Religiosity 229

of Religion 221 The Future of Religion 230

11 Education 232
The Rise of Mass Education 233 Gender and Education: The Feminist
Uniform Socialization 234 Contribution 240
Jobs and Earnings 234 The Stereotype Threat: A Symbolic
Reasons for the Rise of Mass Education 234 lnteractionist View 240

Sociological Theories of Education 235 The Corporatization of the

The Functions of Education 235 University 241
The Effect of Economic Inequality from the Conflict Canadian Schools: Public Attitudes and
Perspective 236
International Comparison 245

Viii CONTENTS NEL

13 Mass Media and Mass

Communication 266
The Significance of the Mass Media 267 Interpretive Approaches 275
Illusion Becomes Reality 267 Feminist Approaches 277
What Are the Mass Media? 268 Centralized Control and Resistance
The Rise of the Mass Media 268 on the Internet 280
Causes of Media Growth 270 Access 280
Theories of Media Effects 271 Content 281
Functionalism 271 Online Piracy vs. Net Neutrality 281
Conflict Theory 273 The Rise of Social Media 282

14 Social Change: Technology,

the Environment, and Social
Movements 2s6
What Is Social Change? 287 Market vs. High-Tech Solutions to the
Environmental Crisis 296
Technology: Saviour or
Frankenstein? 287 Social Movements 297
Technology and People Cause Social Change 289 Breakdown Theory: A Functionalist Account 298
How High Tech Became Big Tech 290 Solidarity Theory: A Conflict Approach 299
Global Warming 291 Framing Theory: The Contribution of Symbolic
lnteractionism 300
The Social Construction of
New Social Movements 303
Environmental Problems 293
The Social Distribution of Risk 294 Conclusion 307

NEL CONTENTS ix
Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any Lime if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
15 Sociology of Indigenous Peoples in Canada
(online chapter) by Jeffrey Denis
This chapter is available in the MindTap eBook Explaining Inequality
Biological and Cultural Deficit Theories
Introduction
Sociological Theories: History, Culture, and Social
Historical Development of Indigenous- Structure
Settler Relations
Pre-Contact: Diverse and Independent Diversity in Indigenous Communities
Civilizations Socioeconomic Diversity and Class Relations
Early Contact: Friends and Foes Gender Relations
Settler- Colonial Expansion: Land Dispossession Male Violence against Indigenous Women
and Coercive Assimilation Indigenous Women's Leadership
Confrontation, Healing, and Renewal
Public Awareness and Attitudes
Changing Images of Indigenous
Past, Present, and Future of Indigenous
and Settler Peoples
Resistance and Resurgence
Indigenous Peoples Today
Canada 150 and Beyond
Demographic and Social Characteristics
Critical Thinking Questions
Social Inequalities
References

References 309

Index 337

Chapters in Review c R-1

Chapter 1 in Review CR-1

Chapter 2 in Review CR-4
Chapter 3 in Review CR-7
Chapter 4 in Review CR-11
Chapter 5 in Review CR-14
Chapter 6 in Review CR-18
Chapter 7 in Review CR-22
Chapter 8 in Review CR-25
Chapter 9 in Review CR-28

X CONTENTS NEL

NEL CONTENTS Xi

Copyright 2019 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional content at any Lime if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
PREFACE
YOU NEED TO READ THIS PAGE. IT people oppose their progress, sometimes violently. Waves of
migrants move between continents, often engendering animosity
SUMMARIZES EVERYTHING IN THE BOOK. and conOict between previously separated peoples. New technol-
THE REST IS JUST COMMENTARY. ogies make work more interesting and creative for some, offering
unprecedented opportunities to become rich and famous-but
When I was a child growing up in New Brunswick in the 1950s, they also make jobs more onerous and routine for others. The
Lena White would come to our home from time to time and my standard of living goes up for many people but stagnates or dete-
mother would serve us lunch. Lena was Mi'kmaq. I was fond of riorates for many more. Amid all this contradictory news, good
her because she told good stories. During dessert, as we sipped and bad, uncertainty about the future prevails.
tea with milk, Lena would spin tales about Glooskap, the Creator That's why I wrote this book. Its central theme is that we
of the world. I liked Glooskap because he was mischievous, not need to temper our headlong rush into the new frontier by
just powerful. He regularly got into trouble and learned from his listening carefully to Glooskap stories. They make more sense
mistakes. than ever.
Here's a Glooskap story that I retell in Chapter 10, Religion: I develop this theme by showing how sociology-the sys-
One day the wind was blowing so hard Glooskap couldn't paddle tematic study of human behaviour in a social context-can help
his canoe into the bay to hunt ducks. So he found the source of us make sense of our lives, however uncertain they may appear to
the wind: the Oapping wings of the Wind Eagle. He then tricked be. By revealing the opportunities and constraints we face, soci-
the Wind Eagle into getting stuck in a crevice where he could Oap ology can help teach us who we are and what we can become. O f
no more. Now Glooskap could go hunting. However, the air soon course, we can't know what the future will bring. However, we
grew so hot he found it difficult to breathe. The water became can know the choices we confront and the likely consequences
dirty and began to smell bad, and there was so much foam on it of our actions. From this point of view, sociology can help us
he found it hard to paddle. When he complained to his grand- create the best possible future. That has always been sociology's
mother, she explained that the wind was needed to cool the air, principal justification, and so it must be today.
wash the Earth, and move the waters to keep them clean. And so My commentary on all of this begins in Chapter 1. However,
Glooskap freed the Wind Eagle, and the winds returned to the instructors might want to finish the rest of this Preface before
Earth. Glooskap decided it was better to wait for good weather going there, since it outlines new features of the book and lets
and then go duck hunting rather than conquer the winds. you know what to expect in this edition.
Like the tale of the Wind Eagle, many of the Glooskap
stories Lena told me were about the need for harmony among
humans and between humans and nature. You can imagine my Unique Features
surprise, therefore, when I got to school and learned about the SOC+ introduces sociology by exploring how multiculturalism,
European exploration of what some Indigenous groups called globalization, the erosion of authority, international migration,
Turtle Island and the Europeans referred to as North America. technological development, and other social forces have desta-
My teachers taught me all about the glories of the conquest of bilized identity and resulted in new patterns of social inequality.
nature- and of other people. I was taught that the Americas were The new edition engages students by drawing on examples
unimaginably rich in resources. European rulers saw that by from television, popular music, social media, and film. Many of
controlling this land they could increase their power and impor- the examples will likely be familiar to students-but not from a
tance. Christians recognized new possibilities for spreading their sociological perspective-so they will discover some eye-opening
religion. Explorers discerned fresh opportunities for rewarding things about their everyday life in the following pages.
adventures. Of course, I learned nothing about the violence vis- In particular, new Sociology and the Media boxed fea-
ited on Indigenous peoples and on nature as the conquest of tures explore television, social media, movies, and other media
Turtle Island unfolded .
Stories of conquest and stories questioning the wisdom of
conquest form the backbone of this book. Today, many people
feel like the European explorers because we, too, have reached a
new frontier. Our frontier is one of instant long-distance commu-
nication, globalized economies and cultures, and technological
advances that often make the daily news seem like reports from Donald Trump's Assault on
a distant planet. Evidence
Donald Trump 001S1ly opposes raoal and sexual diver·
On the other hand, we understand that not all is hope and srty, atxlrtlon. and soent1fic evidence that threatens his
many prejudiCM. It was therefore only mildy shocking
bright horizons. Our anticipation is mixed with dread . The global when, on December 14, 2017, !Nh1te Hoose off1oals
lflformed analysts at the goyernment-funded Centers
environment probably hasn't been in worse shape since the for Disease Control and Preventton ., Atlanta that
certain words, indud!ng •dMfsity,• •t,ansgender,•
extinction of the dinosaurs. Wars and other acts of violence fill •fetus,· and ·soence-~. • we,e now prohibited 1n
their reports(Sun and E1lpenn, 2017). Apparently, thts
the daily news. Nations unexpectedly break up and reconstitute move as part of an attempt to suppress ~rch on a
Wide range of prewng social 1SSt1H
themselves in new and unanticipated forms. We celebrate the The great int1.11tton that launched the Soentif1c
Revolution nearly 500 year1 ago was that humans do
not know the answers to thew most important ques-
advances made by women and minorities only to find that some

xii NEL

Copyright 20 I 9 Nelson Educatio n Ltd. All Rights Reserved . May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated , i~ ~ hole or in part. Due to ek ctronic right~, some third_party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove addt11onal content at any time ,f subsequent nghts restnct,ons require 11.
phenomena that relate to the chapter topic. Covering everything
from Donald Trump's assault on evidence-based research to
implicitly racist TV ads and the limits of The Book of Mormon's Families
critique of religion, these features will engage and stimulate stu- llmmlllllttMC1'iMlli·I: Appl1cat1on
Funct,onahsm How do social structures and For any society to survive, its members must cooperate econormcally.
dents to analyze media phenomena sociologically. the values underlying them They must have babies. And they must raise offspring in an emotl0fla1ty
contnbute to sooal stab1hty? supportive environment so the offspnng can learn the ways of the group
The fourth edition o f SOC+ has been thoroughly revised and and eventually operate as productive adults. Smee the 1940s, functional-
ists have argued that the nuclear family-a cohab1t1ng man and woman
updated. Notably, I've augmented the coverage of Indigenous who mamtain a socially approved sexual relat10r1sh1p and have at least
one child-ts Ideally suited to meet these challenges. In their vie-w, the
Canadians throughout, including such topics as the ethics of nuclear famity provides a basis for five main social functions: regulated
sexual activity, economic cooperation, reproduction, socializatlOO, and
research on First Nations people, the decline and disappear- emotiooal support. Functionalists ote the supposed pervasiveness of the
nuclear famity as evidence of its ability to perform these functions
ance of indigenous languages, indigenous rights and the rights
Conflict theory How does the structure of According to conflict theorists, rising demand for women to pursue
revolution, Indigenous Canadians and critical race theory, and 1nequal1ty between prMleged a higher Mucat1on and enter the paid labour force, together wrth
groups seeking to maintain the availability of contraceptiOn, ch1ld<are services, and reproduction
indigenous intermarriage. Intersectionality is a hot topic in their advantages and sub- outside t he nuclear family have altered the tradrt10r1a1 division of labour
ordinate groups seeking to between husband and wife and, more generally, power retatlOOS
sociology today, and I have given due weigh t to it here. In par- increase thetrs lead to conflict between women and men.
;uYlnfTPf'I IOVl('iMrh.:inn,p?
ticular, I highlight intersectionality in discussions of violence
against women, inequalities in health care, and occupational
4. Why is man~t satisfaction higher on average in
segregation . In addition, the topics of education and religion are Multiple-Choice Questions countries with relatively liberal divorce laws?

now two separate chapters , giving increased attention to each of Questions marked with an asterisk are higher-order ques-
a liberal divorce laws encourage a high rate of
divorce, and unmarried people are happier th,
these vital areas. tions on the Bloom taxonomy. Answers to these questions married people
are available in the appendix on page CR-51 . b liberal divorce laws allow people to leave unh
The fourth edition of SOC+ boasts a strong emphasis on the 1. In which histoflcal period did North America witness marriages and find marriage partners with wt
application of theory. Chapter 1 initiates this focus by analyzing an especialty rapid increase m the number of nuclear they are happy.
families? c In countries with !ess liberal divorces, mOle m,
fashion cycles as a running example o f how each sociological per- a. during the nineteenth century riages are arranged, so couples are less frequf
in love with one another_
spective can open a d ifferent window on the social world. The b. during the Great Depression (1929-39)
d Countries with less liberal divorce laws tend t<
c. during World War II (1939-46)
theoretical emphasis continues in the new chapter pedagogy. d. during the 1950s and early 1960s
poor countries, and since money issues often
to unhappy marriages, married couples tend t
Notably, I wrote new Theories in Dispute boxed features for 2. In societies where polygamy is widespread, intense relatively unhappy in such countries
competition for women creates numerous social
5. In famihes that expenence divorce, which of the 1
nearly every chapter. They examine how different theories inter- problems. Which of the following conclusions does
lowmg is the most important factor with negativ,
t he te11:t reach about how these social problems can
pret timely issues in different ways. In some cases, I seek to rec- be minimized?
consequences for the emotional health of childre
a persistent conflict between the spouses
oncile the differences, in other cases to argue for the superiority a. The social problems caused by widespread
b a decline in living standards
polygamy can be minimized only if heterosexual
of one theoretical approach over ano ther, and in still others to monogamous families replace polygamous c absence of the non-custodial parent

call a draw and suggest the need for more research. This is not
the kind of blind partisanism or bland "all theories are equal"
approach that readers of many introductory sociology textbooks
are all too familiar with. Rather, it is a simplified form of the kind Ancillaries
of thing that most sociologists do in their everyday work. The A full range of high-quality ancillaries has been prepared to
issues explored in the new Theories in Dispute boxes include the help instructors and students get the most out of SOC+ , Fourth
impact of the Web on democracy, the interaction between genes Edition.
and environment, the social and political context of extremist
Islamic fundamentalism, and so on.
Supplements for Instructors

NELSON EDUCATION TEACH ING ADVANTAGE

teachers, neig hbourhood residents, and shooters'
Does Violence on TV Cause family members, and studying police and psychological
Real-World Violence? reports, the shooters' own wntings, and other relevant
materials. They have tentatively concluded that only a About the Nelson Education Teaching
Social o;c1enMts are divided on whether violence on TV small number of young people-those who are weakly
causes VIOience 1n the real WOfld, even though they
have been studying the iSsue since the 1960s, when the
connected to family, school, community, and peers--
are susceptible to uanslatmg media vlOlence into Advantage (NETA)
first generation of North Amencan d1ildren raised on violent behaVIOUr.
TV reached their teenage years (Brym, 2018e)
Some of the research ,s ba$E'd on experiments. In
Lack of ~ial support allows the personal prob·
lems of wch young people to become greatly magni·
The Nelson Education Teaching Advantage (NETA) program
a typieal experiment, a group of ch ildren is randomty
divided mto expenmental and control groups. The
fied, and d guns are readily available, they are prone 10
using violent media messages as models for their own
delivers research-based instructor resources that promote student
experimental group is shown a violent TV program
The level of aggressiveness of both groups at play is
behav,our. In cootrau. for the overwflelm1ng maior1ty
of young people, VIOience in the mass media is Just a
engagement and higher-order thinking to enable the success of
source of entertainment and a fantasy outlet for emo-
measured before and after the showing. If, after the
showmg, members of the experimental group play tional issues, not a template for action
Canadian students and educators. To ensure the high quality of
Finally, si:xiologists have analyzed official statisttcs to
si..gm~icantty ~~e ~?gre~sively than they. d,~ ~fore the ...,,....., tho offO<"t nf ~... ,,....J......,...,,..... ,.....t.,...-.M ht,h.,.,....,,. these materials, all Nelson ancillaries have been professionally
copyedited.
Con tinuing the fo cus on theoretical applications, I wrote Be sure to visit Nelson Education's Inspired Instruction
website at nelson.com/inspired/ to find out more about NETA.
new Theories at a Glance tables for nearly every chapter. The
tables also appear in the Chapter in Review section for each Don't miss the testimonials of instructors who have used NETA
chapter at the end o f the book. They conveniently delineate supplemen ts and seen student engagement increase!
how each chapter incorporates various theoretical perspec-
tives. To help with retention, I included multiple-choice self-
Instructor Resources
test questions at the end of each Chapter in Review. Combined, All NETA and other key instructor ancillaries are provided in the
these features will serve as a study guide that students will truly Instructor Resources at nelson.com/instructor, giving instruc-
find useful. tors the ultimate tool for customizing lectures and presentations.

NEL PREFACE Xiii

xiv PREFACE NEL

NEL xv
Copyright 20 19 Nelson Education Ltd. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content
may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Nelson Education reserves the right to remove additional conte nt at any Lime if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Cap)righl !019 Ndwn Edna- Lid. All R.ighb Rc...-r\',:d. ~fay aot be cu~. ~;mfkd. or dupbcat....-.1. 1Q •hok .,.. ill p.irl. 0...,: «1.1cl<c>.-"1ron.ic tight-. Win( llunl p.Mt}' conl.:n.t
ma) b.., w.sppn-..,-c,J from lb.., cBoolo. ,mJlot ..Chaplrn)t. N,+>,(in f.Juc;al11m ~,:o·c, the nf;hl W R'nlu\,: ll!WJll<lflal <.'<llfll..-nl al :my time 11 ~ui,..cqu.:nl lifhh lt:"1n.:bom 1oqui,rc ill
MY ROAD TO SOCIOLOGY
L. L. w hen l started university at the
• • age of 18." says Robert Brym , · 1
,vas be'\vi.ldered by the variety
o f courses I could choose fron1.
Having now taught sociology r-0r decades a nd n1e t 1hou.
sands o f undergraduates, l a1n quite s ure 1nost srudenlS
today feel as I did th en .
''One source: of confusion foTrne ,vas uncer1ain1y about
why I ,vas in university in tl ie fi·rs1 place. Like you, I knew
high er educa tion could itnprove my chance of fi nd ing
good work. But, like ntost s tude nts, I also had a sense tha1
high er educalion is supposed 10 provide son1ething 1nore
Utan j ust the training necessar y to scart a career that is
in,ere.~Ling and pays ,ve11. Severa ) high schoo1 Leachers and
a guidance counseJlo r had cold t11e Lha l uni\1ersity ,vas a lso
supposed to 'b roaden 1uy horizons· and teach me co 'Lhink
criLic.ally.' I ,vasn't s ure ,vhal they meant, bu1 they 1nade i1
sound inte resting enough to encourage 1ne lo knov.• more..
In 1ny fi rs t year, I decided to 1.a.ke 1u.a.inly ·practical' courses
that n1ight prepare 1ue for a la,v degree (econo rnics. po1iL·
ica) science, and psychology) . Ho,vever, I also enrolled in
a couple or other courses to indulge ,n y 'inte l1ec1 ua.l' side
(philosoph)', drama). One 1hing I knew fo r s ure: I didn'1
LEARNING want to s tudy sociolog>~
'"Sociology, l c.an1e Lo believe, ,vas thin soup \viLh
OBJECTIVES: uncertain ingredien ts. \Vh en I asked a re,v second. and
tJ1ird.year s tudents in 1uy donn ,vha t socioJogy is. I
In this chapter. you will learn to received different ans,vers. They variously defined soci-
01 Define sociology. ology a~ tJ1e science or sociaJ in.equalil)~ 1he srudy of ho,v
10 create the idea] society. the analysis o r how and ,vhy
people assun1e different roles in their lives, and a 1uethod
A!lt,2 Identify the social relations that surround you,
for figuri ng ou t ,vhy people do11't aJ,vays do ,vha t lhey a re
W permeate you, and influence your behaviour.
supposed 10 do. I found all Lhis confusi ng and decided
A!lt,3 Describe how the Scientific, Democratic, to rorgo sociology for v.•hat seen1ed to be tastier courses...
W and Industrial Revolutions gave rise to the
sociological imagination.
A!lt,4 Appreciate tihat values, theory, and research
W form the building blocks of the sociological
enterprise.
0
C. C.
1

D
A CHANGE OF MIND
espite th e opinion I'd rormed , I
A!it,S Summarize the four main schools of • • found lll)'Se)f taking no fe,ve.r 1han
W sociological theory. four soci ology courses a year arter
s1.an ing u niversity. That revolution
A!lt,6 Distinguish the four main methods of
in n1y life ,vas pan Jy due to the influence or an extraord inal)'
W collecting sociological data.
professor I happened 10 m eei just before I began m y second
A!lt,7 Explain how sociology can help us deal with ye:a.r. He set 1ue thinking in an a1together n ew ,vay abou1
W major challenges that face society today. wha t I could and should do with my life. He exploded some
of m y deepest beliefs. He sGmed m e thinking sociologically.

NEL CHAPTE..lt l Introducing Sooology 3

Copyright 2019 Nd,on EdUOIIMXI Lid. AU Righb ~rved. May~ be l'Opied.. !'Canned. or duplkatied. in ..,,ooie or in parL Out lo d «tmnic nghl'I• .,;ome third party contem
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"Specifically, he first When I sat down to plan this book, I figured I stood
sociology The systematic encouraged me to think the best chance of hooking you if I drew lots of exam-
study of human behaviour in about the dilemma of all ples from aspects of social life that you enjoy and know
social context. well, such as contemporary music, fashion, sports, the
thinking people. Life is
social structures Stable finite. lf we want to make Web, social networking, and other aspects of popular cul-
patterns of social relations. the most of it, we must ture. Chances are that popular culture envelopes you and
figure out how best to makes you feel as comfortable as your favourite pair of
sociological imagination
live. That is no easy task. pants. Our aim is to show you that underlying the taken-
The quality of mind that
It requires study, reflec- for-granted fabric of your life are patterns of social rela-
enables one to see the connec-
tion , and the selection of tions that powerfully influence your tastes, your hopes,
tion between personal troubles
and social structures. values and goals. Ideally, your actions, and your future-even though you may be
he said, higher education only dimly aware of them now.
is supposed to supply stu-
dents with just that opportunity. Finally, I was beginning
to understand what I could expect from university apart
from job training.
"The professor also convinced me that sociology G2THE SOCIOLOGICAL
in particular could open up a new and superior way of
comprehending my world. Specifically, he said, it could IMAGINATION
clarify my place in society, how I might best manoeuver
through it, and perhaps even how I might contribute SOCIAL STRUCTURES
to improving it, however modestly. Before beginning ou have known for a long time that you live
my study of sociology, I had always taken for granted
that things happen in the world-and to me-because
physical and emotional forces cau se them . Famine, I
thought, is caused by drought, econ omic success by
hard work, m arriage by love, suicide by bottomless
Y in a society. Until now, you may not have fully
appreciated that society also lives in you .
Patterns of social relations affect your inner-
most thoughts and feelings, influence your actions, and
help shape who you are Sociologists call stable patterns of
depression , rape by d epraved lust. But now this pro- social relations social structu res.
fessor repeatedly threw evidence in my face that con- Nearly 60 years ago, the great American sociologist
tradicted my easy formulas. lf drought causes famine, C. Wright Mills (1916-62) wrote that the sociologist's
why have so many famines occurred in perfectly normal main task is to identify and explain the connections
weather conditions or involved some groups hoarding between people's personal troubles, the changing social
or destroying food so others wou ld starve? If hard work structures in which they are embedded, and ways they
causes prosperity, why are so many hard workers poor? can contribute to improving their lives and the state of the
lf love causes m arriage, why does violence against world. He called the ability to see these connections the
wom en and children occur in so many families? And so sociological imagination . Mills wrote:
the questions multiplied.
[People] do not usually define the troubles they
"As if it were not enough that the professor's socio-
endure in terms of historical change .... Seldom
logical eviden ce upset many of my assumptions about
aware of the intricate connection between the
the way the world worked, he also challenged me to
patterns of their own lives and the course of
understand sociology's unique way of explaining social
world history, ordinary [people] do not usu-
life. He defined sociology as the systematic study of
ally know what this connection means for the
human behaviour in social context. He explained that
kind of [people] they are becoming and for the
social causes are distinct from physical and emotional
kind of history-making in which they might
causes. Understanding social causes can h elp clarify
take part .... What they need .. . is a quality
otherwise inexplicable features of famine , marriage,
of mind that will help them to [see] ... what
and so on. In public school, my teachers taught me
is going on in the world and ... what may
that people are free to do what they want with their
be happening within themselves. It is this
lives. However, my new professor taught me that the
quality .. . that ... may be called the sociological
organization of the social world opens some opp or-
imagination . - C. Wright Mills (1959: 3-4)
tu nities and closes others , thus limiting our freedom
and helping to make us what we are. By examining the To gain a better sense of what Mills meant by the
operation of these powerful social forces, he said, soci- sociological imagination, consider a story that has
ology can help us to know ourselves , our capabilities, been repeated, with variations, many times. A 50-year-
and limita tions. I was hooked. And so, of course, I hope old woman loses a good job on the assembly line of a
you will be, too." southern Ontario car plant when production moves to

4 CHAPTER 1 Introducing Sociology NEL

The Four Levels of Social Structure

An important step in broadening your sociological aware-
ness involves recognizing that four levels of social struc-
ture surround and permeate us. Think of these structures
as concentric circles radiating out from you (Figure 1.1):
1. Microstructures are patterns of intimate social
relations formed during face-to-face interaction.
Families and friendship cliques are examples of
microstructures.
2. Mesostructures are patterns of social relations in
organizations that involve people who are often
not intimately acquainted and who often do not
interact face to face. Social organizations such as Source: Vitruvian Man by Leonardo Da Vinci.

NEL CHAPTER 1 Introducing Sociology 5

0 3
ORIGINS OF
boxed feature, Donald Trumps Assault on Evidence).

THE SOCIOLOGICAL I THE DEMOCRATIC REVOLUTION

IMAGINATION The Democratic Revolution began about 1770, as citi-
zens of France and the United States started demanding
an increased say in the way they were governed. Before

T
h e sociological imagination is only a couple
of hundred years old. Although in ancient the Democratic Revolution, m ost people thought that
and medieval times some philosophers wrote God ordained kings and queens to rule. The American
about society, their thinking was not sociolog- Revolution (1775-83) and the French Revolution (1789-
ical. They believed that God and nature controlled society. 99) helped to undermine that idea. These democratic
These philosophers spent much of their time sketching upheavals showed that society could quickly experience
blueprints for the ideal society and urging people to follow massive change. They proved that ordinary people could
those blueprints. They relied on speculation rather than replace unsatisfactory rulers and assume control them-
evidence to reach conclusions about how society worked. selves. The implications for social thought were profound.
The sociological imagination was born when three By demonstrating that human intervention could change
revolutions pushed people the social order for the better, the Democratic Revolution
to think about society in prepared the ground for the idea that a science of society
Scientific Revolution This could play a big role in overcoming social problems and
revolution in thinking began in an entirely new way- the
Scientific, Democratic, and improving human welfare. Much of the justification for
Europe about 1550. It promoted
Industrial Revolutions. sociology as a science arose out of the democratic revolu-
the view that conclusions
tions that shook Europe and North America.
about the workings of the
world should be based on solid
evidence, not just speculation. THE SCIENTIFIC
theory Speculation about the
way observed facts are related.
REVOLUTION
The Scientific Revolution
Democratic Revolution began about 1550. It encour-
This political upheaval began aged the view that sound
about 1770, as citizens conclusions about the work-
of France and the United
ings of the world must be
States started demanding an based on evidence, not spec-
increased say in the way they
ulation. Many people link
were governed. By eventually
the Scientific Revolution
achieving popular control of
to specific ideas, such as
government, they demonstrated
Copernicus's theory that
that societies do not have to be
ruled by kings and queens who Earth revolves around the
claim their authority is ordained Sun. (A theory is a specula-
by God. Instead, society can be tion about the way observed
organized and run by ordinary facts are related.) However,
Liberty Leading the People. Eugene Delacroix, 1830. The
people. This idea prepared the science is less a collection
democratic forces unleashed by the French Revolution
ground for the notion that a of ideas than a method of
suggested that people are responsible for organizing
science of society aimed at inquiry. For instance, in society and that human intervention can therefore solve
improving human welfare is 1609, Galileo pointed his social problems. As such, democracy was a foun dation
possible. newly invented telescope stone of sociology.
at the heavens, made some

6 CHAPTER 1 Introducing Sociology NEL

NEL CHAPTER 1 Introducing Sociology 7

A
II o f the n atural and social scien ces, which people are embedded. He illustrated his argument
including sociology, rest on three building in a famous study of suicide (Durkheim, 1951 [18971) .
blocks: theories, research, and values. Many scholars of the day believed that psycholog-
As noted earlier, a theory is a conjecture ical disorders cause suicide, but Durkheim's analysis of
about the way observable facts are related. A theory may take European government statistics and hospital records dem-
many forms-a casual hunch ("He keeps staring at me because onstrated no correlation between rates of psychological
he thinks I'm handsome"), a mathematical formula (E = mc2 ) , disorder and suicide rates in different categories of the
and so on. However, regardless of form, and irrespective of population. Instead, he found that suicide rates varied with
whether they concern the relationship between attractiveness different degrees of social solidarity in different population
and sexual interest or between energy, mass, and speed, all categories. (A rate is the number of times an even t happens
theories venture ideas about how observable facts are related. in a given period per 100 000 members of the population.)

8 CHAPTER 1 Introducing Sociology NEL

1843

In May, 1843, the regiment proceeded from Plymouth to Weedon,

and in July marched to Manchester.

1844

Lieutenant-General John Clitherow was appointed by Her Majesty

to be Colonel of the SIXTY-SEVENTH regiment, on the 15th of January,
1844, upon Lieutenant-General Sir John Macdonald, G.C.B.
(Adjutant-General to the Forces), being removed to the Forty-
second, Royal Highland, regiment.
In December, 1844, the regiment was removed from Manchester
to Dublin.
1845

During the year 1845 the regiment continued to be stationed at

Dublin.
1846

In January, 1846, the regiment marched to Limerick, and in May

proceeded to Cork.
At this period the regiment was augmented to twelve companies,
consisting of 67 serjeants, 25 drummers, and 1200 rank and file,
and was subsequently organised into two battalions, preparatory to
embarking on foreign service.
On the 9th of November, 1846, Colonel Thomas Bunbury, K.H.,
commanding the SIXTY-SEVENTH regiment, was promoted to the rank of
Major-General, and Major Edward Basil Brooke was promoted to the
lieutenant-colonelcy, vacant by the promotion of Major-General
Bunbury.[17]
1847

During the year 1847 the SIXTY-SEVENTH continued at Cork.

1848

The first battalion embarked at Cork, under the command of

Lieut.-Colonel Edward Basil Brooke, in the Herefordshire freight-ship,
on the 8th of January, 1848, and arrived at Gibraltar on the 19th of
that month.
On the 20th of January, 1848, the reserve battalion of the SIXTY-
SEVENTH regiment, under the command of Lieut.-Colonel William
Nesbitt Orange, embarked at Cork, in the Bombay freight-ship, and
arrived at Gibraltar on the 8th of February following.
General Sir Robert Wilson, then Governor of Gibraltar, in his
report, dated the 18th of May, 1848, on the SIXTY-SEVENTH regiment,
remarked,
"It is a corps composed of a superior body of men, well regulated
and well conducted, having had since its arrival but nine courts-
martial.
"Its interior economy is carefully superintended by Lieutenant-
Colonel Brooke.
"Her Majesty's Regulations are strictly observed in all the
prescribed cases.
"It discharges every duty commendably, and is an efficient portion
of the Garrison for every service."
The depôt company was removed from Cork to the Isle of Wight,
in February, 1848.

1849
On the 1st of May, 1849, the period to which this Record has been
continued, the two battalions of the SIXTY-SEVENTH regiment were
stationed at Gibraltar.

1849.
FOOTNOTES:
[6]
3rd Foot, 2nd Battalion, constituted the 61st Regiment.
4th " " " 62nd Regiment.
8th " " " 63rd Regiment.
11th " " " 64th Regiment.
12th " " " 65th Regiment.
19th " " " 66th Regiment.
20th " " " 67th Regiment.
23rd " " " 68th Regiment.
24th " " " 69th Regiment.
31st " " " 70th Regiment.
32nd " " " 71st Regiment.
33rd " " " 72nd Regiment.
34th " " " 73rd Regiment.
36th " " " 74th Regiment.
37th " " " 75th Regiment.

The 71st, 72nd, 73rd, 74th, and 75th regiments, were

disbanded after the peace of Fontainebleau in 1763.
[7] Disbanded in 1763.
[8] Disbanded in 1763.
[9] On the 17th June, 1761, the Right Honorable the Lord
Mayor, Aldermen, and Commons of the City of London, in
Common Council assembled, waited on His Majesty, and the
Recorder, Sir William Moreton, spoke the following address,
referring to the capture of Belle-Isle:—
To the King's most excellent Majesty. The humble Address of the
Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Commons of the City of London, in
Common Council assembled.
Most Gracious Sovereign,
With reverential awe and gratitude to the Supreme Giver of all
victory, we, Your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the
Lord Mayor, Aldermen, and Commons of your City of London, in
Common Council assembled, humbly approach your Royal
Presence, to express our joy and exultation on the entire
reduction of the important island of Belle-Isle, by the conduct,
intrepidity, and perseverance of your Majesty's land and naval
forces:—a conquest which, after more than one fruitless attempt
in former times, seems to have been reserved by Divine
Providence to grace the auspicious beginning of your Majesty's
reign, and confirms our hopes of a long continuance of wise,
steady, and successful measures.
A blow so humiliating to the pride and power of France, cannot
but impress that haughty nation with a due sense of the
superiority of a Patriot King ruling over a free, brave, and united
people, and will, we trust, convince them of the danger of
delaying to accept such terms of peace as Your Majesty's equity,
wisdom, and moderation shall think fit to prescribe.
What therefore have we more to wish, but that Your Majesty
may long, very long, continue the guardian and protector of the
religious, civil, and commercial rights of Great Britain and her
Colonies; and that Your Majesty's wisdom may ever be seconded
by equally faithful and spirited councils; and your commands
executed with no less ardour, emulation, and success.
On our part, permit us humbly to assure Your Majesty, that
your faithful citizens of London will, with unwearied zeal and
cheerfulness, contribute to support a vigorous prosecution of this
just and necessary war; until Your Majesty, having sufficiently
vindicated the honor of your Crown, and secured the trade,
navigation, and possessions of your subjects, shall enjoy the
blessing and the glory of giving repose to Europe, of wholly
attending to and promoting the virtue and happiness of your
people, and of cultivating all the softer arts of peace.
Signed by Order of the Court,
James Hodges.
[10] Minorca, an island in the Mediterranean, on the eastern
coast of Spain, is about thirty miles in length and twelve in
breadth, and is chiefly valuable for the excellent harbour of Port
Mahon. In September, 1708, Minorca was taken by Admiral Leake
and a land force under Lieut.-General Stanhope, after a siege of
about three weeks. The island was ceded to Great Britain by the
treaty of Utrecht, and remained in its possession until 1756,
when, in April of that year, it was besieged by the French, under
Marshal the Duke de Richelieu. After a brave defence by the
Governor, General Blakeney, the garrison surrendered, and in
consideration of their gallantry were permitted to march out with
all the honours of war. At the peace of Fontainebleau, in 1763,
Minorca was restored to the English in exchange for Belle-Isle. In
February, 1782, the garrison, under the Governor, Lieut.-General
the Honorable James Murray, after suffering severely from
sickness, surrendered to the Duke de Crillon, the Commander-in-
Chief of the combined French and Spanish forces, and Minorca
was retained by Spain by the treaty of peace of 1783. Minorca
again surrendered to a British force under General the Honorable
Charles Stuart, on the 15th of November, 1798; and at the peace
of Amiens, in 1802, Minorca was restored to the Spaniards, under
whose sway it remains at the present period.
[11] The Concan is the territory situated between the range of
hills which bounds the Deccan on the west and the sea-coast,
and is now under the Bombay Government.
[12] Now Lieut.-General Samuel Huskinson.
[13] Brevet Lieut.-Colonel Maxwell died at Asseerghur, on the
5th of April, 1819.
[14] Named after its founder Assa, a celebrated Hindu
zemindar, or landholder, of the Aheer tribe, which has been
corrupted from Assa Aheer, to Asseer.
[15] Pettah, the suburbs of a fortified town.
[16] Now major in the regiment.
[17] Now commanding the troops at Jamaica and its
dependencies.
Madeley lith. 3 Wellington St. Strand
SIXTY-SEVENTH
REGIMENT.

For Cannon's Military Records

HISTORICAL RECORD
OF

T H E S E C O N D B AT TA L I O N
OF

THE SIXTY-SEVENTH,
OR

THE SOUTH HAMPSHIRE REGIMENT OF FOOT.

1803

Europe gained a short cessation from hostilities by the Treaty of

Amiens, and the interval of peace was employed by Napoleon
Bonaparte in furthering his views for the aggrandizement of France,
to enable him to become the dictator of Europe. The British
Government and people, suspicious of Napoleon's projects, and
roused to active measures by the threat of invasion, were
enthusiastic in devising means to frustrate his designs, and the
"Army of Reserve Act" was passed, for raising men for home service
by ballot, while numerous volunteer and yeomanry corps were
formed in every part of the kingdom.
To these circumstances the Second Battalion of the SIXTY-SEVENTH
regiment owes its origin, and the battalion was formed of men raised
in Ireland, for limited service under the provisions of the "Army of
Reserve Act," which was passed in June, 1803; the battalion was
placed on the establishment from the 9th of July following.
1804

The Second Battalion was also authorised to receive men raised in

Ireland, for limited service, under the "Additional Force Act," which
was passed on the 14th of July, 1804.
The battalion was stationed in Ireland until the 20th of January,
1804, when it embarked at Warren's Point, and arrived at Greenock
on the 23rd of the same month.

1807

On the 29th of February, 1804, the battalion proceeded to

Guernsey, where it remained until the 17th of November, 1807, when
it was removed to Alderney.
1810

From Alderney the battalion returned to Guernsey in July, 1810.

Six companies of the battalion, under the command of Lieutenant-
Colonel William Prevost, embarked for Gibraltar on the 29th of July,
1810, at which station they arrived on the 24th of September.
The four companies left at Guernsey, embarked for England in
August, 1810, where they continued to be stationed during the
remainder of that year.
The six companies of the second battalion remained at Gibraltar
until the 22nd of November, 1810, when they embarked for Cadiz, to
join the army under the command of Lieutenant-General Thomas
Graham, afterwards Lord Lynedoch.
The six companies arrived at Cadiz on the 9th of December, 1810,
which was at that period besieged by a powerful French army, under
Marshal Soult, who subsequently proceeded on an expedition into
Estremadura, leaving Marshal Victor to blockade Cadiz.

1811
The SIXTY-SEVENTH remained at Cadiz until the 18th of February,
1811, when they proceeded with the army under the command of
Lieutenant-General Thomas Graham, which consisted of a British
force of about three thousand, and a body of seven thousand troops
commanded by General La Pena. The design of the expedition was
to make a combined attack on the rear of the French army
blockading Cadiz. The forces disembarked at Algesiras on the 23rd of
February, and being all united at Tarifa, marched from thence on the
28th of February.
General Zayas pushed a strong body of Spanish troops across the
river Santi Petri, near the coast, on the 1st of March, threw a bridge
over, and formed a tête-de-pont. This post was attacked by the
enemy on the nights of the 3rd and 4th of March, who was repulsed,
though the Spaniards sustained considerable loss.
On the 5th of March, 1811, Lieutenant-General Graham and the
army under his command arrived on the low ridge of Barrosa, where
a brilliant victory was gained over the French army under Marshal
Victor, composed of the two divisions of Generals Rufin and Laval.
Lieutenant-General Graham in his despatch to the Earl of
Liverpool, dated Isla de Leon, March 6th, 1811, stated:—
"The circumstances were such as compelled me to attack this very
superior force. In order as well to explain to your Lordship the
circumstances of peculiar disadvantage under which the action was
begun, as to justify myself from the imputation of rashness in the
attempt, I must state to your Lordship, that the allied army, after a
night march of sixteen hours from the camp near Veger, arrived, on
the morning of the 5th, at the low ridge of Barrosa, about four miles
to the southward of the mouth of the Santi Petri river. This height
extends inland about a mile and a half, continuing on the north the
extensive heathy plain of Chiclana. A great pine forest skirts the
plain, and circles round the height at some distance, terminating
down to Santi Petri; the intermediate space between the north side
of the height and the forest being uneven and broken.
"A well-conducted and successful attack on the rear of the
enemy's lines near Santi Petri, by the vanguard of the Spanish army,
under Brigadier-General Ladrizabel, having opened the
communication with the Isla de Leon, I received General La Pena's
directions to move down from the position of Barrosa to that of the
Torre de Bermesa, about half-way to the Santi Petri river, in order to
secure the communication across the river, over which a bridge had
been lately established. This latter position occupies a narrow woody
ridge, the right on the sea cliff, the left falling down to the Almanza
creek on the edge of the marsh. A hard sandy beach gives an easy
communication between the western points of these two positions.
"My division, being halted on the eastern slope of the Barrosa
height, was marched about twelve o'clock through the wood towards
the Bermesa, cavalry patrols having previously been sent towards
Chiclana, without meeting with the enemy. On the march I received
notice that the enemy had appeared in force on the plain, and was
advancing towards the heights of Barrosa.
"As I considered that position as the key of that of Santi Petri, I
immediately countermarched in order to support the troops left for
its defence, and the alacrity with which this manœuvre was
executed, served as a favourable omen. It was, however, impossible
in such intricate and difficult ground to preserve order in the
columns, and there never was time to restore it entirely.
"But before we could get ourselves quite disentangled from the
wood, the troops on the Barrosa Hill were seen returning from it,
while the enemy's left wing was rapidly ascending. At the same time
his right wing stood on the plain, on the edge of the wood, within
cannon-shot. A retreat in the face of such an enemy, already within
reach of the easy communication by the sea-beach, must have
involved the whole allied army in all the danger of being attacked
during the unavoidable confusion of the different corps arriving on
the narrow ridge of Bermesa nearly at the same time.
"Trusting to the known heroism of British troops, regardless of the
numbers and position of their enemy, an immediate attack was
determined on. Major Duncan soon opened a powerful battery of ten
guns in the centre. Brigadier-General Dilkes with the brigade of
Guards, Lieut.-Colonel Browne's (of the Twenty-eighth) flank
battalion, Lieut.-Colonel Norcott's two companies of the second Rifle
corps, and Major Acheson with a part of the SIXTY-SEVENTH foot
(separated from the regiment in the wood) formed on the right.
"Colonel Wheatly's brigade, with three companies of the
Coldstream Guards, under Lieut.-Colonel Jackson (separated likewise
from his battalion in the wood) and Lieut.-Colonel Barnard's flank
battalion, formed on the left.
"As soon as the infantry was thus hastily got together, the guns
advanced to a more favourable position, and kept up a most
destructive fire.
"The right wing proceeded to the attack of General Rufin's division
on the hill, while Lieut.-Colonel Barnard's battalion, and Lieut.-
Colonel Bushe's detachment of the twentieth Portuguese, were
warmly engaged with the enemy's tirailleurs on our left.
"General Laval's division, notwithstanding the havoc made by
Major Duncan's battery, continued to advance in very imposing
masses, opening his fire of musketry, and was only checked by that
of the left wing. The left wing now advanced firing; a most
determined charge by the three companies of Guards and the
eighty-seventh regiment, supported by all the remainder of the wing,
decided the defeat of General Laval's division.
"The eagle of the eighth regiment of light infantry, which suffered
immensely, and a howitzer, rewarded this charge, and remained in
possession of Major Gough,[18] of the Eighty-seventh regiment.
These attacks were zealously supported by Colonel Belson with the
Twenty-eighth regiment and Lieut.-Colonel Prevost with a part of the
SIXTY-SEVENTH.

"A Reserve formed beyond the narrow valley, across which the
enemy was closely pursued, next shared the same fate, and was
routed by the same means.
"Meanwhile the right wing was not less successful; the enemy,
confident of success, met General Dilkes on the ascent of the hill,
and the contest was sanguinary: but the undaunted perseverance of
the brigade of Guards, of Lieut.-Colonel Browne's battalion, and of
Lieut.-Colonel Norcott's, and Major Acheson's detachment, overcame
every obstacle, and General Rufin's division was driven from the
heights in confusion, leaving two pieces of cannon.
"No expressions of mine could do justice to the conduct of the
troops throughout. Nothing less than the almost unparalleled
exertions of every officer, the invincible bravery of every soldier, and
the most determined devotion to the honor of His Majesty's arms, in
all, could have achieved this brilliant success, against such a
formidable enemy so posted.
"In less than an hour and a half from the commencement of the
action, the enemy was in full retreat. The retiring division met,
halted, and seemed inclined to form; a new and more advanced
position of our artillery quickly dispersed them.
"The exhausted state of the troops made pursuit impossible. A
position was taken on the eastern side of the hill; and we were
strengthened on our right by the return of the two Spanish
battalions that had been attached before to my division, but which I
had left on the hill, and which had been ordered to retire. These
battalions (Walloon Guards and Ciudad Real) made every effort to
come back in time, when it was known that we were engaged....
"When all have so distinguished themselves, it is scarcely possible
to discriminate any as the most deserving of praise. Your Lordship
will, however, observe how gloriously the brigade of Guards under
Brigadier-General Dilkes, with the commanders of the battalions,
Lieut.-Colonel the Honorable C. Onslow and Lieut.-Colonel Sebright
(wounded), as well as the three separated companies under Lieut.-
Colonel Jackson, maintained the high character of His Majesty's
household troops. Lieut.-Colonel Browne, with his flank battalion,
Lieut.-Colonel Norcott, and Major Acheson deserve equal praise.
"I must equally recommend to your Lordship's notice, Colonel
Wheatly, with Colonel Belson, Lieut.-Colonel Prevost, and Major
Gough, and the officers of the respective corps composing his
brigade....
"The assistance I received from the unwearied exertions of Lieut.-
Colonel Macdonald,[19] and the officers of the Adjutant-General's
department, of Lieut.-Colonel the Honorable C. Cathcart, and the
officers of the Quartermaster-General's Department, of Captain Birch
and Captain Nicholas, and the officers of the Royal Engineers, of
Captain Hope, and the officers of my Personal Staff, (all animating
by their example,) will ever be most gratefully remembered....
"I cannot conclude this despatch without earnestly recommending
to His Majesty's gracious notice for promotion, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel
Browne, Major of the 28th foot, Brevet Lieut.-Colonel Norcott, Major
of the 95th Rifle Regiment, Major Duncan, Royal Artillery, Major
Gough of the 87th, Major the Honorable E. Acheson of the SIXTY-
SEVENTH, and Captain Birch of the Royal Engineers, all in the
command of corps or detachments on this memorable service; and I
confidently trust that the bearer of this despatch, Captain Hope, (to
whom I refer your Lordship for further details,) will be promoted, on
being permitted to lay the Eagle at His Majesty's feet."
Such are the details of the battle of Barrosa, in which the enemy
lost about three thousand men in killed, wounded, and prisoners,
while that of the English amounted to 1243 killed and wounded.
The SIXTY-SEVENTH had Lieut.-Colonel Prevost, Captain Patrickson,
Lieutenant W. Ronald, and Ensign Sutherland wounded; ten men of
the regiment were killed; and one serjeant and thirty rank and file
were wounded.
The British captured an Eagle, six pieces of cannon, and among
the prisoners were the General of Division Rufin, the General of
Brigade Rosseau; the Chief of the Staff, General Bellegrade; an Aide-
de-Camp of Marshal Victor, the Colonel of the eighth regiment, and
several other officers. The prisoners amounted to two General
Officers, one field-officer, nine captains, eight subalterns, and 420
rank and file.
Both Houses of Parliament unanimously voted their thanks to
Lieut.-General Graham, and the officers and men under his
command, for this victory, and their valour and ability were highly
applauded by the nation. On the 11th of November following, His
Majesty's commands were communicated in the subjoined
memorandum:—
Horse Guards, November 11th, 1811.
MEMORANDUM.

The Prince Regent having been graciously pleased, in the name

and on the behalf of His Majesty, to command that, in
commemoration of the brilliant victory obtained over the enemy by a
division of His Majesty's army under the command of Lieut.-General
Thomas Graham, at Barrosa, on the 5th of March, 1811, the
undermentioned officers of the army, present upon that occasion,
should enjoy the privilege of bearing a Medal, and His Royal
Highness having approved of the medal which has been struck, is
pleased to command, that it should be worn by the General Officers,
suspended by a riband, of the colour of the sash, with a blue edge,
round the neck, and by the Commanding Officers of corps and
detachments, and the Chiefs of Military Departments, attached by a
riband of the same colour to the button-hole of their uniform:—
Lieutenant-General Thomas Graham.
Major-General William Thomas Dilkes.
Colonel William Wheatley, 1st Foot Guards.
Lieut.- Charles P. Belson, 28th Foot.
Colonel
" William Augustus Prevost, SIXTY-SEVENTH Regt.
" the Hon. T. Cranley Onslow, 3rd Foot Guards.
" Andrew F. Barnard, 95th Rifle Regt.
" John Macdonald, Deputy-Adjutant-General.
" Edward Sebright, 1st Foot Guards.
" John Frederick Brown, 28th Regt.
" Amos Godsill Norcott, 95th Rifle Regt.
the Hon. Charles M. Cathcart, Deputy-Quartermaster-
"
General.
" Richard Bushe, 20th Portuguese Regt.
" Alexander Duncan, Royal Artillery.
" Hugh Gough, 87th Regt.
Major A. F. Baron Bussche, 2nd Light Dragoons, King's German Legion.

"By the command of His Royal Highness the Prince

Regent, in the name and on the behalf of His
Majesty.
"Frederick, Commander-in-Chief.
"Henry Torrens, Lieut.-Colonel and Military
Secretary."

Major the Honorable Edward Acheson, of the SIXTY-SEVENTH

regiment, was promoted to the brevet rank of Lieut.-Colonel in the
army on the 30th March, 1811, for his gallantry at Barrosa, as
particularly noticed in Lieut.-General Graham's despatch.
On the 26th May, 1817, the SIXTY-SEVENTH regiment received the
Royal Authority to bear the word "Barrosa" on the regimental colour
and appointments, to commemorate the gallantry of the second
battalion on that occasion.
Lieut.-General Graham, after this conflict, remained some hours at
the Barrosa heights, without being able to procure any supplies for
the exhausted troops, in consequence of the commissariat mules
having been dispersed on the enemy's first attack of the hill. Major
Ross, with the detachment of the third battalion of the Ninety-fifth
Rifle regiment, was left, while the remainder of the division was
withdrawn, and early the next morning crossed the Santi Petri river.
The favourable opportunity gained by British valour was not
improved by the Spanish General, who did not strike a severe blow
at the remains of the French army retreating in disorder. The
inactivity of the Spaniards continuing, the English army returned to
Cadiz.
On the 11th of December, 1811, two companies embarked at
Portsmouth for Spain, and joined the six companies at Cadiz, in
January, 1812.

1812

In January, 1812, the battalion embarked at Cadiz for Carthagena,

and shortly afterwards proceeded to Alicant, to join the troops under
the command of Major-General Andrew Ross. On the 21st of August
the SIXTY-SEVENTH returned to Carthagena, where they remained until
the 20th of April, 1813, when they again embarked for Alicant.

1813

On the 31st of May, 1813, the battalion proceeded with the army,
under Lieut.-General Sir John Murray, intended for the reduction of
Tarragona, and on arrival formed part of the force detached under
Lieut.-Colonel Prevost, of the SIXTY-SEVENTH, for the purpose of
investing the fort of San Philippe, in the Col de Balaguer, which
blocks the direct road from Tortosa to Tarragona.
The fort of San Philippe is situated upon the eastern extremity of
an insulated village, in the centre of the Col de Balaguer,
commanding completely the great road through the pass. It was a
square fort with some bastions, and commanded on two sides by
almost inaccessible mountains.
Lieut.-Colonel Prevost and the brigade under his command,
consisting of the second battalion of the SIXTY-SEVENTH, the battalion
of Roll Dillon, and a detachment of royal artillery, landed, about
eleven o'clock in the forenoon of the 3rd of June, about one mile to
the eastward of the entrance to the pass from Tarragona, where he
was joined by the Spanish regiments of Barcelona and Palma, under
the command of Don Jose Charles. On the 3rd of June the fort was
invested, and on the day following a summons was sent to the
commanding officer to surrender, offering favourable terms, which
were, however, rejected.
On the 5th of June the batteries continued a heavy fire upon the
fort, which was returned by the enemy, who kept up a heavy and
galling fire of shells, round and grapeshot, during the whole of the
night, which occasioned some loss.
About ten o'clock a most violent storm of thunder and lightning
commenced, which impeded the works greatly, and as the seamen
and troops were quite exhausted, it became expedient to delay
bringing the guns upon the platforms, and to keep the embrasures
masked. In the evening of the 6th of June a battery of two eight-
inch mortars was placed upon the road, within a few hundred yards
of the Castle, under the breaching battery; one four-pounder was
likewise placed upon the heights to the right, where the riflemen
were stationed.
At daybreak on the 7th, three batteries opened to protect the
working party at the breaching battery, and kept up a tremendous
fire until six o'clock, when that of the Castle having ceased, their
magazines upon the batteries having been blown up by the shells
from the mortars, the white flag was hoisted upon the Castle, and
the garrison offered to surrender upon conditions of marching out
and grounding their arms upon the glacis, with permission to carry
off the personal baggage, which terms were granted, as Marshal
Suchet's approach was hourly expected, and Lieutenant-Colonel
Prevost would be enabled to put the fort in a good state of defence.
Possession was taken of the Castle on the 7th of June.
Lieutenant-General Sir John Murray, in his despatch to the Marquis
of Wellington, stated—
"This capture, in the present situation of our affairs, is of great
importance, as it blocks up the nearest and most accessible road
from Tortosa to Tarragona....
"The troops of both nations bore their fatigue, and performed
their duty with the greatest alacrity and spirit, and deserve every
commendation. Lieutenant-Colonel Prevost has in a former despatch
particularly noticed the gallantry and good conduct of Ensign Nelson,
of the SIXTY-SEVENTH, and Ensign John Dermot, of Roll Dillon's
battalion."
The SIXTY-SEVENTH had two rank and file killed, and eight rank and
file wounded.
Marshal Suchet advancing with an army of superior numbers, the
siege of Tarragona, which had been invested by Lieutenant-General
Sir John Murray on the 3rd of June, was raised, and on the 12th of
that month the troops embarked for the Col de Balaguer.
Lieutenant-General Lord William Bentinck assumed the command
of the troops in the East of Spain, in succession to Lieutenant-
General Sir John Murray. His Lordship joined the army at the Col de
Balaguer on the 17th of June, and re-embarked with it for Alicant, at
which place the SIXTY-SEVENTH and the rest of the troops arrived about
the 24th of June.
The battle of Vittoria, on the 21st of June, 1813, gained by the
army under the Marquis of Wellington, changed the aspect of affairs
in Spain, and the troops under Marshal Suchet made some
retrograde movements. The Anglo-Sicilian army, under Lieut.-General
Lord William Bentinck, advancing into Catalonia, proceeded to invest
Tarragona.
On the 4th of July the army, under the command of Lieutenant-
General Lord William Bentinck, marched for Tarragona. The SIXTY-
SEVENTH were employed in the subsequent operations, and were
present at the occupation of Tarragona by the British, which place
was blown up by the French under Marshal Suchet on the night of
the 18th of August, after which the enemy retired towards
Barcelona.
Lieutenant-General Lord William Bentinck continued in command
of this division of the army until the 23rd of September, 1813, when
his Lordship embarked for Sicily, where fresh changes injurious to
the British policy required his presence, and was succeeded by
Lieutenant-General William Clinton. Previously to his embarkation his
Lordship issued the following General Order, dated Tarragona, 23rd
of September, 1813:—
"The Commander of the Forces deeply laments that he is
compelled to leave the army. It is a pleasing part of his duty to
express his perfect satisfaction with the subordination and
perseverance displayed by the troops upon all occasions.
"He only regrets that the part assigned to this army in the plan of
the campaign has not permitted the troops to partake in those
brilliant triumphs which would have been the just recompense of
their valour and discipline."
In September the battalion marched into quarters at Valls, and in
October it was removed to Vendrills.

1814

Napoleon's reverses in Germany, and the brilliant successes of the

allied army under the Marquis of Wellington, had a great effect upon
the war in Catalonia, and the troops under Marshal Suchet withdrew
from several posts. The SIXTY-SEVENTH marched, in February, 1814, to
the vicinity of Barcelona, and formed part of the force employed in
the investment of that place.
Hostilities were terminated in April by a treaty of peace. Napoleon
abdicated the throne of France, and the island of Elba was ceded to
him in full sovereignty with the imperial title for life, and a pension
payable from the revenues of France; and on the 3rd of May, 1814,
Louis XVIII. entered Paris, and ascended the throne of his ancestors.
Field-Marshal the Marquis of Wellington, in his despatch dated
Toulouse, 19th of April, 1814, alluded to the conduct of the troops
under Lieutenant-General William Clinton in the following terms:—
"Upon the breaking up of this army, I perform a most satisfactory
duty in reporting to your Lordship my sense of the conduct and
merit of Lieutenant-General William Clinton, and of the troops under
his command since they have been employed in the Peninsula.
Circumstances have not enabled those troops to have so brilliant a
share in the operations of the war as their brother-officers and
soldiers on this side of the Peninsula; but they have not been less
usefully employed; their conduct, when engaged with the enemy,
has always been meritorious; and I have had every reason to be
satisfied with the General Officer commanding, and with them."
The SIXTY-SEVENTH withdrew from Barcelona, marched to Tarragona,
and embarked at that port on the 24th of April for Gibraltar, where
they arrived on the 4th of May.

1815

Peace was of short duration. The return of Bonaparte to France,

and his enthusiastic reception at Paris, caused Louis XVIII. to retire
to Ghent. The Allied Powers, however, refused to acknowledge the
sovereignty of Napoleon, and he was obliged to trust once more to
the chances of war. The campaign was brief; totally defeated in the
celebrated battle of Waterloo, on the 18th of June, 1815, Bonaparte
was subsequently compelled to surrender himself a prisoner to
Captain Maitland, commanding the Bellerophon ship of war; and the
island of St. Helena was afterwards appointed for his future
residence.
On the 6th of April, 1815, the second battalion of the SIXTY-SEVENTH
regiment received the royal authority to bear on its colours and
appointments the word "Peninsula," in commemoration of its services
in Spain.

1817

During this period the SIXTY-SEVENTH remained at Gibraltar, from

which station the battalion embarked for England, on the 25th of
March, 1817, under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel H. P.
Davison, and arrived at Chatham on the 14th and 15th of May
following.
All apprehensions that the peace of Europe would be disturbed
having ceased, the Government decided on making certain
reductions in the army, and the second battalion of the SIXTY-SEVENTH
regiment was disbanded at Canterbury on the 25th of May, 1817.

1817.
CONCLUSION.
The details contained in the foregoing pages show, that the
reputation acquired by the Twentieth Regiment in the wars during
the reigns of King William III. and of Queen Anne,—in the defence
of Gibraltar in 1727,—and at the battles of Dettingen and Fontenoy,
has been preserved unsullied by the SECOND BATTALION of that corps
since the year 1758,—at which period it was constituted the SIXTY-
SEVENTH regiment.

In the rocky and almost impregnable position of Belle-Isle may be

traced an analogy between its capture, and that of Quebec, although
in the acquisition of the former the Nation had not to regret the loss
of such a Commander as Major-General James Wolfe, the first Colonel
of the SIXTY-SEVENTH regiment, whose death cast a gloom over the
triumphs of the British Arms in the conquest of Canada.
The Royal Tiger, and the word "India" superscribed, borne on the
regimental colour, record the services of the FIRST BATTALION in the
East during a period of twenty-one years from 1805 to 1826; while
the inscriptions of "Barrosa" and "Peninsula" denote the share taken
by the SECOND BATTALION in support of Spanish Independence from
1810 to 1814.
Services like these, combined with arduous duties in the Colonies
of Great Britain, have acquired for the regiment the confidence of
the Nation and the approbation of the Sovereign, while its orderly
conduct in quarters has obtained the commendation of the Military
Authorities under whom it has been employed.
Benjamin West Pinxt. Madeley lith. 3 Wellington St. Strand
THE DEATH OF MAJOR-GENERAL JAMES WOLFE, THE FIRST COLONEL OF THE SIXTY-SEVENTH REGIMENT;
KILLED AT THE BATTLE OF QUEBEC ON THE 13TH. SEPTEMBER 1759.
For Cannon's Military Records