Test Bank for Health Psychology Biopsychosocial Interactions 8th Edition Edward P Sarafino Download instant download
Test Bank for Health Psychology Biopsychosocial Interactions 8th Edition Edward P Sarafino Download instant download
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-health-psychology-
biopsychosocial-interactions-8th-edition-edward-p-sarafino-
download/
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-health-psychology-9th-
edition-shelley-taylor-download/
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-health-psychology-an-
introduction-to-behavior-and-health-8th-edition/
https://testbankmall.com/product/soil-science-and-management-6th-
edition-edward-plaster-test-bank/
Test Bank for Western Civilization, 9th Edition
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-western-
civilization-9th-edition/
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-cost-management-a-
strategic-emphasis-9th-edition-edward-blocher-paul-juras-steven-smith/
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-human-sexuality-
diversity-in-contemporary-society-10th-edition-william-yarber-barbara-
sayad/
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-management-in-physical-
therapy-practices-2nd-edition-catherine-g-page/
Test Bank for Critical Care Nursing 8th Edition by Urden
https://testbankmall.com/product/test-bank-for-critical-care-
nursing-8th-edition-by-urden/
CHAPTER 1
AN OVERVIEW OF PSYCHOLOGY AND HEALTH
CHAPTER OUTLINE
I. What is Health?
A. Section Introduction
1. Common definitions of health focus on lack of:
a. objective signs of illness – e.g., high blood pressure
b. subjective symptoms of illness – e.g., pain or nausea
B. An Illness/Wellness Continuum
1. The concepts of health and sickness overlap
2. Antonovsky proposes an illness/wellness continuum with polar ends of
death/illness/disability v. optimal wellness
a. need to change focus from what makes people sick to what keeps people well
3. Health = the positive state of physical, mental and social well-being that varies
over time along a continuum
C. Illness Today and in the Past
1. In industrialized nations, people live longer than in past and suffer from
different patterns of illnesses
2. Until this century, people in North America died from mainly dietary and
infectious diseases
a. dietary illnesses: illnesses resulting from malnutrition such as beriberi (lack of
vitamin B1)
b. infectious diseases: acute illnesses caused by harmful matter or
microorganisms (bacteria or viruses); main cause of death in most of world today
3. History of diseases in US
a. 18th century: epidemics of smallpox, diphtheria, yellow fever, measles and
influenza killed thousands, esp. children
i. infectious diseases such as malaria and dysentery weakened victims and made
them susceptible to other fatal diseases
ii. such diseases were introduced to America by European settlers
1) Native Americans died at high rates due to lack of previous exposure and
natural immunity; lack of immunity probably due to low degree of genetic
variation
b. 19th century: new infectious disease beginning to emerge (e.g., tuberculosis)
i. decrease in deaths from infectious diseases by end of 19th century
ii. cause of decline
1) improved personal hygiene
2) better nutrition resulting in greater resistance to disease
3) public health innovation (e.g., water purification and sewage treatment
facilities)
4) increased personal concern about health and following advice of health
reformers
c. 20th century: death rate due to infectious disease declined and average life
expectancy increased
i. increase in infant life expectancy from 48 years to 77 years
ii. chronic disease leading cause of health problems and half of all deaths in
developed countries
1) definition = degenerative illnesses that develop or persist over long period of
time
2) examples = heart disease, cancer, stroke
3) reasons = increase in industrialization increases stress and exposure to harmful
chemicals; longer life span places people at higher risk for chronic disease
4. Main causes of death across the life span
a. children – accidental injury, cancer, & congenital abnormalities
b. adolescents – accidental injury, homicide, suicide
II. Viewpoints from History: Physiology, Disease Processes, and the Mind
A. Early Cultures
1. Belief that physical and mental illness caused by mystical forces (e.g., evil
spirits)
a. speculative evidence – use of trephination to allow spirits to escape
B. Ancient Greece and Rome
1. Hippocrates’ humoral theory
a. health was due to harmony or balance of four humors whereas illness was the
result of an imbalance of bodily fluids
b. health recommendations included good diet, avoiding excesses to keeps
humors in balance
2. Introduction of the mind/body problem
a. Greek philosophers, including Plato, argued that the mind and body are
separate entities (mind has little impact on the body and its state of health)
3. Influence of Galen
a. believed in humoral theory and mind-body split
b. innovations attributed to Galen – animal dissections to discover how systems
work, localization of illness, and belief that different disease have different effects
C. The Middle Ages
1. With collapse of Roman Empire, advancement of knowledge and culture
slowed dramatically
2. Impact of the Church on slowing development of medical knowledge
a. prohibition on human and animal dissection
b. belief that creatures with a soul were set apart from ordinary laws of the
universe
3. Illness was believed to be a punishment for sin
a. medical treatments involving use of torture to drive evil spirits out of body
were done by clergy under this belief
4. Influence of St. Thomas Aquinas
a. church scholar who saw the mind and body as interrelated unit that forms
whole person
D. The Renaissance and After
1. Period witnessed rebirth of inquiry, culture, politics, belief in “human-
centered” focus; set stage for changes in philosophy once scientific revolution
began
2. Influence of Descartes
a. advanced notion of “body as machine” and described mechanics of body action
and sensation
b. believed the mind and body, although separate entities, communicated
through pineal gland
c. argued soul left humans at death; therefore dissection on humans acceptable
3. Changes in science & medicine
a. knowledge increased due to technological improvements (e.g., microscope)
and use of dissection
b. rejection of humoral theory and development of new theories due to increased
knowledge of body functions and discovery of microorganisms
c. surgical practice improved by antiseptics & anesthesia
d. status of hospital changed to “place of healing” along with more respect for
ability of doctors to heal
4. Biomedical model
a. new approach to conceptualizing health/illness that proposes physiological
problems cause afflictions of the body
b. health/illness of body separated from psychological/social experience of the
mind
c. dominant perspective in medicine since 19th century
III. Seeing a Need: Psychology’s Role in Health
A. Section Introduction
1. Biomedical model led to:
a. development of vaccines and reduction in infectious disease
b. development of antibiotics and cures to illnesses from bacterial infection
2. Despite advances, biomedical model needs improvement
B. Problems in the Health Care System
1. Health care costs comprise an increasing percentage of the GDP
2. Chronic diseases are now the main health problems
a. improvements in treatments have been modest
3. People have changed
a. higher levels of knowledge, more motivation, better able to afford medical care
b. “the person” still left out of biomedical model
C. “The Person” in Health and Illness
1. Section introduction
a. individual differences in tendency toward illness due to:
i. biomedical sources such as physiological processes or exposure to
microorganisms
ii. psychological and social factors
2. Lifestyle and illness
a. lifestyle modifications (changes in everyday patterns of behavior) may affect
characteristics associated with health problems
b. risk factors = biological or behavioral characteristics/conditions associated with
development of a disease or injury
i. biological risk factor example: inherited genes
ii. behavioral risk factor examples: smoking, eating high saturated fat diet
iii. having more risk factors are associated with (but don’t necessarily cause)
higher likelihood of developing disease
c. behavioral risk factors associated with five leading causes of death:
i. heart disease = smoking, high dietary cholesterol, obesity, lack of exercise
ii. cancer = smoking, high alcohol use, diet
iii. stroke = smoking, high dietary cholesterol, lack of exercise
iv. Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) = smoking
v. accidents = alcohol/drug use, not using seat belts
d. lifestyle contributes to health problems and high medical costs
i. society bears burden of medical costs through public and private insurance
programs
e. influence of lifestyle factors on health
i. seven lifestyle practices related to current and future health
1) practicing all seven practices resulted in health similar to younger persons
2) incidence of death decreased as number of health practices increased, esp. for
older persons
f. why people persist in unhealthy behaviors
i. immediate pleasures of less healthful behavior
ii. remote negative consequences
iii. social pressures to engage in unhealthful practice
iv. strong habit of behavior (e.g., addiction or dependency)
v. lack of awareness of dangers associated with health behaviors or how to
change behavior
3. Personality and illness
a. personality = person’s cognitive, affective, or behavioral tendencies that are
fairly stable across time/situation
b. evidence linking personality traits to health
i. low levels of conscientiousness and poor mental health linked to heart disease
ii. anxiety, depression, anger/hostility or pessimism linked to variety of diseases,
esp. heart disease
iii. negative emotions linked to reaction to stress
1) positive emotions (e.g., optimism, hopefulness) linked to lower illness rates,
quicker recovery when ill
c. illness may affect personality and emotional states
i. reaction to serious illness/disability may be anxiety, depression, anger and
hopelessness
ii. overcoming negative thoughts/feelings may increase recovery
D. How the Role of Psychology Emerged
1. Section introduction
a. ancient Greeks connected medicine and psychology
b. Freud felt physical symptoms could be an expression of unconscious conflicts
i. evidence – conversion hysteria
c. need for explanation led to development of field of psychosomatic medicine
2. Psychosomatic medicine
a. field, formed in 1930s, concerned with the interrelationships among the
psychological and social factors, the biological and physiological functions of
illness, and the development & course of illness
b. theoretical foundation is psychoanalytic with a focus on psychoanalytic
interpretation of specific, real health problems
3. Behavioral medicine and health psychology
a. fields emerged in 1970s to study role of psychology in illness
b. behavioral medicine: an interdisciplinary field involving psychology, sociology,
medicine & others
i. theoretical foundations in classical and operant conditioning
ii. evidence that psychological events influence bodily functions and that people
can learn to control physiological systems supported the link between mind and
body
1) conditioning methods important in therapeutic approaches (e.g., biofeedback)
used to modify behaviors and emotions
c. health psychology: recently developed sub-discipline in psychology also
emphasizing behaviorism
i. primary goals of health psychology
1) promote and maintain health by studying factors involved unhealthy behaviors
2) prevent illness by reducing risk factors, and to treat those with illnesses
3) identify the causes and diagnostic correlates of health, illness, and related
dysfunction
4) analyze and improve health care systems and health policy
4. An integration
a. general similarity: all have similar goals, study similar topics, & share same
knowledge; shared belief that health & illness results from biological,
psychological and social forces
b. how they differ: separate organizations; varying emphasis on specific
topics/viewpoints
i. psychosomatic medicine – continued close ties to medicine and application of
psychiatry
ii. behavioral medicine – focus on interventions that do not use drugs or surgery
iii. health psychology – relies on information from other subdisciplines in
psychology to identify/alter lifestyle and emotional processes related to illness
E. Health Psychology: The Profession
1. Work locations and primary activities
a. clinics and hospitals – providing direct help to patients
b. academic departments – indirect help through research, teaching and
consulting
2. Nature of clinic/hospital work
a. promoting emotional & social adjustment to illness or disability
b. helping patients manage health problems by teaching psychological methods of
intervention (e.g., controlling pain)
3. Research and teaching
a. providing information from research about lifestyle & personality factors that
contribute to health and illness
b. designing interventions to promote health
c. educating medical personnel about psychosocial needs of patients
4. Educational/training requirements
a. doctoral degree in psychology
b. clinical health psychology = APA accredited specialty
c. state licensing & board certification available
IV. Current Perspectives on Health and Illness
A. Section Introduction
1. The biopsychosocial model expands on the biomedical model and involves the
interplay of biological, psychological, and social aspects of a person’s life
2. Model assumes 3 factors affect and are affected by health/illness.
B. The Biopsychosocial Perspective
1. The role of biological factors
a. involves the study of inherited genetic materials and processes as well as
physiologic functioning including structural defects and immuniological activity
b. healthful functioning of body depends on how component physical systems in
body operate and interact with each other
2. The role of psychological factors
a. role of lifestyle and personality involves describing behavior and mental
processes – the focus of psychology
i. cognition – mental activities of perception, thought, belief systems, decision-
making influence health/illness experience
ii. emotions – positive & negative emotional states influence and are influenced
by health/illness
1) influence decisions to seek treatment
iii. motivation – defined as why people do what they do
1) part of explanation for adaptive and maladaptive health behaviors,
participation in health intervention programs
3. The role of social factors
a. peer pressure related to adolescents engaging in smoking and drinking
b. society establishes health values resulting in both positive and negative
behaviors (e.g., mass media promotions)
c. community values and community’s environmental characteristics influence
extent to which its members engage in health-related behaviors
d. family – socialization provides strong influence on the health-related behaviors,
attitudes, and beliefs of its members
4. The concept of “systems”
a. addressing the “whole person” acknowledges that people and reasons for their
behavior are complex
b. a holistic approach considers all aspects of a person’s life as a total entity and is
consistent with the biopsychosocial approach
c. system = a dynamic entity of continuously interrelated components with
smaller components nested within larger components (i.e., levels)
i. events in one system influences events in other systems
C. Life-Span and Gender Perspective
1. Life-span perspective – an approach in which a person is considered in the
context of their prior development, current development, and likely future
development
a. illnesses experienced vary with age
b. pediatrics and geriatrics = branches of medicine dedicated to health/illness of
children and elderly
c. biopsychosocial systems change as we age
i. biological – e.g., physiological growth & decline
ii. psychological – e.g., cognitive changes influence knowledge, ability to think,
accepting responsibility for change, understanding implications of illness &
rationale for changing health-related behaviors
iii. social – e.g., shift in health care-giving responsibilities from care-givers to self ;
influences of peers or important others on behavior
2. Gender perspective – an approach that looks at how males and females differ
in terms of biological functioning, health-related behaviors, social relationships,
and risk for specific illnesses.
V. Relating Health Psychology to Other Science Fields
A. Related Fields
1. Epidemiology – scientific study of the distribution and frequency of disease and
injury
a. investigate occurrence of illness and attempt to determine why it was
distributed among the people it affected
b. epidemiological terminology used to describe findings
i. mortality – number of deaths, usually on a large scale
ii. morbidity – any illness, injury, or disability
iii. prevalence – the number of cases including both continuing and new cases at a
given time
iv. incidence – the number of new cases of illness, infection, or disability in a
period of time
v. epidemic – the rapid increase in incidence
c. use of term “rate” adds relativity to meaning (e.g., mortality rate = number of
deaths per number of people in a given population during specified period of
time)
2. Public health – field concerned with protecting, maintaining and improving
health in the community through organizes effort.
a. engaged in conducting research and establishing programs to promote and
provide health-related services
b. studies health/illness in context of the community as a social system
3. Sociology – evaluates the impact of social factors on groups or communities of
people.
a. medical sociology is concerned with social factors involved with distribution of
illness, social reactions to illness, socioeconomic factors of health care use, ways
in which hospital services/medical practices are organized
4. Anthropology – the study of cultures
a. medical anthropology – study of cross-cultural differences in health, illness and
health care.
5. Impact of other disciplines on health psychology
a. the perspectives from other fields provide a broad perspective on health/illness
and are incorporated into the discipline for explaining influences on health and
illness
B. Health and Psychology Across Cultures
1. Health and illness vary across history since, over time, lifestyles in cultures
change
2. Sociocultural differences in health
a. “sociocultural” refers to social and cultural factors, such as ethnic and income
variations within and across nations
b. sociocultural differences have been observed in illness patterns, diets, and
health-related beliefs and values
3. Sociocultural differences in health beliefs and behavior
a. ideas about cause of illness vary across time and culture
i. affects beliefs about appropriate treatment approaches
ii. example: beliefs about balance of yin and yang and the use of acupuncture to
correct their balance
b. religious beliefs affect health practices
i. example: Jehovah’s Witnesses reject use of blood; Christian Scientists reject use
of medicine entirely; Seventh Day Adventists view body as “temple” and urge
followers to take care of their bodies
VII. Research Methods
A. Section Introduction
1. Theory = tentative explanation of why and under what circumstances certain
phenomena occur
a. characteristics of a “useful” theory
i. clearly stated
ii. brings together or organizes known facts
iii. relates information that previously seemed unrelated
iv. enables us to make predictions
b. role of theory
i. guides research by providing a “roadmap” of relationships to study
2. Variables – characteristics of people, events, or objects that may change
a. independent variable – the variable manipulated directly and independently of
variables not in the study
b. dependent variable – some outcome that is measured and is dependent on the
effects of the manipulated independent variable
B. Experiments
1. Experiment: a controlled study in which the researcher manipulates a variable
to study its effects on another variable
2. The experimental method: a hypothetical example
a. a prediction or hypothesis of a theory is developed and tested
b. participants are assigned randomly to groups in order to distribute
characteristics equally across the groups
c. experimental group receives the treatment or procedure being tested
d. control group does not receive the treatment or procedure being tested
e. placebo, an inert substance, may be given to a third group to test for the
effects of expectations
f. double-blind approach, where neither subject nor experimenter know
assignment to condition, may be used to control for experimenter demand
3. Criteria for cause-effect conclusion
a. levels of independent and dependent variables corresponded or varied
together
b. cause preceded the effect
c. other plausible causes ruled out
4. Comparing experimental and nonexperimental methods
a. determining causation
i. in experiments, causation may be tested because an IV is manipulated
ii. in nonexperimental methods, causation may not be tested because an IV is not
manipulated
b. nonexperimental methods are useful when it is not possible, feasible, or ethical
to manipulate a variable of interest, or when an association between variables is
to be demonstrated
C. Correlational Studies
1. When aim of research requires only that association between variables be
shown, correlational research used
a. example: research on risk factors
Random documents with unrelated
content Scribd suggests to you:
Aldeas, e termos, rendas, jurdiçõens, direitos, e pertenças que as
aja e pessua essa Donna Constança por sas arras, e donadio bem, e
compridamente em toda sa vida asim como as melhor ouveram as
Raynhas de Portugal e tiro de mim a posse que ei das dittas
Cidades, e Villas, termos, e couzas sobreditas, e ponhoa na dita
Donna Constança, para as aver, e possuir livremente no dito tempo
como dito he, e demais conhosco e affirmo que a posse e tença que
ora hei das ditas Cidades e Villas e couzas sobreditas que os ei e
tenho em nome da ditta Donna Constança e por ella como
uzofructuario até que ella per si ou per outrem filhe ou mande filhar
a posse corporal da dita Cidade, Villas, e termos, e couzas
sobredictas em testimonio desto mandei dar áa dita Donna
Constança esta minha carta aberta, e sellada do meu sello. Dante
em Lisboa sette dias de julho ElRey o mandou Pero Esteves a fez era
de mil e trezentos e settenta e outo annos ElRey o vio.» (Tomo 1.ᵒ
das Provas da Hist. genealogica da Casa Real, pag. 285.)[54]
O tumulo de D. Constança foi profanado, não existindo hoje as
suas cinzas. O sarcophago encontra-se no Museu Archeologico de
Lisboa, estabelecido no Convento do Carmo, obra do Condestavel D.
Nuno Alvares Pereira.
É digna de notar-se a sorte das duas mulheres de D. Pedro I; D.
Constança, violado o sepulchro, nem lhe escaparam as cinzas á
avidez dos profanos; Ignez de Castro, coroada depois de morta,
repousando tranquillamente n’um mausoleu que photographava a
grandeza do amor do seu principe, tambem padeceu em 1810 as
consequencias ferozes dos vandalos do seculo XIX. Triste sorte a das
mulheres de Pedro I!...
Affonso d’Albuquerque
Nasceu este grande homem, em 1453, na Quinta do Paraiso, entre
Alhandra e Villa Franca. Educou-se na côrte de D. Affonso V, que em
1480 o mandou na esquadra contra os turcos, em soccorro do Rei de
Napoles. Em 1489, D. João II, de quem era estribeiro-mór,
encarregou-o de defender a fortaleza de Graciosa, junto a Larache.
Em 1503 foi a primeira vez á India, a bordo da nau S. Thiago,
soffrendo grandes tormentas durante a viagem. A 25 de janeiro de
1504 sahiu de Cananor, chegando a Lisboa, nos fins de julho do
mesmo anno. El-Rei D. Manuel, sciente do seu alto merito
encarregou-o em 1506 de tomar Ormuz; seguiu Albuquerque na
armada de Tristão da Cunha, levando comsigo a nomeação de
successor a D. Francisco d’Almeida.
Grande espirito, possuidor de um talento do mais fino quilate,
diplomata e guerreiro, soube levantar o nome portuguez nas
remotas paragens, onde a vontade regia o tinha collocado.
Comprehendeu o genio oriental, tratando de o domar não só pela
força das armas, mas tambem pelas exterioridades do fausto; assim
em Goa tratava-se como principe, habitando o palacio do Sabayo e
comendo ao som de musicas, acompanhado pelos fidalgos e por
córos de bailadeiras, vestidas com luxo asiatico, que no terreiro
dançavam, durante as refeições.
Para nada lhe faltar na grandeza, teve a sorte commum dos
maiores vultos de toda a humanidade: a perseguição cruel dos
invejosos, dos pobres miseraveis que julgam poder desfazer o que a
Providencia creou! Albuquerque foi calumniado e perseguido,
destinguindo-se n’este infame empenho Diogo Mendes de
Vasconcellos e Lopo Soares d’Albergaria, que D. Manuel, na mesma
occasião de demittir o heroe, nomeava o primeiro capitão de Cochim
e o segundo governador da India. Albuquerque soube isto ao entrar
a barra de Goa, vindo de Ormuz, a bordo da Flor do Mar. Estava
doente e os padecimentos agravaram-se-lhe com a ingrata nova.
Não queremos nós descrever a sua morte, trasladando para aqui o
que d’ella refere o seu proprio filho, nos Commentarios:
«Affonso d’Albuquerque como soube que era chegado outro
governador, e seus inimigos muito favorecidos d’el-rei, alevantou as
mãos e deu graças a Nosso Senhor e disse:
«—Mal com os homens por amor d’ElRei e mal com ElRei por amor
dos homens, bom é acabar.
«Dito isto, mandou tomar aos mouros todas as cartas que
levavam para os mercadores d’Ormuz, em que se dizia, que se não
tinham dado a fortaleza a Affonso d’Albuquerque, que lh’a não
dessem, porque era vindo outro governador, que faria tudo o que
elles quizessem.
«E porque estas novas não dessem torvação á fortaleza que se
ficava acabando, mandou-as Affonso d’Albuquerque queimar todas,
e despediu os mouros que se fossem e ficou só com o secretario. E
tendo já feito seu testamento, em que se mandava enterrar na sua
capella, que tinha feito em Goa, que elle ganhára aos mouros, fez
uma cédula, em que mandou que os seus ossos, depois da carne
gastada, se trouxessem a Portugal e outras palavras que houve por
escusado escrever. E acabado isto escreveu uma carta para D.
Manuel, que dizia assim:
«—Senhor, quando esta escrevo a Vossa Alteza estou com um
soluço que é signal de morte. N’esses Reinos tenho um filho: peço a
Vossa Alteza que m’o faça grande, como meus serviços merecem,
que lhe tenho feito com minha serviçal condição; porque a elle
mando sobre pena de minha benção, que vol-os requeira. E quanto
ás cousas da India não digo nada, porque ella fallará por si e por
mim.»
«E n’este tempo estava já tão fraco, que se nem podia ter em pé,
pedindo sempre a Nosso Senhor que o levasse a Goa e alli fizesse
d’elle o que fosse mais seu serviço. E sendo tres ou quatro leguas da
barra, mandou que lhe fossem chamar Fr. Domingos, vigario geral, e
mestre Affonso, physico. E porque, com grande fraqueza que tinha,
não comia nada, mandou que lhe trouxessem um pouco de vinho
vermelho, do que viera aquelle anno de Portugal. Partido o
bergantim para Goa, foi a nau surgir na barra, sabbado de noute,
quinze dias do mez de dezembro. Quando disseram a Affonso
d’Albuquerque que estava alli, alevantou as mãos e deu muitas
graças a Nosso Senhor de lhe fazer aquella mercê, que elle tanto
desejava. E esteve assim toda aquella noite (com o vigario geral,
que era já vindo de terra, e Pero Dalpoem, secretario da India, que
elle deixou por seu testamento) abraçado com o crucifixo; e fallando
sempre disse ao vigario geral que era seu confessor:—que lhe
rezasse a paixão de Nosso Senhor, feita por S. João, de que fora
sempre muito devoto, porque n’ella e n’aquella Cruz, que era
similhante da em que Nosso Senhor padecera, e nas suas Chagas
levava toda a esperança da sua salvação. E mandou que lhe
vestissem o habito de S. Thiago (de que era commendador) para
morrer n’elle; e ao domingo, uma hora antes da manhã, deu a alma
a Deus. E alli acabaram todos os seus trabalhos, sem vêr nenhuma
satisfação d’elles.»
Esta simples descripção encantou-nos desde a meninice; por essa
circumstancia demos a palavra ao chronista dos feitos do grande
portuguez. Foi elle o seu filho, Braz de Albuquerque, a quem D.
Manuel, querendo recompensar os feitos do heroe, ordenou que lhe
tomasse o nome.
Baseado nos documentos que seu pae enviava a El-Rei de
Portugal, Affonso d’Albuquerque escreveu os Commentarios, obra
chamada pelo Dr. Antonio Ferreira, uma nua e chã pintura. Hoje
ignora-se a certa paragem dos restos do primeiro vulto da nossa
epopeia ultramarina. Este facto demonstra o vandalismo brutal dos
frades do convento da Graça, em Lisboa, onde o corpo estava
depositado, na capella-mór da igreja, em sepultura particular. Como
alguem invejava o local e deu mais avultada quantia, os frades
intentaram uma demanda com os herdeiros d’Albuquerque, sobre a
posse do tumulo. A estupidez (este é o termo) das justiças do seculo
XVII validaram a pretenção dos Gracianos e os ossos de Affonso
d’Albuquerque foram trasladados para o carneiro do Capitulo, não se
sabendo se em caixão documentado, ou confundidos á solta com as
numerosas ossadas ahi depositadas. Bom é que se estude este
assumpto e que se procurem os restos mortaes d’um dos maiores
homens não só de Portugal, mas tambem de todo o mundo
civilisado.
A Infanta D. Maria
Nasceu esta princeza, em Lisboa, aos 8 de junho de 1521, sendo
filha d’El-Rei D. Manuel e de sua terceira esposa D. Leonor d’Austria.
Tinha apenas dois annos quando sua mãe, já viuva, saiu de Portugal
(maio de 1523) para junto de seu irmão o imperador Carlos V;
estava só e desamparada, entregue unicamente aos cuidados de D.
Joanna Blasfet, camareira-mór, que lhe proporcionou um arremedo
dos cuidados maternaes, até que D. João III veiu a desposar a
princeza D. Catharina, irmã de sua madrasta. A nova rainha tomou
conta da educação de D. Maria, a qual como ia crescendo ia
patenteando todo o seu amor pelas lettras, sciencias e artes.
Os seus paços sumptuosissimos converteram-se em academia
onde se juntavam os artistas e litteratos, attrahidos não só pelo culto
scientifico mas tambem pela belleza imponente e pela figura
magestosa da Augusta Senhora que sabia conciliar a sua dignidade
real e os seus deveres de mulher com o tracto affavel para com
todos, com a protecção e a estima ao abandonado da fortuna, que
tivesse talento como apanagio da Divindade. Viveu a infanta no auge
das nossas glorias litterarias, como sol que a todos enthusiasmava;
deu vida á mulher, acolhendo as Sigéas (Anna e Luiza), Publia
Hortensia, Paula Vicente (filha de Gil Vicente), Joanna Vaz, e tantas
outras que seguiram a derrota sublime do genio portuguez.
Depois de ter sido requestada por varios principes da Europa;
casamentos estes que a politica e a avareza de seu irmão D. João III
lhe veiu a tolher, falleceu a Infanta D. Maria, aos 10 d’outubro de
1577, tres annos antes da morte do grande Luiz de Camões que lhe
consagrou o seguinte soneto:
Que levas, cruel morte? Um claro dia;
A que horas o tomaste? Amanhecendo;
Entendes o que levas? Não entendo;
Pois quem t’o fez levar? Quem o entendia.
testbankmall.com