Command and Control the Sociotechnical

Perspective The Sociotechnical Perspective 1st

Edition Guy H. Walker pdf download

https://ebookname.com/product/command-and-control-the-
sociotechnical-perspective-the-sociotechnical-perspective-1st-
edition-guy-h-walker/

Get Instant Ebook Downloads – Browse at https://ebookname.com

Instant digital products (PDF, ePub, MOBI) available
Download now and explore formats that suit you...

Malaria A Hematological Perspective A Hematological

Perspective 1st Edition Saad H. Abdalla

https://ebookname.com/product/malaria-a-hematological-
perspective-a-hematological-perspective-1st-edition-saad-h-
abdalla/

Biological Control A Global Perspective First Edition C

Vincent

https://ebookname.com/product/biological-control-a-global-
perspective-first-edition-c-vincent/

Decisions An Engineering and Management Perspective 1st

Edition Gerard H. Gaynor

https://ebookname.com/product/decisions-an-engineering-and-
management-perspective-1st-edition-gerard-h-gaynor/

Period Mappings and Period Domains 1st Edition James

Carlson

https://ebookname.com/product/period-mappings-and-period-
domains-1st-edition-james-carlson/
Ajax in 10 Minutes Phil Ballard

https://ebookname.com/product/ajax-in-10-minutes-phil-ballard/

The Dispersion of Power A Critical Realist Theory of

Democracy 1st Edition Samuel Ely Bagg

https://ebookname.com/product/the-dispersion-of-power-a-critical-
realist-theory-of-democracy-1st-edition-samuel-ely-bagg/

Internet Guide to Anti Aging and Longevity 1st Edition

Elizabeth Connor (Editor)

https://ebookname.com/product/internet-guide-to-anti-aging-and-
longevity-1st-edition-elizabeth-connor-editor/

Color Atlas and Synopsis of Pediatric Dermatology

Second Edition Kay Kane

https://ebookname.com/product/color-atlas-and-synopsis-of-
pediatric-dermatology-second-edition-kay-kane/

Empire in Waves A Political History of Surfing 1st

Edition Laderman

https://ebookname.com/product/empire-in-waves-a-political-
history-of-surfing-1st-edition-laderman/
Bayou Corruption Robin Caroll

https://ebookname.com/product/bayou-corruption-robin-caroll/
 Command and Control:
The Sociotechnical Perspective

Guy H. Walker, Neville A. Stanton,

Paul M. Salmon and Daniel P. Jenkins
COMMAND AND CONTROL: THE
SOcIOTEcHNIcAL PERspEcTIVE
 Human Factors in Defence
Series Editors:

Dr Don Harris, Cranfield University, UK

Professor Neville Stanton, Brunel University, UK
Professor Eduardo Salas, University of Central Florida, USA

Human factors is key to enabling today’s armed forces to implement their vision
to ‘produce battle-winning people and equipment that are fit for the challenge
of today, ready for the tasks of tomorrow and capable of building for the future’
(source: UK MoD). Modern armed forces fulfil a wider variety of roles than
ever before. In addition to defending sovereign territory and prosecuting armed
conflicts, military personnel are engaged in homeland defence and in undertaking
peacekeeping operations and delivering humanitarian aid right across the world.
This requires top class personnel, trained to the highest standards in the use of
first class equipment. The military has long recognised that good human factors is
essential if these aims are to be achieved.
The defence sector is far and away the largest employer of human factors
personnel across the globe and is the largest funder of basic and applied research.
Much of this research is applicable to a wide audience, not just the military; this
series aims to give readers access to some of this high quality work.
Ashgate’s Human Factors in Defence series comprises of specially
commissioned books from internationally recognised experts in the field. They
provide in-depth, authoritative accounts of key human factors issues being
addressed by the defence industry across the world.
Command and Control: The
Sociotechnical Perspective

Guy H. Walker,
Heriot-Watt University

Neville A. Stanton,
University of Southampton

Paul M. Salmon,
Monash University, Australia

&

Daniel P. Jenkins,
Sociotechnic Solutions, UK
© Guy H. Walker, Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon and Daniel P. Jenkins 2009

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise without the prior permission of the publisher.

Guy H. Walker, Neville A. Stanton, Paul M. Salmon and Daniel P. Jenkins have asserted
their right under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, to be identified as the
authors of this work.

Published by
Ashgate Publishing Limited Ashgate Publishing Company
Wey Court East Suite 420
Union Road 101 Cherry Street
Farnham Burlington
Surrey, GU9 7PT VT 05401-4405
England USA

www.ashgate.com

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

Command and control : the sociotechnical perspective. --
(Human factors in defence)
1. Command and control systems. 2. Military art and
science--Technological innovations. 3. Human-computer
interaction.
I. Series II. Walker, Guy.
355.3'3041-dc22

ISBN: 978-0-7546-7265-4 (hbk)

978-0-7546-9191-4 (ebk.IV)

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Command and control : the sociotechnical perspective / by Guy Walker ... [et al.].
p. cm. -- (Human factors in defence)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-7546-7265-4 (hardback) -- ISBN 978-0-7546-9191-4 (ebook)
1. Command and control systems--Effect of technology on. 2. Command and control
systems--Technological innovations. 3. Command and control systems--Evaluation. 4.
Communications, Military. 5. Technology--Social aspects. I. Walker, Guy.
UB212.C637 2009
355.3'3041--dc22
2009026212
 Contents

List of Figures   ix
List of Tables xiii
Acknowledgements   xv
About the Authors   xvii

1 Introduction   1
Network Enabled Capability   1
Where Did the Humans Go?   3
Sociotechnical Theory   6
Parallel Universes   7
Matching Approaches to Problems   8
What is the Network Enabling?   8
An Interconnected Approach to Analysis   9
From Theory to Practice   9
Summary   10

2 Reconsidering the Network in NEC   11

Aims of the Chapter   11
Rationality and Industrial Age Thinking   11
The Irrationality of Rationality   14
Network Enabled Capability   15
Main Principles of Sociotechnical Theory   16
Responsible Autonomy   17
Adaptability   18
Meaningfulness of Tasks   19
Sociotechnical Systems    20
Import and Export   20
Steady States   21
Equifinality   21
Real-Life Sociotechnical Systems   22
Organisational Interventions   23
The Sociotechnical Legacy   24
Contemporary Sociotechnical Systems Theory   26
Summary   29

3 Some Effects of Certain Communications Patterns on Group

Performance   31
Aims of the Chapter   31
vi Command and Control: The Sociotechnical Perspective

Introduction   31
Method   37
Procedure   44
Results   45
Summary   55

4 Complexity and Human Factors   57

Aims of the Chapter   57
Human Factors Complexity   57
The ‘Attribute’ View   58
The Complex Theoretic View   63
The Complex Systems Research View   66
Command and Control   70
Summary   76

5 Dimensions of Live-NEC   77
Aims of the Chapter   77
Introduction   77
Part 1: Developing the NATO SAS-050 Model   81
Part 2: Exploring Live-NEC Using the Enhanced NATO SAS-050
Approach Space   88
Modelling   90
Results: Digitally Mediated Communications   91
Results: Agility   99
Summary   102

6 The Human in Complex Dynamic Systems   103

Aims of the Chapter   103
Introduction   103
Emergence   104
Sensitive Dependence on Initial Conditions   115
From Typology to Taxonomy   117
Summary   123

7 Beyond NEC   125

Aims of the Chapter   125
The Ultimate NEC   125
Dimensions of Organisation Structure   126
Beyond NEC   128
NATO SAS-050 Derived Archetypes   129
NEC versus Commercial Organisations   132
NEC Benchmarked against Commercial Organisations   135
NEC versus Civilian Command and Control   136
NEC Benchmarked Against Civilian Command and Control   139
 Contents vii

NEC versus ‘Next Generation’ Organisations   141

NEC Benchmarked Against Next Generation Organisations   144
NEC versus Jointly Optimised Sociotechnical Organisations   146
NEC Benchmarked against a Sociotechnical Organisation   149
Summary   150

8 The Design of Everyday Networked Interoperable Things   153

Aims of the Chapter   153
The Proposition(s)   153
The Information Age   154
Design Evolution   155
Design Co-evolution   159
Open Systems Behaviour   162
Summary   168

9 Conclusions   171
Putting the Human Back into NEC   171
Sociotechnical Principles for NEC System Design   173
Visions of Success   173
The Intervention of Last Resort   176

References and Bibliography   179

Index   193
This page has been left blank intentionally
 List of Figures

Figure 2.1 The NATO SAS-050 approach space positions traditional

hierarchical command and control in a three-dimensional space
defined by unitary decision rights, hierarchical patterns of
interaction and tight control of information   13
Figure 3.1 Leavitt’s network archetypes   33
Figure 3.2 Command and control microworld   39
Figure 3.3 Scatter plot showing the regression lines for both NEC and C2
conditions in relation to task time   47
Figure 3.4 Scatter plot showing the regression lines for both NEC and C2
conditions in relation to total communications   49
Figure 3.5 Scatter plot showing the regression lines for both NEC and C2
conditions in relation to attrition score   50
Figure 3.6 Scatter plot showing the regression lines for both NEC and C2
conditions in relation to team cohesion   53
Figure 4.1 Number of articles in the mainstream, peer-reviewed human
factors literature that have either the word ‘complex’ or
‘complexity’ in their title  58
Figure 4.2 Alberts and Hayes (2006) problem space provides a 3D
approximation of the attribute view of complexity    62
Figure 4.3 Complexity profiles for NEC and traditional hierarchical
command and control    74
Figure 5.1 The NATO SAS-050 approach space is yoked to a corresponding
problem space   80
Figure 5.2 The effects of scale on the position that edge organisations and
classic C2 occupy in the NATO SAS-050 approach space   84
Figure 5.3 Illustration of archetypal networks   86
Figure 5.4 Leavitt’s network archetypes, along with the classic C2 and
edge organisation archetypes, anchored into the enhanced
NATO SAS-050 approach space   87
Figure 5.5 Organisational centre of gravity for live-NEC case study (digital
comms function)   92
Figure 5.6 Results of plotting all 34 digital comms networks into the
enhanced NATO SAS-050 approach space   93
Figure 5.7 Periodogram illustrating the presence of periodic changes in
the distribution of information (network density) within
live-NEC  94
Figure 5.8 Spectral analysis graph illustrating the presence of periodic
changes in the pattern of interaction (diameter)   95
 Command and Control: The Sociotechnical Perspective

Figure 5.9 Organisational centre of gravity for the live-NEC case study
(voice comms function)   96
Figure 5.10 Results of plotting all 32 voice comms networks into the
enhanced NATO SAS-050 approach space   97
Figure 5.11 Spectral analysis graph illustrating the presence of periodic
changes in network density   98
Figure 5.12 Spectral analysis graph illustrating the presence of periodic
changes in high-status nodes   99
Figure 5.13 Visual representation of the total region(s) occupied by the
digital and voice functions contained within the live-NEC
case study   100
Figure 5.14 A rough order of magnitude measure of total agility shows
that the voice-based communications architecture in the
live-NEC case study was more agile than the digital
rchitecture   101
Figure 6.1 Bar chart showing the type of data comms that are being
transmitted by BDE HQ   108
Figure 6.2 Bar chart showing the type of data comms that are received by
BDE HQ   109
Figure 6.3 Bar chart showing the content of voice comms transmitted and
received, according to Bowers et al.’s (1998) taxonomy   111
Figure 6.4 The biological conception of NEC sees a constant throughput
of information, processing, output, steady states and the
ability to evolve and adapt   115
Figure 6.5 The Lorenz attractor: phase space showing the complex
dynamical behaviour of a physical system   119
Figure 6.6 Multidimensional space collapsed into three leading axes
via PCA   121
Figure 7.1 The spectrum of organisation types generated by the Aston
Studies are a 3D cube conceptually very similar to the NATO
SAS-050 approach space   127
Figure 7.2 Archetypal networks representing Classic C2 and Edge
Organisation   130
Figure 7.3 NATO SAS-050 approach space populated with network
archetypes and a live instance of NEC   131
Figure 7.4 NATO SAS-050 approach space populated with commercial
organisations from the Aston Studies, a live instance of NEC,
as well as being divided up into the empirical taxonomy
offered by Pugh et al. 1969   135
Figure 7.5 Social network derived from live observation of air traffic
control scenario   137
Figure 7.6 Social network derived from live observation of fire service
training scenario   138
 List of Figures xi

Figure 7.7 Social network derived from live observation of police service
incident response scenario   139
Figure 7.8 NATO SAS-050 approach space populated with civilian
command and control organisations and a live instance of
NEC   140
Figure 7.9 Alternative network topologies with their corresponding
histograms showing the characteristic spread of nodes having
high and low levels of connectivity   141
Figure 7.10 The small-world network archetype revealing the topological
features associated with high clustering and a short average
path length   143
Figure 7.11 Classic C2, Edge and terrorist organisations with their
corresponding histograms showing the characteristic spread
of nodes having high and low levels of connectivity   145
Figure 7.12 NATO SAS-050 approach space populated with net-enabled
organisations and a live instance of NEC   146
Figure 7.13 The organisation ‘after’ redesign. A simple organisation with
complex tasks    147
Figure 7.14 NATO SAS-050 approach space populated with pre- and
post-sociotechnical organisation   150
Figure 8.1 Bowman’s (highly simplified) evolutionary timeline   156
Figure 8.2 Hirshhorn’s Law of Stretched ‘Equipment’    160
Figure 8.3 Interaction pull, technology push and equipment co-evolution 163
Figure 8.4 From Industrial to information-age products   167
This page has been left blank intentionally
 List of Tables

Table 2.1 The use and effectiveness of common sociotechnical measures 25

Table 2.2 Comparison of sociotechnical contexts   28
Table 2.3 Comparison of concepts: NEC versus Sociotechnical Systems  30
Table 3.1 Performance characteristics of Leavitt’s (1951) network
archetypes.    34
Table 3.2 Experimental participants and their roles   38
Table 3.3 NATO SAS-050 Model of Command and Control was used
to design NEC and C2 command organisations with the
appropriate characteristics   40
Table 3.4 Question items drawn from the Platoon Cohesion Questionnaire
(Siebold and Kelly, 1988) mapped onto Hackman and Oldman’s
(1980) core job characteristics to create a much simplified
assessment method   43
Table 3.5 Results of analysing sociometric status in relation to NEC and
C2 conditions   46
Table 3.6 Standardised beta coefficients showing the relative factor
loading of the individual communications categories within
a regression model that assesses their contribution to total
communications   54
Table 4.1 Wider trends associated with opposite corners of the human
factors problem space   63
Table 4.2 Examples of complexity theory metrics explained using
Hierarchical Task Analysis as the ‘computational equivalent’
for an entity or artefact   65
Table 4.3 Task analysis methods all rely on the analysis of parts in order
to understand the whole   69
Table 4.4 Matrix of ‘Approach’ versus ‘Problem’ and a simple taxonomy
of resultant system behaviours   75
Table 5.1 The range of values on each of the enhanced NATO SAS-050
model axes and a composite measure of agility   100
Table 6.1 Types of emergence, the information needed in order to make
a diagnosis of emergent phenomena and the associated level
of difficulty in doing so   105
Table 6.2 Definition of digital communication types that occur during
live-NEC case study   107
Table 6.3 Free versus ‘constrained’ digital comms that are ‘transmitted’ 108
Table 6.4 Free versus ‘constrained’ data comms that are ‘received’   109
Table 6.5 Bowers et al. (1998) communications typology   111
xiv Command and Control: The Sociotechnical Perspective

Table 6.6 Standardised beta coefficients show the relative contribution

that each voice comms subscale makes towards total
communications (for both transmit and receive events)   112
Table 6.7 Data vs. information received and transmitted by Brigade
Headquarters   113
Table 6.8 Data vs. information received and transmitted by Brigade
Headquarters   114
Table 7.1 Attributes of jointly optimized sociotechnical systems   148
Table 8.1 Matrix of ‘Approach’ versus ‘Problem’   157
Table 9.1 Sociotechnical Principles of NEC System Design   174
Table 9.2 Large-scale project failures   176
 Acknowledgements

The Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre (HFI DTC) is a

consortium of industry and academia working in cooperation on a series of
defence-related projects. The consortium is led by Aerosystems International and
comprises the University of Southampton, the University of Birmingham, Cranfield
University, Lockheed Martin, MBDA and SEA Ltd. The consortium was recently
awarded The Ergonomics Society President’s Medal for work that has made a
significant contribution to original research, the development of methodology and
application of knowledge within the field of ergonomics.

Aerosystems University of Birmingham Cranfield University

International Southampton University
Dr Karen Lane Professor Neville Prof Chris Baber Dr Don Harris
Stanton
Linda Wells Dr Guy Walker Professor Bob Stone Andy Farmilo
Kevin Bessell Dr Daniel Jenkins Dr Huw Gibson Geoff Hone
Nicola Gibb Dr Paul Salmon Dr Robert Houghton Jacob Mulenga
Robin Morrison Laura Rafferty Richard McMaster Ian Whitworth
Dr Carol Deighton John Huddlestone
Antoinette Caird-Daley

Lockheed Martin UK MBDA Missile Systems Systems Engineering and

Assessment (SEA) Ltd
Mick Fuchs Steve Harmer Dr Georgina Fletcher
Lucy Mitchell Dr Carol Mason Dr Anne Bruseberg
Rebecca Stewart Chris Vance Dr Iya Solodilova-Whiteley
David Leahy Ben Dawson

We are grateful to DSTL who have managed the work of the consortium, in
particular to Geoff Barrett, Bruce Callander, Jen Clemitson, Colin Corbridge,
Roland Edwards, Alan Ellis, Jim Squire, Alison Rogers and Debbie Webb. We are
also grateful to Dr John Ardis for review and comment on the work that comprises
Chapters 4 and 6, and to Kevin Bessell for assistance in Chapter 5.
This work from the Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre
was part-funded by the Human Sciences Domain of the UK Ministry of Defence
Scientific Research Programme. Further information on the work and people that
comprise the HFI DTC can be found on www.hfidtc.com.
This page has been left blank intentionally
 About the Authors

Dr Guy H. Walker

School of the Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, [UK]

EH14 4AS
G.H.Walker@hw.ac.uk
Guy Walker has a BSc Honours degree in Psychology from the University of
Southampton and a PhD in Human Factors from Brunel University. His research
interests are wide ranging, spanning driver behaviour and the role of feedback in
vehicles, railway safety and the issue of signals passed at danger, and the application
of sociotechnical systems theory to the design and evaluation of military command
and control systems. Guy is the author/co-author of over forty peer reviewed journal
articles and several books. This volume was produced during his time as Senior
Research Fellow within the HFI DTC. Along with his colleagues in the research
consortium, Guy was awarded the Ergonomics Society’s President’s Medal for the
practical application of Ergonomics theory. Guy currently resides in the School of
the Built Environment at Heriot-Watt University in Edinburgh, Scotland, working
at the cross-disciplinary interface between engineering and people.

Professor Neville A. Stanton

HFI DTC, School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of

Southampton, Southampton, [UK] SO17 1BJ.
n.stanton@soton.ac.uk
Professor Stanton holds a Chair in Human Factors and has published over 140
international peer-reviewed journal papers and 14 books on Human Factors and
Ergonomics. In 1998, he was awarded the Institution of Electrical Engineers Divisional
Premium Award for a co-authored paper on Engineering Psychology and System
Safety. The Ergonomics Society awarded him the President’s medal in 2008 and the
Otto Edholm Medal in 2001 for his contribution to basic and applied ergonomics
research. The Royal Aeronautical Society awarded him the Hodgson Medal and Bronze
Award with colleagues for their work on flight-deck safety. Professor Stanton is an
editor of Ergonomics and on the editorial board of Theoretical Issues in Ergonomics
Science and the International Journal of Human Computer Interaction. Professor
Stanton is a Fellow and Chartered Occupational Psychologist registered with The
British Psychological Society, and a Fellow of The Ergonomics Society. He has a BSc
in Occupational Psychology from Hull University, an MPhil in Applied Psychology
from Aston University, and a PhD in Human Factors, also from Aston.
xviii Command and Control: The Sociotechnical Perspective

Paul M. Salmon

Human Factors Group, Monash University Accident Research Centre, Monash

University, Victoria, Australia [3800]
Paul.Salmon@muarc.monash.edu.au
Paul Salmon is a senior research fellow within the Human Factors Group at the
Monash University Accident Research Centre and holds a BSc in Sports Science,
an MSc in Applied Ergonomics, and a PhD in Human Factors. Paul has eight years
experience of applied Human Factors research in a number of domains, including
the military, aviation, and rail and road transport, and has worked on a variety of
research projects in these areas. This has led to him gaining expertise in a broad
range of areas, including situation awareness, human error, and the application of
Human Factors methods, including human error identification, situation awareness
measurement, teamwork assessment, task analysis, and cognitive task analysis
methods. Paul has authored and co-authored four books and numerous peer-
reviewed journal articles, conference articles, and book chapters, and was recently
awarded the 2007 Royal Aeronautical Society Hodgson Prize for a co-authored
paper in the society’s Aeronautical Journal and, along with his colleagues from the
Human Factors Integration Defence Technology Centre (HFI DTC) consortium,
was awarded the Ergonomics Society’s President’s Medal in 2008.

Dr Daniel P. Jenkins

Sociotechnic Solutions, St Albans, Herts, [UK]AL1 2LW

info@sociotechnicsolutions
Dan Jenkins graduated in 2004 from Brunel University with an M.Eng (Hons)
in Mechanical Engineering and Design, receiving the ‘University Prize’ for the
highest academic achievement in the school. As a sponsored student, Dan finished
university with over two years’ experience as a design engineer in the automotive
industry. Upon graduation, Dan went to work in Japan for a major car manufacturer,
facilitating the necessary design changes to launch a new model in Europe. In 2005,
Dan returned to Brunel University taking up the full-time role of research fellow in
the Ergonomics Research Group, working primarily on the HFI DTC project. Dan
studied part time on his PhD in Human Factors and interaction design – graduating in
2008 – receiving the ‘Hamilton Prize’ for the Best Viva in the School of Engineering
and Design. Both academically and within industry, Dan has always had a strong
focus on Human Factors, system optimization, and design for inclusion. Dan has
authored and co-authored numerous journal papers, conference articles, book
chapters, and books. Dan and his colleagues on the HFI DTC project were awarded
the Ergonomics Society’s President’s Medal in 2008. Dan now works as a consultant
and his company is called Sociotechnic Solutions.
 Chapter 1
Introduction

‘The […] military could use battlefield sensors to swiftly identify targets and
bomb them. Tens of thousands of warfighters would act as a single, self-aware,
coordinated organism. Better communications would let troops act swiftly and
with accurate intelligence, skirting creaky hierarchies. It’d be “a revolution in
military affairs unlike any seen since the Napoleonic Age.” And it wouldn’t
take hundreds of thousands of troops to get a job done—that kind of “massing
of forces” would be replaced by information management. […] Computer
networks and the efficient flow of information would turn [the] chain saw of a
war machine into a scalpel.’ (Shachtman, 2007; Cebrowski and Gartska, 1998)

Network Enabled Capability

Network Enabled Capability (NEC) is a type of command and control. Command

and control is the generic label for the management infrastructure behind any
large, complex, dynamic resource system (Harris and White, 1987). Like all good
management infrastructures, military command and control is contingent (e.g.,
Mintzberg, 1979) upon the problem it is tasked with dealing and because that problem,
at some fundamental level, has remained relatively stable over a long period of time
the term command and control has become a synonym. It has come to mean exactly,
or very nearly the same thing as traditional, hierarchical, bureaucratic, centralised,
‘classic’ command and control. This is the type of command and control conjured
up by images of mass battle scenes in the film Alexander, the type afflicted by the
Kafkaesque pathologies inherent in all bureaucratising organisations and parodied
by everyone from Black Adder to Dilbert, and the type of command and control that
management books try to encourage their readers to ‘break free from’ (e.g. Seddon,
2003). The arrival of NEC shows that not all management infrastructures need to
be the same. It shows that while traditional command and control is highly adept in
some situations it is less effective in others.
There is no one definition of NEC. In fact even the label NEC is just one
in a number of ‘net-enabled’ acronyms running from Network Centric Warfare,
Network Centric Operations (both favoured in North America) to Network Centric
Defence (favoured in some North European countries). Regardless of acronym,
the techno-organisational vision of NEC (the preferred label in the UK) refers to:

‘…self-synchronizing forces that can work together to adapt to a changing

environment, and to develop a shared view of how best to employ force and
 Command and Control: The Sociotechnical Perspective

effect to defeat the enemy. This vision removes traditional command hierarchies
and empowers individual units to interpret the broad command intent and evolve
a flexible execution strategy with their peers.’ (Ferbrache, 2005, p. 104)

The logic of this organismic approach to command and control is widely held to be
based on four tenets: that a) a robustly networked force improves information sharing,
that b) information sharing and collaboration enhance the quality of information
and shared situational awareness, that c) shared situational awareness enables self-
synchronisation, and that d) these dramatically increase mission effectiveness (CCRP,
2009). These assumptions have been appropriated by the military domain and have
gathered momentum, so it is interesting to note that they are not based on much more
than a decade’s worth of direct military experience. They are based on Wal Mart:

‘Here was a sprawling, bureaucratic monster of an organisation—sound

familiar?—that still managed to automatically order a new light bulb every time
it sold one. Warehouses were networked, but so were individual cash registers.
So were the guys who sold Wal-Mart the bulbs. If that company could wire
everyone together and become more efficient, then [military] forces could,
too. “Nations make war the same way they make wealth”.’ (Shachtman, 2007;
Cebrowski and Gartska, 1998)

This characterisation is perhaps a little crude, and perhaps not entirely fair, but
it nevertheless helps us to make a powerful point that goes right to the heart of this
book. Or rather, it enables Cebrowski and Gartska (1998) in their pioneering paper
on the origins and future of NEC to make it for us. They say:

‘We may be special people in the armed forces, but we are not a special case. It
would be false pride that would keep us from learning from others. The future
is bright and compelling, but we must still choose the path to it. Change is
inevitable. We can choose to lead it, or be victims of it. As B. H. Liddell Hart
said, “The only thing harder than getting a new idea into the military mind is
getting an old one out”.’ (Cebrowski and Gartska, 1998, p. 8)

Command and control is an organisation just like any other, conceptually at least.
What has happened to make NEC the contingent response? What is it about the current
state of affairs that makes NEC’s assumptions and tenets make sense? Wal Mart may
be the proximal inspiration for at least some of the early thinkers on the topic of
NEC but it is probably closer to the truth to say that it derives from a much wider
paradigm shift, of which Wal Mart’s networked, vertically integrated operations are
merely a part. Cebrowski and Gartska looked over what they saw as the artificial and
contentious divide between the military arena and the rest of the world and saw that:

The underlying economics have changed. ‘The new dynamics of competition

are based on increasing returns on investment, competition within and between
 Introduction 

ecosystems, and competition based on time. Information technology (IT) is

central to each of these.’ Economies are ‘characterised by extraordinary growth
and wealth generation, increasing returns on investment, the absence of market
share equilibrium, and the emergence of mechanisms for product lock-in.
[…] Locking-out competition and locking-in success can occur quickly, even
overnight. We seek an analogous effect in warfare.’ (p. 1–2)

The underlying technologies have changed. ‘Information technology is

undergoing a fundamental shift from platform-centric computing to network-
centric computing. Platform-centric computing emerged with the widespread
proliferation of personal computers in business and in the home. […] These
technologies, combined with high-volume, high-speed data access (enabled by
the low-cost laser) and technologies for high-speed data networking (hubs and
routers) have led to the emergence of network-centric computing. Information
“content” now can be created, distributed, and easily exploited across the
extremely heterogeneous global computing environment.’ (p. 2–3)

The business environment has changed. ‘First, many firms have shifted
their focus to the much larger, adaptive, learning ecosystems in which they
operate. Not all actors in an ecosystem are enemies (competitors); some
can have symbiotic relationships with each other. For such closely coupled
relationships, the sharing of information can lead to superior results. Second,
time has increased in importance. Agile firms use superior awareness to gain a
competitive advantage and compress timelines linking suppliers and customers.
[…] Dominant competitors across a broad range of areas have made the shift
to network-centric operations—and have translated information superiority into
significant competitive advantage.’ (p. 3–4)

Where Did the Humans Go?

The vision just described is that of Alvin Toffler’s ‘future shock’ (1981) and ‘third
wave’ (1980). While it may have been appealing and relevent there were problems
with the assumptions being made about information sharing, shared situational
awareness, self-synchronisation and mission effectiveness. One could look over
the military/civilian divide and see these fundamental shifts not as new form
of business ecology at all, but as a new form of ultra-Taylorism, a situation in
which net centric technology was being pressed into the service of even greater
bureaucratisation. In a lot of cases what the network seemed to be enabling were
the latest Japanese business practices such as lean manufacturing, total quality
management, just-in-time stock control, and all the other tools and techniques
which in a dynamic and changeable commercial world enable companies, like Wal
Mart, to keep at least some aspects of their complex operations in a tightly coupled
and predictable state. Naturally, whilst this generally held for the benefactors of
 Command and Control: The Sociotechnical Perspective

the techniques like Toyota and Wal Mart, the same could not always be said for the
people at work on the production line of product or service delivery, or indeed the
users of roads now overloaded with ‘just in time’ delivery traffic. The ‘technical’
aspects had clearly been optimised but at the expense of the ‘social’. Whilst from
some angles these commercial systems looked like an ecosystem of self-organising
flexibility, the alternative perspective was that the network had actually enabled a
far closer coupled system, the ultimate high speed hierarchy. The original thinking
behind NEC bears this hallmark.
It started off with ‘short, decisive battles against another regular army’ in mind
(Shachtman, 2007, p. 5), ‘the Soviets, the Chinese, Saddam’s Republican Guard,
whoever – as long as they had tanks to destroy, territory to seize, and leaders to
kill.’ (p. 5). When Cebrowski and Gartska discussed Wal Mart in the same breath as
warfare what they were really driving at was: ‘a single, network-enabled process:
killing’ (Shachtman, 2007, p. 8). It is no coincidence that the phrase ‘shock and
awe’ (e.g., Ullman and Wade, 1996) made its way into the military lexicon at
roughly the same time. But then something started to happen. After the technically
optimized military successes had occurred and the mission accomplished banners
had been taken down from the bridge of the USS Abraham Lincoln, a new type
of organisational pathology emerged, one for which the military context seemed
particularly susceptible:

‘He clicks again, and the middle screen switches to a 3-D map of an Iraqi town
from a driver’s point of view. “Now let’s plan the route. You’ve got a mosque
here. An IED happened over there two weeks ago. Here’s the one that happened
yesterday. Hey, that’s too close. Let’s change my route. Change the whole damn
thing.” He guides me through capability after capability of the command post—
all kinds of charts, overlays, and animations. “But wait—there’s more,” he says.
“You wanna see where all the Internet cafés are in Baghdad?” […] It’s hard
not to get caught up in [the] enthusiasm. But back in the US, John Nagl, one of
the authors of the Army’s new counterinsurgency manual, isn’t impressed. […]
he’s more interested in what the screens don’t show. Historical sigacts don’t
actually tell you where the next one’s going to be. Or who’s going to do it. Or
who’s joining them. Or why. “The police captain playing both sides, the sheikh
skimming money from a construction project, […] what color [icon] are they?”.’
(Shachtman, 2007, p. 5)

The paradox in all this is that if, as Cebrowski and Gartska acknowledge,
‘military operations are enormously complex, and complexity theory tells us
that such enterprises organise best from the bottom-up’ (1998, p. 4–5) then what
happened to the most important low-level component of them all: the human? The
focus on Toffler’s third wave of fundamental changes in economics, technology
and business has tended to put the focus on the ‘network’ rather than what it
‘enables’. Which is for the most agile, self-synchronous component of all in NEC,
 Introduction 

the people, to use its capability to perform the one task they excel at: coping with
complexity.
For the human factors practitioner encountering the extant literature on NEC
for the first time the overriding feeling is undoubtedly one of opportunity. Here
we have a huge practical domain of interdisciplinary science where, for once,
the human is widely acknowledged to be key. Within this expanding literature
are concepts and ideas which have tremendous potential, not only for existing
forms of human factors but for fundamentally new types of human factors. Yet
for all the opportunity one has to acknowledge some occasional disappointment.
In a very real sense, where did the human go? Speaking from a human factors
perspective, some of the more military orientated work in this domain seems
stronger on doctrine and box diagrams than it does on theory and evidence.
Particularly noteworthy are concepts with a long legacy and substantial theoretical
underpinning in human factors, re-invented without a great deal of reference to
what has gone before, or worse, the human in NEC is reduced to a form of rational
optimiser and mathematically modelled from there.
If that is the human factors view, then from the other side of the fence the
military reader looking in would probably be inspired and disappointed in equal
measure. Common criticisms of human factor’s initial forays into NEC are often
rooted in what is perceived as a lack of foundational rigour and mathematical
profundity, something that can, and routinely is, levelled at all social sciences.
This combines with what can often seem like naivety and a lack of appreciation for
military context. All told, the human in NEC represents a very difficult interface
and it is clear that NEC is uncommonly prone to scientific antagonism of precisely
this sort. Quite simply, every time one crosses an interdisciplinary barrier, of which
there are many in NEC research, there is the ever present risk of ruffling feathers
and seeming to ride roughshod over any number of finely tuned concepts. It would
certainly be easy for the work presented in this volume to be construed in exactly
the same way, but that would be to mistake its message.
If the nexus of various disciplines impinging on NEC are seen as a form of
Venn diagram then we are not necessarily concerned with the larger parts of allied
disciplines which do not overlap and for which a human factors approach is not
appropriate; instead we are concerned with the smaller areas which do overlap.
This book, rather like the fundamental systems concepts underlying NEC itself,
is not focused merely on parts but on the connections between those parts. In line
with this motif we seek to build linkages, however tentative, that extend the reach
of human factors towards other domains such as organisational theory, complex
systems research and military operations. For the reader approaching the work from
any of these individual specialisms, there may not be much that is fundamentally
new apart from the way it has been applied. Rather than re-invent the wheel and
engage in an antagonistic form of science, quite the opposite is intended. The
spirit in which this book is written is for these linkages to represent bridgeheads
from which human factors tries to reach out across its various interdisciplinary
boundaries in the hope that other disciplines can see enough that is relevant to
 Command and Control: The Sociotechnical Perspective

want to reach over from the other side. The linkages may at times appear tentative,
focusing on breadth rather than depth, incomplete, crude even, but no apology is
made for trying to establish what constitutes a stating point. It is from such a point
that those within the NEC research community, human factors included, can begin
to speak to each other. The message is one of reconciliation, of an interconnected
scientific approach that could potentially become, like NEC itself aspires, to
become more than the sum of its disciplines.

Sociotechnical Theory

John Gartska was interviewed by a journalist in 2007 and rightly defends the NEC
concepts he helped to set in motion with his and Cebrowski’s paper. Even he,
though, acknowledged that in the short space of a decade the net-centric vision
has changed:

‘You have to think differently about people’ he was noted as saying. ‘You have
your social networks and technological networks. You need to have both.’
(Shachtman, 2007, p. 8)

This is the precise sentiment behind the work contained in this volume.
In human factors literature (and beyond) the word sociotechnical is ubiquitous.
On the one hand you have the socio, of people and society, and on the other the
technical, of machines and technology. Socio and technical combine to give
‘sociotechnical’ (all one word) or ‘socio-technical’ (with a hyphen). Both variations
mean the same thing. In the human factors world we speak freely of ‘purposeful
interacting socio-technical systems…’ (Wilson, 2000, p. 557), ‘complex
sociotechnical systems …’ (Woo and Vicente, 2003, p. 253), ‘sociotechnical
work systems…’ (Waterson, Older Gray and Clegg, 2002, p. 376) and many more
besides. But what does it actually mean?
Like command and control, the phrase ‘sociotechnical’ has become a
synonym, a descriptive label for any practical instantiation of socio and technical,
people and technology, the soft sciences meeting hard engineering. In these terms
sociotechnical does not mean a great deal as it is difficult to imagine any meaningful
system these days that is not described by these two worlds colliding. Whether
designed, manufactured, used, maintained or disposed by humans, humans are
involved somewhere along the line and the term sociotechnical emerges merely
as a convenient, if slightly tautological, buzzword for what results. There is more
to the phrase sociotechnical than this, however. In fact, sociotechnical has a very
specific meaning.
Sociotechnical ‘theory’ refers to the interrelatedness of ‘social’ and ‘technical’
and is founded on two main principles. One is that the interaction of social and
technical factors creates the conditions for successful (or unsuccessful) system
performance. These interactions are comprised partly of linear cause and effect
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 Toinen kohtaus.

Valtaneuvoston kokoushuone.

(Torvien toitotusta. Kuningas Henrik, kardinaali Wolsey,

neuvoston jäsenet, sir Thomas Lovell, sotaherroja ja
seuralaisia tulee, kuningas nojaten kardinaalin olkaan.)

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Eloni elinveret teitä auliist'
Avusta kiittää. Valmiiks ladatun
Petoksen suussa seisoin; kiitän teitä,
Kun pois sen torjuitte. — Nyt tuokaa sisään
Se Buckinghamin mies, jott' itse kuulen
Kuink' uudistaa hän tunnustuksensa
Ja isäntänsä kavalluksen jälleen
Esittää kohta kohdalta.

(Kuningas käy istumaan valtaistuimelle; valtaneuvokset

asettuvat paikoilleen. Kardinaali istuu kuninkaan jalkain
juureen hänen oikealle puolelleen. Melua kuuluu ulkoa;
huudetaan: "Tietä kuningattarelle!" Kuningatar tulee Norfolkin
ja Suffolkin herttuain johdattamana; hän polvistuu. Kuningas
nousee valtaistuimeltaan, nostaa hänet ylös, suutelee häntä
ja tahtoo asettaa hänet viereensä istumaan.)

KUNINGATAR KATARIINA.
Ei, viel' en nouse: mull' on armon pyyntö.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Ei, nouskaa: tähän viereen! Puoli tehkää
Vain pyyntöä; on puoli valtaa teidän,
Ja toisen puolen saatte pyytämättä.
Sanokaa vain se.

KUNINGATAR KATARIINA.
Kiitos, majesteetti!
Niin itseänne rakastakaa, niin,
Ett' ylhä arvonne ja kunnianne
Ei joutavaksi jää: se pyyntöni
On ydin.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Haltijani, jatkakaa!

KUNINGATAR KATARIINA.
On mulle valittaneet taatut miehet,
Eik' aivan harvatkaan, ett' alamaisill'
On suuri hätä. Maassa kiertää käsky,
Jok' irti repii kansan sydämestä
Alamaissiteet; vaikka kohdistuukin,
Lord kardinaali, haikein moite teihin,
Tään veronryöstön alkuunpanijaan,
Niin sentään majesteettikaan — jonk' arvoa
Varjelkoon taivas tahrasta! — ei säästy
Pahoilta kieliltä; ja tästä rikkuu
Kaikk' alamaisuustunteet, melkein puhkee
Jo ilmikapina.

NORFOLK.
Ei melkein vain,
Mut aivan varmaan. Tämän veron tähden
Kaikk' kankurit, jotk' eivät enää voi
Työvoimaa pitää, irtisanoneet on
Kutojat, kehrääjät ja karstaajat;
Ja nämä, muuhun työhön kömpelöinä,
Nälän ja puutteen tuskauttamina,
Pahimman uhallakin, kapinoivat,
Ja vaara heill' on liittolaisna.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Verot!
Mitä veroja? Ja mistä? Kardinaali, —
Teit' yhtä paljon moititaan kuin meitä, —
Veroista näistä tiedättekö?

WOLSEY.
Anteeks,
Ma valtakunnan asioista tiedän
Vain osaksi; mies riviss' olen vain
Ja kuljen muiden myötä.

KUNINGATAR KATARIINA.
Ette tiedä
Muit' enemmän, mut teette mitä tietää
Jok'ikinen, ja jota onnekseen
Ei kukaan tietää tahtois, mutta siihen
On tietoon pakotettu. Verotaakat,
Joit' armo utelee, ne kauheit' ovat
Jo kuullakin, ja niiden painosta
Jo selkä taittuu. Teidän sanotaan
Ne keksineen; jos valhe se, niin pahoin
On teitä paneteltu.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Taas nuo verot!
No, mitä luontoa ne verot ovat?
Sanokaa, mitä?

KUNINGATAR KATARIINA.
Liiaks rohkenen ma
Vedota malttiinne, mut armolupa
Se rohkeutt' antaa. Kansan valituksiin
On syynä käsky, että kuudennus
Tuloista oiti ryöstön uhalla
On maksettava; Ranskan sota muka
On aiheena. Tuost' yltyy rohkeiks kielet,
Suut vihaa sylkevät ja mielten viluun
Uskollisuuskin jäätyy; kirot kulkee
Rukousten sijassa, ja kuuliaisuus.
Sopuisa ennen, nyt kuin orja noutaa
Jokaista kiihkon puuskaa. Majesteetti,
On kiireet tuumat tarpeen; tärkeämpää
Ei mikään nyt.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Niin totta kuin ma elän,
Se tahtoni ei ole.

WOLSEY.
Minä taas
En tässä tehnyt muuta kuin ett' annoin
Vain yksityisen ääneni, ja senkin
Vain tietomiesten suostumuksella.
Jos mua parjaa kieli, jok' ei tunne,
Ei mieltäni, ei tointani, mut sentään
Mun tekojani mestaroi, niin vastaan:
Se vain on asemani kohtalo,
Ja hyveen tie on aina ohdakkeinen.
Ei tehtävää saa heittää pelosta
Ett' ilki-moitteen kanssa kahnaan joutuu;
Se uutta, ylvää laivaa aina seuraa
Kuin petokala, mutta turhaan pyyntiin
Sen ajo päättyy. Parhaamme kun teemme,
Niin sairas — usein heikko — moite tätä
Ei myönnä työksemme, tai suoraan parjaa;
Mut huonoimmatpa työmme, tylsää mieltä
Jos kutkuttavat, pilviin nostetaan.
Jos alallemme jäämme pelosta
Ett' ilkkuin liikkeitämme moitittaisiin,
Niin paras kasvaa kiinni paikkaamme
Ja kuvapatsait' olla.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Huolelliset
Ja viisaat toimet pelkoa ei tunne,
Mut ohjeettomain töiden seuraukset
On pelottavat; Onko tähän ryöstöön
Tukea teillä? Luullakseni ei.
Laist' ei saa kansaa irroittaa ja sitä
Sitoa mielivaltaan. Kuudes osa?
Kamala vero! Näinhän joka puusta
Revimme lehvät, kuoren, lylynkin,
Ja jos näin silvotulle juuri jääkin,
Siit' ilma imee mehun. Joka, lääniin,
Jot' yllätetty näin on, tieto viekää,
Ett' armo jokaiselle tarjotaan,
Jok' evännyt on veron. Toimeen käykää,
Ja tehkää niinkuin käsken.

WOLSEY (kirjurille).
Sananen!
Jokaiseen kreivikuntaan laittakaa
Kuninkaan armokirje. Minuun karvas
On kansan mieli; huhu levitelkää —
Ett' armo tää ja helpotus on tullut
Mun välitykselläni. Paikalla
Minulta saatte lisäohjeita.

(Kirjuri menee.)

(Hovimestari tulee.)

KUNINGATAR KATARIINA.
Käy sääliks, ett' on herttua Buckingham
Vihanne saanut.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Sit' on monen sääli.
Hän tietomies on, hyvä puhuja
Ja luonnon suosikki; niin kasvatettu,
Ett' opiksi on oppineimmillekin,
Ja muilt' ei kysy neuvoa. Mut nähkääs,
Noin jalot lahjat, väärin käytettyinä,
Ne käyvät, jos on mieli turmeltunut,
Paheiksi, tuhat kertaa häijymmiksi
Kuin ennen kauniit' olivat. Tuo mies,
Jok' oli täydellinen luonnon ihme
Ja jonka puhe kuulijan niin hurmas,
Ett' oli tunnit minuutteja, hän
Nyt sulons' entiset on inhottavaan
Pukenut pukuun ja niin mustaks tullut
Kuin hornan karsta. Istukaa, niin saatte
Tält' uskotultaan kuulla asioita,
Joit' itkee kunnia. — Ne vehkeet taaskin
Hän kertokoon; mit' emme liian vähän
Voi tuta, emme liian paljon kuulla.

WOLSEY.
Esille, mies, ja rohkein mielin kerro,
Kuin taattu alamainen, mitä tiedät
Sa Buckinghamista.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Niin, puhu suoraan.

HOVIMESTARI.
Ensinkin joka päivä saastaista
Puhetta piti, sanoi: kuningas
Jos lapsetonna kuoli, kyllä tiesi
Hän ottaa valtikan. Nuo samat sanat
Sanovan hänen kuulin vävylleen,
Lord Abergavennylle; ja koston vannoi
Hän kardinaalille.

WOLSEY.
Suur' majesteetti,
Havaitkaa, mikä vaara tuossa piilee.
Kun hänt' ei suosita niin, kuin hän soisi.
Niin purkaa teihin sappensa ja lisäks
Myös ystäviinne.
 KUNINGATAR KATARIINA.
Hiukan laupeutta,
Lukenut kardinaali!

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Sano, millä
Hän oikeutensa kruunuun perustaa,
Mun kuoltuani? Viittausta siihen
Oletko kuullut?

HOVIMESTARI.
Hänet tähän tuumaan
Sai Niklas Hopkins tyhjin taikoineen.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Mikä Hopkins?

HOVIMESTARI.
Hänen rippi-isänsä,
Kartheusi-munkki, joka herrautt' aina
Hänelle syötti.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Mistä tiedät sen?

HOVIMESTARI.
Vähäistä ennen lähtöänne Ranskaan,
Kun herttua Rosess' oli, Lawrence Poultneyn
Pitäjäkunnassa, hän kysyi multa,
Kuink' oli Lontoon asukkaille mieleen
Tuo Ranskan matka. Sanoin pelättävän,
Ett' aikeiss' ovat ranskalaiset pettää
Kuningastamme. Herttua heti vastas:
"Ei turhaa pelko"; sanoi varovansa,
Ett' erään pyhän munkin ennustus
Kävisi toteen; "tämä", niin hän sanoi,
"Mult' usein pyysi päästä määrä-aikaan
John de la Car'in, kappalaiseni,
Puheille tärkeiss' asioissa; tämän
Kun juhlallisen ripin turviss' oli
Hän vannottanut, ettei salaisuutta
Ilmaisis yhdellekään paitsi mulle",
Niin vakavasti lausui hän ja verkkaan:
"Ei kuninkaan, ei hänen sukunsakaan
Käy hyvin, sanokaa se herttualle;
Siis pyrkiköön vain rahvaan suosioon;
Viel' Englantia herttua hallitsee."

KUNINGATAR KATARIINA.
Olitte, muistaakseni, herttuan vouti,
Ja alamaisten valituksesta
Viralta teidät pantiin. Varokaa,
Ett' ette vihast' ylvää miestä syytä
Ja saata sieluanne vahinkoon.
Varokaa; sitä sydämmestä pyydän.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
No, älkää! — Jatka!

HOVIMESTARI.
Kautta sieluni!
Vain totta puhun. Sanoin herralleni,
Ett' oli munkki pirun riivaama,
Ja ett' on vaarallista hautoa
Niin kauan tuota, että siitä kypsyy
Tehokas hanke, — jok' on luultavaa,
Jos siihen uskoi. "Joutavaa!" hän sanoi,
"Ei siitä vaaraa", lisäten: "Jos väin
Kuningas viime tautiins' oisi kuollut,
Niin kardinaali sekä Thomas Lovell
Ois päässeet päästään."

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Haa! Mik' ilki-julmus!
Se mies tuo turman. — Muuta tiedätkö?

HOVIMESTARI.
Kyll', armon herra.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Jatka!

HOVIMESTARI.
Greenwichissä
Kun majesteetti moitti herttuaa
Sir William Blomerin tähden —

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Muistan sen;
Hän palkoissani oli, mutta herttua
Sai hänet miehekseen. — No, jatka, jatka!

HOVIMESTARI.
"Vaikk' ois mun panneet Toweriin", hän sanoi,
"Halunnut oisin tehdä saman teon,
Mink' aikoi Rikhard-anastajalle
Isäni tehdä, kun hän Salisburyssä
Pyys audienssia; jos sen ois saanut,
Niin tervehtäissä veitsen pistänyt
Hän oisi häneen."

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Mikä jättikonna!

WOLSEY.
No, rouva, turvass' oisko kuningas,
Jos tätä miest' ei tyrmään suljettaisi?

KUNINGATAR KATARIINA.
Jumala kaikki ohjatkoon!

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
On jotain
Sinulla vielä mielessäsi: puhu!

HOVIMESTARI.
Kun "veitsen" mainitsi, hän oikaisihe
Ja toinen käsi väkipuukossa,
Povella toinen, silmänsä hän nosti
Ja vannoi julman valan: että häntä
Jos pahoin pidellään, niin saman verran
Vie voiton isästänsä hän, kuin teko
Vie epäröiväst' aikeesta.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Ei enää
Hän meihin veistään pistä. Tyrmäss' on hän.
Hänt' oiti tutkittakoon. Jos hän laissa
Saa armoa, niin saakoon; meiltä sitä
Hän ei saa. Kautta päivän sekä yön!
Hän teki vallankavaltajan työn.

(Menevät.)

Kolmas kohtaus.

Huone kuninkaanlinnassa.

(Lord kamariherra ja lord Sands tulevat.)

KAMARIHERRA.
Mut kuinka Ranska tenhollaan voi miehet
Noin houkkamaisiks tehdä?

SANDS.
Uutta tapaa,
Vaikka olkoon kuinka epämiehekästä
Tai naurettavaa, aina seurataan.

KAMARIHERRA.
Mun nähdäkseni meidän engelsmannit
Ei muuta tuoneet viime matkaltaan
Kuin pari kolme irvettä, ja nekin
Niin vietäviä, jotta vaikka vannon,
Ett' ovat olleet nokkaneuvokissa
Pipinin kanssa taikka Lotharin,
Niin ovat olevinaan.
 SANDS.
Heillä kaikill'
On uutukaiset koivet, mutta rammat;
Ken heit' ei ole ennen nähnyt, luulis
Ett' ovat saaneet patin.

KAMARIHERRA.
Niinpä niinkin;
Ja vaatteet lisäks pakanain on partta:
On kristillisyys loppuun kulutettu. —
(Sir Thomas Lovell tulee.)
Mit' uutta, Thomas Lovell?

LOVELL.
Eipä muuta
Kuin uusi sääntö, mikä linnan porttiin
On naulattuna.

KAMARIHERRA.
Mikä?

LOVELL.
Uudismuutos
Vain matkateikareille, linna kun on
Lorua, riitaa, räätäleitä täynnä.

KAMARIHERRA.
No, hyvä! Monsieurit nyt saavat tuta,
Ett' Englanninkin hovikoiss' on mieltä,
Vaikk' eivät ole Louvres'ia[4] he nähneet.
 LOVELL.
Nyt saavat — niin on käsky — joko heittää
Nuo Ranskan narri-perut, sulkatöyhdöt
Ja muutkin moiset kelpo tyhmyydet,
Kuin kilpataistelut ja tulitukset
Ja lainakommat, joilla ivailevat
Vain parempiaan; kieltää uskonsa
Lyhyihin lahkimoihin, pitkiin sukkiin
Ja tennikseen ja muuhun matkamuotiin
Ja elää kunnon ihmisiksi taas;
Tai mennä vanhain kisaveikkain luo
Ja siellä kuluttaa cum privilegio
Nuo narriutensa riettaat riekaleet.

SANDS.
On aika heitä parantaa; se tauti
Jo alkaa tarttua.

KAMARIHERRA.
Voi naisiamme,
Kun menettävät kauniit lystit!

LOVELL.
Kyllä
Nyt alkaa ulina; noill' äpärillä
On keinot, millä naista naurattaa:
Niin, ranskalainen laulu vain ja huilu.

SANDS.
Ne piru huilatkoon! Niin heistä päästään.
Heit' ei voi kukaan kääntää. Maalaisloordi
Nyt minunlaiseni, jok' aikaa leikist',
On ollut pois, voi kelpo laulun laulaa
Ja saada kuulijoita, jopa käydä
Jo laulajastakin.

KAMARIHERRA.
Niin oikein, kiinni
Viel' istuu varsahammas.

SANDS.
Eikä lähde,
Jos jäljell' on vain tynkäkin.

KAMARIHERRA.
Sir Thomas,
Mihinkä aiotte?

LOVELL.
Luo kardinaalin.
Lie matka sinne teilläkin?

KAMARIHERRA.
On oikein.
Hänell' on tänään suuret iltapidot,
Ja sinne tulee miestä sekä naista:
Niin, varmaan valtakunnan kukasto.

LOVELL.
On tuolla prelaatilla aulis mieli
Ja käsi runsas niinkuin maaemolla:
Sen kaste laskee kaikkiin.
 KAMARIHERRA.
Jalo on hän;
Vain paha kieli saattaa toista väittää.

SANDS.
Niin, häll' on siihen varaa; saituus hänest'
On synti suurempi kuin harhaoppi.
Senlaisten miesten täytyy auliit' olla:
He ovat esikuvina.

KAMARIHERRA.
Niin ovat;
Mut harvat niinkuin hän. Jo vene vartoo;
Mukahan tulkaa. — Joutukaa, sir Thomas,
Ma muuten myöhästyn; ja se ei sovi:
Sir Henry Guilfordin ja minun määrä
On olla marsalkkoina.

SANDS.
Teitä seuraan.

Neljäs kohtaus.

Juhlasali Yorkin linnassa.

(Hoboijan soittoa. Pieni pöytä kunniakatoksen alla

kardinaalia varten, pitempi pöytä vieraita varten; toisesta
ovesta tulee Anna Bullen, useita loordeja, ladyjä ja
vallasnaisia juhlavieraina, toisesta sir Henrik Guilford.)

GUILFORD.
Hyvät naiset, teille yhteistervehdys
Lord kardinaalilta. Tään illan teille
Ja ilolle hän pyhittää; ja toivoo,
Ett' tähän leivoparveen huolt' ei kukaan
Tuo mukanaan. Niin iloiset nyt olkaa,
Kuin hyvä seura, hyvä vastaanotto
Ja hyvä viinit hyvää aikaan saa.

(Lord kamariherra, lord Sands ja sir Thomas Lovell tulevat.)

Te myöhästyitte. Minä sain jo siivet,

Kun tätä kaunoseuraa aattelinkin.

KAMARIHERRA.
Sir Henrik, nuori olette.

SANDS.
Sir Thomas,
Jos kardinaalill' ois vain puolet minun
Maallikkomieltäni, niin moni tässä
Sais haukkapalan maatapaniaisiks
Ja varmaan parempaa ei toivoiskaan.
Niin maarin, soma liuta sulosuita!

LOVELL.
Mitä jos moniaalle rippi-isäks
Nyt rupeisitte.

SANDS.
Tosiaan! Hän kyllä
Sais helpon synninpäästön.
 LOVELL.
Kuinka helpon?

SANDS.
Niin helpon kuin voi höyhenpatja antaa.

KAMARIHERRA.
No, armaat, istukaahan! Tuota puolta
Te, Guilford, järjestäkää; minä tätä.
Koht' armo tulee. — Tääll' ei viluss' olla:
Kaks naista rinnan tuopi kylmän pinnan. —
Te valvattaa heit' osaatte, lord Sands.
No, tuohon väliin istukaa.

SANDS.
Kyll', armo,
Suur' kiitos! — Luvallanne, kauniit naiset!

(Istuutuu Anna Bullenin ja erään toisen naisen väliin.)

Jos vähän hulluttelen, suokaa anteeks:

Isääni tulen.

ANNA.
Oliko hän hullu!

SANDS.
Oli: hullu, varsin hullu, naisiin hullu;
Ei sentään purrut, vaan, kuin minä nyt,
Hän kymment' yhtä haavaa muiskas.

(Suutelee häntä.)
 KAMARIHERRA.
Hyvä! —
Nyt kaikki hyvin on. — Te, hyvät herrat,
Syyn saatte, jos nää kauniit naiset täältä
Nyreissään poistuu.

SANDS.
Pikku puolestani
Koetan minä parastani.

(Hoboijan soittoa. Kardinaali Wolsey tulee

seurueineen ja istuutuu kunniakatoksen alle.)

WOLSEY.
Terveeksi, kauniit vieraat! Ken ei työkseen
Nyt ilakoi, ei ole ystäväni.
Ma teidän kaikkein tervetuliaisiks
Juon maljanne.

(Juo.)

SANDS.
On armo armollinen.
Pikari tänne, johon kiitos mahtuu,
Niin säästyy pitkät puheet.

WOLSEY.
Kiitos, loordi!
Mut naapureitanne nyt rohkaiskaa. —
Nureissaan ovat naiset. — Hyvät herrat,
Kenenkä syy on?
 SANDS.
Jahka viinin hehku
Nuo kauniit posket punaa, kyllä meidät
Puhuvat kumoon.

ANNA.
Lysti mies se loordi!

SANDS.
Niin, kahdenkesken-lystissä. Saas tästä!
Juon onneksenne; vastatkaa, kun klikkaan.
On kohta —

ANNA.
Jota ette näyttää voi.

SANDS.
Mit', armo, sanoin? Nyt jo puhuvat.

(Torvensoittoa, rummunpärrytystä ja tykinlaukauksia kuuluu

ulkoa.)

WOLSEY.
Haa! Mitä tämä?

KAMARIHERRA.
Mene katsomaan.

(Palvelija menee.)

WOLSEY.
Sotaista ääntä! Mitä tämä tietää? —
Ei, naiset, älkää peljätkö; te turvass'
Olette sota-asetusten mukaan.

(Palvelija palaa.)

KAMARIHERRA.
Mit' on se?

PALVELIJA.
Vierait' ylimyksiä —
Silt' ihan näyttävät — on maihin noussut;
Kuin suuren hovin ylhäis-airuina
Tulevat tänne.

WOLSEY.
Käykää heitä vastaan,
Kamariherra; ranskaa osaatte;
Jalosti kohdelkaa ja tuokaa sisään,
Ett' tämä ihanuuden taivas heihin
Sais täysin loistaa. — Jotkut mukaan menkää. —

(Kamariherra seuralaisineen menee. Kaikki nousevat,

ja pöydät siirretään pois.)

Rikottu juhla on, mut korvaus suodaan.

Nyt ruoka maistukoon; ja vielä kerran
Satakoot tervehdykset: tervetulleet!

(Hoboijan soittoa. Kuningas ja muita tulee naamioittuina ja

paimenpuvussa, lord kamariherran johdattamina. He astuvat
suoraan kardinaalin eteen ja tervehtivät häntä kohteliaasti.)

Ylevä seura! Mitä haluavat?

 KAMARIHERRA.
Kun eivät kieltä osaa, pyytävät
Mua ilmoittamaan, että, kuultuaan
Ihanan, ylhän seuran täällä koolla
Nyt olevan, he karjalaumansa
Sulasta ihanuuden ihailusta
Nyt ovat jättäneet ja teiltä lupaa
Anovat katsellakseen tätä seuraa
Ja hetken näiden kanssa viettääkseen.

WOLSEY.
Sanokaa, loordi, että kunnian
Tekevät halvalle mun majalleni;
Ma tuhannesti heitä siitä kiitän
Ja pyydän heitä tervetulleiksi.

(Herrat pyytävät naisia tanssiin, kuningas pyytää Anna Bullenia.)

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Ihanin käsi, mitä koskaan koskin;
Oi kauneus, ennen en sua tuntenut!

(Soittoa, tanssii.)

WOLSEY.
Mylord!

KAMARIHERRA.
Mit', armo?

WOLSEY.
Heille sanokaa,
Ett' yks lie heidän joukossaan, jonk' arvo
Tään paikan täyttää paremmin kuin minä;
Jos hänet tuntisin, niin nöyrimmästi
Sen luovuttaisin.

KAMARIHERRA.
Käskyn teen, mylord.

(Menee naamioiden luo, ja palaa.)

WOLSEY.
Mitä sanovat?

KAMARIHERRA.
On heidän joukoss' yksi,
Sen myöntävät; jos hänet keksitte,
Hän kyllä paikan ottaa.

WOLSEY.
Katsokaamme. —

(Astuu alas arvo-istuimeltaan.)

Anteeksi, hyvät herrat: teen vain tässä

Kuninkaan vaalin.

KUNINGAS HENRIK (Paljastaa kasvonsa.)

Oikein osattu!
Ihana seura teill' on. Oikein tehty!
Jos ette pappi ois, lord kardinaali,
Vois teistä pahaa luulla.
 WOLSEY.
Hauskaa, ett' on
Noin leikillinen majesteetti.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Kuulkaa,
Kamariherra: ken tuo kaunis neiti?

KAMARIHERRA.
Armonne tiedoks, Thomas Bullenin,
Rochfordin viskontin, on tytär hän
Ja kuningattaremme hovineiti.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Ihana, toden totta! — Armas aarre,
Ois säädytöntä teitä tanssiin pyytää,
Suudelmaa ottamatta. Muistoksenne!
Pikari, hyvät herrat, kiertämään!

WOLSEY.
Sir Thomas, onko huoneessani pöytä
Jo katettuna?

LOVELL.
On.

WOLSEY.
Ma pelkään, armo,
Ett' tanssi teitä hieman kiihoitti.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Niin, pelkään, liiaksikin.
 WOLSEY.
Lähi-huoneess'
On raittiimp' ilma, teidän armonne.

KUNINGAS HENRIK.
Talutkoon kukin naistaan. — Viel' en teitä,
Sulotar, päästä. — Ilo ylimmilleen!
Lord kardinaali, puolen kymmenen
Nyt kaunottaren maljan tässä juon.
Ja tanssiin taas. Ja sitten uneksimaan,
Ken on se onnellinen. — Soitto soimaan!

(Menevät torvien soidessa.)

TOINEN NÄYTÖS.

Ensimmäinen kohtaus.

Katu.

(Kaksi aatelismiestä, tulevat vastatuksin.)

1 AATELISMIES. Mihinkä kiire noin?

2 AATELISMIES.
Oo, Herran rauha,
Käräjäsaliin kuulemaan, kuink' on
Tuon suuren herttua Buckinghamin käynyt.

1 AATELISMIES. Sen vaivan teiltä säästän; kaikk' on ohi; Nyt

tyrmään jälleen vanki saatetaan.

2 AATELISMIES. Läsn' olitte?

1 AATELISMIES.
Se tietty.

2 AATELISMIES.
Kuinka kävi?
Welcome to our website – the ideal destination for book lovers and
knowledge seekers. With a mission to inspire endlessly, we offer a
vast collection of books, ranging from classic literary works to
specialized publications, self-development books, and children's
literature. Each book is a new journey of discovery, expanding
knowledge and enriching the soul of the reade

Our website is not just a platform for buying books, but a bridge
connecting readers to the timeless values of culture and wisdom. With
an elegant, user-friendly interface and an intelligent search system,
we are committed to providing a quick and convenient shopping
experience. Additionally, our special promotions and home delivery
services ensure that you save time and fully enjoy the joy of reading.

Let us accompany you on the journey of exploring knowledge and

personal growth!

ebookname.com