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MATLAB Primer 7th Edition Kermitsigmon Digital
Instant Download
Author(s): KermitSigmon
ISBN(s): 9781584885238, 1584885238
Edition: 7
File Details: PDF, 1.79 MB
Year: 2004
Language: english
MATLAB® Primer
Seventh Edition
MATLAB® Primer
Seventh Edition

Timothy A. Davis
Kermit Sigmon

CHAPMAN & HALL/CRC

A CRC Press Company
Boca Raton London New York Washington, D.C.
 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Catalog record is available from the Library of Congress

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded
sources. Reprinted material is quoted with permission, and sources are indi-
cated. A wide variety of references are listed. Reasonable efforts have been
made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and the publisher
cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or for the con-
sequences of their use.
Neither this book nor any part may be reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, micro-
filming, and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system,
without prior permission in writing from the publisher.
The consent of CRC Press does not extend to copying for general distribution,
for promotion, for creating new works, or for resale. Specific permission must
be obtained in writing from CRC Press for such copying.
Direct all inquiries to CRC Press, 2000 N.W. Corporate Blvd., Boca Raton,
Florida 33431.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or reg-
istered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation,
without intent to infringe.
Visit the CRC Press Web site at www.crcpress.com

© 2005 by Chapman & Hall/CRC

No claim to original U.S. Government works

International Standard Book Number 1-58488-523-8
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
Printed on acid-free paper
 Preface
Kermit Sigmon, author of the MATLAB® Primer, passed
away in January 1997. Kermit was a friend, colleague,
and fellow avid bicyclist (although I’m a mere 10-mile-a-
day commuter) with whom I shared an appreciation for
the contribution that MATLAB has made to the
mathematics, engineering, and scientific community.
MATLAB is a powerful tool, and my hope is that in
revising our book for MATLAB 7.0, you will be able to
learn how to apply it to solving your own challenging
problems in mathematics, science, and engineering.

A team at The MathWorks, Inc. revised the Fifth Edition

for MATLAB Version 5 in November of 1997. I carried
on Kermit’s work by creating the Sixth Edition of this
book for MATLAB 6.1 in October 2001, and now this
Seventh Edition for MATLAB Version 7.0.

This edition highlights the many new features of

MATLAB 7.0, and includes new chapters on features that
were in prior versions of MATLAB but not in prior
editions of this book. New or revised topics in this
edition include:
• calling Java from MATLAB, and using Java objects
inside the MATLAB workspace
• many more graphics examples, including the seashell
on the cover of the book
• cell publishing for reports in HTML, LaTeX,
Microsoft Word, and Microsoft Powerpoint
• powerful suite of code development tools (such as the
M-Lint code checker, the file dependency and
comparison reports, and a profile coverage report)

iii
 • volume and vector visualization
• calling Fortran code from MATLAB
• parametric curves and surfaces, and polar plots of
symbolic functions
• polynomials, interpolation, and numeric integration
• solving non-linear equations with fzero
• solving ordinary differential equations with ode45
• the revised MATLAB Desktop
• short-circuit logical operators
• integers and single precision floating-point
• more details on the colon operator
• linsolve, for solving specific linear systems
• the new block comment syntax
• function handles (@), which are now simpler to use
• anonymous functions
• image, and a pretty Mandelbrot set example
• the new 4-output sparse lu
• abstract symbolic functions
• nicely-formatted tables using fprintf
• a revised list of all primary functions and operators in
MATLAB.
I would like to thank Penny Anderson at The MathWorks,
Inc. for her detailed review of this book.

Tim Davis
Associate Professor, Department of Computer and
Information Science and Engineering, University of
Florida, http://www.cise.ufl.edu/research/sparse

iv
 Introduction
MATLAB®, developed by The MathWorks, Inc.,
integrates computation, visualization, and programming
in a flexible, open environment. It offers engineers,
scientists, and mathematicians an intuitive language for
expressing problems and their solutions mathematically
and graphically. Complex numeric and symbolic
problems can be solved in a fraction of the time required
with a programming language such as C, Fortran, or Java.

How to use this book: The purpose of this Primer is to

help you begin to use MATLAB. It is not intended to be
a substitute for the online help facility or the MATLAB
documentation (such as Getting Started with MATLAB,
available in printed form and online). The Primer can
best be used hands-on. You are encouraged to work at
the computer as you read the Primer and freely
experiment with the examples. This Primer, along with
the online help facility, usually suffices for students in a
class requiring the use of MATLAB.

Start with the examples at the beginning of each chapter.

In this way, you will create all of the matrices and M-files
used in the examples. Some examples depend on code
you write in previous chapters.

Larger examples (M-files and MEX-files) are on the web

at http://www.cise.ufl.edu/research/sparse/MATLAB and
http://www.crcpress.com.

Pull-down menu selections are described using the

following style. Selecting the Desktop menu, and then
the Desktop Layout submenu, and then the Default

v
menu item is written as Desktop ► Desktop Layout ►
Default.

You should liberally use the online help facility for more
detailed information. Pressing the F1 key or selecting
Help ► MATLAB Help brings up the Help window. You
can also type help or doc in the Command window. See
Sections 2.1 or 22.26 for more information on how to use
the online help.

How to obtain MATLAB: Version 7.0 (Release 14) of

MATLAB is available for Microsoft Windows (XP, 2000,
and NT 4.0), Unix (Linux, Solaris 2.8 and 2.9, and HP-
UX 11 or 11i), and the Macintosh (OS X 10.3.2 Panther).
A Student Version is available for all but Solaris and HP-
UX; it includes MATLAB, Simulink, and key functions
of the Symbolic Math Toolbox. Everything discussed in
this book can be done in the Student Version of
MATLAB, with the exception of advanced features of the
Symbolic Math Toolbox discussed in Section 16.13.

MATLAB, Simulink, Handle Graphics, StateFlow, and

Real-Time Workshop are registered trademarks of The
MathWorks, Inc. TargetBox is a trademark of The
MathWorks, Inc. For more information on MATLAB,
contact:

The MathWorks, Inc.

3 Apple Hill Drive
Natick, MA, 01760-2098 USA
Phone: 508–647–7000
Fax: 508–647–7101
Web: http://www.mathworks.com

vi
Table of Contents

1. Accessing MATLAB.......................................... 1
2. The MATLAB Desktop ...................................... 1
2.1 Help window......................................................... 2
2.2 Start button............................................................ 3
2.3 Command window................................................ 3
2.4 Workspace window............................................... 7
2.5 Command History window ................................... 8
2.6 Array Editor window ............................................ 9
2.7 Current Directory window .................................... 9
3. Matrices and Matrix Operations .................... 10
3.1 Referencing individual entries ............................ 10
3.2 Matrix operators.................................................. 11
3.3 Matrix division (slash and backslash) ................. 12
3.4 Entry-wise operators ........................................... 13
3.5 Relational operators ............................................ 13
3.6 Complex numbers ............................................... 15
3.7 Strings ................................................................. 16
3.8 Other data types .................................................. 16
4. Submatrices and Colon Notation .................. 18
4.1 Generating vectors .............................................. 18
4.2 Accessing submatrices ........................................ 19
5. MATLAB Functions......................................... 21
5.1 Constructing matrices ......................................... 21
5.2 Scalar functions................................................... 23
5.3 Vector functions and data analysis...................... 23
5.4 Matrix functions.................................................. 24
5.5 The linsolve function .......................................... 25
5.6 The find function ................................................ 27
6. Control Flow Statements................................ 29
6.1 The for loop ........................................................ 29

vii
 6.2 The while loop .................................................... 31
6.3 The if statement .................................................. 32
6.4 The switch statement........................................... 33
6.5 The try/catch statement ....................................... 33
6.6 Matrix expressions (if and while) ....................... 33
6.7 Infinite loops ....................................................... 35
7. M-files............................................................... 35
7.1 M-file Editor/Debugger window......................... 35
7.2 Script files ........................................................... 36
7.3 Function files ...................................................... 40
7.4 Multiple inputs and outputs ................................ 41
7.5 Variable arguments ............................................. 42
7.6 Comments and documentation............................ 42
7.7 MATLAB’s path................................................. 43
8. Advanced M-file Features .............................. 43
8.1 Function handles and anonymous functions ....... 43
8.2 Name resolution .................................................. 47
8.3 Error and warning messages ............................... 48
8.4 User input............................................................ 49
8.5 Performance measures ........................................ 49
8.6 Efficient code...................................................... 51
9. Calling C from MATLAB ................................. 53
9.1 A simple example ............................................... 54
9.2 C versus MATLAB arrays .................................. 55
9.3 A matrix computation in C ................................. 55
9.4 MATLAB mx and mex routines ......................... 59
9.5 Online help for MEX routines ............................ 60
9.6 Larger examples on the web ............................... 60
10. Calling Fortran from MATLAB ...................... 61
10.1 Solving a transposed system ............................. 61
10.2 A Fortran mexFunction with %val.................... 62
10.3 If you cannot use %val...................................... 64
11. Calling Java from MATLAB.......................... 65
11.1 A simple example ............................................. 65

viii
 11.2 Encryption/decryption....................................... 65
11.3 MATLAB’s Java class path .............................. 67
11.4 Calling your own Java methods ........................ 67
11.5 Loading a URL as a matrix ............................... 69
12. Two-Dimensional Graphics ......................... 70
12.1 Planar plots ....................................................... 71
12.2 Multiple figures................................................. 72
12.3 Graph of a function ........................................... 72
12.4 Parametrically defined curves........................... 73
12.5 Titles, labels, text in a graph ............................. 73
12.6 Control of axes and scaling............................... 74
12.7 Multiple plots.................................................... 75
12.8 Line types, marker types, colors ....................... 76
12.9 Subplots and specialized plots .......................... 77
12.10 Graphics hard copy ......................................... 77
13. Three-Dimensional Graphics ....................... 78
13.1 Curve plots........................................................ 78
13.2 Mesh and surface plots...................................... 79
13.3 Parametrically defined surfaces ........................ 80
13.4 Volume and vector visualization....................... 81
13.5 Color shading and color profile ........................ 81
13.6 Perspective of view ........................................... 82
14. Advanced Graphics ...................................... 83
14.1 Handle Graphics ............................................... 83
14.2 Graphical user interface .................................... 84
14.3 Images............................................................... 84
15. Sparse Matrix Computations ....................... 85
15.1 Storage modes................................................... 85
15.2 Generating sparse matrices ............................... 86
15.3 Computation with sparse matrices .................... 89
15.4 Ordering methods ............................................. 89
15.5 Visualizing matrices.......................................... 91
16. The Symbolic Math Toolbox ........................ 91
16.1 Symbolic variables............................................ 92

ix
 16.2 Calculus ............................................................ 93
16.3 Variable precision arithmetic ............................ 99
16.4 Numeric and symbolic subsitution.................. 100
16.5 Algebraic simplification.................................. 102
16.6 Two-dimensional graphs................................. 103
16.7 Three-dimensional surface graphs .................. 105
16.8 Three-dimensional curves ............................... 107
16.9 Symbolic matrix operations ............................ 108
16.10 Symbolic linear algebraic functions.............. 110
16.11 Solving algebraic equations .......................... 113
16.12 Solving differential equations ....................... 116
16.13 Further Maple access .................................... 117
17. Polynomials, Interpolation, and
Integration........................................................... 118
17.1 Representing polynomials............................... 118
17.2 Evaluating polynomials .................................. 119
17.3 Polynomial interpolation................................. 119
17.4 Numeric integration (quadrature).................... 121
18. Solving Equations....................................... 122
18.1 Symbolic equations......................................... 122
18.2 Linear systems of equations............................ 122
18.3 Polynomial roots ............................................. 123
18.4 Nonlinear equations ........................................ 123
18.5 Ordinary differential equations ....................... 125
18.6 Other differential equations ............................ 127
19. Displaying Results...................................... 128
20. Cell Publishing ............................................ 132
21. Code Development Tools........................... 133
21.1 M-lint code check report................................. 134
21.2 TODO/FIXME report ..................................... 135
21.3 Help report ...................................................... 135
21.4 Contents report................................................ 137
21.5 Dependency report .......................................... 138
21.6 File comparison report .................................... 139

x
 21.7 Profile and coverage report ............................. 139
22. Help Topics.................................................. 141
22.1 General purpose commands ............................ 143
22.2 Operators and special characters..................... 146
22.3 Programming language constructs .................. 148
22.4 Elementary matrices and matrix manipulation 150
22.5 Elementary math functions ............................. 152
22.6 Specialized math functions ............................. 154
22.7 Matrix functions — numerical linear algebra . 156
22.8 Data analysis, Fourier transforms ................... 158
22.9 Interpolation and polynomials ........................ 159
22.10 Function functions and ODEs ....................... 161
22.11 Sparse matrices ............................................. 163
22.12 Annotation and plot editting ......................... 165
22.13 Two-dimensional graphs............................... 165
22.14 Three-dimensional graphs............................. 166
22.15 Specialized graphs ........................................ 169
22.16 Handle Graphics ........................................... 172
22.17 Graphical user interface tools ....................... 174
22.18 Character strings ........................................... 177
22.19 Image and scientific data............................... 179
22.20 File input/output............................................ 180
22.21 Audio and video support............................... 183
22.22 Time and dates .............................................. 184
22.23 Data types and structures .............................. 184
22.24 Version control ............................................. 188
22.25 Creating and debugging code........................ 188
22.26 Help commands ............................................ 189
22.27 Microsoft Windows functions....................... 190
22.28 Examples and demonstrations....................... 191
22.29 Preferences.................................................... 191
22.30 Symbolic Math Toolbox ............................... 192

xi
23. Additional Resources ................................. 198
Index.................................................................... 202

xii
1. Accessing MATLAB
On Unix systems you can enter MATLAB with the
system command matlab and exit MATLAB with the
MATLAB command quit or exit. In Microsoft
Windows and the Macintosh, just double-click on the
MATLAB icon:

2. The MATLAB Desktop

MATLAB has an extensive graphical user interface.
When MATLAB starts, the MATLAB window will
appear, with several subwindows and menu bars.

All of MATLAB’s windows in the default desktop are

docked, which means that they are tiled on the main
MATLAB window. You can undock a window by
selecting the menu item Desktop ► Undock or by
clicking its undock button:

Dock it with Desktop ► Dock... or the dock button:

Close a window by clicking its close button:

Reshape the window tiling by clicking on and dragging

the window edges.

1
The menu bar at the top of the MATLAB window
contains a set of buttons and pull-down menus for
working with M-files, windows, preferences and other
settings, web resources for MATLAB, and online
MATLAB help. If a window is docked and selected, its
menu bar appears at the top of the MATLAB window.

If you prefer a simpler font than the default one, select

File ► Preferences, and click on Fonts. Select
Lucida Console (on a PC) or DialogInput (on Unix)
in place of the default Monospaced font, and click OK.
2.1 Help window
This window is the most useful window for beginning
MATLAB users, and MATLAB experts continue to use it
heavily. Select Help ► MATLAB Help or type doc. The
Help window has most of the features you would see in
any web browser (clickable links, a back button, and a
search engine, for example). The Help Navigator on the
left shows where you are in the MATLAB online
documentation. Online Help sections are referred to as
Help: MATLAB: Getting Started: Introduction, for
example. Click on the beside MATLAB in the Help
Navigator, and you will see the MATLAB Roadmap (or
Help: MATLAB for short). Printable versions of the
documentation are available under this category (see
Help: MATLAB: Printable Documentation (PDF)).

You can also use the help command, typed in the

Command window. For example, the command help
eig will give information about the eigenvalue function
eig. See the list of functions in Chapter 22 for a brief
summary of help for a function. doc is similar, except
that it displays information in the Help Browser. You can

2
also preview some of the features of MATLAB by first
entering the command demo or by selecting Help ►
Demos, and then selecting from the options offered.

2.2 Start button

The Start button in the bottom left corner of the
MATLAB Desktop allows you to start up demos, tools,
and other windows not present when you start MATLAB.
Try Start: MATLAB: Demos and run one of the demos
from the MATLAB Demo window.
2.3 Command window
MATLAB expressions and statements are evaluated as
you type them in the Command window, and results of
the computation are displayed there too. Expressions and
statements are also used in M-files (more on this in
Chapter 7). They are usually of the form:
variable = expression

or simply:
expression

Expressions are usually composed from operators,

functions, and variable names. Evaluation of the
expression produces a matrix (or other data type), which
is then displayed on the screen or assigned to a variable
for future use. If the variable name and = sign are
omitted, a variable ans (for answer) is automatically
created to which the result is assigned.

A statement is normally terminated at the end of the line.

However, a statement can be continued to the next line
with three periods (...) at the end of the line. Several

3
statements can be placed on a single line separated by
commas or semicolons. If the last character of a
statement is a semicolon, display of the result is
suppressed, but the assignment is carried out. This is
essential in suppressing unwanted display of intermediate
results.

Click on the Workspace tab to bring up the Workspace

window (it starts out underneath the Current Directory
window in the default layout) so you can see a list of the
variables you create, and type this command in the
Command window:
A = [1 2 3 ; 4 5 6 ; -1 7 9]

or this one:
A = [
1 2 3
4 5 6
-1 7 9]

in the Command window. Either one creates the obvious

3-by-3 matrix and assigns it to a variable A. Try it. You
will see the array A in your Workspace window.
MATLAB is case-sensitive in the names of commands,
functions, and variables, so A and a are two different
variables. A comma or blank separates the elements
within a row of a matrix (sometimes a comma is
necessary to split the expressions, because a blank can be
ambiguous). A semicolon ends a row. When listing a
number in exponential form (e.g., 2.34e–9), blank
spaces must be avoided in the middle (before the e, for
example). Matrices can also be constructed from other
matrices. If A is the 3-by-3 matrix shown above, then:

4
 C = [A, A' ; [12 13 14], zeros(1,3)]

creates a 4-by-6 matrix. Try it to see what C is. The

quote mark in A' means the transpose of A. Be sure to
use the correct single quote mark (just to the left of the
enter or return key on most keyboards). Since a blank
separates elements in a row, parentheses are sometimes
needed around expressions if they would otherwise be
ambiguous. See Section 5.1 for the zeros function.

When you typed the last two commands, the matrices A

and C were created and displayed in the Workspace
window.

You can save the Command window dialog with the

diary command:

diary filename

This causes what appears subsequently in the Command

window to be written to the named file (if the filename
is omitted, it is written to a default file named diary)
until you type the command diary off; the command
diary on causes writing to the file to resume. When
finished, you can edit the file as desired and print it out.
For hard copy of graphics, see Section 12.10.

The command line in MATLAB can be easily edited in

the Command window. The cursor can be positioned
with the left and right arrows and the Backspace (or
Delete) key used to delete the character to the left of the
cursor.

A convenient feature is use of the up and down arrows to

scroll through the stack of previous commands. You can,

5
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