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Practical
GitOps
Infrastructure Management Using
Terraform, AWS, and GitHub Actions
—
Rohit Salecha
Practical GitOps
Infrastructure Management
Using Terraform, AWS,
and GitHub Actions
Rohit Salecha
Practical GitOps: Infrastructure Management Using Terraform, AWS, and
GitHub Actions
Rohit Salecha
Mumbai, India
Preface���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii
iii
Table of Contents
iv
Table of Contents
v
Table of Contents
vi
Table of Contents
vii
Table of Contents
viii
Table of Contents
7.7 Application��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������304
7.7.1 Namespace�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������305
7.7.2 Deployment����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������306
7.7.3 NodePort Service��������������������������������������������������������������������������������309
7.7.4 Ingress������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������310
7.7.5 Kubernetes Provider���������������������������������������������������������������������������313
7.7.6 Variables���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������314
7.7.7 Default Environment���������������������������������������������������������������������������315
7.8 Execution����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������316
7.8.1 Setting Up the EKS Cluster�����������������������������������������������������������������316
7.8.2 Accessing the EKS Cluster������������������������������������������������������������������318
7.9 Clean-Up�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������320
7.10 Conclusion������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������320
ix
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Table of Contents
x
Table of Contents
xi
Table of Contents
Index�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������519
xii
About the Author
Rohit Salecha is a technology geek who loves
to explore anything that runs and understands
binary. As a security engineer, he is passionate
about learning the length, breadth, and depth
of technology.
Being more on the defensive side, he has
evangelized secure software development at
various organizations for more than a decade.
He is ridiculously driven by the “everything
as code” mantra and strongly believes that
the security team must strive toward making
themselves irrelevant.
In his free time, he is either reading books or watching movies. He is a
fitness freak who loves to jog, swim, and cycle on different terrains.
xiii
About the Technical Reviewers
Gaurav Raje is a Senior Product Manager at Amazon in the Returns,
ReCommerce, and Sustainability group. Previously, he was an Experience
Owner Lead at USAA where he led an Agile team and actively monitored
the backlog by discussing product features with a cross-functional team
including IT, Legal and Compliance, and Leadership. He implemented
features that provided automated solutions and reduced the manual
dependency on USAA’s customer fulfillment centers.
Prior to joining USAA, Gaurav was a Manager at PwC Consulting,
where his main projects consisted of performing gap assessments of small
Asian banks by reviewing their procedures, resources, and technology and
facilitating workshops with client stakeholders as necessary; subsequently,
he produced recommendations (procedural enhancements and a
technology implementation) to address the gaps; these recommendations
resulted in future sales opportunities.
Gaurav holds an MBA from Georgetown University and a BS in
electrical and computer engineering from the University of Colorado at
Boulder.
xv
Preface
In 2018, I heard the term “Kubernetes” for the first time, and the only
understanding I had of AWS was that we can run machines in the cloud
that can be accessed from anywhere. Being in the security domain, hearing
new technology terms and learning about these technologies has been an
undying passion of mine.
It took me two years to understand DevOps, and I created a small
hobby project called Practical DevOps lab (www.rohitsalecha.com/
project/practical_devops/) to help people understand the core
underlying technologies that make up the umbrella term.
After completing this, I asked myself what’s next?
So I decided to level up, and the result is this book. I wanted to explore
cloud and cloud-native technologies like AWS and Kubernetes and how
they can be set up using Infrastructure as Code like Terraform.
I wouldn’t say that I am an expert at any of these technologies
because that was never my aim. My aim was to have a basic hands-
on understanding of them, and in this book, I am sharing that limited
knowledge that I have because being from the security domain, it’s my
job to help organizations secure their assets, but if I don’t have a basic
understanding of what they are, then I wouldn’t be doing my job well.
Since this is a totally practical and hands-on book, it would be
recommended to use it as an ebook as it’ll help in working faster. We’ll
be dealing with technologies like AWS Route53, AWS EKS (Kubernetes),
and AWS ELB, which do not fall under the free tier categories, and hence,
there’ll be charges (>$15) associated when you execute the code provided
in this book.
xvii
CHAPTER 1
What Is GitOps?
1.1 The Era of DevOps
Businesses today have expanded into different horizons and industries
with the enablement of technology. Today, we have folks delivering food at
home by simply placing an order on an application in a hand-held device
and streaming your favorite movie/sitcom on whatever device you wish to
see. All these have been possible because people are exploring different
ways to solve real-world problems with the help of technology.
An interesting question to ask at this juncture is who is pushing whom?
Is it that new ways to do business are pushing technology to the edge or is
it because we have high-end technology that businesses are thriving? This
is a typical chicken-and-egg question as to which came first: the egg or the
chicken?
Frankly speaking, it doesn’t matter who is pushing whom, but one
thing purely common between the two is “agility”; everyone wants things
to be done faster. But then going fast can be risky, and hence, people
also look for stability. Gone are the days when system administrators
would cut-short their holidays to support the festive surges. Thanks to
technology platforms like AWS (Amazon Web Services) and the like, which
are also popularly known as cloud computing platforms, businesses and
technology can achieve speed with resilience and reliability.
This culture of being able to deliver software with agility and reliability
gave rise to the term which we call “DevOps.” The influence that the
DevOps methodology has had on the people, process, and technology,
the three pillars of success for any organization, is tremendous and
revolutionary. DevOps brings about a change in which businesses
operate. The IT (information technology) team has sort of broken out
of the shackles of being boring, slow, and always taking the blame for
failures. Many blogs/personas describe DevOps as a methodology that
brings Dev and Ops together, which is certainly true from a technology
perspective. However, I believe that DevOps has brought business and
technology to become equal stakeholders in the success of organizations.
Peter Sondergaard in the Gartner Symposium, 2013, declared that “Every
company is a technology company,” which implies that the success of
every business is tied to the success of your technological processes
and tools.
2
Chapter 1 What Is GitOps?
3
Chapter 1 What Is GitOps?
4
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„Meine Tochter,“ sagte der Justizrath, an dem jetzt die Reihe war,
verlegen zu werden, denn alles Blut stieg in diesem Augenblick in
Elisabeth’s Antlitz und drohte ihr die Adern zu sprengen.
„Sehr angenehm, mein gnädiges Fräulein,“ erwiederte aber
Berthus mit einer tiefen Verbeugung, „und sehr ehrenvoll, — Sie
werden das morgende Fest verherrlichen. Aber wo ist Ihr
Schwiegerpapa, Berger? er wird uns wieder mit dem Essen warten
lassen.“
Der Assessor fühlte, daß er Elisabeth Luft geben mußte, wenn sie
sich nicht verrathen sollte, und hatte damit das richtige Kapitel
getroffen.
„Dein Papa läßt uns wirklich wieder warten, liebe Klara,“ sagte er;
„er hat den Kopf so voll von abstrakten Dingen, daß er uns arme
Sterbliche immer darüber vergißt.“
„Er wird gewiß gleich kommen, Ferdinand,“ bat Klara mit einem
ängstlichen Blick auf ihren Bräutigam, — „er bekam heute Morgen
noch so viel zu thun.“
„Hat auch noch gar Nichts versäumt,“ sagte die Frau Professorin,
„sie sind doch noch nicht mit der Suppe fertig, und ehe angerichtet
wird, kommt er schon.“
Das Gespräch wurde jetzt allgemein. Berthus unterhielt sich
besonders mit dem Professor über den letzten politischen Leitartikel
in der Kölnischen Zeitung, und Berger war mit Klara in eine
Fensternische getreten und das junge Mädchen flüsterte leise und
bittend ihm zu. Endlich kam der Medizinalrath, — Rosa hatte schon
auf der Warte gestanden, um ihn gleich anzumelden, und in dem
Augenblick zeigte auch die Frau Professorin an, daß die Suppe servirt
sei.
Jetzt begannen die gewöhnlichen Höflichkeitsformeln. Berthus
bot artig der Frau Professorin den Arm. Berger führte Elisabeth, der
Professor Klara, und der Medizinalrath kam eben zu spät, um
Fräulein Rosa noch zur Tafel zu geleiten.
Elftes Kapitel.
Die Entscheidung.
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