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RADIO TECHNOLOGIES
AND CONCEPTS FOR
IMT-ADVANCED
RADIO TECHNOLOGIES
AND CONCEPTS FOR
IMT-ADVANCED
Edited by

Martin Döttling, Nokia Siemens Networks, Germany

Werner Mohr, Nokia Siemens Networks, Germany
Afif Osseiran, Ericsson Research, Sweden

A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication

Copyright

C 2009 Martin Döttling, Werner Mohr, Afif Osseiran

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Döttling, Martin.
Radio technologies and concepts for IMT-Advanced / Martin Döttling, Werner Mohr, and Afif Osseiran.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 978-0-470-74763-6 (H/B)
1. Radio—Transmitter-receivers—Standards. 2. Cellular telephones—Standards. 3. Radio—Receivers and
reception—Technological innovations. 4. Global system for mobile communications— Equipment and supplies—
Standards. I. Mohr, Werner, 1955– II. Osseiran, Afif. III. Title.
TK6562.P32D68 2009
621.384—dc22
2009007658

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Typeset in 10/12pt Times by Aptara Inc., New Delhi, India

Printed in Singapore by Markono
 To
my family and parents
Martin Döttling

To
my parents
Werner Mohr

In memory of my parents, Hayat and Hani

Afif Osseiran
Contents

About the Editors xxi

Preface xxv
Acknowledgements xxix
Abbreviations xxxi
List of Contributors xliii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Development and Status of Mobile and Wireless Communications 1
1.2 Expectations of Data Traffic Growth 3
1.3 Development Towards IMT-Advanced 4
1.4 Global Research Activities 6
1.5 WINNER Project 8
1.6 Future Work 9
References 10

2 Usage Scenarios and Technical Requirements 13

2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Key Scenario Elements 13
2.2.1 Environment Type and Coverage Range 15
2.2.2 Terminal Type 15
2.2.3 User Density and Traffic Parameters 16
2.2.4 User Mobility 16
2.2.5 Deployment Scenarios 18
2.2.5.1 Wide Area 18
2.2.5.2 Metropolitan Area 19
2.2.5.3 Local Area 19
2.3 Service Classes and Service Requirements 20
2.3.1 Overview of Beyond-3G Applications 20
2.3.2 Requirements for Service Provisioning 20
2.3.3 Mapping of Service Requirements to RAN Requirements 20
2.3.4 Traffic Models 20
2.3.4.1 Internet Applications 22
2.3.4.2 Voice over IP 23
viii Contents

2.3.4.3 Video Telephony 23

2.3.4.4 Streaming 23
2.3.4.5 File Transfer 24
2.3.4.6 Interactive Applications 24
2.4 Requirements for System Capabilities 24
2.4.1 Generalised Mobility Support within WINNER 25
2.4.2 Generalised Mobility Support between WINNER and Legacy Networks 25
2.4.3 Measurement Requirements for the WINNER System 26
2.4.4 Support for QoS Mechanisms and Prioritisation of Flows 28
2.5 Terminal Requirements 28
2.6 Performance Requirements 29
2.6.1 Coverage 30
2.6.2 Data Rate 30
2.6.2.1 Definition of User Throughput 30
2.6.2.2 Peak Data Rate 31
2.6.2.3 Sustainable Data Rate 31
2.6.3 Allowable Error Rate 31
2.6.4 Delay 31
2.6.4.1 Definition of User-Plane Packet Delay 31
2.6.4.2 Achievable User-Plane Packet Delay 32
2.6.5 Spectral Efficiency 32
2.6.6 Maximum Terminal Speed 34
2.7 Spectrum Requirements 34
2.7.1 WINNER Spectrum Range 34
2.7.2 Utilisation of Current Mobile Service Bands 34
2.7.3 Spectrum Fragmentation 34
2.7.4 Coexistence with Other Systems 35
2.7.5 Sharing Spectrum between WINNER RANs 35
2.7.6 Sharing Spectrum between Cell Layers of a WINNER System 35
2.7.7 System Bandwidth 36
2.8 Dependency of Requirements 36
2.9 Conclusion 36
Acknowledgements 37
References 38

3 WINNER II Channel Models 39

3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Modelling Considerations 40
3.2.1 Propagation Scenarios 40
3.2.1.1 A1: Indoor Office 41
3.2.1.2 B1: Urban Microcell 42
3.2.1.3 B4: Outdoor to Indoor 43
3.2.1.4 C1: Suburban Macrocell 43
3.2.1.5 C2: Urban Macrocell 43
3.2.1.6 D1: Rural Macrocell 43
Contents ix

3.2.1.7 B2 and C3: Bad Urban Conditions 43

3.2.2 Evolution of Channel Models from 2G to 4G 44
3.2.3 Selection of Channel-modelling Approach 46
3.2.4 Modelling Process 47
3.2.5 Network Layout 48
3.2.6 Measurements 50
3.2.6.1 Measurement Tools 50
3.2.6.2 Channel Measurements 55
3.3 Channel-Modelling Approach 59
3.3.1 WINNER Generic Channel Model 63
3.3.1.1 Modelled Parameters 63
3.3.1.2 Correlations Between Large-Scale Parameters 64
3.3.2 Channel Segments, Drops and Time Evolution 68
3.3.3 Nomadic Channel Condition 70
3.4 Channel Models and Parameters 70
3.4.1 Applicability 71
3.4.1.1 Environment Dependence 71
3.4.1.2 Frequency Dependence 71
3.4.2 Generation of Channel Coefficients 71
3.4.3 WINNER Path-loss Models 75
3.4.3.1 Frequency Dependencies of WINNER Path-loss Models 75
3.4.3.2 Transitions Between LOS and NLOS Conditions 77
3.4.4 Values for Generic Channel Models 77
3.5 Channel Model Usage 81
3.5.1 System-level Description 81
3.5.1.1 Coordinate System 81
3.5.1.2 Single User (Handover) Multicell Simulation 81
3.5.1.3 Multi-user Multicell Simulation 84
3.5.2 SPACE–TIME Concept in Simulations 84
3.5.3 Bandwidth and Frequency Dependence 85
3.5.3.1 Frequency Sampling 85
3.5.3.2 Bandwidth Downscaling in the Delay Domain 85
3.5.3.3 Bandwidth Downscaling in the Frequency Domain 85
3.5.3.4 FDD Modelling 86
3.5.4 Approximation of Channel Models 86
3.5.4.1 Reduced Complexity Models 86
3.5.4.2 Comparison of Complexity of Modelling Methods 87
3.6 Conclusion 89
Acknowledgements 90
References 90

4 System Concept and Architecture 93

4.1 Introduction 93
4.2 Design Principles and Main Characteristics 94
4.3 Logical Node Architecture 96
x Contents

4.3.1
Overview 96
4.3.2
Pool Concept and Micro Mobility 98
4.3.3
Equipment Sharing 101
4.3.4
Multicast and Broadcast Service Support 102
4.3.5
Multiband Transmission from Different BSs 103
4.3.6
Logical Nodes 104
4.3.6.1 Gateway Nodes: GW IPA L N and GW C L N 104
4.3.6.2 Base Station Node: BS L N 106
4.3.6.3 Relay Node: RN L N 107
4.3.6.4 User Terminal: UT L N 108
4.3.6.5 RRMserver L N 108
4.3.6.6 SpectrumServer L N 108
4.4 Protocol and Service Architecture 109
4.4.1 Overview 109
4.4.2 Layer 3: Radio Resource Control 110
4.4.3 Layer 2 112
4.4.3.1 IP Convergence Layer 114
4.4.3.2 Radio Link Control Layer 114
4.4.3.3 Medium Access Control Layer 115
4.4.4 Layer 1: Physical 125
4.4.4.1 Control Signalling 126
4.4.4.2 Physical Channels and Mappings to Transport Channels 128
4.4.4.3 Synchronisation Pilots 131
4.5 Conclusion 132
Acknowledgements 132
References 132

5 Modulation and Coding Techniques 135

5.1 Introduction 135
5.2 Basic Modulation and Coding Scheme 136
5.3 Coding Schemes 137
5.3.1 Low-density Parity-check Codes 137
5.3.1.1 Encoding of BLDPC Codes 139
5.3.1.2 Decoding Methods 141
5.3.1.3 Scheduling Algorithms 144
5.3.1.4 Lifting Process of LDPC Codes 145
5.3.1.5 Rate-Compatible Puncturing Codes 146
5.3.1.6 SNR Mismatch Impact on LDPC Codes 149
5.3.2 Duo-Binary Turbo Codes 151
5.3.3 Low-Rate Convolutional Codes for Control Channel 152
5.3.4 Comparison of Coding Schemes 154
5.3.4.1 Performance Comparison 154
5.3.4.2 Performance–Complexity Trade-Off 154
5.3.4.3 Domain of Suitability 157
5.3.4.4 Implementation Issues: Flexibility, Parallelization and Throughput 158
5.4 Link Adaptation 160
Contents xi

5.5 Link Level Aspects of H-ARQ 162

5.5.1 Incremental Redundancy Scheme 162
5.5.2 Throughput and Delay Analysis 163
5.6 Conclusions 165
References 166

6 Link Level Procedures 169

6.1 Introduction 169
6.2 Pilot Design 169
6.2.1 Types of Pilot 171
6.2.2 Reference Pilot Design 172
6.2.2.1 In-band Pilot Patterns 172
6.2.2.2 Uplink Super-Frame Pilot Preamble 177
6.2.2.3 Case Study for the Reference Pilot Design 177
6.2.3 Capacity-Achieving Pilot Design 179
6.3 Channel Estimation 179
6.3.1 Channel Estimation Reference Design 180
6.3.2 Pilot-Aided Channel Estimation 181
6.3.3 Iterative Channel Estimation 182
6.3.3.1 Channel Estimation for Single-Input, Single-Output Scenarios 182
6.3.3.2 Channel Estimation for Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output Scenarios 185
6.3.4 Channel Prediction 190
6.4 Radio Frequency Impairments 192
6.4.1 HPA Non-Linearities 192
6.4.2 Phase Noise 195
6.4.2.1 Phase Noise Model 196
6.4.2.2 Phase Noise Suppression in OFDM with Spatial Multiplexing 196
6.4.2.3 Phase Noise Suppression for DFT-Precoded OFDM (Serial Modulation) 198
6.5 Measurements and Signalling 200
6.6 Link Level Synchronisation 201
6.6.1 Synchronisation Preamble Design 201
6.6.2 Synchronisation in a Licensed Band 202
6.6.2.1 Coarse Symbol Timing Synchronisation 202
6.6.2.2 Frequency Offset Estimation 203
6.6.3 Synchronisation in Shared Spectrum 204
6.7 Network Synchronisation 205
6.7.1 Firefly Synchronisation 205
6.7.1.1 Mathematical Model 206
6.7.1.2 Synchronisation of Coupled Oscillators 206
6.7.1.3 Refractory Period 207
6.7.2 Synchronisation Rules 207
6.7.3 Compensating for Propagation Delays: Timing Advance 209
6.7.4 Imposing a Global Time Reference on Firefly Synchronisation 210
6.8 Conclusion 211
6.8.1 Pilot Design 211
6.8.2 Channel Estimation 211
xii Contents

6.8.3 RF Imperfections 212

6.8.4 Link Layer Synchronisation 212
6.8.5 Self-Organised Network Synchronisation 212
Acknowledgements 213
References 213

7 Advanced Antennas Concept for 4G 219

7.1 Introduction 219
7.2 Multiple Antennas Concept 221
7.2.1 Generic Transmitter 221
7.2.1.1 Per Stream Rate Control 226
7.2.1.2 Space–Time Block Code 227
7.2.1.3 SDMA 228
7.2.2 Control Signalling 228
7.3 Spatial Adaptation 229
7.3.1 Single Stream Per User 230
7.3.2 Multiple Streams Per User 231
7.4 Spatial Schemes 231
7.4.1 Receive Diversity 231
7.4.2 Beamforming 232
7.4.2.1 Signal Model 233
7.4.2.2 Results 235
7.4.3 Diversity and Spatial Multiplexing 237
7.4.4 Beamforming and Spatial Multiplexing 241
7.4.4.1 Clustered Array Structure 243
7.4.4.2 Results 243
7.4.5 Linear MU-MIMO: SMMSE and RBD 247
7.4.5.1 System Models 249
7.4.5.2 Results 250
7.5 Interference Mitigation 250
7.6 Pilots, Feedback and Measurements 253
7.6.1 Pilots 253
7.6.2 Feedback 255
7.6.3 Measurements 257
7.7 MIMO Aspects in Relaying 258
7.7.1 Cooperative Relaying 260
7.7.1.1 Cooperative Diversity Relaying 261
7.7.1.2 Two-Dimensional Cyclic Prefix 262
7.7.2 Distributed Antenna Systems 264
7.7.2.1 Distributed MIMO Configuration 265
7.7.2.2 Performance of Linear MU-MIMO Precoding 266
7.8 Conclusion 269
7.8.1 Beamforming 269
7.8.2 Diversity and Linear Dispersion Codes 270
7.8.3 Multi-User MIMO Precoding 271
Contents xiii

7.8.4 Distributed Antenna Systems and Cooperative Relaying 271

Acknowledgements 271
References 271

8 Layer-2 Relays for IMT-Advanced Cellular Networks 277

8.1 Introduction 277
8.1.1 Rationale for Relays in Cellular Networks 277
8.1.2 Organization of this Chapter 280
8.2 Motivation for Layer-2 Relays and Prior Work 280
8.3 Relay-based Deployments 282
8.3.1 RN Deployment Concepts 283
8.3.1.1 Relaying for Coverage Improvement 284
8.3.1.2 Relaying for Capacity Optimization at Outer Cell Regions 285
8.3.1.3 Relaying to Cover Shadowed Areas 285
8.3.2 Sub-cell Capacity of a Relay-enhanced Cell 286
8.3.2.1 Multi-hop Throughput in Cellular Deployment 287
8.3.2.2 Sub-cell Capacity Served by an RN 287
8.3.2.3 Capacity of a Multi-hop Connection under Delay Constraint 289
8.3.3 WINNER Test Scenarios 291
8.3.3.1 Base Urban Coverage Test Scenario 291
8.3.3.2 Metropolitan Area Test Scenario 292
8.3.4 Cost Efficiency of RNs 293
8.4 Design Choices for Relay-based Cellular Networks 295
8.4.1 Half-duplex Saves Costs and Improves Deployment Flexibility 296
8.4.2 Decode-and-Forward Relaying Exploits Adaptive Modulation and Coding 296
8.4.3 Fixed Relays in MCN Assist Fast and Cheap Network Roll-out 296
8.4.4 Flexible Radio Resource Management Adapts to the Environment 297
8.4.4.1 Static Load-based Resource Partitioning 299
8.4.4.2 Dynamic-resource Sharing in Wide Area Deployment with Beamforming 300
8.4.4.3 Soft Frequency Re-use and Static Load-based Resource Partitioning 302
8.4.5 MIMO Techniques Boost Capacity 302
8.4.6 Cooperative Relaying Boosts Performance 304
8.5 System and Network Aspects 306
8.5.1 Relaying by the WINNER MAC Protocol 308
8.5.2 Cell Broadcast and Resource Allocation 308
8.5.3 Radio Resource Partitioning 310
8.5.4 Relay ARQ 311
8.6 System-level Performance Evaluation 312
8.6.1 Scenario and Traffic Modelling 312
8.6.2 System Model 313
8.6.3 Resource Partitioning 315
8.6.4 Uplink Power Control and Resource Allocation 316
8.6.5 Simulation Results 317
8.6.5.1 Baseline Resource Partitioning 318
8.6.5.2 Downlink Performance of Infinite Buffer and Optimum Resource Partitioning 319
xiv Contents

8.7 Conclusion 319

Acknowledgements 321
References 321

9 Multiple Access Schemes and Inter-cell Interference Mitigation Techniques 325

9.1 Introduction 325
9.2 Multiple Access Schemes 326
9.2.1 Classic Multiple Access Schemes 326
9.2.1.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 326
9.2.1.2 Time Division Multiple Access 327
9.2.1.3 Code Division Multiple Access 328
9.2.2 Multi-carrier Multiple Access Schemes 328
9.2.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access 328
9.2.2.2 Multi-Carrier Code Division Multiple Access 329
9.2.3 WINNER Multiple Access and Medium Access Control Concept 330
9.2.3.1 Chunk-wise Adaptive TDMA/OFDMA 332
9.2.3.2 Block Interleaved and Block Equidistant Frequency Division
Multiple Access 336
9.2.3.3 Configuration of Non-Frequency-Adaptive Multiple Access Schemes 340
9.2.3.4 Co-existence and Switching 343
9.2.4 MAC Transmission Control 346
9.2.4.1 Transmission Control Sequences for Downlinks 346
9.2.4.2 Transmission Control Sequences for Uplinks 347
9.2.4.3 Transmission and Retransmission Delays 348
9.3 Inter-cell Interference Mitigation Schemes 349
9.3.1 Modelling Inter-cell Interference 350
9.3.1.1 Link-Level Model 350
9.3.1.2 System-Level Model 351
9.3.2 Inter-cell Interference Averaging Techniques 351
9.3.2.1 Inter-cell Interference Cancellation 352
9.3.2.2 Dynamic Channel Allocation and Scheduling 357
9.3.3 Inter-cell Interference Avoidance Techniques 360
9.3.3.1 Resource Management by Restriction of Transmit Power 360
9.3.3.2 Self-adaptive Re-use Partitioning 362
9.3.3.3 Cost-function-based Scheduling 363
9.3.3.4 Simulation Results 364
9.3.4 Inter-cell Interference Mitigation Techniques Based on Smart Antennas 365
9.3.4.1 Beamforming Techniques 365
9.3.4.2 Transmit Diversity Techniques 368
9.3.4.3 Receive Diversity and Interference Suppression Techniques 370
9.3.4.4 Simulation Results 370
9.4 Conclusion 372
Acknowledgements 373
References 373
Contents xv

10 Radio Resource Control and System Level Functions 377

10.1 Introduction 377
10.2 IPCL Layer 378
10.2.1 Transfer of User Data Between IPCL Entities 378
10.2.1.1 IPCL Header Compression 379
10.2.1.2 IPCL Data Ciphering and Ciphering Keys 380
10.2.2 IPCL and Handover 381
10.2.2.1 In-Sequence Delivery of Upper Layer PDUs 382
10.2.2.2 Duplicate Detection of Lower Layer SDUs 382
10.3 Radio Resource Control 383
10.3.1 RRC States 383
10.3.1.1 UT Detached State 383
10.3.1.2 UT Idle State 384
10.3.1.3 UT Active State 384
10.3.2 Mobility Management in Idle Mode 385
10.3.2.1 Paging 385
10.3.2.2 Tracking Area 385
10.3.3 Mobility Management in Active Mode 386
10.3.3.1 Micro Mobility 386
10.3.3.2 Macro Mobility 388
10.3.3.3 Intramode Handover 389
10.3.3.4 Intermode Handover 390
10.3.3.5 Intersystem Handover 392
10.3.3.6 Inter GW Handover and Load Balancing 393
10.3.4 Flow Admission Control 394
10.3.5 Congestion Avoidance Control 396
10.3.5.1 Admission Control: Two-Stage Approach 396
10.3.5.2 Flow Control 401
10.3.6 Load and Congestion Control 404
10.4 Centralised, Distributed and Hybrid RRM Architecture 406
10.4.1 Distributed RRM 406
10.4.2 Centralised RRM 406
10.4.3 Hybrid RRM 407
10.5 System-Level Performance Results 407
10.5.1 Intersystem Handover 407
10.5.2 Intermode Handover 409
10.5.2.1 Simulation Setup 409
10.5.2.2 Intramode and Intermode Handover Algorithms 410
10.5.3 Intermode Handover Results 412
10.5.3.1 Intermode Handover Triggered by Residual Throughput 412
10.5.3.2 Intermode Handover Triggered by UT Velocity 414
10.6 Conclusion 414
Acknowledgements 415
References 416
xvi Contents

11 Sharing and Flexible Spectrum Use Capabilities 419

11.1 Introduction 419
11.2 Spectrum Technologies Framework 420
11.2.1 Sharing and Co-existence Functions 421
11.2.1.1 Vertical Sharing 1: WINNER Is the Primary System 421
11.2.1.2 Vertical Sharing 2: WINNER Is the Secondary System 421
11.2.1.3 Horizontal Sharing with Coordination 422
11.2.1.4 Horizontal Sharing Without Coordination 422
11.2.2 Spectrum Assignment Functions 423
11.2.2.1 Long-term Assignment 423
11.2.2.2 Short-term Assignment 424
11.2.3 Generic Spectrum Functions 424
11.2.3.1 WINNER Spectrum Manager 424
11.2.3.2 Spectrum Register 424
11.3 Detailed Design of a Spectrum Assignment Negotiation Mechanism 425
11.3.1 Long-term Spectrum Assignment 425
11.3.2 Short-term Spectrum Assignment 427
11.3.3 Interactions between Long-term and Short-term Spectrum Assignment 429
11.3.4 Registration of Nodes with Spectrum Manager 430
11.3.5 Specific Short-term Spectrum Assignment Algorithms 430
11.3.5.1 Negotiated Amount of Resources Exchanged 431
11.3.5.2 Matching Amount of Resources Exchanged 431
11.3.5.3 Surplus of Resources Exchanged 431
11.4 Spectrum Assignment Enabling Mechanisms 431
11.4.1 Multi-band Scheduler 431
11.4.1.1 Hybrid ARQ Context Transfer 434
11.4.1.2 MBS and Spectrum Sharing 435
11.4.2 Communication Between Base Stations 435
11.4.2.1 Trends in BS-to-BS Communication and Site Sharing 435
11.4.2.2 Requirements for BS-to-BS Communication 436
11.4.2.3 Possibilities for Inter-BS Communication 437
11.4.2.4 Summary of BS-to-BS Communication Technologies 440
11.5 WINNER Sharing with FSS 440
11.5.1 Dimensioning of Hard Exclusion Zones 442
11.5.1.1 Typical FSS Parameters Considered for the Simulation 442
11.5.1.2 Results 442
11.5.2 Mitigated Exclusion Zone Calculation 444
11.5.3 Advanced Mitigation Techniques 445
11.5.3.1 Utilisation of Information Describing the FSS Usage in a Database 446
11.5.3.2 Utilisation of Spectrum Beacon Channel 446
11.5.3.3 Multi-antenna Technologies 446
11.6 Performance Evaluation of Spectrum Assignment Mechanisms 447
11.6.1 Performance Assessment of Long-term Spectrum Assignment 447
11.6.1.1 Considered Scenarios 447
11.6.1.2 Gradual Spectral Deployment of WINNER RANs 449
11.6.2 Performance Assessment of Short-term Spectrum Assignment 451
Contents xvii

11.6.2.1 Evaluation of Inter-cell Interference Issues for ST Spectrum Assignment 451

11.6.2.2 Cell-Pair Selection Algorithms for ST Assignment 453
11.6.2.3 Impact of Cell-Selection Algorithms on ST Performance Assignment 453
11.7 Conclusion 455
Acknowledgements 456
References 456

12 ITU-R Spectrum Demand Calculation for IMT-Advanced 459

12.1 Introduction 459
12.2 ITU-R Work on Spectrum Requirements of IMT-Advanced 460
12.2.1 Background and Role of ITU-R 460
12.2.2 ITU-R Preparations for WRC-07 461
12.2.3 WINNER Contributions to ITU-R 463
12.3 ITU-R Spectrum Calculation Methodology 464
12.3.1 Methodology Flow and Definitions 464
12.3.1.1 Services 464
12.3.1.2 Environments 467
12.3.1.3 Radio Access Technique Groups 467
12.3.2 Traffic Calculation and Distribution 468
12.3.3 Capacity Requirement Calculation 469
12.3.4 Spectrum Requirement Calculation 470
12.3.5 Summary of Methodology 471
12.4 Software Implementation of Methodology 472
12.4.1 Description and Use of Software Tool 472
12.4.2 Inputs to Software Tool 474
12.4.3 Intermediate Calculations and Outputs from Software Tool 475
12.5 Estimated Spectrum Requirements of IMT-Advanced 477
12.6 Conclusion 478
Acknowledgements 479
References 479

13 System Model, Test Scenarios, and Performance Evaluation 481

13.1 Introduction 481
13.2 Performance Assessment of Wireless Networks 482
13.3 Interface between Link and System Simulations 483
13.4 Test Scenarios 484
13.4.1 Test Environments 485
13.4.2 Deployment Assumptions 485
13.4.2.1 Base Station 489
13.4.2.2 User Terminal 489
13.4.2.3 Relay Node 489
13.4.2.4 Network Layout 489
13.4.2.5 Channel Modelling 492
13.4.3 Basic OFDM Parameters and Frame Dimensions 492
13.5 Spectral Efficiency and Number of Satisfied Users under QoS Constraints 493
13.6 End-to-End Performance Evaluation 495
xviii Contents

13.6.1 Base Coverage Urban Scenario 495

13.6.1.1 Frequency-domain Link Adaptation Gains 495
13.6.1.2 Spectral Efficiency and Maximum Number of Satisfied Users 498
13.6.1.3 Improving Cell Edge Performance and Indoor Coverage by Relaying 501
13.6.1.4 Dynamic Resource Allocation in Relay-Enhanced Cells 503
13.6.1.5 Cooperative Relaying 504
13.6.1.6 Multicast/Broadcast Services in Relay-Enhanced Cells 504
13.6.1.7 Impact of Traffic and Packet Modelling on Spectral Efficiency 508
13.6.2 Microcellular Scenario 513
13.6.2.1 Indoor Coverage Improvement by Relay Deployments 513
13.6.2.2 Soft Frequency Re-use 514
13.6.2.3 Soft and Fractional Frequency Re-use and Re-use One 516
13.6.3 Local Area Scenarios 517
13.7 Conclusion 521
Acknowledgements 521
References 522

14 Cost Assessment and Optimisation for WINNER Deployments 525

14.1 Introduction 525
14.2 Cost Assessment Framework and Assumptions 526
14.2.1 General Cost Assessment Procedure 526
14.2.2 Types of Cost Assessment 527
14.2.3 Challenges in Cost Assessment 528
14.2.3.1 Spectrum Sharing 528
14.2.3.2 Roaming Agreements 529
14.2.3.3 Infrastructure Sharing 529
14.2.3.4 Third-party Network Ownership, Operation and Maintenance 529
14.2.3.5 New Business Entities 529
14.2.3.6 Summary 530
14.2.4 WINNER: Assumptions and Technology Options 530
14.3 Cost Components 530
14.3.1 Classification of Cost Components 531
14.3.2 RAN CAPEX Costs 532
14.3.2.1 Base Station Equipment 532
14.3.2.2 Relay Equipment 533
14.3.2.3 Base Station Deployment 533
14.3.2.4 Relay Deployment 534
14.3.2.5 Base Station Site Acquisition 534
14.3.2.6 Relay Site Acquisition 534
14.3.2.7 Gateways 534
14.3.2.8 Centralised RRM Servers 535
14.3.2.9 RAN Connectivity 535
14.3.2.10 Initial Radio Planning and Network Optimisation 535
14.3.3 RAN OPEX Costs 535
14.3.3.1 Base Station Site Rent and Maintenance 536
Contents xix

14.3.3.2 Relay Site Rent and Maintenance 536

14.3.3.3 Rent for RAN Connectivity 536
14.3.3.4 Power 537
14.3.3.5 Network Operation and Maintenance 537
14.3.3.6 Software and Firmware Updates 537
14.3.4 Example Cost Figures 537
14.3.4.1 Breakdown of Macro BS Equipment Costs 538
14.3.4.2 Transformation of OPEX into CAPEX Costs 539
14.4 Cost Assessment Models 540
14.4.1 Previous Work 540
14.4.2 Background and Principles 541
14.4.3 Network Deployment 541
14.4.3.1 Traffic Modelling 542
14.4.3.2 RAP Deployment Strategies 543
14.4.3.3 Radio Propagation Models 544
14.4.3.4 Radio and Resource Assignment Model 546
14.4.4 Cost Calculation 549
14.4.4.1 Relay-Specific Cost Evaluation Issues 549
14.4.4.2 Deployment Representation by Indifference Maps 550
14.5 Reference Deployment Scenarios and Cost Assessments 555
14.5.1 Deployment Simulations and Assumptions 555
14.5.2 Case Studies 1 and 2: WA Urban, Relay Nodes vs Micro BS 555
14.5.2.1 Simulation Scenario Description 555
14.5.2.2 Cost-optimal Deployment and Total Deployment Cost of RNs 557
14.5.2.3 Cost-optimal Deployment and Total Deployment Cost of Micro BSs 559
14.5.2.4 Incumbent vs Greenfield Deployment Costs 560
14.5.3 Case Studies 3 and 4: WA Rural, Relay Nodes vs Micro BS 560
14.5.3.1 Simulation Scenario Description 560
14.5.3.2 Cost-optimal Deployment and Total Deployment Cost 561
14.5.4 Case Studies 5 and 6: WA Urban, Relay Nodes vs Micro BS, Intelligent
BS Deployment 562
14.5.5 Case Studies 7 and 8: MIMO Assessment 564
14.5.5.1 Deployment Cost Comparison between SISO and MIMO Systems 564
14.5.5.2 Performance Improvement from the Use of Multiple Antennas 565
14.5.5.3 Deployment Evaluation 565
14.5.5.4 Cost Assessment of the Multi-antenna Configurations 566
14.6 Conclusion 566
Acknowledgements 567
References 567

Index 569
About the Editors

Martin Döttling
Dr Martin Döttling was born in Oppenau, Germany, on May 17, 1969. He received Dipl.-Ing.
(MSEE) and Dr.-Ing. (PhDEE) degrees from Universität Karlsruhe in 1995 and 2000, respec-
tively. From 1995 to 2000, he was a research assistant at the Institut für Höchstfrequenztechnik
und Elektronik (IHE), Universität Karlsruhe. His research activities included ray optical propa-
gation modelling, mobile communications and land mobile satellite systems. At the Universität
Karlsruhe and the Carl-Cranz Academy for scientific education, he was a lecturer in radio-wave
propagation and radio-network planning. He participated as an expert in the European research
programs COST 231, COST 255, and COST 273. From February 2001 until September 2006,
he worked for Siemens AG, Mobile Communications in Munich, Germany. In October 2006,
he joined Siemens Networks GmbH & Co. KG and, from April 2007 to August 2009, he has
been with Nokia Siemens Networks GmbH & Co. KG (NSN). Since September 2009 he is
with the European Patent Office, Munich, Germany.
From 2001 to 2004, Martin Döttling worked on UMTS standardisation in the 3rd Generation
Partnership Project (3GPP), focusing on the physical layer of wireless high-speed packet data
transmission (HSDPA, HSUPA) covering both link- and system-level aspects. In 2005, he was
responsible for the MIMO spatial-processing concept of the mobile communication system
studied within the first phase of the European research project, WINNER. During 2006 and
2007, he was work package leader for the WINNER II system concept and expert for IMT-
Advanced mobile communication systems research. From 2008 to 2009, he has been leading
research and standardisation projects in the area of self-organising networks and contributes to
the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) project of 3GPP. In 2009, he was acting as a Chief Architect
for LTE.
His publications include more than 90 contributions in books, journals, conferences and
standardization documents. In 2004, he received the IEEE VTC 2004 Fall Best Paper Award
and in 2008 he was appointed NSN Inventor of the year. During his career, he has served as a
technical programme committee member, session chair, and reviewer for various international
conferences, as a reviewer for international journals and has filed over 50 patent applications.

Werner Mohr
Dr Werner Mohr was born in Hann. Münden, Germany, on June 2, 1955. He received a Masters
degree and a PhD, both in electrical engineering, from the University of Hanover, Germany,
in 1981 and 1987, respectively.
xxii About the Editors

He worked for BEB Betriebsführungsgesellschaft – an oil and gas company – from 1981
to 1982, where he was responsible for the investigation of a measurement system. In 1982,
he returned to the University of Hanover as a member of the research staff of the Institute
of High-Frequency Technology. From 1987 to 1990, he was senior engineer at the same
institute. From 1989 to 1990, he was a lecturer at the Fachhochschule Hanover, Germany for
telecommunication systems.
Werner Mohr joined Siemens AG, Mobile Network Division in Munich, Germany in 1991.
He was responsible for the development of a wideband propagation measurement system, prop-
agation measurements and channel modelling and he was involved in the European RACE-II
Project ATDMA in first investigations for the third-generation mobile radio interface. Wide-
band propagation channel models, which were developed based on extensive measurement
campaigns in the ATDMA project, were internationally standardised by ETSI SMG and ITU-R
TG 8/1 for the evaluation of third-generation mobile radio interface proposals. From 1995 to
1996, Werner Mohr was active in ETSI SMG5 for standardisation of UMTS. During that time,
he was also responsible for the evaluation of several mobile radio standards. He was project
manager of the ACTS FRAMES Project from December 1996 until the project finished in
August 1999. This project developed the basic concepts of the UMTS radio interface and the
ETSI SMG decision on the UMTS radio interface (UTRA concept) was based in large part on
the contributions of the ACTS FRAMES project.
He has held several positions in Siemens AG, Communications Business Unit, in the
research domain and the CTO Office. He was involved in the 5th Framework Programme of
the EU in different projects and as project coordinator. These projects dealt with preparatory
research activities towards mobile communication systems beyond the third generation or
IMT-Advanced.
From 2001 to 2003, he was active in ITU-R WP8F, working on the development of ITU-R
Recommendation M.1645 (Framework and overall objectives of the future development of
IMT-2000 and systems beyond IMT-2000). From 2004 to 2007, he was the coordinator of the
WINNER Project in Framework Programme 6 of the European Commission and chairman of
Wireless World Initiative (WWI) – a group of cooperating projects towards systems beyond 3G
in Framework Programme 6. The WINNER project developed concepts and algorithms that
were the basis for the IMT-Advanced radio interface. Since 2008, he has been the coordinator
of the Eureka Celtic project WINNER+, which is further developing such concepts based on
the outcome of the World Radiocommunication Conference (WRC) 2007. Since April 2007,
he has worked for Nokia Siemens Networks GmbH & Co. KG in Munich, Germany. He is
Head of Research Alliances.
Werner Mohr was chair of the Wireless World Research Forum (WWRF) from its launch
in August 2001 to December 2003. He is vice-chair of the eMobility European Technology
Platform from 2008 to 2009. He is a member of Verband der Elektrotechnik, Elektronik und
Informationstechnik (VDE) and a Senior Member of IEEE. In 1990, he received the Award
of the Information Technology Society (ITG) of VDE. He is a board member of ITG in VDE
from 2006 to 2011. He is listed in the US Who’s Who in the World, Who’s Who in Science and
Engineering and other publications.
He has published over 100 technical papers in international journals and conferences,
including invited papers. He has presented tutorials and organised and participated in panel
discussions on several topics such as third-generation mobile radio systems and beyond. He is
co-author of Third Generation Mobile Communications Systems and has contributed to other
About the Editors xxiii

published books. He has served as session chair in several international conferences. He has
been a member of several technical programme committees of international conferences, e.g.,
IEEE Globecom ’99, ’01, ’02, ’06, IEEE ICC ’04 to ’06, IEEE PIMRC ’00 to ’07, IEEE VTC
Fall ’99, ’02, ’03, ’05, ’06, IEEE VTC Spring ’02, IEEE WCNC ’02, ’03, ’07, WPMC ’98 to
’08, European Wireless ’99, ’00, ’02, ’05, ’06, ’09 and was Executive Chair of IEEE WCNC
2005. In addition, he was the guest editor of a special issue of IEEE Network Magazine on 4G
wireless in 2006.

Afif Osseiran
Afif Osseiran was born in Saida, Lebanon. He received a BSc in Electrical Engineering and
Electronics from Université de Rennes 1, France, in 1995, and a DEA (postgraduate) degree
in Electrical Engineering from Université de Rennes 1 and INSA Rennes in 1997, and an
MASc degree in Electrical and Communication Engineering from École Polytechnique de
Montréal, Canada, in 1999. In May 2006, he successfully defended his PhD thesis at Radio
Communication Group at the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH) in Stockholm.
Since 1999, he has worked for Ericsson, Sweden. In 2004, as one of Ericsson’s representa-
tives, he joined the European project WINNER funded under the 6th Framework Programme.
During 2006 and 2007, he led the spatial temporal processing (i.e. MIMO) task, which mainly
deals with multiple antenna techniques for future generations. Since April 2008, he has been
the technical manager of the Eureka Celtic project WINNER+. He is also the leader of the
System Concept Design Work Package in WINNER+.
His research interests include many aspects of wireless communications with a special
emphasis on advanced antenna systems for the third generation (WCDMA, HSPA, LTE)
and future generations (IMT-Advanced), on radio resource management, network coding and
cooperative communications.
Afif Osseiran is listed in Who’s Who in the World and Who’s Who in Science and Engineer-
ing. He has published more than 40 technical papers in international journals and conferences;
and has hitherto more than 15 approved or pending patents. During his career, he has served as
technical programme committee member, session chair, and reviewer in various international
conferences, as well as a reviewer for international journals. Since 2006, he has been teaching,
at Master’s level, a few lectures every year on Advanced Antennas at the Royal Institute of
Technology (KTH) in Stockholm.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
for three months, and a Royal Academician is at present at work on
his portrait from one of the photographs. She intends to have it
hung in the Academy next year, and when I suggested that
sometimes the best pictures of the best artists were rejected, she
said that Mr. Vane-Corduroy had seen about it already, for he had
put the Duke of Rougemont on to something good in the City, and
the Duke had promised that he would see the picture was hung, and
not skied either.
Two
Visitor
s

Two women are visiting at Shotover, friends of Mrs. Vane-Corduroy.

They look as if they were made at Marshall & Snelgrove; they wore
pearl necklaces over their tailor-made walking suits, and long gold
chains with uncut sapphires, and their fingers are covered in rings. I
forget what Mrs. Vane-Corduroy called them, but she said they were
old friends of hers, and such clever girls. It seems they were left
rather poorly off, and to gain a living began by giving dancing
lessons to some people in Maida Vale. They succeeded so well that
they now have an "Academy" in Mayfair, and go about the country
as well, giving private instruction; their brother had a gymnasium in
Brighton, but got the war fever at Ladysmith time, and went out to
the front in Paget's Horse, and the sisters are now running the
gymnasium—a School for Physical Culture, Mrs. Vane-Corduroy
called it. She says that is why they know so many people we do,
Elizabeth, for they spoke of Lord Valmond, and Mr. Wertz, and the
Smiths, and the Duke of Clandevil, as if they were on quite intimate
terms with them. I have no doubt it is very creditable of them to
earn their living, but it seems strange to meet them in Society. Really
everything is changing now-a-days. I am thinking of telling Lady
Beatrice and suggesting to her that they should do Indian clubs or
cannon balls after the tableaux, and it would be quite easy to get
out a man from Taunton to put up a trapeze in the drawing-room at
Braxome.—With love from your dearest Mamma.
 LETTER XXV

Monk's Folly, 6th November

Darling Elizabeth:
The
Tablea
ux

T
HE tableaux were a great success, and Lady Beatrice gave the
Taunton people sandwiches and ginger-beer afterwards in the
dining-room. Only one of her Sèvres dishes was broken, and Mr.
Frame dropped a Bohemian goblet that was made in 1530, and had
belonged to Wallenstein. He was so frightened that he didn't dare
tell Lady Beatrice, and she believes one of the footmen did it.
The
Baron

We had a champagne supper when everybody had gone; it was

awfully good, and the Vane-Corduroys' chef did the devilled oysters
à la reine de Serbie. Mr. Sweetson has gone back to London, so
fortunately I didn't have my appetite taken away. He is giving a big
dinner at the Carlton to the Copper Trust Directors in honour of a
coup he made on the Stock Exchange by wire. I don't exactly
understand what it is, but I believe he bought all the copper in the
world, and that the value of the common or garden penny will go
up. Mrs. Dot came, and after what happened the other night at
Astley, I was particularly civil to her. She was quite good-natured,
and took the olive branch. She asked me if I could recommend a
dentist in Taunton; it seems that when she goes to bed she always
puts her false teeth in a glass of water, and one of the maids threw
them away in the slops by mistake. Fortunately she keeps two sets,
upper and lower, but the spare plate was made in a great hurry and
bruises her gums. I told her Fellowes in Taunton advertised to make
a set while you wait, but I didn't know how long he made you wait,
and she is going to him to-day. She told me a story about a Baron
Finck von Finckelstein whom she met in America, quite by chance, in
a restaurant where he was a waiter. The Baron has a ruin on the
Rhine, and the family had become so impoverished that he decided
to go to America, where he landed literally in his shirt-sleeves, and
on account of his elegant manners, Mrs. Dot said, he of course got a
situation as waiter in a restaurant; and the proprietor made an
awfully good thing out of him, for he got one of the New York
Sunday papers to devote a column to the Baron and the restaurant.
It was a capital advertisement; the article was illustrated, and there
were cuts of Schloss Finckelstein, the ruin on the Rhine, of the Baron
as he landed in New York, of the Baron waiting in the restaurant,
and of the proprietor. Mrs. Dot said that there was such a rush for
tables that one had to go awfully early to get one, and that the
Baron must have made quite a good thing out of it, for nobody
would have dared give him less than a dollar tip. As the Baron
couldn't wait on everybody, the proprietor had édition de luxe menus
printed with the Finckelstein twenty-four quarterings on them which
you could take away as souvenirs. And Tom Carterville, who was
sitting next to me, said he knew the De Mantons had made a
mistake in not going to America. Mrs. Dot quite jumped at the idea;
she knew the family would do well, and that they would very likely
get an engagement all together to travel about the country with
Barnum's. She was sure that a whole family of Norman Conquest
aristocrats would draw just like the Baby Venus or the Missing Link.
Tom looked sheepish, and I believe Mrs. Dot is not as simple as she
seems, and was getting at him.
A
Subsc
ription
Ball
There is a subscription ball at the Carterville Arms in Taunton to-
night. The tickets are four shillings. Lady Beatrice is the patroness,
and the money will be given to the Soldiers' Widows' and Orphans'
Fund. Of course everybody will go, and Paquin sent me such a
dream of a frock this morning. I wish you could meet me in town
next week for the Clandevil-Parker wedding, but of course if Lord
Valmond is in your neighbourhood it would be folly for you to leave.
I have written to Octavia to bring him to the scratch. She is so clever
and such a dear, and knows how to help you just as if I myself were
with you. I am expecting daily to hear you have caught him. Best of
luck from—Your dearest Mamma.

An
Accide
nt

P. S. 6.30 p.m.—Mrs. Chevington came to tea this afternoon and

brought the news that Mr. Vane-Corduroy was rabbit shooting this
morning and blew off two of his fingers. It seems his man gave him
ball cartridge by mistake, and the bullet hit Lady Beatrice's horse as
she was driving past the field in which Mr. Vane-Corduroy was
shooting at the time of the accident. Poor Lady Beatrice was
frightened out of her wits, and Mr. Vane-Corduroy, who saw her
passing and heard her scream, thought he had killed her. Mrs.
Chevington says she thinks the Vane-Corduroys were more worried
over killing Lady Beatrice's horse than over Mr. Vane-Corduroy's
missing fingers. Mrs. Vane-Corduroy at once despatched a note to
Braxome, full of the profoundest apologies, and saying they had
taken the liberty of wiring instantly to Tattersall's to send down a
horse to replace the one Mr. Vane-Corduroy was so unfortunate as to
kill. Mrs. Chevington was at Braxome when the letter arrived. She
says Tom told his mother that she should accept the new horse, as it
would be undoubtedly superior to the old crock that jogged her
about the country, and he thought that before Cockney millionaires
turned country gentlemen they ought to take lessons at a shooting
gallery.

The
Ball

P. S. S. 2.30 a.m.—I have just got home from the ball at the
Carterville Arms, and as I find your letter has not been posted, and I
am not very sleepy, I will add a postscript to it before going to sleep.
The ball was a financial success, and the Mayor told Lady Beatrice
her patronage was invaluable. He took her in to supper, and in his
speech he spoke of nothing but her ladyship's virtues. As Tom said,
he made you feel that the ball had been given expressly for her
benefit, and not at all for the Soldiers' Widows and Orphans. Of
course, the Vane-Corduroys were not present, and there was an
alarming rumour at one time that Mr. Vane-Corduroy was bleeding to
death. Everybody came up to Lady Beatrice, and congratulated her
on her narrow escape. In fact, at supper the Mayor quite drew tears
to the Taunton people's eyes when he referred to it. Lady Beatrice
tried to look unconcerned, as if she deprecated the Mayor's fine
compliments, but when in a faltering voice he declared how the
whole countryside would miss "good, honest, steady old Jock, who
had for so many years drawn her ladyship about on her errands of
mercy," Lady Beatrice burst into tears, and the Mayor became so
affected at the havoc he had wrought, that he wished "the bullet of
the London mushroom" (poor Mr. Vane-Corduroy bleeding to death
at Shotover!) had lodged in his own magisterial breast. Mr. Parker
whispered to me that the Veuve Clicquot was sweeter than usual.
Tom
Propo
ses

There was a daïs at one end of the ball-room, and here Lady
Beatrice received the "canïle" as Mr. Parker expressed it. She wore
purple velvet and amethysts, and looked perfectly monstrous, and
the room was so hot that beads of perspiration formed on her
temples, and made little lanes in the rouge on her cheeks.
Nevertheless, in spite of her appearance, Lady Beatrice can be quite
grande dame when she wishes, and she did the honours of the
evening in the most dignified way. And I suppose if you are a duke's
daughter, and have such a place as Braxome Towers and twenty
thousand a year, you can afford to look like a scarecrow. The floors
were awfully good, and all my partners danced well. But, would you
believe it, that silly boy, Tom Carterville, actually proposed to me,
and was quite serious about it too! We were sitting in a sort of ante-
room by ourselves, and Tom, who is anything but shy, suddenly
became as awkward and bashful as a school-girl, and blurted out
how madly he loved me, and had ever since he saw me at Braxome
the day he got back from South Africa. He looked just like his
mother, and I could hardly keep from laughing, and tried to turn all
he said into a joke. Then he got quite hot and perspiry and breathed
hard, and he begged me to accept him; he had never loved any one
as he did me, and he didn't ever think of or mind the difference in
our ages. He acted just like they do in Miss Braddon, and accused
me of having given him every encouragement, and wondered how
God could make a woman so fair and so false. He took me by the
hands and looked into my eyes, then dropped them and groaned,
and wished they'd sent him to the Front in South Africa. I knew he
meant all he said too, because he was so earnest, and I could have
half pitied him if he hadn't looked so much like Lady Beatrice. He
made me feel so uncomfortable, for I thought someone would come
into the room every minute, and I begged him to take me back to
the ball-room and not be a silly boy. He laughed such a queer laugh;
it had a sort of sob in it, and he said quite fiercely that I didn't know
how I had wounded him, but that he loved me all the same, and
that if he remained in Somersetshire and was near me all the time,
the wound would never heal; and he intends to go out to South
Africa at once, and is going up to London to-morrow, for he wanted
plenty of action and excitement and danger to help him pull himself
together again.
Tom
Reject
ed

I begged him on no account, if he loved me, to tell his mother, for

she would never speak to me again. He said, did I really have such a
poor opinion of him, and it hurt him cruelly, for he was a gentleman
and a man of honour. I told him he could kiss me just once, if he
liked, for he was so very much in earnest, and that we should part
friends. But he wouldn't, for he said the memory of it would haunt
him.
When we got back to the ball-room people stared at us awfully hard,
and I heard that odious Mrs. Fordythe tell someone, "He is too good
for that frivolous little Paquin doll." I am sure she meant me. I do
wish boys wouldn't fall in love with one, for they are so serious and
earnest and masterful, and make one feel as if one had really done
them an injury. I whispered to Tom before he left me, right in the
midst of a horrid lot of frumpy chaperones, that I hoped he would
come back safe from South Africa, and he said I was rubbing it in,
and he hoped the first bullet would strike home. I really thought
someone would hear, he spoke so loud. And there is no telling,
Elizabeth, if Tom had been older and not so much like his mother, I
might have taken him, for Braxome and twenty thousand a year are
not to be found at one's feet every day. But, as it is, it is quite out of
the question, and I charge you not to mention a word of this to
anyone, for it would be sure to get back here, and people say such
nasty things. Good-night.—Your dearest Mamma.
 LETTER XXVI

Monk's Folly, 8th November

Darling Elizabeth:
Typhoi
d
Fever

M
RS. BLAINE and six others of Father Ribbit's flock are down
with typhoid fever. Dr. Smart and the sanitary inspector have
traced it to the Communion wine at St. Leo's. The London
papers have got hold of the story, and yesterday's Daily Sensation
had an article on it headed "Bacteria in the Chalice," "Typhoid in a
Cup of Holy Wine." Mr. Parker says it beats anything he ever read in
an American paper, and thinks we have nothing more to learn in that
line from Yankee journalism. Naturally it has been a nasty knock for
the Ritualists, and will frighten people away from the sacrament at
St. Leo's. Father Ribbit wrote to the Taunton papers to-day about it,
and said that he will henceforth advocate the "separate vessel"
system, which he understands is in vogue in America, and he is
soliciting subscriptions for fifty chalices.
At Mr. Frame's, Lady Beatrice, to whom the cup is always passed
first, set the fashion of wiping the rim with her handkerchief, which
precaution has, till the present, been efficacious. The Chevingtons,
the Blaines, and the best families who go to St. Leo's, are going to
provide their own communion cups, but, as Mr. Parker said, it will be
interesting to note the strength of Father Ribbit's head, for he has to
drink all the wine that is left over that not a drop may be wasted, as
of course it is sacred. Altogether, the typhoid at St. Leo's has opened
some curious speculation, and has for the moment put all other
topics out of consideration.
Mr. Vane-Corduroy has been pronounced out of danger; his mangled
fingers have been successfully amputated. He will not be able to go
up to town to-morrow to the wedding of Miss Parker, but the doctor
says he must go to the Riviera for a change as soon as possible, as
the shock to his system has been a great one. So after this week
Shotover will be shut up.
Tom
Enlists

Tom Carterville left for London the day after the ball, as he said, and
Lady Beatrice was in consternation on getting a telegram from him
saying he would sail for the Cape in the new draft of Yeomanry in a
week's time. As I feel that I am in a measure responsible for the
grief at Braxome and Tom's exile, I wrote him a nice little note to-
day, and enclosed a bunch of forget-me-nots and my photo.
I hardly see anything of Blanche now-a-days; since she and Daisy
have taken up theatricals so seriously they have no time for
dropping in for tea as they used. Of course, now that Mrs. Blaine is
ill, they will be busier than ever, though Mrs. Chevington, who was
here this morning, says that they are both still at work rehearsing
the "Second Mrs. Tanqueray." Daisy's head seems quite turned by
the praise she got in that non-professional drawing-room thing, "My
Lord in Livery." She told Mrs. Chevington she always knew she had
acting in her, and she wants to go up to London and go on the
stage. But that is always the way with amateurs. They begin with
one of these pieces peculiar to Church entertainments that one
never sees, save in country school-rooms, and they immediately
afterwards try Sheridan or Pinero. One hardly knows which is duller
to watch.
A
Droll
Perfor
mance

And talking of plays reminds me that I was particularly asked by

Lady Beatrice to go to the Taunton Orphan Asylum this afternoon
and see the children do "The Merchant of Venice." It was the drollest
performance I ever remember attending. When I got there I found
two long files, one of boys, the other of girls, waiting in a corridor
outside of the hall. A caretaker, with a nose like Job Trotter's, was
keeping the "sexes separated," and the children, who were
anywhere from five years of age up to ten, were jabbering like a lot
of rooks. I instinctively wondered what would happen if Mr. Trotter's
authority was withdrawn for a few minutes. While I waited for the
door of the hall to be opened, Lady Beatrice and the matron arrived,
and Lady Beatrice, who wore a sort of short bicycle skirt, and a felt
hat with a pheasant's feather in it, and looked as if she ought to
have carried a bunch of edelweiss and an alpenstock with a
chamois-horn handle, exclaimed, in her voice which is always down
in her boots:—
"Ah, my little dears! Each good little boy and girl is going to be given
an apple and a bun, and each bad little boy and girl will get a slice of
bread without any butter. Now I hope you will all be good little boys
and girls."
"Yes, please, ladyship," they all piped in unison, and the matron let
us all into the hall.
I don't know whether it was droller to watch the brats murder
Shakespeare, or the marked interest taken in the performance by
Lady Beatrice, the matron, and some of the patronesses. Shylock
was too absurd; he was about ten and wore a funny little goatee. He
nor any of the others understood a word of what they were saying;
they had learnt it by heart like the alphabet, and recited it in shrill
sing-song. When Master Shylock called for the scales, they brought
him a pair such as you see in doll's houses, and when he sharpened
his little knife, Lady Beatrice's "little dears" stood up in their seats
with excitement and squeaked like a lot of guinea-pigs. But even
more comical than the children mouthing Shakespeare was the fact
of the stage-manager of a London theatre, that Lady Beatrice has
had down once a week for the last two months to coach the little
actors, coming before the curtain and making a speech, in which he
told a lie that was so big I should have thought he would have been
afraid he would be struck down like Ananias. He had the cheek to
tell us that the Shylock with the goatee and the doll's scales was an
undeveloped Roscius—and Lady Beatrice and the matron believed
him.
The matron told me that Shakespeare was such a refining influence
and that the children were so much improved by his plays, and she
was quite horrified when I replied I thought a pantomime would do
them more good. After the performance the "little dears" sat down
at long tables and devoured apples and buns, and squeaked like
guinea-pigs.
Lady Beatrice said it was a huge success, and that they would try,
"As You Like It," next year. When Mr. Parker said that Britons as a
race had no sense of humour Lady Beatrice should have told him to
go with me to see her "little dears" interpret Shakespeare. I am sure
he would have changed his mind.—Your dearest Mamma.
 LETTER XXVII

Monk's Folly, 11th November

Darling Elizabeth:
The
Dorain
es

A
M so glad to hear Valmond has turned up at Chevenix Castle.
You have it all your own way now. I hear it was the Doraines
who gave the Vane-Corduroys their first start last year. It seems
the Doraines were in awfully low water and at their wit's ends what
to do. Mrs. Chevington says they had almost decided to go to
Boulogne when Lord Doraine met Sir Dennis O'Desmond and advised
them to go to Bayswater, for he said that three months there had
pulled him straight. It seems you take a house in a terrace, go to the
nearest church, and buy groceries and meat in the neighbourhood,
and everybody calls. That's the way the Doraines found the Vane-
Corduroys. Mrs. Vane-Corduroy was presented by Lady Doraine; it
cost an enormous sum, and Lord Doraine told Algy Chevington he
was making quite a tidy income in Bayswater terraces. I should think
Lord de Manton might follow his example, but I suppose he is too
old for Society. Lady de Manton has gone up to London to him. She
is not going as stewardess to Jamaica: Lord de Manton has got "put
on" to something, it's to do with a Government Contract; and is very
secret and mysterious. They have taken a maisonette in Chelsea,
and I am so glad for poor Lady de Manton, for they treated her quite
like one of themselves at her boarding-house at Weston-super-mare.
Societ
y
Beauti
es

Your account of the ball was amusing; Octavia looked after you, as I
knew she would, and managed to play Valmond very cleverly for
you. She wrote me herself to say he was so firmly hooked that he
would be landed now without any difficulty. I can't help smiling at
your being surprised to find that the Society beauties that the papers
rave about are quite, quite old, and not really beautiful at all. Did
you think that "age could not wither them, nor custom stale their
infinite variety"? Nor was I at all surprised to hear that they flirted
with boys; they always do at their age; it's their chief amusement to
pick out the nicest and handsomest boys and make men of the
world of them. Dolly Tenderdown may only look fifteen and behave
"grown-up," but, depend on it, he knows as much of life as Lord
Valmond. Those pretty youngsters have a very quick intelligence,
and between the mess-room and the ball-room there is not much
that they have not learnt. Immaculate to look at, my experience of
them is that they are anything but clean. Tom Carterville belonged to
another genus. The Dolly Tenderdown kind only grows when you
fertilise the soil, but your Tom Cartervilles grow wild in any soil and
in all seasons.
Boys
in
Societ
y

I wish boys could be kept out of Society till they are really grown-up,
they are such a nuisance. They never know how to preserve their
equilibrium, for they are either intense, and make martyrs of
themselves like Stefano and Tom, or horrid, fast, impertinent
creatures like Dolly. And there are so many boys in Society now-a-
days.
The whole Parker family are at Claridge's, and the Pullman is to take
the Taunton guests up to town to-morrow. I shall stop at the
Carlton, and remain in London for a few nights, and it is so much
gayer there than at the Buckingham Palace dépendances. It is an
awful time of the year for a wedding, but I suppose Miss Parker
thinks that if she postpones it, Clandevil may find another bride still
richer than herself. Lady Beatrice is not going; she says nothing but
family business would take her to town in November. I think the
Parkers feel hurt about it, because Lady Beatrice would give a sort of
backbone to the marriage feast that nobody else would.
Hospit
al
Nurse
s

Mrs. Blaine has been pronounced out of danger, but the girls have
had to give up the "Second Mrs. Tanqueray." The hospital nurse from
Bath has been so much trouble that they have had to send her back,
and Daisy is nursing her mother. It seems the nurse was very pretty,
and Berty, who has never been known to speak to a girl, was found
in the dining-room with her at midnight with champagne and
biscuits. Blanche said, not between them, for they were sitting so
close together there wasn't any room, but in front of them. And poor
Mrs. Blaine at 105°, and no nourishment had passed her lips for
hours. Blanche will go up to the wedding with me.
Talking of hospital nurses, it seems the Vane-Corduroys had trouble
with theirs too. She wasn't pretty and flirtatious, but middle-aged
and "bossy," really to my mind more objectionable than the Blaines'.
She had not been at Shotover an hour before she took the measure
of the household; the doctor said Mr. Vane-Corduroy must be kept
quiet, and the nurse refused to allow even his wife to see him. He
was kept as isolated as if he had had the plague, and to amuse him
nurse read "Paradise Lost" aloud to him. She terrorised Mrs. Vane-
Corduroy, who fairly quaked in her presence; she kept the servants
constantly doing things for her, had her meals served her whenever
she fancied them, had the grooms riding into Taunton at all hours of
the day and night, and made her power felt thoroughly, besides
being paid I don't know how many guineas a day, and if everything
was not done just as she wished it and at once, she threatened that
Mr. Vane-Corduroy would die as a consequence. Her credentials
were so good that even the doctor was afraid of her, but on the
second day she fell foul of the chef. His suite of rooms was next to
hers, and he was composing a menu at the piano, which, as it was
after midnight, disturbed nurse a good deal. She complained to Mrs.
Vane-Corduroy the next day, and poor Mrs. Vane-Corduroy, who is
terribly afraid of her chef, was driven nearly distracted; nurse even
sought out the chef himself and ordered him to obey her, and his
reply was a gesture more rude than effective, and even went so far
as to threaten her if she interfered with his province. That night for
dinner there was something with a delicious port-wine sauce, and
nurse, who never touches spirits in any shape, didn't know what she
was eating, it was so disguised. It upset her equilibrium completely,
first, by making her very merry and then by making her horribly sick.
She was so firmly convinced that the chef had made an attempt to
poison her that she went off the first thing the next day in high
dudgeon, to the inexpressible relief of everybody at Shotover.
I have a love of a frock and hat for the wedding. I will write you next
from London and let you know how the wedding went off.—Your
dearest Mamma.
 LETTER XXVIII

The Carlton Hotel

Midnight, 13th November
Darling Elizabeth:
The
Weddi
ng

T
HE Clandevil-Parker noces took place to-day with great
ostentation, as you may imagine. You will read the report of it
to-morrow in the Morning Post, but I shall probably be able to
give you a more graphic account of it. The ceremony was performed
by the Bishop of St. Esau at twelve o'clock, at St. George's, Hanover
Square, assisted by other prelates of more or less note in the
ecclesiastical world. There was a thick yellow fog that made several
people arrive at the church after everything was over, and prevented
the crowd from congregating as it would otherwise have done.
Blanche and I had excellent seats, as we arrived early; the bride was
late owing to the fog, and Clandevil looked awfully bored. Following
the American custom, there had been a full-dress rehearsal of the
ceremony the day before, and the first five rows of pews had been
taken out, and the altar banked with plants. The bridesmaids were
all earls' daughters, and the best man was that notorious rake, the
Honourable Ralph Swift; everyone was remarking at his cleverness in
keeping out of jail. You will read all about the costumes in the Post;
the bride looked well; the lace on her dress belonged to Marie
Antoinette, and the dress itself was an exact duplication of that worn
by the Queen of Holland at her Coronation, saving of course the
royal mantle. Breakfast was served afterwards at the Dowager
Duchess Wedding Presentsof Clandevil's in Eton Place, where the
wedding presents were on show! Their value, apart from Mr. Parker's
settlement on the bride, of a square mile of New York with a rental
of two million dollars annually, is estimated at five hundred thousand
dollars, the more costly gifts coming from across the Atlantic. Mrs.
Parker gave her daughter a Holbein; Clandevil gave his bride a tiara
of emeralds; the Dowager Duchess gave a hot-water bottle; Royalty
sent the bride a lace handkerchief, and the bridegroom a horse-shoe
scarf pin set with brilliants; the Hon. Ralph Swift gave a solid silver
napkin ring; Mr. Sweetson gave a necklace of diamonds as big as
walnuts; Mrs. Dot gave a dessert set of Sèvres specially made with
the Clandevil arms on it. The Marchioness of Tuke, Clandevil's only
sister, gave a solid silver inkstand, and Lady Doreen Fitz Mortimer
and the Countess of Warbeck gave a bog-oak blotting-pad, with a
tortoise-shell paper knife; the tenants at Clandevil gave a gold
loving-cup, and the servants an oak chest of damask sheets; the
clerks in Mr. Parker's office in New York sent five pieces of twelfth-
century tapestry, and from various people in America there came
many magnificent things. But Mr. Parker, Junior, the brother, who is
in Chicago, made a panic on the Stock Exchange, and sent his
profits; the cheque was put to the new Duchess's account at Coutts'.
The happy pair left for Clandevil Castle, Tipperary, where the
honeymoon will be spent. The Duchess will be presented on her
marriage at the first drawing-room.
Mr. Parker seemed delighted, and talked a good deal after the
breakfast of "my son the Duke;" Mrs. Parker seemed depressed, and
when she kissed her daughter good-bye, said, "My child, I hope you
will be happy." Mr. Sweetson talked to me for some time on
triumphant democracy, and the effete monarchies of the old world,
his favourite subjects. He said it was cheaper to buy dukes in
America than in England, but admitted the price fluctuated, and
depended entirely on supply, which not infrequently ran short of the
demand. The atmosphere of wealth was overpowering; Blanche said
she felt as if she were trampling on diamonds. Everybody thinks it
will be a most happy match, for there is no pretence at love on
either side, and each has got what each most desired. Flaxie Frizzle,
the skirt-dancer, and her two children came to the church:
everybody remarked how much the boy looked like his father.
The
Weddi
ng

I should have mentioned that the food and drink were beyond cavil.
Mr. Parker told me he always got his "fizz" from the Russian Court,
as the best brands were sent there from France. I cannot think of
any more to tell you of the wedding; the crowd and the confusion
were so great, I found it difficult to take in all that happened.
Blanche and I returned to the Carlton at three o'clock, and went
straight to bed to sleep off the effects. When we went to dinner at
eight, we saw the Vicomte de Narjac at one of the tables; we had a
long chat with him afterwards. He came over to London to purchase
an English automobile, and returns to Paris in a couple of days. We
told him of the grand wedding we had been to, and he said he had
seen a beautifully dressed woman helped out of a hansom, and
carried upstairs unconscious, and when he enquired what had
happened, the porter had told him in French that she was one of the
invitées aux épousailles de M. le duc de Clandevil avec une des plus
grandes héritières du Nouveau Monde. Blanche and I set Thérèse to
find out who it could have been, and she says it was the
Marchioness of Portcullis; we noticed at the breakfast that she and
Mr. Sweetson were drinking neat brandy, and wondered at the time
what would be the result. The Vicomte was stupefied; he thought
she was a demi-mondaine.
The
Lucer
ne Set

We asked the Vicomte all about the Lucerne set. He says Mr.
Wertzelmann has been transferred to St. Petersburg, and that
Madame Colorado has gone to spend the winter at the American
Embassy; she was such a dear friend of Mrs. Wertzelmann's. The De
Pivarts are in Paris; the Marquis has a procès running in the Courts
against the Swiss Government, and hopes he will make enough out
of it to start a stud in the spring. It seems the Marquise was arrested
on a steamboat on Lake Geneva, being mistaken for Mrs. Phineas
Mrs. PorterPorter, the beautiful American, whose husband shot
Monsieur Dupont in the Hotel Beau Rivage. And the New York Paris
Herald has been full of it. Mrs. Phineas Porter lives in Paris, and Mr.
Phineas Porter in Chicago; he comes over every year, and, on this
occasion, said good-bye to his wife and left for Havre, but returned
secretly, and found Mrs. Porter had disappeared. He traced her and
Dupont, who is a prominent member of the Jockey Club, to Geneva.
He arrived late at night, knocked on his wife's door at the Beau
Rivage, who thought he was the chamber-maid, and forced himself
in. Mrs. Porter shrieked, and Dupont, who had retired for the night,
jumped out of bed, and was chased by Mr. Porter with a loaded
revolver through the whole suite of apartments into the last room,
and Dupont, caught in a cul de sac as it were, hid behind an arm-
chair, where Mr. Porter killed him. As you may imagine, the affair
created a scandal, for the people are so well known in Society. Mr.
Porter was arrested by the police, and is now on trial. In the
confusion Mrs. Porter disappeared, and has up to the present baffled
all attempts to find her. The Marquise de Pivart is said to be the
image of her, and, as she was embarking about a week after the
affair on a steamboat, to spend the day at Chillon, she was arrested
by the stupid Swiss police. The Vicomte says the Swiss authorities
apologised most humbly when they discovered their mistake, but
both the Marquis and the Marquise would not be satisfied with
anything less than heavy damages. The procès has added to the
Porter-Dupont esclandre, and the reputation of the Marquise has
been torn to shreds. The Vicomte says it is very amusing to read the
accounts in the Paris Herald, and everybody says the Marquis could
get a divorce as well as the Marquise, but they swore the deepest
affection for one another in the courts, and will swear anything for
the chance of touching the pockets of the Swiss Government. They
are always seen together just like the ouvriers on Sundays at
Nogent-sur-Marne. The Vicomte added that the sacrifices they were
making of their private feelings were well worth one hundred
thousand francs, the sum they claim as damages.
A
Roma
n
Prince

Old Mrs. Johnson has found a Roman Prince in the place of Count
Albert for Rosalie Isaacs. The Vicomte says he is all that can be
desired. He has a palazzo like a fortress at Rome, with a priceless
collection of Greek marbles which he can't sell, and was so poor that
he spent one winter on the Via Corniche, with a monkey and an
organ that he borrowed from his former steward, who had just
returned from tramping in America with enough to start himself in a
small business. But the Prince is not bogus; he has the right to stand
in the presence of the King of Italy, and best of all he is a Bourbon
sur la côté gauche. The Vicomte thinks he cost infinitely less than
Clandevil cost the Parkers, and Rosalie's wedding this winter in Rome
will be much more magnificent, for the Pope will marry her, and the
Royal Family will be present. Mrs. Johnson must be très fière of her
success. But, as Blanche remarked, the extraordinary part of these
American marriages Elasticity of Conscienceis the elasticity of the
religious conscience. The Parkers are Baptists, yet Mr. Parker has
been restoring Gothic churches, and Miss Parker, who has been
"dipped," was married by the Bishop of St. Esau. And Mrs. Johnson,
who told me in Lucerne that she belonged to the Plymouth Brethren,
after marrying her daughter to a Jew and her granddaughter to a
Roman Catholic, will actually receive the Papal benediction! But of
course, as I told Blanche, one must be à la mode, and that I asked
the Bishop of St. Esau at the wedding if he would not A Prayer for
Paquinput in a prayer for Paquin in the Litany after "and all the
nobility."
Well, my darling, I must say good-night; it is frightfully late, and the
champagne that came from the Russian Court that I had this
morning, has given me just a wee bit of a migraine.—Your dearest
Mamma.
 LETTER XXIX

The Carlton Hotel

15th November
Darling Elizabeth:
A
Rainy
Day

Y
ESTERDAY it rained as it only can rain in London in November,
and when it stopped for a few minutes there was such a nasty
fog. We had breakfast in bed, and didn't get up till quite twelve;
it was such a miserable day we didn't know what to do with
ourselves, so we went down-stairs and sat in that jolly place with the
glass roof and the palms, and there was quite a good band playing.
There were very few people there, as it isn't the season, but about
one o'clock a great many people began to come for lunch. Most of
the men looked like Jews, and they all wore gold rings with crests on
their little fingers. I am sure they were company-promoters, for
presently Lord de Manton arrived with poor, tottering Lord Ardath,
and joined some of the Israelite people, and they all At Lunchwent in
to lunch together. Little Dolly Daydreams of the Tivoli drove up in a
hansom with that young simpleton, Percy Felton, of the Scots Greys.
We could see them through the glass doors as they got out of the
cab; she lifted her skirt up to her knee to keep it out of the wet, and
he kissed her on the ear right in front of the porter. Lady Ann
Fairfax, the war-special, had lunch with six khaki men, and they
made such a noise at their table we could hear them laughing where
we were. Medina, Viscountess Frogmore, and Mrs. Beverley Fruit
came together and sat down near us for a few minutes when they
were joined by the Bishop of St. Esau and the three had lunch
together. The Viscountess was in deep mourning, her crape veil
trailed on the ground behind her, and she looked very melancholy;
you know her son fell at Magersfontein. A smart-looking curate,
evidently late, rushed up after they sat down. Blanche says she
thinks he is a protégé of the Bishop's, he paid the greatest deference
to both the Bishop and Lady Frogmore after lunch when they were
having coffee outside in the glass place where the band is. I am sure
we shall hear of him one of these days.
A
Conve
rsatio
n

A lank man, with long hair and a flabby face, and a woman who
looked the wife of the editor of a newspaper, took the seats next us
vacated by Lady Frogmore and Mrs. Fruit. The man criticised Mrs.
Fruit's books; Blanche whispered to me that she thought he must be
an unsuccessful author, for he hadn't a good word to say for either
Mrs. Fruit or her works. The conversation turned on to "An
Englishwoman's Love Letters." The woman said she was dying to
know who wrote them; the man became quite mysterious, with a
could-if-I-would air. She playfully tapped him on the arm with the
handle of her umbrella, and guessed he was the author. He looked
very self-satisfied, and admitted he knew who the author was, but
was bound by frightful oaths never to divulge the secret. But the
woman wouldn't believe him; she declared if he hadn't written the
book, he didn't know who did, for she was constantly hearing people
say they knew the author and the reason he did not wish his identity
disclosed.
Then the conversation drifted on to Exeter Hall, and Labouchere and
Stead and the Society notes in the Daily Sensation, and the War in
South Africa, and the man talked of some poems he had written,
and what the critics had said of them, and the woman listened.
When he had exhausted himself, the woman began. She talked of
high life just like a pocket peerage; she told anecdotes of Royalty,
which she said were perfectly true; she knew what peers gambled,
who married actresses, who were divorced, who had a ménage in
St. John's Wood, and she knew what peeresses dyed their hair, and
where they did it, and what they said and what they thought. She
even mentioned Lady Beatrice's name, and said that it was
rumoured Tom Carterville had gone back to South Africa, because he
was displeased that his mother intended to marry a Low Church
curate. Poor Lady Beatrice! She also mentioned me, and that I was
the best dressed woman in Society (dear Paquin), and that it was
considered very improper of me to let you visit at the places you did.
I am sure she was the wife of a journalist, for she knew so much
more about Society than Society knew about itself or her.
Lunch
with
the
Vicom
te

Just as Blanche and I were about to go to lunch, the Vicomte

arrived. He looked immaculate and quite good-looking for a
Frenchman; he had been inspecting automobiles the whole morning,
and he was as hungry as a lion. We had lunch together in a corner,
where we could see everybody; after lunch, the Vicomte had an
engagement at the French Embassy, but he said he would be back
to dine with us, and take us to a music hall. As the weather had
mended, I said I would go to Alice Hughes to have my photograph
taken, as I should have to pay if I did not keep the appointment;
Blanche went to Marshall & Snelgrove to spend the afternoon. While
I was waiting at the "studio," old Lady Blubber came in; she showed
me her proofs, and was delighted with them. They didn't look the
least bit like her; all the flabby rings under her eyes were smoothed
out, and her mouth was made straight and the lump taken off the
bridge of her nose. She said she should order three dozen, that they
were the best likeness she had ever had taken! After that I went to
a tea-shop in Bond Street, and came back to the Carlton to find that
Thérèse had taken the afternoon out. As I can't, as you know, do
the slightest thing for myself, I was absolutely helpless, so I just got
into a wrapper, and read "Gyp" in front of the fire. By and bye
Thérèse came; she was spattered with mud as if she had been
spending the day in Fleet Street, and she brought with her a strong
odour of malt.
Thérè
se
Takes
an
Aftern
oon
out

When I scolded her, ever so gently, for going out without leave, she
flew into a rage, and wanted to know if I wished a month's notice.
Then she began to weep and pity herself, and her cheeks were the
colour of lobsters, and she behaved very strangely. I told her to get
my bath ready, and she fell asleep while it was filling, and the water
overflowed and did no end of damage. I got very angry, and accused
her of being drunk, which she indignantly denied, saying she had
only been to see her mother who lives in Soho. I sent her to bed
after that, and Blanche laced me up and did my hair, but I felt like a
fright for the rest of the night.
Goes
to the
Theatr
e

Dinner was rather tame, as there were so few people in the room,
but of course one can't expect the season to last all the year round.
The Vicomte had, after great difficulty, managed to get seats for "Mr.
and Mrs. Daventry." Between the acts we heard people discussing
who wrote it, and in fact, it is as much of an enigma as the
authorship of "An Englishwoman's Love Letters." Blanche thinks the
same person wrote both.
The Vicomte thought the play very "polite," and was astonished that
it had created such a sensation. He said we ought to see "La Dame
aux Maximes" and "Demie-Vierge," both now running in Paris. We all
agreed that the play was thoroughly representative of Society, but
the unnatural parts were Daventry's suicide and the elopement of his
wife with Ashurst. People don't do these things in our set. The
company was excellent, and Blanche and I both wished we were
Mrs. Pat Campbell to have love made to us so delightfully every
night by young Du Maurier. Even the Vicomte said they didn't do it
better in France, and he is sure Du Maurier did it so well, because he
was half French.
Suppe
r at
the
Savoy

We had supper at the Savoy. The usual sight. At a table near us was
an actress très décolletée; six of our jeunesse frivole were
squabbling for her smiles. We left before the lights were turned out,
because the people behave so badly in the corridor. The Vicomte
leaves for Paris to-morrow; he is so much nicer in England than
abroad.—Your dearest Mamma.
 LETTER XXX

The Carlton Hotel

17th November
Darling Elizabeth:
Elizab
eth's
Engag
ement

H
AIL, Marchioness of Valmond, all hail! Your letter gave me the
greatest possible pleasure. You have made the match I desired
for you, and I do not know who deserves the greatest credit for
it—you who hooked this fine fish, Octavia who helped you to land it,
or I who taught you how to fish, and then sent you to the pool
where my lord trout disported himself. But apart from chaffing,
Elizabeth, I am sincerely glad for you, because Valmond really seems
to love you, and as men go, he will make you a good husband. As
soon as your visit to Octavia is over, you must come straight to me;
we will go to Paris for the trousseau and to Rome for the winter; a
little delay and absence will do Valmond good, and then, darling, we
will come to England and start the season with your noces, which
shall be done as befits a Marquis and Marchioness of Valmond.
He wrote me to-day, as did Octavia; I am replying by this same post
to both. Assure them both of my unfaltering affection.
I had intended going back to Monk's Folly, but, since the news in
your letter, I have decided to stop in town till you come in a day or
two. Blanche sends her congratulations; she has gone home, as
Daisy wanted a rest. Mrs. Blaine is on the high road to recovery, and
they will most likely go to Rome with us.
The
Bazaa
r

Blanche left last night, after going with me to the Bazaar for
Distressed Gentlewomen. It was held at Mauve House, lent by the
Duke of Mauve, and was under the patronage of the Duke and
Duchess, but organised by Mr. Albert D. Beake, editor and proprietor
of "White Lies," said to be the most successful of all the Society
papers. The Bazaar was opened by Royalty, and Mr. Beake must
have cleared a large sum for the Distressed Gentlewomen as well as
advertised his paper and juggled himself and wife into Society for
once at any rate. His wife is the woman I wrote you about the other
day, who came to the Carlton to lunch, and talked so much about
Society. I said at the time she was an editor's wife. Mr. Beake was
everywhere, but his wife had a stall with the Duchess of Mauve, who
looked awfully bored.
Lady
Hildeg
arde

One of the features of the bazaar was the Stage Stall. Mr. Beake had
got most of the best known actors and actresses to take part. It was
a huge success; the people were three deep round the stall,
crushing to see the professionals; they sold everything. It was rather
odd to observe the stall immediately next to the stage one. Lady
Hildegarde Merrioneath presided, and was assisted by some young
and pretty girls. The crowd did not know who they were, and they
hardly sold a thing. Lady Hildegarde, who is the most refined and
aristocratic woman I know, with that mixture of Vere de Vere and
sweetness which so often marks our best born women, stood in the
back of her stall, looking rather amused at the complete desertion of
it. Here was the type of the real aristocrat, the real great lady, and
the parvenus couldn't see it! I felt like telling the people that they
were blind and fools, that if they had any taste, any appreciation,
any refinement, all the other stalls would be deserted to overwhelm
Lady Hildegarde's. Mr. Beake, running about with a china pig in his
hands, which he was trying to raffle, noticed that Lady Hildegarde
was not a success, and he actually had the impudence to patronise
her. I suppose his vulgar commercial head was turned with the
thought that the bazaar was his work, and that his wife was side by
side with a real live duchess. Lady Hildegarde replied with some
conventional remark, and her smile seemed to me more amused
than ever, as if it were all very funny and not worth being angry
about. For, after all, she was Lady Hildegarde Merrioneath, and Mr.
Beake was only Mr. Beake, and his actors and actresses stars whose
lights went out. I shall never forget the picture Lady Hildegarde
made in her deserted stall, side by side with the crowded booth of
the actors. It made me think of the French Revolution, and the
noblesse going to the guillotine in the tumbrils, so far above her
surroundings, was Lady Hildegarde.
The
Existin
g
Régim
e

A little more pushing and shoving and playing the "Charity trick,"
and Mr. and Mrs. Beake will be like the Vane-Corduroys, if, for all I
know, they are not already rangé. But, as Blanche said, the
sentiments that pervade the mind of Mr. Beake and his kidney are
the mainstay of our national life and the existing régime, and it
doesn't do to guard the portals to the high born too closely. As a
future marchioness, I pray you shudder when you read the Sunday
papers at Chevenix Castle with the detailed account of Mr. Beake's
bazaar.
Blanche and I bought nothing, nor did the few of our set who were
there, which as usual left the charity to the crowd.
I saw Blanche off at Paddington, and wished I had decided to go
with her; you need not be surprised if you get a telegram from me
to-morrow to say I have gone home. It is wretchedly dull by myself,
and I can't take Thérèse with me everywhere; besides I have to
come up to my room early, as it is not proper for me to sit in the
public rooms by myself at night.
Talks
of
Marryi
ng
again

Thérèse, in brushing out my hair to-night, asked me why I didn't

marry again; she said that she knew men admired me, for one of
the Vane-Corduroys' footmen at Shotover had told her I was a
woman to drive men mad. Thérèse of course gauges the value of
men's admiration from the footman class, but I think I have not yet
got to the shady side of beauty, and that perhaps it is just as well
Valmond saw you before he met me. As money will never be a
consideration, and I have social position, and as I am not yet forty-
five, I shall not marry for love, so I shall keep my freedom, which I
enjoy so much.
Once again, my darling, I congratulate you, and wish you all
happiness. Good-night.—Your dearest Mamma.
 LETTER XXXI

Monk's Folly, 19th November

Darling Elizabeth:
Home
again

S
IMPLY couldn't endure it in town in November by myself, so
came home to-day. Yesterday, after Blanche left, I counted up
the things I could do by myself in order to kill time. In spite of
London being so big, there are so few things one can do by oneself
to amuse oneself. The early post brought me the proofs from Alice
Hughes; Paquin comes out splendidly, but I look silly in the one in
which I am standing near a balustrade, holding a sheaf of wheat. I
have ordered a dozen of myself in a garden, under a lovely old tree,
with a stuffed greyhound at my side. It looks awfully natural, and
you would never dream I was more than twenty. I thought the
proofs had been sent me by mistake, till I recognised my frock, and
then when you look at them a long time, you see how really like you
they are. They are just the thing to send one's acquaintances.
Lady
Sophi
a
Dasht
on's
Novel

The morning was so foggy that I couldn't go out, so I put on a very

chic costume, and sat in the glass-roof place which they call a
"garden," and read Lady Sophia Dashton's novel. It is all about the
Roman Emperors and the catacombs, and the love of a princess and
a slave. The language is so beautiful, and the descriptions are
wonderful: they seem as if they would never end, and you forget all
about the story. The book has been well reviewed, and Lady Sophia
has taken up literature seriously. I have heard she is making a great
deal of money out of it. Mr. Beake will publish anything she writes—
all the illustrated papers have got her portrait this week—and there
are stories of hers now running in two of the leading Society papers.
She began to write for pleasure, but has received such
encouragement that she decided to win the laurel. Everybody in
Society has bought her book. The whole family are talented. Her
father's speeches in the House of Lords on the London drains have
been edited at 7s. 6d., with the family arms on the cover; the Times
said they had the "ring of Burke in them," and Lady Sophia's
brother's "Poems in odd Moments," which have appeared in the
"Temple of Folly," are to be brought out in book form. I forget the
name of Lady Sophia's novel; Mrs. Jack Strawe, in recommending it
to me the day of Miss Parker's wedding, said she didn't know the
name, and that very few people did, but when ordering it, it was
only necessary to mention Lady Sophia Dashton's name, and the
bookseller would know what you meant.
I sent Thérèse to Mudie's for it, and told her to ask for any other
books that were being widely read, as I like to be posted on what is
being talked of. She brought back somebody's work on Aristotle,
with an introduction by the Duke of Mauve, and Mrs. Katurah P.
Glob's "There is no Death." Mrs. Glob is a Christian Scientist, and
states in her preface that she is the seventh daughter of a seventh
son. I could only get as far as what she had to say on vaccination; I
make out that she preferred to "render unto Cæsar the things that
are Cæsar's," rather than to incur the penalty of the law.
Dry
Books

After struggling the whole morning with Glob and Aristotle and Lady
Sophia, and wondering how learned people were, and how they
found time to acquire so much knowledge, I had lunch. Crême
velours, sole princesse, noisettes Souvaroff, pommes nouvelles, etc.,
with Félix Boubel, carte d'or, took the dry taste of the books
completely out of my mouth.
Having spent such a morning improving my mind at the Carlton, I
thought I deserved some relaxation in the afternoon.
At the
Aquari
um

Que faire? Should I consult Salambo, the well-known Oriental lady in

Bond Street, as to the future? Should I go to Exeter Hall and observe
the Ranter on his native heath? Should I go to St. James Hall and
revel in Alice Gome's superb voice? I did none of these things; I took
Thérèse with me and drove to that popular place of amusement, the
Aquarium, as I had never been there, and I wanted to see the
fishes. Alas! How sadly we English take our pleasures! The only fish
at the Aquarium are some monsters of papier maché and a lonely
piscis vulgaris condemned to solitary confinement in a slimy tank.
Thérèse thought she would like to see the sword-swallowers, so I
took seats, and while we waited, such a funny man told us he would
impersonate celebrities in quick change. He did a lot of men with
beards and long hair, and held up bits of cardboard to let us know
who they were, and he called himself Meyerbeer and Rossini, and,
as Thérèse said, without the cardboard you wouldn't have known
which was which. Then he did Lord Roberts and Baden-Powell and
the Prince of Wales; and when I saw him put on his Lord Roberts'
wig and jerk the antimacassar off an arm-chair, I knew that he
would impersonate the Queen. And he did, and you can have no
idea how grotesque it was, and the curtain dropped and nobody
applauded.
The sword-swallower did some amazing things, and smacked his
lips, as if the swords tasted nice. His wife swallowed an electric light,
and then he told us of a trick he could do which no one had ever
done before in England, namely, to swallow a sword and hang
weights on to the hilt, but he didn't do it, as he said he had a sore
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