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Deploy Container
Applications
Using Kubernetes
Implementations with microk8s
and AWS EKS
—
Shiva Subramanian
Deploy Container
Applications Using
Kubernetes
Implementations with microk8s
and AWS EKS
Shiva Subramanian
Deploy Container Applications Using Kubernetes: Implementations with microk8s
and AWS EKS
Shiva Subramanian
Georgia, GA, USA
Introduction������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xi
iii
Table of Contents
iv
Table of Contents
v
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
vii
Table of Contents
Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 439
viii
About the Author
Shiva Subramanian is a servant leader with a focus on business software engineering
gained through 20+ years of progressive roles in Atari (Pac-Man Champ!), Basic/
Pascal/Fortran, dBase/FoxPro, Visual Basic/Visual C++, infrastructure (Windows NT/
Linux), software development, information security, architecture, team leadership,
management, business partnerships, contributing to P&L, launching new business,
creating and leading global SW dev teams to containers, Docker, cgroups, Kubernetes
(K8S), Jenkins, cloud (AWS/GCP/Azure), Java, Spring Boot, Redis, MongoDB, JSON,
and Scala.
He has 25 years’ experience in the FinTech and BFSI sector in areas such as core
banking solutions, payment networks, electronic billpay/bill presentment solutions, anti-
money laundering solutions, loan origination platforms, credit union platforms, teller/
customer/branch management systems, investment banking platforms (APL), mobile
commerce
(SMS banking), and bank intelligence platforms (BI/BW), just to name a few knowledge
domains.
ix
Introduction
Google launches several billion containers per week into Google Cloud. Mercedes-Benz
runs nearly 1000 Kubernetes clusters with 6000+ Kubernetes nodes. Datadog runs tens of
clusters with 10,000+ nodes and 100,000+ pods across multiple cloud providers.
The world’s leading companies are switching fast to Kubernetes clusters as a means
to deploy their applications at scale. Kubernetes is a technology enabler and a valuable
skill to gain.
Are you a computer science student, a system administrator, or perhaps even a
systems engineer working primarily with physical/virtual machines? Does the call of
modern technologies, such as Kubernetes, the cloud, AWS EKS, etc., that purports to
solve all your problems allure you – but you do not know where to start? Then this book
is for you.
After reading this book and doing the homework exercises, you will have a firm
understanding of the concepts of Kubernetes; you will also be able to stand up your own
Kubernetes cluster in two forms, inside of a physical or a virtual machine and in Amazon
Web Services (AWS) with proper RBAC (Role-Based Access Control) setup. While this
book isn’t a certification preparation–focused book, skills gained here will also help you
obtain Kubernetes certifications.
We will begin the journey by setting up a Kubernetes cluster from scratch in your
own virtual machine. Yes, you heard that right; we will set up a fully functioning
Kubernetes cluster in your virtual machine first. We will learn the basic concepts of
Kubernetes, what’s a pod, what’s a deployment, what’s a node, etc.
We will then progress to intermediate Kubernetes concepts, such as where does the
Kubernetes cluster get its storage from? How does the cluster scale the application up
and down? How do we scale the underlying compute infrastructure? What is a container
repo? How does this play into the CI/CD process?
We will then progress to switching our setup to Amazon Web Services (AWS), where
we will set up the same Kubernetes cluster using AWS’s Elastic Kubernetes Services
(EKS). We will set up the cluster, deploy sample applications, and learn about scaling the
underlying compute and how cloud computing really supports the Kubernetes platform.
xi
Introduction
Then we will finish with advanced concepts like utilizing AWS’s Elastic File System
(EFS) inside our Kubernetes cluster for persistent storage and how to enable ingress to
expose our application to the Internet as we would in a typical web-based application in
a production setting. You can then build on these skills to become a Kubernetes expert,
whether you are deploying in bare metal, in AWS, in Azure AKS, or in GCP’s GKS – the
core and the concepts remain the same.
I wrote this book based on my own experience learning about Kubernetes – how
to stand up a Kubernetes cluster from scratch for little to no cost, how to deploy an
application, how to build my own containers and where would I host those container
artifacts, what impact does this have on the CI/CD process, how do I scale my cluster,
how does this work on a public cloud such as AWS EKS – those experiments, results, and
knowledge are what is captured in this book.
This book assumes that some familiarity with computers and virtual machines,
Linux knowledge, and some cloud knowledge will greatly speed up your understanding
of the concepts of Kubernetes. With that said, let us begin our journey by understanding
the root of the problem the containers and Kubernetes are trying to solve in Chapter 1.
xii
CHAPTER 1
Dependency Hell
Anyone who has installed Microsoft runtime libraries on a Windows VM running
multiple applications or had to upgrade a package system in Linux can tell you how
complex this can be.
Ever since computers made it into the business applications’ world, supporting
real-world applications and problem solving, there has always been the problem of
dependencies among the various components, both hardware and software, that
comprise the application stack.
The technical stack the application software is written on, for example, Java, has
versions; this Java version is designed to run on top of a specified set of runtime libraries,
which in turn run on top of an operating system; this specified operating system runs
on top of a specified hardware device. Any changes and updates for security and feature
enhancements must take into account the various interconnects, and when one breaks
compatibility, we enter the dependency hell.
1
© Shiva Subramanian 2023
S. Subramanian, Deploy Container Applications Using Kubernetes,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9277-8_1
Chapter 1 From VMs to Containers
This task of updating system components was even more complicated when IT
systems were vertically scaled, where there was one underlying operating system and
many applications that ran on top of it. Each application might come with its own runtime
library requirements; an OS upgrade might not be compatible with the dependencies of
some applications running on top, creating technical debt and operational complexity.
The VM Way
Task: Suppose the developers have developed a static website which they have asked
you to host in your production environment.
As a seasoned systems engineer or administrator, you know how to do this. Easy!, you
say. I’ll create a VM, deploy a web server, and voilà! But what’s the fun in that? However,
let us still deploy the static website the traditional way and the container way. This way,
we will learn the similarities and differences between the two approaches. Thus
2
Chapter 1 From VMs to Containers
Note There are several virtual machine technologies available, such as the cloud,
ESXi host, VMware Workstation, Parallels, KVM, etc. Instructions for installing the
Linux operating system will vary widely depending on the virtualization software in
use; thus, we assume that the systems engineer/administrator is familiar with their
workstation setup.
lsb_release -s -d
Note The author has chosen to list plain command(s) only at the top of the listings
and the executed output and results right below it, making it easy to differentiate
between the command and the author’s illustrated outputs as shown in Listing 1-1.
3
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
Cox, Richard, 110.
Coxe, William, 116.
Cranmer, Thomas, 13, 154.
Crashaw, Richard, 38, 62.
Creighton, Dr Mandell, 253.
Crewe, Nathaniel, Lord, 82.
Croke, Richard, 110.
Cromwell, Oliver, 155, 193, 209, 260.
Crowland Abbey, 3, 205, 226.
Cudworth, Ralph, 51, 114, 171, 249.
Cumberland, Richard, 170.
Cunningham, Dr W., 28.
D
Darwin, C. R., 173.
Davenant, John, 133.
Dawes, Sir William, 141.
Day, George, 109.
Defoe at Stourbridge Fair, 9.
Dewar, Professor James, 41.
Dickinson, portraits by Mr Lowes, 83, 84, 210, 242.
Dillingham, Theophilus, 51.
Disney, Samuel, 289.
Doket, Andrew, 127.
Dominicans in Cambridge, 8, 165, 247.
Donne, John, 228.
Downing, Sir George, 42, 264.
Dowsing the “iconoclast,” 24, 39, 133.
Drinking-horn at Corpus, 88.
Dryden, John, 232.
E
Eachard, John, 140.
Eden, Dr G. R., 64.
Edmund House, 269.
Edward II., 225, 226;
III., 225, 226;
IV., 94, 129, 226;
VI., 79.
Effingham, Lord Howard of, 82.
Elizabeth, Queen, 57, 111, 215, 227, 248.
Ellicott, Dr C. J., 200.
Eltisley, Thomas of, 88.
Ely, Monastery of, 3, 205.
Erasmus, 3, 124, 130, 170, 273.
Essex, James, work of, 29, 33, 94, 123, 124, 163, 185, 211,
222, 223, 225, 246, 257.
Eton College, 106.
Everett’s “On the Cam” referred to, 209, 249.
Extension Movement, 293.
F
Fagius, Paul, 307.
Fairford, windows at, 98.
Falkland, Lucius, Viscount, 193.
Farmer, Richard, 10, 212.
Farrar, Dr F. W., 243.
Fawcett, Mr W. M., work by, 77, 124, 152.
Felton, Nicholas, 61.
Ferrar, Nicholas, 50, 51, 206.
Ferrers, Dr N. M., 75.
Fisher, John, Cardinal, 13, 129, 130, 165, 167, 190, 225.
⸺, Rev. Osmond, 159.
Fitzwilliam Hall, 270.
Fletcher, Giles, sen., 113.
⸺, ⸺, jun., 89.
⸺, Richard, 89.
Foster, Professor Michael, 242.
Fox, Edward, 109.
Foxe, Richard, 12, 59, 60, 80, 106.
Franciscans in Cambridge, 8, 259.
French, William, 158.
Frere, J. H., 74.
⸺, Serjeant, 265.
⸺, Mrs Serjeant, 10.
Frost, Henry, 189.
Fuller, Thomas, 132;
quoted, 58, 130, 132, 136, 167, 229, 248.
Furse, portraits by Mr C. W., 221, 267.
Fust, Sir H. J., 83, 303.
G
Gage, William, 114.
Gainsborough, portraits by, 64, 239, 245.
Gale, Roger, 238.
Gardiner, Stephen, 79, 80, 109.
Garret Hostel, 223.
Geldart, T. C., 83.
Gell, the antiquary, 253.
George I., 281, 284;
II., 284;
IV., 223.
Gheast, Edmund, 118.
Gibbons, Grinling, carving by 215, 222.
Gibbs, work by James, 102, 282, 285.
Gilds in Cambridge, 2, 21, 87.
Girton Church, 273.
Gisborne, Francis, 33.
Gladstone, Miss Helen, 274.
Gloucester, Prince W. F., Duke of, 239.
Goade, Roger, 112.
Goldcorne, John, 87.
“Golgotha,” 26.
Gonville, Edmund, 69.
Gooch, Sir Thomas, 74.
Goodwin, Harvey, 75.
Gostlin, John, 72, 140.
Gower, Humphrey, 195.
Grafton, G. H., Duke of, 239.
Granby, Charles, Marquess of, 239.
Grantchester, 2.
Gray, Thomas, 40, 63.
Grayson and Ould, work by Messrs, 77.
Grenville, Hon. G. N., 209.
Gresham, Sir Thomas, 72.
Grindal, Edmund, 60.
Grumbold, Robert, 23, 46.
Gunning, Peter, 51, 90, 193.
H
Hacket, John, 223, 231.
Haddon, Walter, 79, 113.
Halifax, Charles, Earl of, 234.
⸺, Samuel, 82.
Hall, Edward, 110.
⸺, Joseph, 251.
Hallam, A. H., 241.
Hansom, work by Messrs, 301.
Harcourt, Sir William, 243.
Hardman, glass by Messrs, 127, 150.
Hare, Ralph, 178.
Harlow, portraits by, 64, 133.
Harmer, Dr J. R., 92.
Harrington, Sir John, 259.
Harris, organ by Renatus, 101.
Harsnet, Samuel, 61.
Hartstrong, John, 73.
Harvard, John, 249.
Harvey, William, 72.
Harwood, Sir Busick, 253.
Have, work by Theodore, 67.
Hawksmoor, work by Nicholas, 245.
Heere, Lucas van, portraits attributed to, 177, 206, 227.
Henry VI., 58, 93, 166, 205;
VII., 94, 108;
VIII., 109, 130, 190, 205, 212, 225, 259, 307.
Henslow, Professor, 173.
Herbert, George, 133, 230.
Herkomer, portraits by Professor, 64, 84, 118, 199, 218, 221,
242.
Herring, Thomas, 91.
Hervey, Henry, 80.
Hicks, Dr J. W., 261.
Hill, organ by, 188.
⸺, Dr Alexander, 265.
Hills, John, 140.
Hinchliffe, John, 238.
Histon Church, 187.
Hoadly, Benjamin, 141, 250.
Hobson the carrier, 169.
Hodgson, William, 41.
Holbech, Ralph of, 35.
⸺, Thomas, 250.
Holbrook, John, 36.
Holiday, windows by Mr Henry, 216.
Holles of the Hyde, 260.
Holme, Richard, 279.
Hope, A. J. B., 224.
Horobin, Mr J. C., 270.
Hospital of St John, 5, 189.
Hudson, portraits by, 232, 237.
Hughes, Professor M’Kenny, 52.
Humphry, Sir George, 265.
Hurd, Richard, 253.
Hutton, Matthew, 60, 61, 112, 228.
Hyde, Thomas, 116.
J
Jackson, Dr Henry, 242.
⸺, John, 207.
James I., 50, 155.
⸺, Dr M. R., 292.
Jebb, Prof. R. C., 242, 287.
Jeffreys, Judge, 73.
Jegon, John, 89.
⸺, Thomas, 90.
Jenkin, Robert, 196.
Jones, Inigo, 164.
⸺, William, 261.
Jortin, John, 156.
Jowett, John, 28, 83.
K
Kaye, John, 172.
Kelvin, Lord, 16, 41.
Kempe, windows by Mr C. E., 101, 127, 297, 298, 306.
Kennedy, B. H., 199.
⸺, Miss M. G., 274.
Kent, Henry, Earl of, 259.
Key, Dr, of Oxford, 71.
King, Edward, 169.
⸺, Oliver, 108.
Kingsley, Charles, 16, 210.
Kneller, portrait by, 234.
L
Lamb, John, 91.
Lancaster, Henry, Duke of, 87.
Landbeach Church, 149.
Laney, Benjamin, 62.
Latham, Dr H., 84.
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Latimer, Hugh, 49, 167.
Law, Edmund, 40.
⸺, William, 141, 245, 250.
Lawrence, portraits by, 239.
Leaver, Thomas, 191.
Legge, Thomas, 68, 72.
Leland, John, 167.
Lely, portraits by, 156, 245, 252.
L’Estrange, Sir Roger, 261.
Lightfoot, John, 141.
⸺, Joseph B., 242.
Linwood, William, 72.
Liverpool, Robert, Earl of, 172.
Lloyd, Sir Nathaniel, 76, 82.
Locke, John, 233.
Loggan’s Cantabrigia Illustrata, 42, 67, 68, 135.
Long, Roger, 63.
Lonsdale, portrait by, 239.
Love, Richard, 90.
Luard, Dr H. R., 27.
Luck, work by Mr C. S., 269.
Luckock, Dr H. M., 306.
Lumley, Marmaduke, 79.
Lupton, Roger, 118.
Lynford, Thomas, 160.
Lyttelton, Hon. Arthur, 267.
Lytton, Edward, Lord, 84.
M
Mackenzie, C. F., 75.
Maclagan, Dr W. D., 41.
Madingley Hall, 282.
Maine, Sir Henry, 83.
Maitland, Professor F. W., 265.
Malcolm IV. of Scotland, 153.
Maltby, Edward, 62.
Mansel, W. L., 238.
Mansfield, William, Earl, 83.
Margaret, the Lady, 12, 166, 177, 189.
Margaret of Anjou, 128.
Marlowe, Christopher, 89.
Marsh, Francis, 73.
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Martyn, Henry, 198.
Mary, Queen, 70, 80, 212, 215, 227, 307.
Mason, William, 64.
Maurice, F. D., 16.
Maw, Leonard, 40.
Mawson, Matthias, 91.
Maxwell, J. C., 242.
Mayor, J. E. B., 194, 196, 200.
Mede, Henry, 170.
Mengs, picture by Raphael, 188.
Merivale, Charles, 199.
Merton, Walter de, 34, 35.
Mesman, Daniel, 291.
Mey, William, 131.
Middleton, Conyers, 238.
⸺, J. H., 292.
Mildenhall, Roger of, 35.
Mildmay, Sir Walter, 22, 247.
Millington, William, 107.
Milne, Serjeant, 236.
Milner, Isaac, 133.
Milton, 13, 157, 168.
Montagu, James, 259.
Montague, Hon. John, 235.
Moore, John, 237, 281.
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Morgan, Dr H. A., 158.
Morris, windows by William, 34, 150, 306.
Morton, Thomas, 193.
Moule, Dr H. C. G., 268.
Mowse, Walter, 79.
Mulcaster, Richard, 111.
Museums, Fitzwilliam, 287;
Woodwardian, 285.
N
Name of Jesus, devotion of, 166.
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Neile, Richard, 193.
Nevile, Thomas, 178, 192, 206, 211, 215, etc.
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Newcastle, Thomas Holles, Duke of, 52.
Newcome, John, 196.
Newton, Sir Isaac, 15, 123, 226, 233.
⸺, Professor A., 210.
Nollekens, sculpture by, 83, 286.
Norfolk, Thomas, Duke of, 206.
Norman and Beard, organ by Messrs, 136.
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Northumberland, John, Duke of, 139.
O
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Okes, Richard, 118.
Opie, portraits by, 158, 239.
Orchardson, portrait by Mr W. Q., 41.
Otley, Adam, 81.
Oughtred, William, 114.
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Overall, John, 140.
Oxenden, George, 81.
P
Paley, William, 172.
Palmer, E. H., 178, 199.
Palmerston, Henry John, Viscount, 198.
Parker, Matthew, 24, 88, 228.
Parr, Samuel, 196, 252.
Patrick, Simon, 133, 142.
Pattrick, Francis, 210.
Pearce, William, 157.
Pearson, John, 118, 156, 231;
work by J. L., 258, 305.
Peckard, Peter, 209.
Peile, Dr John, 173.
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Penrose, work by Mr F. C., 189.
Pepys, Samuel, 207.
Perceval, Spencer, 239.
Percy, Thomas, 252.
Perne, Andrew, 29, 36, 111.
Perowne family, 91.
Perse, Stephen, 67.
⸺ School, 11, 72, 288, 292.
Peterborough, monastery of, 3.
Petty Cury, 7.
Philpott, Henry, 142.
Pickersgill, portraits by, 178, 197, 209.
Pilkington, James and Leonard, 172.
Pitt, William, 64, 286.
⸺ Press, 286.
Platonists, Cambridge, 13, 163, 170, 245.
Porson, Richard, 239.
Powell, windows by, 28, 301.
Powis, Lord, 188.
Prest, Edward, 158.
“Prevaricator,” 25.
Prince, John, 74.
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Prior, Matthew, 182, 189, 195.
Pritchard, Charles, 199.
Procter, Joseph, 142.
Pythagoras, school of, 277.
Q
Quarles, Francis, 171.
R
Radwinter, William of, 49.
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Rainbow, Edward, 206.
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Redman, John, 227.
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Reynolds, Richard, 81.
Richard III., 129.
Richardson, John, 38.
⸺, William, 252.
Richmond, portraits by Sir W. B., 242, 272, 291.
Rickingale, John, 69.
Rickman, work by, 182, 185.
Ridley Hall, 268.
⸺, Nicholas, 60.
Ritz, portraits by Valentine, 235.
Robinson, Dr C. K., 142.
⸺, Prof. J. A., 173.
Rogers, the martyr, 60.
Roman roads, 1.
Romer, Mr Justice, 83.
Romney, portraits by, 239, 245, 262.
Rotherham, Thomas, 53, 58, 107, 278.
Roubiliac, sculpture by, see Chapter XVI., passim.
Rougham, William de, 69.
Routh, Dr E. J., 41.
Ruggle, George, 10, 50.
Rustat, Tobias, 156.
Ryle, Dr H. E., 134.
Rymer, Thomas, 26.
Rysbrack, work by, 286.
S
Salvin, work by, 68, 77, 224, 292, 303.
Sampson, Richard, 80.
Sancroft, William, 245, 247, 249, 251.
Sandars, Samuel, 28.
Sandys, Edwin, 136.
Scott, work by Sir Gilbert, 27, 104, 186, 284, 298;
by Mr G. G., 33, 57, 278, 285, 292.
⸺, Mr R. F., 194.
Seaman, Lazarus, 40.
Searle, Dr C. E., 64.
Sedgwick, Adam, 240.
Selwyn College, 266.
Senate House, 285.
Shadwell, Thomas, 73.
Shafto, Mr J. D., 158.
Shannon, portraits by Mr J. J., 274.
Shaxton, Nicholas, 72.
Sherlock, Thomas, 142.
Shorton, Robert, 191.
Shrewsbury, Mary, Countess of, 178.
Sibbes, Richard, 140.
Siborch, John, 286.
Sidgwick, Professor H., 242, 272.
⸺, Mrs, 274.
Simeon, Charles, 16, 117, 301.
Simpson, Sir E., 77, 82.
Skeat, Professor W. W., 173.
Skippe, John, 69.
Smith, Mr Charles, 261.
⸺, John, 74.
⸺, Mr J. Hamblin, 298.
⸺, Robert, 238.
⸺, organs by Father, 27, 163, 215.
Smythies, C. A., 243.
Somerset, Charles, Duke of, 286.
Spelman, Sir Henry, 229.
Spencer, John, 90.
Spenser, Edmund, 62.
Staunton, Hervé de, 225, 307.
Stephen, J. K., 118.
Sterne, Laurence, 155.
⸺, Richard, 91, 144, 155.
Stevenson, work by Mr J. J., 165.
Still, John, 229.
Stillingfleet, Edward, 194.
Stourbridge, 9, 10.
Strafford, Thomas, Earl of, 193.
Stratford de Redcliffe, Lord, 118.
Stretton, Robert de, 79.
Strype, John, 141.
Sumner, J. B., 116.
Sussex, Frances, Lady, 258.
⸺, Prince Frederick, Duke of, 239.
Sylvester, J. J., 199.
Symons, work by Ralph, 178, 185, 217, 221, 244, 252, 254.
T
Taylor, Dr Charles, 200.
⸺, Jeremy, 72.
Templars in Cambridge, 301, 308.
Temple, Sir William, 115, 252.
Tenison, Thomas, 90.
Tennyson, Alfred, Lord, 16, 240.
Thackeray, W. M., 241.
Thaxted, Walter of, 49.
Thirlby, Thomas, 80.
Thompson, W. H., 242.
Thorney Abbey, 88.
Thorwaldsen, statue by, 222.
Thurlow, Lord Chancellor, 75.
Tillotson, John, 51.
Torry, Rev. A. F., 194.
Townshend, Charles, Viscount, 116.
Troyes, windows at, 98.
Tuckney, Anthony, 193.
Turner, Francis, 194.
⸺, Thomas, 38.
Turton, Thomas, 142.
Tusser, Thomas, 84.
V
Vandlebury Camp, 1.
Vandyck, portraits by, 188.
Villiers, Hon. C. P., 200.
W
Wailes, glass by, 303.
Walden Abbey, 205.
Wallace, work by Mr W., 269.
Waller, Edmund, 114.
Wallis, Dr F., 75.
Walpole, Sir Robert, 103.
⸺, Horace, 115.
Walsingham, Alan de, 297.
⸺, Sir Francis, 113.
Ward, Samuel, 249.
⸺, Seth, 172.
Warham, William, 130.
Water-supply of Cambridge, 37.
Waterhouse, work by Mr, 54, 59, 66, 68, 152.
Waterland, Daniel, 209.
Watts, portraits by Mr G. F., 83, 218, 240, 291.
Waynflete, William of, 12, 106.
Wesley, Samuel, 91.
West, Nicholas, 108.
Westcott, Dr B. F., 242.
Whewell, William, 224, 241.
Whichcot, Benjamin, 113, 248.
Whiston, William, 52.
Whitaker, William, 192.
White, Francis, 39, 73.
⸺, H. Kirke, 197, 306.
Whitgift, John, 38, 61, 228.
Whittlesea, William of, 35.
Whood, portraits by Isaac, 228, 229, 231.
Wickham, William, 118.
Wilberforce, William, 196.
Wilkins, James, 263.
⸺, John, 231, 234.
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