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 MACHINE LEARNING
AND IOT FOR
INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
AND SMART
APPLICATIONS
Computational Intelligence in Engineering Problem
Solving
Series Editor: Nilanjan Dey

Computational Intelligence (CI) can be framed as a heterogeneous domain that har-

monized and coordinated several technologies, such asprobabilistic reasoning, artificial
life, multi-agent systems, neuro-computing, fuzzy systems, and evolutionary algorithms.
Integrating several isciplines, such as Machine Learning (ML), Artificial Intelligence
(AI), Decision Support Systems (DSS), and Database Management Systems (DBMS)
increases the CI power and impact in several engineering applications. This book series
provides a well-standing forum to discuss the characteristics of CI systems in en-
gineering. It emphasizes on the development of CI techniques and their role as well as
the state-of-the- art solutions in different real world engineering applications. The book
series is proposed for researchers, academics, scientists, engineers and professionals
who are nvolved in the new techniques of CI. CI techniques including artificial fuzzy
logic and neural networks are presented for biomedical image processing, power sys-
tems, and reactor applications.

Applied Machine Learning for Smart Data Analysis

Nilanjan Dey, Sanjeev Wagh, Parikshit N. Mahalle, Mohd. Shafi Pathan

IoT Security Paradigms and Applications

Research and Practices
Sudhir Kumar Sharma, Bharat Bhushan, Narayan C. Debnath

Applied Intelligent Decision Making in Machine Learning

Himansu Das, Jitendra Kumar Rout, Suresh Chandra Moharana, Nilanjan Dey

Machine Learning and IoT for Intelligent Systems and Smart Applications
Madhumathy P, M Vinoth Kumar and R. Umamaheswari

Industrial Power Systems: Evolutionary Aspects

Amitava Sil and Saikat Maity

For more information about this series, please visit: https://www.crcpress.com/Compu-

tational-Intelligence-in-Engineering-Problem-Solving/book-series/CIEPS
 MACHINE LEARNING
AND IOT FOR
INTELLIGENT SYSTEMS
AND SMART
APPLICATIONS

Edited by
Madhumathy P., M. Vinoth Kumar, and
R. Umamaheswari
First edition published 2022
by CRC Press
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
and by CRC Press
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN
© 2022 selection and editorial matter, Madhumathy P, M Vinoth Kumar and
R. Umamaheswari; individual chapters, the contributors
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author
and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the
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holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders
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Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
A catalog record has been requested for this book

ISBN: 978-1-032-04723-2 (hbk)

ISBN: 978-1-032-04725-6 (pbk)
ISBN: 978-1-003-19441-5 (ebk)

DOI: 10.1201/9781003194415

Typeset in Times
by MPS Limited, Dehradun
Contents
Preface......................................................................................................................vii
Editors’ Biographies .................................................................................................ix
Contributors ..............................................................................................................xi

Chapter 1 A Study on Feature Extraction and Classification Techniques for

Melanoma Detection ........................................................................... 1
S. Poovizhi, T. R. Ganesh Babu, R. Praveena, and
J. Kirubakaran

Chapter 2 Machine Learning Based Microstrip Antenna Design in

Wireless Communications.................................................................23
Ranjana Ray, Moumita Pal, R. Umamaheswari, and
Ishita Banerjee

Chapter 3 LCL-T Filter Based Analysis of Two Stage Single Phase

Grid Connected Module with Intelligent FANN Controllers ..........35
R. Raja, V. Sudha, Balachandra Pattanaik, and Madhumathy P.

Chapter 4 Motion Vector Analysis Using Machine Learning Models to

Identify Lung Damages for COVID-19 Patients .............................63
Malik Mohamed Umar, Murugaiya Ramashini, and
M.G.M. Milani

Chapter 5 Enhanced Effective Generative Adversarial Networks Based

LRSD and SP Learned Dictionaries with Amplifying CS ..............83
K. Elaiyaraja, M. Senthil Kumar, and B. Chidhambararajan

Chapter 6 Deep Learning Based Parkinson’s Disease Prediction

System................................................................................................97
G. Padmapriya, R. Elakkiya, M. Prakash, and Vinoth Kumar M.

Chapter 7 Non-Uniform Data Reduction Technique with Edge Preservation

to Improve Diagnostic Visualization of Medical Images ..............113
K. Vidhya, T. R. Ganesh Babu, B. Thilakavathi, S. Poovizhi, and
Madhumathy P.

v
vi Contents

Chapter 8 A Critical Study on Genetically Engineered Bioweapons and

Computer-Based Techniques as Counter Measure......................... 127
Manvinder Sharma, Bikramjit Sharma, Anuj Kumar Gupta,
Digvijay Pandey, Joginder Singh, and Rahul Kakkar

Chapter 9 An Automated Hybrid Transfer Learning System for Detection

and Segmentation of Tumor in MRI Brain Images with UNet
and VGG-19 Network .....................................................................151
S. Sandhya, M. Senthil Kumar, and B. Chidhambararajan

Chapter 10 Deep Learning-Computer Aided Melanoma Detection Using

Transfer Learning ............................................................................163
Mohan Kumar S., T. Kumanan, T. R. Ganesh Babu, and
S. Poovizhi

Chapter 11 Development of an Agent-Based Interactive Tutoring System

for Online Teaching in School using Classter ...............................181
Tribhuwan Kumar, Digvijay Pandey, and R. Umamaheshwari

Chapter 12 Fusion of Datamining and Artificial Intelligence in Prediction

of Hazardous Road Accidents......................................................... 201
Bilal Khan, Asif Hasan, Digvijay Pandey,
Randy Joy M. Ventayen, Binay Kumar Pandey, and
Gadee Gowwrii

Index......................................................................................................................225
Preface
This book includes all associated topics to Machine learning, Big data, Internet of
things and applications in Internet of things. The main objective of this book is to
fetch numerous innovative studies in Machine learning, Big data and Internet of
Things. It supports the researchers, engineers and students in several interdisciplinary
domains to support realistic applications. The book presents an overview of the
different algorithms by focusing on the advantages, disadvantages and applications of
each algorithm in the field of Machine learning and IOT. The book provides machine
learning (ML) techniques to address both intelligence and configurability to various
IoT devices. The book also reports the challenges and the future directions in the IoT
and machine learning. This book comes with an energy-efficient cross layer model
and energy-related routing metric combination to prolong the lifetime of low power
IoT networks. This book deals with Machine Learning which is subset of AI that uses
computational statistics to find a mathematical model describing Input and Output
Data. Machine Learning techniques have been successfully involved in a various
applications including assistance in medical diagnosis and analyzing disease based on
clinical and laboratory symptoms with appropriate data to give more efficient result
for diagnosing disease.
Though these new skills are prodigious, they result in numerous challenges
including resource constraints of IoT devices, poor interoperability, heterogeneity of
IoT system and several privacy and security vulnerabilities. They also expose severe
IoT security challenges. Further, traditional security approaches against the most
prominent attacks are insufficient. Therefore, enabling the IoT devices to learn and
adapt to various threats dynamically and addressing them proactively need immediate
attention. In this regard, machine learning (ML) techniques are employed to address
both intelligence and reconfigurability to various IoT devices.
Outcome:

• Apply different AI techniques including machine learning and deep learning

• Perform supervised and unsupervised machine learning for IoT data
• Implement distributed processing of IoT data in AI platforms
• Implementing AI from case studies in Personal IoT and Industrial IoT

vii
Editors’ Biographies
Dr. Madhumathy P. is working as a professor at Dayananda
Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, Bengaluru,
Karnataka, India. She completed her engineering from Anna
University in 2006. M.E (gold medalist) from AVIT in 2009 and
Ph.D. from Anna University in 2015. With rich experience in
teaching for about 14 years, her area of interests include
Computer Networks, Wireless Communication, Wireless
sensor Networks, Internet of Things, Wireless Channel
Modeling, Mobile Communication and topics related to
Networks and Wireless Communication domains. Having published more than
75 papers in international, national journals and conferences, she is a life member in
ISTE and senior member from IEEE, and is serving as a reviewer for IEEE, IET,
Springer, Inderscience and Elsevier journals. She has registered and published three
Indian patent. Having received a grant for the title “A Complex Programmable Logic
Device Based Green House Monitoring System for Agriculture” from VGST, Govt. of
Karnataka, under SMYSR program, she has published a book titled “Computer
Communication Networks” with ISBN number 978-81-937245-1-4. She has acted as
publication chair for international IEEE conference held at DSATM, and has conducted
and coordinated many workshops and FDPs.

Dr. M. Vinoth Kumar, obtained his Bachelor’s degree in

Computer Science and Engineering from Periyar University,
Salem, Tamilnadu, India. He obtained his Master’s degree in
Computer Science and Engineering and his PhD in Computer
Science majoring in Agent Programming from Anna
University, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India. Currently, he is an
associate professor at the Faculty of Information Science and
Engineering, Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and
Management, Bangalore, Karnataka, India. His speciali-
zations include Artificial Intelligence, Machine learning and
Big Data Computing. His current research interests are convolutional neural
network and medical image processing. Having published 45 research papers in
reputed national, International journals and conferences, he has filed 6 innovative
patents and 1 patent is granted by the Indian patent office. Reviewer and editorial
member in Indexed national and International Journals, he is the life member of
Computer Society of India(CSI), Indian Science Congress Association(ISCA) and
associate member of Institute of Engineers(India), Indian Society of Technical
Education(ISTE).

ix
x Editors’ Biographies

Dr. R. Umamaheswari, currently working as assistant

professor in Department of Electronics & Instrumentation
Engineering at SRM Valliammai Engineering College,
Kattankulathur, Tamilnadu, India, has completed her Ph.D.
in the field of wireless communication in the year 2017 from
Anna University. She completed her Masters in VLSI Design
Engineering (2011) from Anna University with a gold medal,
and her Bachelors in Electronics and Instrumentation
Engineering (2004) from Madras University. She has more
than 10 years of teaching experience and specializes in the core area of soft
computing techniques. An innovative person with deep knowledge of Artificial
Intelligence, Neuro-fuzzy systems and IoT, she has published more than 25 research
articles in national and international journals and published three text books for
Basic electrical, electronics and instrumentation engineering for second semester
Anna University syllabus. She has filed three patents in India; organized guest
lecture, seminars, faculty development program under the banner of All India
Council of Technical Education (AICTE); delivered guest lecture in various
institutions and also shared various chair-positions in conferences and seminars.
She is Life Member of professional societies like ISTE, ISC, CSI, IAENG.
Contributors
Dr. T.R. Ganesh Babu Department of Psychology
Professor Aligarh Muslim University
Department of Electronics and Aligarh, India
Communication Engineering
Muthayammal Engineering College Bilal Khan
Rasipuram, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu Department of Computer Science
University of Bradford
Ishita Banerjee United Kingdom
Research Scholar
Dayananda Sagar Academy of Rahul Kakkar
Technology and Management Associate Professor
Department of Applied Science
Dr. B. Chidhambararajan Chandigarh Group of College
Professor/Principal Landran Mohali
SRM Valliammai Engineering College
Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu Dr. J. Kirubakaran
Associate Professor
K. Elaiyaraja Department of Electronics and
Assistant Professor Communication Engineering
Department of Information Technology Muthayammal Engineering College
SRM Valliammai Engineering College Rasipuram, Tamil Nadu
Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Dr. T. Kumanan
Dr. R. Elakkiya Principal
Assistant Professor Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Center for Information Super Highway Meenakshi Academy of Higher
(CISH) Education and Research,
School of Computing, SASTRA West K.K Nagar, Chennai, Tamil Nadu
Deemed to be University India

Gadee Gowwrii Dr. M. Senthil Kumar

M.Sc. (Statistics) Associate Professor
Osmania University Department of Computer Science and
Engineering
Anuj Kumar Gupta SRM Valliammai Engineering College
Professor Kattankulathur, Chennai
Department of CSE
Chandigarh Group of Colleges Dr. Mohan Kumar S.
Landran, Mohali, India Professor
Nagarjuna College of Engineering and
Asif Hasan Technology
Assistant Professor Bangalore, Karnataka, India
xi
xii Contributors

Dr. Tribhuwan Kumar Technology

Assistant Professor of English United Kingdom
College of Science and Humanities at
Sulail, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz Digvijay Pandey
University Department of Technical Education
IET, Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Technical
Dr. Vinoth Kumar M. University
Associate Professor, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
Department of Information Science and
Engineering Dr. Balachandra Pattanaik
Dayananda Sagar Academy of Professor
Technology & Management Department of Electrical and Computer
Bangalore, India Engineering
College of Engineering and
Dr. P. Madhumathy Technology, Wollega University
Professor, Department of Electronics Ethiopia, Africa
and Communication Engineering
Dayanand Sagar Academy of S. Poovizhi
Technology and Management Research Scholar
Bangalore, India Department of Electronics and
Communication
M.G.M. Milani Engineering
Faculty of Integrated Technologies Anna University
Universiti Brunei Darussalam Chennai
Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei
Darussalam Dr. M. Prakash
Associate Professor
Dr. G. Padmapriya Department of Computer Science and
Associate Professor Engineering
Department of Computer Science and SRM Institute of Science and
Engineering Technology
Saveetha School of Engineering, Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District,
SIMATS Tamil Nadu
Chennai, India
Dr. R. Praveena
Moumita Pal Associate Professor
Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Communication Engineering Muthayammal Engineering College
JIS College of Engineering
Dr. R. Raja
Binay Kumar Pandey Assistant Professor
Assistant Professor Department of Electrical and
Department of IT Electronics Engineering
College of Technology, Govind Ballabh Muthayammal Engineering College
Pant University of Agriculture and
Contributors xiii

Murugaiya Ramashini V. Sudha

Department of Computer Science and Assistant Professor
Informatics, Faculty of Applied Department of Electronics and
Sciences Communication Engineering
Uva Wellassa University Sona College of Technology
Badulla, Sri Lanka
Dr. Thilakavathi B.
Ranjana Ray Professor
Assistant Professor Department of Electronics and
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Communication Engineering Rajalakshmi Engineering College
JIS College of Engineering Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Kalyani
Dr. Umamaheshwari R.
S. Sandhya Assistant Professor
Research Scholar Department of Electronics and
Department of Information Technology Instrumentation Engineering
SRM Valliammai Engineering College SRM Valliammai Engineering College

Bikramjit Sharma Dr. Malik Mohamed Umar

Assistant Professor School of Engineering and Applied
Department of ME Sciences, Kampala International
Thapar Institute of Engineering and University
Technology Uganda
Patiala, India
Randy Joy M. Ventayen
Manvinder Sharma Dean
Assistant Professor CBPA, Pangasinan University
Department of ECE Philippines
Chandigarh Group of Colleges
India Dr. Vidhya K.
Professor
Joginder Singh Department of Electronics and
Assistant Professor Communication Engineering
College of Engineering and Saveetha School of Engineering,
Management, Punjabi University SIMATS
Patiala Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
Other documents randomly have
different content
flag of the Capudan Pacha, arrived in the harbour, and the traitor
was well received by Mehemet Ali[9].
So secret was all this kept on board the Capudan Pacha’s ship,
that Captain Walker, who was with him, had no notion of what the
Turkish Admiral was about, until he sent a steamer to direct two
ships, who, being bad sailers, were left astern, to rendezvous off
Alexandria. On speaking to the Capudan Pacha, he was assured that
Mehemet Ali had put the Egyptian fleet under his orders, and that he
was proceeding to Egypt to confer with Mehemet Ali on what were
the best steps to be taken for the good of the Turkish empire. When
the Turkish fleet anchored, Captain Walker landed, and left
Alexandria for Constantinople on the 20th, much to the annoyance
of the Capudan Pacha, who wished him to remain.
The Allied Consuls used all their endeavours in vain to advise
Mehemet Ali to send back the fleet. He said he would have nothing
to do with Hosrew, who was his bitter foe; and that he had written
to him to send in his resignation; and should Hosrew do so, all
would be right.
Mehemet Ali’s enmity to Hosrew was much strengthened by the
latter having sent, through the hands of the French Consul, letters to
the General and inferior Admirals of the Turkish fleet, calling upon
them to return to their allegiance. These letters M. Cochelet gave to
Mehemet Ali, who delivered them to the Admirals, when, as might
have been expected from the position they were in, they tore them
up with indignation.
On the 16th about sixty of the principal officers of the Turkish fleet
came on shore, and were presented to the Pacha, who received
them in a gracious manner. By the 28th the whole of the Turkish and
Egyptian fleets had entered the port of Alexandria, so that had the
Commander-in-Chief proceeded off there immediately after the
Rhadamanthus had joined him, or even had he proceeded after his
receipt of the despatch of the 25th of June which I believe arrived
by the Hydra, there would have been ample time to have secured
them. This would have completely anticipated Lord Palmerston’s
instructions of the 7th of August[10], which directed the Admiral to
use his utmost efforts to prevent the Turkish fleet going into
Alexandria, and to endeavour to oblige them to return under the
authority of the Sultan.
The Commander-in-Chief, however, may have had other
instructions, which do not appear in the Levant Papers, for the
guidance of his conduct, or he might have thought that the force
under his orders, without the co-operation of the French squadron,
was not sufficient to have enforced his demand on the Capudan
Pacha to return to his allegiance if supported in his treason by the
Egyptian fleet. But, nevertheless, I think the experiment might have
been tried, and probably would have succeeded to a certain extent,
because the entrance into the harbour of Alexandria is so difficult
and so shallow that large ships must be considerably lightened
before they can enter, and neither the Egyptian nor Turkish Admiral
would have ventured to weaken their squadron by either entering in
detail or lightening the ships in the presence of a British squadron
hostile to their measures. The Commander-in-Chief, however, as I
have before said, may have had other instructions, or he took a
different view of the case, for instead of going off Alexandria he
repaired to Besika Bay, where he was joined the same evening by
the Powerful, Ganges, and Implacable. At this point, then, my
history of the War in Syria commences.

1. Egypt under Mohammed Ali, vol. ii., pp. 493-496.

2. Letters from the Holy Land, vol. ii.

3. See Levant Papers, Part I., p. 1.

4. See Levant Papers, Part I., p. 54.

5. Ibid., p. 29.

6. See Levant Papers, Part I., pp. 90, 93, 101, 122.

7. See Levant Papers, Part I., p. 183.

 8. See Levant Papers, Part I., p. 219.

9. The following is a portion of the account of the reception of the

Turkish Admiral by the Pacha, furnished by the dragoman of the
British Consul-General, and published at length in the Levant Papers:
“When the Nile steamer anchored, Mushir Achmet went into the
boat, and immediately a salute of nineteen guns was fired by the
Nile, which salute was repeated by the forts the moment he landed,
when he was received by the Pacha’s civil officers of rank, and he
rode upon the Pacha’s own horse; and thus preceded by the said
officers, cawasses, and chiaushes, went to the Pacha’s palace
between two files of the troops that were placed all the way. As soon
as he entered the palace gate, Mehemet Ali walked out of his room
to meet him, when the Admiral seeing him, unbuckled his sword,
gave it to one of the officers behind him, and walked respectfully
towards the Viceroy, and bowed to the ground as if meaning to kiss
his dress, while the Viceroy embraced and kissed him, saying,
‘Welcome, brother.’ After this, they walked arm in arm into the
Viceroy’s room, all the officers following them. They sat near each
other on the middle of the sofa. The Capudan Pacha then told his
Highness that, for a long time past, it was his wish to have the
honour of seeing him. After coffee, and pipes, the Viceroy dismissed
all the bystanders, and this was at half-past nine o’clock; when
Sheriff Aga, the Capudan Pacha’s Kiaya, who was still within, walked
up to the Viceroy, and kissing his feet, told him, ‘Now you are both
together, with your leave I retire,‘ meaning that he had accomplished
his object, and fulfilled his duty so far. His Highness and the
Capudan Pacha remained by themselves in the room till half-past ten
o‘clock, after which the Capudan Pacha walked out of the room
bare-footed, his own servant not being there to give him his shoes,
and was obliged to walk about twenty paces without shoes, until his
servant brought them, as well as his sword, upon which he went to
the Musappi Serai (the palace for guests), accompanied in the same
way as he had arrived. When he entered the palace assigned to him,
all the civil officers, as well as Houssein Pacha, kissed his foot, and
he asked them to take seats, and gave them coffee, telling them,
‘Thank God, my wishes to meet the Viceroy are accomplished, and
you may know that I have obtained his Highness’s permission for the
landing of the Vice and the Rear Admirals.’
“With the Capudan Pacha ten officers landed, two of whom are
Beys (Colonels), and one is the brother of Osman Pacha, the ex-
Egyptian Admiral, who deserted to Constantinople more than five
years ago.”

10. See Levant Papers, Part I., p. 255.

THE WAR IN SYRIA.
 CHAPTER I.

State of Affairs in the Levant in August, 1839—The Author’s Interview with Hosrew
Pacha—Sir Robert Stopford at Constantinople; his Interview with the Sultan—
Impolitic Junction of the English and French Fleets—Sir John Louis takes the
command of the English Squadron—The Author tenders his Resignation.

The loss of the battle of Nizib, the death of the Sultan Mahmoud,
and the defection of the Turkish fleet, threatened to place Turkey at
the mercy of Mehemet Ali, or under the protection of Russia. At the
earnest desire of France Ibrahim Pacha halted, and in the beginning
of August, 1839, the combined squadrons of England and France
assembled in Besika Bay, ready to proceed to Constantinople, should
Ibrahim march, or should the Russians leave Sebastapol.
The allied ministers, however, do not appear to have considered
how the squadrons were to pass the Dardanelles; the current runs
constantly to the southward, and the prevailing winds are generally
from the opposite direction. It rarely happens that a favourable
breeze sufficiently strong springs up to enable ships to pass the
Hellespont; and we had not an adequate number of steam vessels to
take the ships in tow. Russia had a strong fleet and army at
Sebastapol, and could approach the Sultan’s capital at pleasure,
whereas we were powerless, and as for being able to protect the
Porte from a sudden attack, either from Russia or Ibrahim Pacha, we
might just as well have been in Malta Harbour.
As forty-eight hours would have been sufficient for a Russian fleet
and army to arrive at Constantinople, it always appeared to me,
after the unforeseen misfortunes which had befallen the Porte, the
ambassadors and admirals ought to have taken the responsibility on
themselves, and anchored the squadrons in the Golden Horn the
first favourable opportunity; the ministers of the different Powers
could then have treated the Eastern Question on an equal footing.
Russia would, no doubt, have stormed, threatened, and, perhaps,
withdrawn her ambassador, but she would not have gone to war,
and, after a time, would have sent her squadron to Constantinople
to join that of England and France; strong detachments should then
have appeared off Alexandria, and, most probably, Mehemet Ali,
seeing a close union between the great Powers of Europe, would
have given up the Turkish fleet, and restored Syria to the Porte.
This was not done, and France soon began to take a new view of
the Eastern Question, and shortly after refused to send the
combined fleets to Alexandria to demand the Turkish squadron, and,
under all circumstances, I think she was right; a hostile fleet could
not enter the harbour easily, or indeed at all, if proper precautions
were taken. We had no troops to land, and the absence of the
Russian squadron would have given Mehemet Ali reason to believe
the four Powers were not united. Alexandria might have been
bombarded, it is true, and the fleet burnt, but that would have been
almost as untoward an event as the battle of Navarino, and certainly
would not have tended to strengthen the Turkish empire; it might
have provoked Mehemet Ali to order Ibrahim to advance, which
would have brought the Russians to Constantinople, and once there,
they most assuredly would not have permitted us to pass the
Dardanelles.
About this time the Admiral and many of the officers were at
Constantinople, when it was intimated to him that he might shortly
expect decided instructions; leave was immediately stopped, and the
officers were ordered to rejoin their ships forthwith. These
instructions were supposed to be, to proceed to Alexandria, but they
never arrived, as France objected to the measure. Admiral Roussin
was recalled, we became cool with France, and began to draw near
to Russia. During my sojourn at Constantinople, I had an opportunity
of examining the sea defences, the capital, and the Bosphorus, and I
sent Colonel Napier, who was with me, to examine the land
fortifications. The batteries were numerous, well placed, and
mounted many heavy guns; but with a strong wind and current a
fleet might pass down without much damage, and if that fleet was
accompanied by an army the fortifications could be taken in reverse;
the defences of the Dardanelles are strong to the sea, but weak to
the land; a fleet might descend with the stream, but it would be no
easy matter to go against it.
When at Constantinople I had an interview with the Grand Vizier,
Hosrew Pacha. The old man appeared nearly eighty; he is of low
stature, and a good deal deformed; his countenance fresh, with a
most intelligent and penetrating eye, his dress simple. On entering
his apartment he immediately rose, kissed my cheek, complimented
Colonel Napier on his soldier-like appearance, and begged us to be
seated; seeing us in boots, he called for his, which he drew on in
great haste, apparently to be on a footing with us. Pipes and coffee
were produced, and, after a few puffs, he began the conversation
through Mr. Redhouse, the interpreter, by expressing his satisfaction
at seeing me in the Sultan’s capital. I replied that I hoped to have an
opportunity of performing some services for His Imperial Majesty,
and that I thought the first step he ought to take, should be, inviting
the combined fleets to Constantinople. The old man appeared to
apprehend more danger from Mehemet Ali than from Russia, and did
not relish this proposal; he roundly asserted that it would cause an
insurrection, and the Christians would be massacred; that he was
not afraid of Russia, and although the empire had been brought to a
very low ebb by the incapacity of the men the late Sultan had placed
at the head of the army, followed by the defection of the Turkish
fleet, she was still strong; that he had no fears of Russia, and should
her troops advance on Constantinople he would put himself at the
head of the Ottoman army and defeat them. I asked him where his
army was, as it had been destroyed at Nizib and replaced by boys;
remarking that Russia would never think of marching, but would
come by sea, pass the Bosphorus in spite of all the batteries, and
take possession of Constantinople with the greatest ease.
To this he replied that, in the neighbourhood of the capital there
was an army of 30,000 men, which was quite sufficient for its
defence, and it would be much better if one half of the fleet was to
remain at the mouth of the Dardanelles and the other half proceed
to Alexandria. To this I answered, that nothing could be done at
Alexandria without troops, that the entrance of the harbour was too
shallow for ships to enter with their guns, and that Mehemet Ali had
declared that if the fleet appeared there, he should instantly direct
Ibrahim to march on Scutari; this would inevitably bring down the
Russians, who would object to the French and English approaching
Constantinople, even if they could get a fair wind, and the
probability would be that it would embroil Europe in war, and Turkey
would be sacrificed.
The Vizier inquired why an English army could not be spared to
attack Alexandria. To this I replied, we had already too much on our
hands; what with the troubles in Canada, the war in India, the
prospect of an outbreak in China, and the Chartists at home, it was
impossible to spare troops, and that I was sure Parliament would not
grant supplies for such an expedition. This ended our conversation.
Hosrew was strongly suspected of being in the interest, if not the
pay of Russia; how far that is true, is hard to say.
The Admiral obtained firmans to see the mosques and other
curiosities at Constantinople, which have been so often described
that I shall not torment the reader with a repetition of an often told
tale.
After passing ten days pleasantly enough between Constantinople
and Therapia, and being entertained by the ambassadors, we
embarked on board the Carysfort, which bore the Admiral’s flag,
and, in tow of a steamer, left Therapia, and shortly after anchored
abreast of the Sultan’s Asiatic palace. A royal salute was then fired,
and returned by the batteries in the vicinity of the Imperial
residence. Nothing can be more beautiful than the passage down
the Bosphorus, and nothing more magnificent than the Sultan’s
palaces and the country-houses situated on its banks.
Mahmoud was fond of building, and just before his death had
finished a new palace on the European shore. With Colonel Napier’s
permission, I give the account of an interview with the Sultan in
nearly his own words.
 “The household troops, such as they were, received the Admiral
and his suite on landing, and we proceeded into a handsome
apartment on the ground floor, where we were received by the
Sultan’s brother-in-law, the Seraskier, Halil Pacha. Pipes were in this
instance dispensed with, and after partaking of coffee and
sweetmeats, handed round in gold filagree cups and saucers, richly
studded with diamonds, a very common-place conversation took
place, through the medium of the interpreter, between Sir Robert
and the commander-in-chief of the Turkish forces.
“In about a quarter of an hour his ‘Highness’ sent word that he
was ready to receive us, whereupon the whole suite, consisting of
about a dozen British officers, proceeded, ‘booted‘ as we were, up a
magnificent staircase, and through numerous apartments, the floors
of which shone forth in all the splendour of the rarest and most
highly-polished woods; and whilst the Turkish courtiers glided
noiselessly along, in their purple slippers of thin morocco leather, a
most martial tramp proclaimed our entrance into the presence
chamber, where, on a sofa, sat the effeminate-looking Sultan, girded
with the Sword of Osman.
“Abdul Medjid, the youthful Sultan, far from being

A man of solemn port,

Shawled to the nose and bearded to the eyes,

was a pale and sickly-looking youth, of apparently three or four

and twenty, though in reality his age exceeded not seventeen; but it
is said that his frequent visits to the harem had given him this
appearance of premature age.
“He was plainly dressed, not in the Oriental style, but in a plain
cloth military surtout and pantaloons, a short blue cloak, gracefully
placed on his left shoulder, and a fez on his head. The only sign of
regal magnificence displayed by him was a few brilliants on the clasp
of his belt, with which the hilt of the sabre was likewise thickly
studded.
“We formed half a circle round his Imperial Majesty, who did not
deign to rise, and were presented by the Seraskier. Sir Robert
Stopford then said, that the gratification he had received at seeing
Constantinople, together with the attention he had met with, was
very great. The Sultan, through Halil Pacha, who seemed to prompt
him in all he uttered, replied, he was very glad his Excellency had
felt so gratified.
“The Admiral then said, that he had been entrusted by Her
Britannic Majesty with the command of a fleet, to render any service
which might be required by the Sublime Porte. To this the Sultan
bowed. Here ended the conference; we retired with the Seraskier,
partook of the parting bowl of sherbet, and in four-and-twenty hours
were once more in the midst of the fleet in Besika Bay.”
The fleets remained there till the end of October; the English then
proceeded to Vourla for the winter, and were shortly followed by the
French squadron, part of which went to Smyrna. The English now
consisted of twelve sail of the line; the French of nine. The French
ships were much larger and better manned than ours, and Admiral
Lalande was indefatigable in exercising them, and I must admit that
in harbour manœuvres they were equally as expert as ourselves,
and in some respects superior; and I cannot refrain from observing
that keeping the two fleets so much together was a most impolitic
measure. When the French squadron first joined Sir Pulteney
Malcolm in the Downs they were all abroad; the five or six years
they had been almost constantly in company with the British had
brought about a most astonishing change for the better, and
although it may be very advantageous to have an alliance with
France, there ought to be no acting together with fleets if it can
possibly be avoided.
On the 22nd of January, 1840, Commodore Hyde Parker sailed for
England, (his broad blue pennant had been up a few months,) and
the Commander-in-chief shortly after obtained leave to proceed to
Malta, with six sail of the line, and Sir John Louis, the
Superintendant of Malta Dockyard, was ordered to Vourla, to take
command of the remainder of the squadron; this was an unusual
measure, and by no means complimentary to myself, who was the
next senior officer. I in consequence proffered my resignation to the
Admiral, which he declined to accept, and after some explanation
with him my letter was withdrawn, and I pocketed the affront.
 CHAPTER II.

The English Fleet winters at Smyrna—Summer Cruise—Insurrection in Lebanon—

Opinion on the proper course of the English Fleet—The Powerful and
Edinburgh sent to Beyrout—Murder of a Frank; conduct of the French Consul
—Insignificance of the Insurrection—Mission of Mr. Wood—Grievances of the
Mountaineers—Author’s Letter to the Egyptian Admiral—Letter from Souliman
Pacha—Suppression of the Insurrection—Ignorance of the Allied Consuls—
Visit to Tripoli—Excursion into the Mountains—Appearance of the Country—
Ships ordered to Vourla Bay—Author’s Report to the Admiral.

The squadron now consisted of six sail of the line[11], which, by

degrees, were moved up to Smyrna, a much more agreeable
anchorage than Vourla.
I had been confined to my cabin for six weeks with a severe
cough, and I took up my quarters at Boujar, a small village a few
miles from Smyrna, which very soon re-established my health; there
was very good English society at both places, and the time passed
agreeably enough.
While the squadron lay at Vourla the sulphur dispute with Naples
commenced; their ports were blockaded, and the Admiral proceeded
to the Bay with three or four sail of the line; this decided measure
brought the King to his senses, and the question was settled through
the mediation of France. On the 4th of June the squadron left
Smyrna for a summer cruise; the French preceded us by a few days.
We visited the beautiful island of Mitylene, which possesses one of
the finest harbours in the world, completely land-locked, and
capable of containing any number of ships; from thence we
proceeded to Scio, which had not recovered from the ravages of the
Turks during the Greek insurrection. The town was still in ruins, and
there appeared little probability of it ever recovering its former
splendour. From Scio we returned to Mitylene, from thence to
Mosconisi, and, after visiting the ruins of Assos, passed between
Mitylene and the Main, and anchored in Besika Bay on the 24th.
Here the Gorgon joined, with the intelligence of an insurrection
having broke out in Lebanon; of Mehemet Ali having offered to give
up the Turkish fleet, and of his preparing an expedition to put the
insurrection down. This expedition was chiefly composed of Turkish
frigates, manned with mixed crews, and carrying an army of from
12,000 to 15,000 men, of which 4000 were Turks; thus employing
the Sultan’s ships and troops to put down the Sultan’s subjects, who
were anxious to shake off the yoke of Mehemet Ali. Hosrew Pacha
was disgraced about this time, and a daughter was born to the
Sultan; like an expert politician, Mehemet Ali sent Sami Bey to
Constantinople, to compliment his master on the birth of a daughter,
and to express his readiness, now the Grand Vizier was disgraced, to
enter into negociations, and give up the fleet. This was evidently a
blind; and it so far succeeded that a part of the squadron had
actually sailed before his intentions were known; so secretly and so
actively had he carried on the embarkation of the troops at the
arsenal.
Colonel Hodges, the British Consul-General at Alexandria, had
given every facility to the Turkish soldiers and sailors to desert, and
when his conduct was brought before Parliament, Lord Palmerston
declared that though he had no instructions to that effect, he
perfectly approved of his assisting, by every means in his power, the
Sultan’s subjects to return to their allegiance. On that declaration of
Lord Palmerston I founded my opinion that the squadron ought
immediately to proceed to the coast of Syria, seize the Sultan’s ships
and troops, and carry them to Rhodes, till further orders, or allow
them to act on the coast of Syria in assisting the insurrection, as
circumstances might point out. Sir John Louis had no orders on the
subject, and did not think proper to take the responsibility on
himself. He, however, sent the Castor and Cyclops to Beyrout, for the
protection of British subjects and property, and the Gorgon to Malta
for instructions; the squadron returned next day to Vourla, and the
Powerful to Smyrna.
In a few days orders arrived from Sir Robert Stopford for the
Powerful and Edinburgh to proceed to Beyrout, but on no account to
interfere in any way with the Egyptian squadron; the Commander-in-
chief having taken the same view of the question as Sir John Louis.
The French admiral was, however, not so certain of our intentions,
and he despatched a steamer, with directions, it is generally
supposed, to advise the immediate return of the Turkish ships to
Alexandria. On the 1st of July we sailed from Vourla, and arrived at
Beyrout on the 7th. The Turco-Egyptian squadron, with the
exception of two frigates and several corvettes, had sailed two days
before, on their return to Alexandria, after landing their troops. The
Castor, which was cruising off the port, had seen them the day
before my arrival.
It would have been easy to have come up with this fleet before
they reached their destination, but as my orders were positive not to
interfere, I anchored at Beyrout. Had we sailed from Besika Bay the
day the Castor did, we should have found them at anchor, and it
would not have been difficult to have caused a movement amongst
the Turks, which would have furnished me with an excuse for
carrying out my own views, and I may add, the policy of the
Government; but at sea it could not have been done without a direct
interference, from which I was interdicted; and here I may remark,
an officer’s taking responsibility on himself, and acting without
orders, is very different to acting in direct disobedience of orders,
even when satisfied they are erroneous, and it must be a strong
case to justify such a breach of discipline.
On my arrival at Beyrout, I was visited by Mr. Moore, the British
Consul, who gave a most alarming account of the state of the
country, and of the want of discipline and insubordination of the
Albanian troops, who formed part of the Egyptian army under the
immediate command of Souliman Pacha.
The servant of a French nobleman had been murdered, and the
Consul of that nation had rather hastily struck his flag because the
murderer was not immediately executed. He had been tried and
condemned, but nothing would satisfy the Consuls short of his
immediate execution, however contrary to the military law of Egypt,
which required the sanction of the Viceroy. A deputation was sent to
Alexandria to demand his execution, which took place on board the
flag-ship there; and on the return of the deputation the French
Consul rehoisted his flag, under a salute. The French Government
disapproved of his conduct, and he was recalled.
On making inquiry, I found there had been one or two persons
murdered by the Albanian troops, an occurrence not very
extraordinary in Eastern countries, and not to be wondered at when
we consider an army of nearly 15,000 men was collected in the
neighbourhood of the town. I ascertained that the French Consul on
striking his flag had put his countrymen under the protection of the
Sardinian Consul, except this nobleman, whom Mr. Moore took
charge of, and as it did not appear to me the British Consul had any
authority to make a selection and give protection to this gentleman,
I declined interfering; and a little more experience showed me that
the outrages of the Albanians were as much exaggerated as the
strength and respectability of the insurrection undoubtedly was. Mr.
Wood, one of Lord Ponsonby’s dragomen, had been sent by the
ambassador into the mountains of Lebanon, to ascertain the real
strength of the mountaineers, and at his instigation a petition was
signed and sent to the British Ambassador by five chiefs, one of
whom, a sheik of inferior note, was styled the Seraskier[12]. In fact
the insurrection was never of any consequence. The mountaineers
were justly dissatisfied at being obliged to work in the coal mine of
Corneille, and on being required to deliver up the arms which had
been supplied them to assist in putting down another sect. An
attempt was also made to introduce the conscription, which is quite
at variance with their ideas, and is viewed throughout the whole
district of Lebanon with horror and detestation; moreover, they were
oppressed with heavy taxes, the greater part of which went into the
coffers of their own prince, the Emir Bechir; the odium, however,
was thrown on Mehemet Ali, who only received 30,000 dollars
annually from the mountains. They were unprovided with either
arms or ammunition, were headed by no chief of note, and never
could assemble, even for a few days, a force of a thousand men;
nevertheless with that number they showed a considerable degree
of boldness, and occasionally advanced to the walls of Beyrout, and
fired a few shot into the town. Mehemet Ali, seeing the danger of a
rising in Syria, should the mountaineers succeed, with his usual
promptitude and decision, at once sent a powerful army to Beyrout;
on their arrival, pacific proposals were sent to the mountaineers,
who submitted. The following morning the greater part of the
Egyptian camp was struck, and they marched to the neighbourhood
of Deir el Kammar, the capital of the mountains; a little resistance
was shown by small parties on the first advance, and the Albanians
were sent to disperse them; in accomplishing this, several villages
were destroyed, and they penetrated to the heights of Brumanah,
and burnt the village and convent of Betmarie. Observing this from
the Powerful, I sent the following letter to the Egyptian Admiral, to
which Souliman Pacha replied.

“H.M. S. Powerful, Beyrout,

“Sir, July 14, 1840.
“I observe with pain and regret that a general conflagration began
in the mountains a few hours after the march of the troops from this
place. Without at all entering into the question of whether the
inhabitants of Lebanon are right or wrong in rising in favour of the
Sultan, I do not conceive that the generals of the Pacha of Egypt can
be justified in carrying on the war against them in the barbarous
manner I now see in operation.
“I write to you, Sir, as an Egyptian admiral, and the officer holding
the highest office now in Beyrout, to request you will immediately
communicate to his Highness Abbas Pacha the horror I feel at
witnessing such acts of useless barbarity, which must lead to the
destruction of thousands of women and children, who can take no
part in the insurrection.
“His Highness Abbas Pacha may rest assured that the five great
Powers of Europe, who are now treating the Eastern question, will
not view with satisfaction the manner he has adopted of putting
down the insurrection.
 “I have the honour to remain,
“Your obedient servant,
“Charles Napier.”
“To the Rear-Admiral
Commanding the Egyptian squadron at Beyrout.”

Souliman’s Reply, translated from the Arabic.

“The letter which has been sent to us in English, with its Arabic
translation, from the senior officer, Captain Napier, commanding the
English vessels in the port of Beyrout, has reached us, and from its
Arabic translation we have understood its meaning.
“On our arrival at the place called Ain-el-Haj-mige, we there found
one or two hundred insurgents, not originally from this place, but
from Balbeck, and from the parts inhabited by mountaineers, who
had come since the insurrection of this mountain, which has since
submitted; they, therefore, knowing themselves guilty, and feeling
the hand of punishment, in order to stir up the inhabitants, set fire
to the different villages, saying, ‘Why have you submitted, and have
given up your arms? we therefore choose to serve you in this
manner,’ and to which the Christians of the mountains can attest and
affirm. The above-mentioned insurgents, being at a place called
Mulay, opposite the camp, some Albanians were sent against them,
and drove them away after a fight; when pursuing them, the
aforesaid insurgents, according to their promise, burnt the villages
which they passed through in their flight and so gained the heights
of the mountains; two of these individuals were caught, and brought
in armed, but no injury was done them, and they were allowed to go
after being furnished with a pass. The villages of Haded, Babda,
Soafet, and other large villages like them, besides others near them,
which are under us, have asked for security, which has been
granted, and they have submitted peaceably and given up their
arms; nothing has been done to them, only at the expulsion of the
above-mentioned insurgents, they took from them their animals,
arms, &c. The cavalry of Kabal, being like us troops, know very well
the laws of war, and therefore those who are led astray, must expect
to be killed, destroyed, &c., which they deserve, as they are not
children. Still quarter is given them, as they may have been misled
by the insurgents, and those who are found wounded after a battle
are not destroyed.
“But if his Excellency the above-mentioned senior officer intends
making any observations with regard to the movements or actions of
the camp, then it does not appertain to us to answer; we cannot
naturally but follow the instructions of his Highness our Master, the
Viceroy. In consequence, all such answers can be given only by our
Master the Viceroy to the Consuls-General at Alexandria; they alone
are competent to do it, and which we beg to notify to your
Excellency.
“(Signed) Souliman Pasha.”

Whether this was well translated or not, and whether what is

stated here is correct, I am not able to say, but I must do them the
justice of observing, that after that remonstrance I had nothing to
complain of. The Egyptian troops marched to the neighbourhood of
the Emir Bechir’s palace, Osman Pacha advanced from Balbeck, and
the Emir sent his own troops to disarm the mountaineers. There
were no executions, and only seven Emirs, at the instigation of the
Grand Prince, were sent into Egypt, and from there were banished to
Sennaar.
So badly informed were the allied Consuls, who felt a great
interest in the mountaineers, and believed everything they wished,
that for upwards of a week after the insurrection was put down, they
fancied it in full force, and it was from a French merchant, who
showed me a letter from Souliman Pacha’s secretary, I first learnt
the actual state of the Mountain in the neighbourhood of Beyrout.
I sent the Edinburgh to Tripoli to learn what was passing there,
and I followed on the 18th. On my arrival I found the mountaineers
in that district, with few exceptions, had laid down their arms, and
all was quiet; both ships watered, and returned to Beyrout. The
exaggerated statements of Mr. Wood and Mr. Moore to the
ambassador at Constantinople, who was ready to believe anything to
the disadvantage of Mehemet Ali, had, however, their effect, and no
doubt very much accelerated the signing the Treaty of the 15th of
July.
At the very time I was writing to the Admiral that the insurrection
was at an end, he was receiving letters from Constantinople, that it
was in full force. On our return from Tripoli, we made an excursion
into the mountains, on the road to Deir el Kammar, and there we
saw nothing like the ravages of war; the country was beautifully
cultivated to the tops of the highest mountains, and had we not
known to contrary, we should have supposed from the appearance,
that it was well governed. Nothing can be more beautiful than the
mountains and villages of Lebanon, inhabited by a hardy and honest
race of beings, and not a spot capable of cultivation is allowed to lie
fallow. Terraces to support the soil are built up at great expense, and
water conducted for irrigation throughout the mountain. The
mulberry-tree is cultivated with great care, and produces two crops
of leaves; the first goes to feed the silkworms, and the second the
cattle in autumn. All kinds of fruit and vegetables are also produced,
and the vine flourishes in great luxuriance nearly up to the summit
of the mountain. As we were winding along the difficult passes we
observed a steam-ship at sea, several thousand feet below us,
making the best of her way to Beyrout, and before we had finished
our repast, which the kindness of Mr. Moore had provided, we were
agreeably surprised by the appearance of Captain Henderson, of the
Gorgon, who had arrived from Alexandria, with orders to join the
Commander-in-chief in Vourla Bay; this was a great disappointment,
as we had projected excursions to Damascus and Balbeck, and also
to the most interesting parts of these beautiful mountains. The
subjoined is my report to the Admiral.

“H.M.S. Powerful, Beyrout,

“Sir, July 20, 1840.
“A column of the Egyptian army marched to Sidon on the 8th, and
returned on the 12th with a couple of squadrons of cavalry, whom
they escorted to this place. On their march there and back the
Albanians committed all sorts of disorders, burnt three or four
villages and two convents, and even shot the muleteers who carried
their baggage, in order to possess themselves of their animals.
“On the evening of the 13th, the Emir Hallid, second son of the
Emir Bechir, ruling prince of the Mountain, came into Beyrout with
30 horse, leaving, it is said, 800 men in the neighbourhood, and
next day the Egyptian army was put in motion and marched to the
mountains; scarce two hours had elapsed ere the country was in a
blaze, up to the tops of the highest hills; even the convents did not
escape the fury of the Albanians. I thought it my duty to write on
the subject to the Egyptian admiral, a copy of which letter I have the
honour to inclose, together with Souliman Pacha’s reply. I only
received positive information last night, that the insurrection was
nearly put down; in fact, the chiefs, on seeing the imposing force
Mehemet Ali sent against them, gave up the contest without a
struggle. There are still men in arms in the mountains near Tripoli,
but I fear all hope of Syria being relieved from the oppressive rule of
Mehemet Ali by their own exertions is at an end. The Egyptian
admiral sailed from here on the 15th, and was joined off Sidon by
another frigate. There are lying here two Egyptian corvettes and
three brigs; the town and neighbourhood is as quiet as can be
expected, though attempts have been made to excite the Arabs
against the Christians.
“Rejoicings are going on, and are to continue for seven days, in
consequence of the birth of a Sultana, and I hope they will pass off
quietly. However, at any moment, a feeling may be stirred up against
the Franks and Christians, and no one can tell what would be the
consequence; and as they are intermixed in the town there would be
no means of protecting them, or of intimidating the Arabs. Should
anything unpleasant occur I shall do all I can to preserve order.
“The Cyclops joined me on the 14th, and the Alecto on the 20th,
to wait for the India Mail. The Turco-Egyptian squadron arrived at
Alexandria on the 16th, to the great joy of Mehemet Ali. I have
every reason to believe that the French steamer which arrived here
the day after the Cyclops, brought the intelligence of our coming
down, which hurried off the fleet. The French appear to be in favour
of Mehemet Ali, and in that follow the views of the Government. The
convents are under French protection, and their flag is flying in a
dozen different places in the mountains; this gives them great
influence. The greater part of the army is expected back daily, and I
presume a part will be sent to Tripoli, should the insurgents be there
in any force; they will also be pressed by Osman Pacha, who is at
Merge.
“There are two French corvettes and a brig here; they appear very
busy in their communication with the convents in Lebanon.
“I have the honour to remain, &c.,
“Charles Napier.”
“Rear-Admiral Sir John Louis, Bart.”

11. Benbow, Powerful, Edinburgh, Implacable, Hastings, Belleisle,

and Castor.

12. See their Petition, in Appendix.

 CHAPTER III.

The English ships withdrawn from the coast of Syria—The Author appointed to the
command of a Squadron—Return to Beyrout—Instructions to the Squadron—
Letters to the Egyptian Authorities, the British Consul, the Emir Bechir, and
others—Proclamation to the Syrians—Letters from the Emir Bechir and
Souliman Pacha.

On the 3rd of August we took leave of Beyrout, and sailed in

company with the Edinburgh, to join the Commander-in-chief’s flag,
leaving the Castor and Gorgon on the coast. Thinking it probable
that counter orders might be sent to Rhodes, we made the best of
our way thither. On the 10th we made Castel Rosso, on the coast of
Caramania, and there fell in with the Ganges, commanded by my old
friend Captain Reynolds, who brought me direction to hoist a broad
blue pennant, and take under my command the Ganges, Thunderer,
Edinburgh, Castor, and Gorgon, and return to Beyrout. He was the
bearer of the Treaty of the 15th of July, and of orders to assist the
mountaineers, supposing the insurrection to be in full force; the
Ganges was directed to pass to the east of Cyprus, and the
Thunderer to the west, in order to pick me up. All sail was made,
and by noon next day we were fortunate in joining the latter ship,
and then made the best of our way to Beyrout.
The service was rather of a delicate nature; the insurrection was
over, and twenty days were allowed Mehemet Ali to reject or accept
the Treaty of July. In the quarantine ground, two miles from Beyrout,
were encamped 4000 Turks; it was known they were dissatisfied,
and wished to return to Constantinople, but how to assist them, and
how far to go under the existing treaty, was not very easy to decide;
it was, however, important some effort should be made before they
were moved out of our reach. It was also desirable to prevent, if
possible, that enterprising officer Souliman Pacha (who had
organized the Egyptian army) from removing the stores from the
magazine, and from strengthening the town.
My position was not agreeable. If I commenced hostilities before
the expiration of the twenty days and Mehemet Ali accepted the
terms, I should be accused of precipitation, and of causing an
unnecessary sacrifice of life; on the other hand, should Mehemet Ali
hold out, I might be accused of supineness. Under this
embarrassment we anchored at Beyrout on the 12th of August.
After perusing my orders, Lord Palmerston’s instructions, and the
third article of the Convention, and giving them my best
consideration, it appeared to me evident that, under all
circumstances, nothing but a very decided demonstration could be
undertaken, following that demonstration up by hostilities, should
opportunity offer.
Beyrout is a small town surrounded by a wall, with a few weak
turrets mouldering to ruins, and mounting very few guns. The arms,
provisions, and ammunition were stored in two weak castles. About
a mile and a half from the town, on a point of land, stands the
quarantine establishment, surrounded by a high wall; on this
establishment the Turkish troops were encamped, a second camp
was a little removed, and a third a still greater distance in the
country, where were quartered the Egyptian and Albanian troops.
My first object was to rise and protect the Turks, the second to
recover the arms of the mountaineers.
The 13th was employed in preparing the following proclamation,
and the letters necessary to carry this into execution; and at eleven
o’clock of the 14th the squadron weighed. The Powerful was placed
within three hundred yards of one castle, the Edinburgh about the
same distance from another, the Ganges close into the bay, with her
broadside bearing between the two camps I have described; the
Thunderer off the point, and the Castor in the bay round it. The
orders were as follows:—
 “H.M.S. Powerful, Beyrout,
“12th of August, 1840.
“Memorandum.—The Powerful and Edinburgh will take up a position
abreast of the town; the object of so doing is to induce the Governor
to deliver the arms that have been taken from the inhabitants of
Lebanon, and to assist the Turkish troops to return to their
allegiance. I shall avoid hostilities, if possible, therefore great caution
is to be used, and the Edinburgh will not fire without signal, even if
the Powerful should open, and then the guns will be carefully
directed at the batteries.
“The Ganges will take up a position to command the Turkish camp
to the south, the Thunderer abreast of the island, and the Castor in
the bay. Captain Reynolds will endeavour to send the accompanying
letter on shore, and should any attempt be made to withdraw the
Turkish troops he will enfilade the road, and endeavour to prevent
their retiring, and he will do this with great caution, and spill as little
blood as possible. It has been intimated to the Governor that any
movement amongst the Turkish troops will be the signal for
hostilities.
“Charles Napier, Commodore.”
“To the Captains of H.M.S. Ganges,
Thunderer, Castor, and Edinburgh.”

An officer was then sent to the Governor and the Consul with the
papers marked 1 and 2. Lieutenant Fitzjames landed in the Turkish
camp, a service of some danger, with No. 3, and the Proclamation.
No. 4 was sent to the Grand Prince, and No. 5 to his Nephew. The
Governor declined giving any answer, and the commander of the
Turkish forces said he could not act without orders.
An attack on the town depended entirely on a movement in the
Turkish camp, but they either had not spirit or inclination to throw
up their caps and declare for the Sultan; or it is possible the soldiers
were kept in ignorance of the proclamation, for though we remained
three days in our position no movement took place. I threatened to
commence hostilities should the Turkish troops be moved, but in the
night they were gradually withdrawn by a gate we could not see,
and mingled with the Egyptians.
Towards dark, as I suspected, the removal of the stores from the
castles and water side began, and I sent an officer to remonstrate
and threaten, and it was with much difficulty I refrained from putting
my veto on the proceedings, through the medium of a few 32lb.
shot; this could easily have been done; but was it justifiable? I
thought not—and most unwillingly made up my mind, unless a fair
opportunity offered, to allow the twenty days to expire.

No. 1.

“Sir,
“Great Britain, Austria, Russia and Prussia, have decided that Syria
is to be restored to the Sultan. I notify this to you for your guidance.
I demand that the Turkish troops be put under my protection, and
that the arms be restored to the inhabitants of Mount Lebanon. I am
unwilling to shed blood, or destroy the property of the inhabitants of
Beyrout, therefore I caution you not to provoke hostilities; you must
see, by the position I have taken up, that the town is at my mercy,
therefore if you are the cause of uselessly shedding blood the
responsibility must rest on your head. Any attempt to move the
Turkish troops from their present position will be the signal for
hostilities.
“I am, Sir, &c.,
“Chas. Napier.”
“His Excellency Mahmoud Bey, Governor of Beyrout.”

No. 2.

“Sir,
“I beg you will communicate to the Consuls of the different
Powers, and the British merchants at Beyrout, that Great Britain,
Austria, Russia, and Prussia, have decided that Syria is to be
restored to the Sultan. I have demanded that the Turkish troops be
put under my protection, and that the arms be restored to the
inhabitants of Lebanon. I trust the Governor will not provoke
hostilities; if he does, the responsibility of shedding blood must be
on his own head.
“I am, Sir, &c.,
“Chas. Napier, Commodore.”
“N. Moore, Esq., British Consul, Beyrout.”

No. 3.

“Sir,
“I inclose you a proclamation I have thought proper to issue; if
you attempt to move out of the camp, hostilities will commence
immediately.
“I am, Sir, your obedient servant,
“Chas. Napier, Commodore.”
“To the Commanding Officer of the Turkish Troops.”

“Proclamation.
“Syrians,
“Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia, &c., in conjunction
with the Sultan, have decided that the rule of Mehemet Ali shall
cease in Syria; and I have been sent here with an advanced
squadron to assist in throwing off the yoke of the Pacha of Egypt.
“You know that a hatti-scheriff has been issued by the Sultan,
securing the life and property of his subjects, and which is in full
operation throughout the Turkish territories; in addition to this the
allied Powers have engaged to recommend to the Sultan an
arrangement which will render your condition happy and
comfortable.
“Inhabitants of Lebanon, who are more particularly under my
eyes, I call upon you to rise and throw off the yoke under which you
are groaning; troops, arms, and ammunition, are daily expected
from Constantinople, and, in the mean time, the Egyptians shall no
longer molest your coast.
“Soldiers of the Sultan, who were treacherously led from your
homes to the burning sands of Egypt, and have since been
transported to Syria, I call upon you, in the name of the great
Powers, to return to your allegiance. All past events will be
forgotten, and your arrears of pay discharged by the Sultan.
“(Signed) Charles Napier.“

No. 4.

“Prince,
“I send you a Proclamation I have thought proper to issue. I call
upon your Highness to return to your allegiance to the Sultan, or
take the consequence.
“I have the honour to remain,
“Your Highness’s obedient servant,
“Charles Napier.”
“His Highness the Emir Bechir,
Grand Prince of Lebanon.”

No. 5.

“Prince,
“My Proclamation will be delivered to you by Mr. Wood, or
forwarded. I call upon you to stand forth in favour of your
Sovereign; you may rely upon all the support I can give, and of
reinforcements from the Porte.
“I have the honour to remain,
“Your obedient servant,
“Charles Napier.”
“To the Emir Bechir Cassim.”

The Grand Prince sent no answer, but a few days after, his
surgeon came on board, and gave me to understand that as soon as
the Turkish troops landed the Emir would declare for the Sultan; the
Emir Bechir Cassim sent a favourable reply, but wavered till he could
see what turn affairs were likely to take.
Copy of a letter received from the Emir
Bechir Cassim.
 “August 14, 1840.
“After the customary compliments to his Excellency Commodore
Napier.
“I have had the honour to receive your commands, and I have to
pray to the Almighty to preserve to eternity your Government and
your Excellency.
“I have had the honour to receive the Proclamation you were
pleased to send me, containing the decision of the four great
Powers, to which I readily submit. I am prepared to render instantly
all the services that may be required of me, while I consider the
opportunity afforded me as a peculiar favour from God. I am waiting
only for supreme orders to commence immediately acting
accordingly with diligence, when I will also follow all your
commands. I hope to be able to prove to you the sincerity of my
declarations. You have forwarded to us your Proclamation through
Mr. Wood; we will follow your instructions thereon.
“I have requested the bearer of the present to express to you my
sentiments verbally, and I hope that, with your assistance, we shall
obtain peace, tranquillity, and liberty.
“(Signed) Emir Bechir Cassim.”

Vessels were constantly arriving with provisions and warlike

stores, which were detained, much to the annoyance of the
unfortunate crews and passengers, and, I may add, to our own.
Many of the vessels were loaded to the water’s edge, quite
unseaworthy should it blow, and badly found in water and
provisions; this induced me to write to Souliman Pacha as follows:

“Powerful, Beyrout, August 18, 1840.

“Sir,
“I am instructed to detain all ships of war and vessels having
troops, military stores, or provisions on board, going from one part
of Egypt or Syria to another. As it is a very vexatious duty for me to
perform, I submit to your Excellency whether it would not be better
to give orders to all the ports under your jurisdiction, not to permit
any vessels to sail loaded with the description of articles I have
pointed out. I have detained eleven officers and eighty-seven
privates on board different vessels; they have no provisions, and are
totally unaccustomed to our mode of living. I therefore submit to
your Excellency’s consideration whether it would not be desirable to
send them off provisions.
“I am, &c.,
“(Signed) Charles Napier, Commodore.”
“His Excellency Souliman Pacha, &c.”

“Beyrout, August 18, 1810.

“Commodore,
“I am very grateful for the advice which your Excellency gives me.
I did not expect less from the noble character of so loyal and valiant
a soldier as fame has long reported you to be. But it is impossible for
me to profit by it, not having received any instructions from my
Government that war exists between England and Egypt. I cannot,
therefore, take upon myself to interrupt the communications
between Egypt and Syria, or between the ports of the latter country.
If, according to your instructions, you have taken from the vessels
any passengers, provisions, or stores, belonging to the army or to
the country, I can no longer consider them as our subjects or our
property. I can only refer the matter to my Government, regretting
that I am without the power to provide further.
“Receive, I beg you, Commodore, the assurance of the highest
consideration of
“Your very humble servant,
“Souliman Pacha.”
 CHAPTER IV.

Generous behaviour of Souliman Pacha; Intercepted Letter from Boghos Bey to

that Officer—Interview of the Consuls with Mehemet Ali—A Turkish Squadron
equipped—Arrival of the Turkish Troops—Force of the Egyptian Army—Its
proper line of Action.

Souliman behaved with great generosity, though enraged at the

detention of vessels, which appeared to him contrary to the usages
of war; he received the sick into the hospitals, with a promise to
deliver them up when demanded, and allowed not only the vessels
detained, but the squadron, to be supplied with fresh provisions and
vegetables, and, I may add, did everything to prevent a collision
taking place.
On the 19th an Egyptian cutter arrived with despatches from
Boghos Bey to the Grand Prince, to Souliman, and to the Governor
of Beyrout; they were all to the same purpose, tending to show that
France was determined to take an active part in favour of Mehemet
Ali; the French merchants and priests were not idle in circulating
reports to the same effect, and they were generally credited in the
mountains. I subjoin Boghos Bey’s letter.
Copy of Intercepted Instructions sent to Souliman
Pacha.

“TO HIS EXCELLENCY SOULIMAN PACHA.

“After the usual compliments, &c.

“Notwithstanding that the conditions of the Convention signed in
London have not yet transpired, nevertheless, the Russian, English,