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Linked Data Visualization
Techniques, Tools, and Big Data
 Synthesis Lectures on Data,
Semantics, and Knowledge
Editors
Ying Ding, University of Texas at Austin
Paul Groth, University of Amsterdam

Founding Editor Emeritus

James Hendler, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute

Synthesis Lectures on Data, Semantics, and Knowledge is edited by

Ying Ding of the University of Texas at Austin and Paul Groth of the
University of Amsterdam. The series focuses on the pivotal role that
data on the web and the emergent technologies that surround it play
both in the evolution of the World Wide Web as well as applications
in domains requiring data integration and semantic analysis. The
large-scale availability of both structured and unstructured data on
the Web has enabled radically new technologies to develop. It has
impacted developments in a variety of areas including machine
learning, deep learning, semantic search, and natural language
processing. Knowledge and semantics are a critical foundation for
the sharing, utilization, and organization of this data. The series aims
both to provide pathways into the field of research and an
understanding of the principles underlying these technologies for an
audience of scientists, engineers, and practitioners.
Topics to be included:
• Knowledge graphs, both public and private
• Linked Data
• Knowledge graph and automated knowledge base construction
• Knowledge engineering for large-scale data
 • Machine reading
• Uses of Semantic Web technologies
• Information and knowledge integration, data fusion
• Various forms of semantics on the web (e.g., ontologies,
language models, and distributional semantics)
• Terminology, Thesaurus, & Ontology Management
• Query languages

Linked Data Visualization: Techniques, Tools, and Big Data

Laura Po, Nikos Bikakis, Federico Desimoni, and George
Papastefanatos
2019

Ontology Engineering
Elisa F. Kendall and Deborah L. McGuinness
2019

Demistifying OWL for the Enterprise

Michael Uschold
2018

Validating RDF Data

Jose Emilio Labra Gayo, Eric Prud’hommeaux, Iovka Boneva, and
Dimitris Kontokostas
2017

Natural Language Processing for the Semantic Web

Diana Maynard, Kalina Bontcheva, and Isabelle Augenstein
2016

The Epistemology of Intelligent Semantic Web Systems

Mathieu d’Aquin and Enrico Motta
2016

Entity Resolution in the Web of Data

Vassilis Christophides, Vasilis Efthymiou, and Kostas Stefanidis
2015

Library Linked Data in the Cloud: OCLC’s Experiments with New

Models of Resource Description
Carol Jean Godby, Shenghui Wang, and Jeffrey K. Mixter
2015

Semantic Mining of Social Networks

Jie Tang and Juanzi Li
2015

Social Semantic Web Mining

Tope Omitola, Sebastián A. Ríos, and John G. Breslin
2015

Semantic Breakthrough in Drug Discovery

Bin Chen, Huijun Wang, Ying Ding, and David Wild
2014

Semantics in Mobile Sensing

Zhixian Yan and Dipanjan Chakraborty
2014

Provenance: An Introduction to PROV

Luc Moreau and Paul Groth
2013

Resource-Oriented Architecture Patterns for Webs of Data

Brian Sletten
2013

Aaron Swartz’s A Programmable Web: An Unfinished Work

Aaron Swartz
2013

Incentive-Centric Semantic Web Application Engineering

Elena Simperl, Roberta Cuel, and Martin Stein
2013

Publishing and Using Cultural Heritage Linked Data on the Semantic

Web
Eero Hyvönen
2012

VIVO: A Semantic Approach to Scholarly Networking and Discovery

Katy Börner, Michael Conlon, Jon Corson-Rikert, and Ying Ding
2012

Linked Data: Evolving the Web into a Global Data Space

Tom Heath and Christian Bizer
2011
Copyright © 2020 by Morgan & Claypool

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a

retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic,
mechanical, photocopy, recording, or any other except for brief quotations in
printed reviews, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Linked Data Visualization: Techniques, Tools, and Big Data

Laura Po, Nikos Bikakis, Federico Desimoni, and George Papastefanatos
www.morganclaypool.com

ISBN: 9781681737256 paperback

ISBN: 9781681737263 ebook
ISBN: 9781681738345 epub
ISBN: 9781681737270 hardcover

DOI 10.2200/S00967ED1V01Y201911WBE019

A Publication in the Morgan & Claypool Publishers series

SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON DATA, SEMANTICS, AND KNOWLEDGE

Lecture #19
Series Editors: Ying Ding, University of Texas at Austin
Paul Groth, University of Amsterdam
Founding Editor Emeritus: James Hendler, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Series ISSN
Print 2160-4711 Electronic 2160-472X
Linked Data Visualization
Techniques, Tools, and Big Data

Laura Po
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy

Nikos Bikakis
University of Ioannina, Greece

Federico Desimoni
University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Italy

George Papastefanatos
ATHENA Research Center, Greece

SYNTHESIS LECTURES ON DATA, SEMANTICS, AND KNOWLEDGE

#19
ABSTRACT
Linked Data (LD) is a well-established standard for publishing and
managing structured information on the Web, gathering and bridging
together knowledge from different scientific and commercial
domains. The development of Linked Data Visualization techniques
and tools has been adopted as the established practice for the
analysis of this vast amount of information by data scientists,
domain experts, business users, and citizens.
This book covers a wide spectrum of visualization topics,
providing an overview of the recent advances in this area, focusing
on techniques, tools, and use cases of visualization and visual
analysis of LD. It presents core concepts related to data visualization
and LD technologies, techniques employed for data visualization
based on the characteristics of data, techniques for Big Data
visualization, tools and use cases in the LD context, and, finally, a
thorough assessment of the usability of these tools under different
scenarios.
The purpose of this book is to offer a complete guide to the
evolution of LD visualization for interested readers from any
background and to empower them to get started with the visual
analysis of such data. This book can serve as a course textbook or
as a primer for all those interested in LD and data visualization.

KEYWORDS
linked data, data visualization, visual analytics, big data, visualization
tools, web of data, semantic web, data exploration, information
visualization, usability evaluation, human-computer interaction
 Contents
Preface

Acknowledgments

1 Introduction
1.1 The Power of Visualization on Linked Data
1.2 The Web of Linked, Open, and Semantic Data
1.3 Principles of Linked Data
1.4 The Linked Open Data Cloud
1.5 Web of Data in Numbers
1.6 The Value and Impact of Linked and Open Data
1.7 Semantic Web Technologies
1.8 Conclusions

2 Principles of Data Visualization

2.1 Data Visualization Design Process
2.2 Data Visualization Types
2.2.1 Visualizing Patterns over Time
2.2.2 Visualizing Proportions
2.2.3 Visualizing Graph Relationships
2.2.4 Visualizing Data on Maps
2.3 Interactive Visualization
2.4 Visualization in Big Data Era
2.4.1 How Does the Visualization of Big Data Differ from Traditional
Ones?
2.4.2 Visualization Systems and Techniques
2.5 Conclusions

3 Linked Data Visualization Tools

3.1 Evolution Over Time
3.2 Browsers and Exploratory Tools
3.3 Tools Using Multiple Visualization Types
3.4 Graph-Based Visualization Tools
3.5 Domain, Vocabulary-Specific, and Device-Oriented Visualization Tools
3.6 Ontology Visualization Tools
3.7 Conclusions
4 Visualization Use Cases
4.1 User Needs on LD Visual Exploration
4.2 Use Cases
4.3 Modeling Use Cases
4.3.1 T-Box Related Use Cases
4.3.2 A-Box Related Use Cases
4.3.3 T-Box and A-Box Related Use Cases
4.4 Conclusions

5 Empirical Evaluation of Linked Data Visualization Tools

5.1 Basic Characteristics of the Tools
5.2 Evaluation
5.2.1 Evaluation of T-Box Use Cases
5.2.2 Evaluation of A-Box Use Cases
5.2.3 Evaluation of A-Box and T-Box Uses Cases
5.2.4 Evaluation Summary
5.3 Different Tools for Different Tasks
5.4 Conclusions

6 Conclusions and Future Challenges

6.1 Future Challenges

Bibliography

Authors’ Biographies
 Preface
The Linked Data Principles defined by Tim Berners-Lee promise that
a large portion of Web Data will be usable as one big interlinked RDF
database. Today, we are assisting the staggering growth in both the
production and consumption of Linked Data (LD) coming from
diverse domains such as health and biology, humanities and social
sciences, or open government. In the early phases of LD adoption,
most efforts focused on the representation and publication of large
volumes of privately held data in the form of Linked Open Data
(LOD), contributing to the generation of the Linked Open Data
Cloud.
Nowadays, given the wide adoption and availability of a very
large number of LD sources, it is crucial to provide intuitive tools for
researchers, data scientists, and domain experts as well as business
users and citizens to visualize and interact with increasingly large
datasets. Visual analytics integrates the analytic capabilities of the
computer and the abilities of the human analyst, allowing novel
discoveries and empowering individuals to take control of the
analytical process. LD visualization aims to provide graphical
representations of datasets or of some information of interest
selected by a user, with the aim of facilitating their analysis and
generating insights into complex interconnected information.
Visualization techniques can vary according to the domain, the type
of data, the task that the user is trying to perform, as well as the
characteristics of the user (e.g., skills).
This book presents the principles of LD visualization, as well as
demonstrates and evaluates state-of-the-art LD visualization tools.
Moreover, future challenges and opportunities in the field of Big
(Linked) Data visualization are presented.
The book is written for everyone who wants to explore and
exploit LD, whether undergraduate and post-graduate students, data
scientists, semantic technology developers, or UI & UX designers
who wish to gain some practical experience with LD tools. Previous
knowledge of Semantic Web technologies such as RDF, OWL,
SPARQL, or programming skills is not required. The purpose of this
book is to empower readers of any background to get started with
their own experiments on the LOD Cloud, select the most
appropriate LD tool for each scenario, and be aware of the
challenges and techniques related to Big Linked Data exploration.
Since readers are likely to have a wide variety of different
backgrounds, each chapter presents an overview of its content at
the beginning. A reader who wishes to have a quick overview can
start with the first page of each chapter. When the material in any
section becomes more advanced, the reader can skip to the
beginning of the next section without losing continuity. Chapter 1
introduces the Web of Linked Data, describing the phenomenon of
the production and consumption of LD, the social and economic
impact that this data has, and the effect that visualization tools can
have in facilitating the understanding and exploitation of such data.
Moreover, it presents the principles of LD and the technologies of the
Semantic Web Stack. Chapter 2 addresses how data can be
presented in visual form, focusing on interactive and specialized
visualizations of proportions, relationships, and spatial data. Further,
it introduces the new challenges and methods related to Big Data
Visualization. Chapter 3 surveys the variety of linked data
visualization tools. Chapter 4 defines and models a set of
visualization use cases based on the users’ requirements in LD
exploration. Chapter 5 describes a wide empirical evaluation of the
tools introduced in Chapter 3. Here, a practical evaluation of the
tools will be shown in order to describe their characteristics and
limitations as well as formalize how the tools handle the use cases
described in Chapter 4. Chapter 6 reports some conclusions and
open issues and suggests research challenges and promising trends
for the future.

Laura Po, Nikos Bikakis, Federico Desimoni, and George

Papastefanatos
March 2020
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 "Oh, the gay, the graceful waltz! Let me look upon it," said
Virginia, bending forward, while her eyes flashed with delight. "Ah! I
am dying to have a waltz. 'Tis el Morillo!"
"May I have the honour?"! said Ronald, taking her hand and
leading her forward.
"Stay but a moment—there is Alice."
"Where?—ah! tell me."
"How gracefully she steps! Beautiful! beautiful!"
Stuart looked in vain for the Alice he had known in Perthshire.
"I shall show you afterwards," said the cruel donna. "You will
have quite enough of her by-and-by; but we shall be late just now
for the waltz." Away they flew into the brilliant maze of the waltzers,
Ronald clanking his massive spurs at every turn, in a manner he had
acquired among the Spaniards. Notwithstanding his practice among
the donnas of Spain, he acquitted himself but indifferently.
Imagining that every lady who whirled past in succession might be
Alice Lisle, he looked everywhere but to the figure of the dance, and
various unpleasant shocks took place, which excessively annoyed the
Castilian precision of Virginia.
"Stay, stay!" said she; "I will take pity on you. You are too
excited to dance. Let us withdraw, and I will show you your fairy
queen."
They left the giddy whirl, and after hanging half breathless on
Ronald's arm for a moment, "There is Alice!" said Virginia.
"Where? On my honour! I know her not. I cannot recognise
her."
"Heavens! do you not know her when she is before you? Oh, for
the eyes of a Spanish cavalier! That is Alice in the spangled dress,
with the white ostrich feathers in her hair."
"Waltzing with the tall fellow in the uniform of the Archer Guard
—the green and gold," added Louis, who had joined them. "Now
they leave the dance. The archer is young Home of Ravenspur. He
has dangled after Alice for three or four weeks, but I will make the
fellow quite jealous in three minutes. Retire to one of the lobbies,
and I will bring her to you. She does not know that you are here;
but there must be no screaming or fainting, or nonsense of that
kind. I believe that, whatever she may feel, Alie will conduct herself
admirably."
"For three winters past Alice has been the reigning belle in
Edinburgh," said Virginia as she led forth Ronald, who had become
considerably bewildered. "She is never absent from a single fête,
assembly, or promenade; and indeed you have great reason to be
proud of her, for she causes more envy among the women, and
admiration among the men, than ever woman did before."
"Indeed—indeed!" murmured Ronald, scarcely knowing what he
said, for Virginia's information gave him little satisfaction. He had no
objection that Alice should be a belle, but he should be grieved to
find her a coquette. The merry laughing Alice of Inchavon woods
and braes, the slender girl of seventeen, with her curls flowing wide
and free, had become a stately young lady of two-and-twenty, with
her hair braided and tortured by a fashionable dresser, surmounted
by a floating plume of feathers. Her cheek was paler, and the bloom
of rustic health had given place to the graceful air of a young lady of
ton. Her form was taller and rounder, and—
"Here she comes!" said Virginia, cutting short Ronald's
reflections. He became agitated and confused when he saw Louis
approaching with a lady in a bright dress leaning on his arm. "She is
more beautiful and more devoted to you than ever; so, amigo, take
courage," said Virginia, pressing his hand. "She knows nothing of
what I saw in the convent of Jarciejo, and never shall. Believe me,
Ronald, her heart has never in the slightest thought wandered from
its love to you."
"Alice! dearest Alice!" said Ronald, springing forward, and
throwing an arm around her, while she sank upon his breast, too
much agitated to speak. But immediately she disengaged herself,
and a deep blush suffused her face and neck, rendering her beauty
still more striking. Timidly and hurriedly she looked around, to see
whether others than her brother and Virginia had observed this
scene.
"Be brave, Alie!" said Louis; "there are none here but friends."
"Pho—such a bashful couple!" exclaimed Virginia. "What! not a
single kiss to give and exchange, after being separate so long?"
"Ronald, love!" faltered Alice, trembling violently, while she
tendered her flushed cheek. He then drew her arm through his, and
led her towards some of the cool passages, that she might recover
from her agitation, and that the tumult of her spirits might pass
away. How supreme was their delight! Every thing and every one
were forgotten in the rapture of that meeting, and there were two
hearts, pure and happy—wondrously happy, in the midst of all that
gay and dissipated crowd.
"How delighted dear papa will be to see you!" said Alice, after
the first outpouring of their joy and affection had subsided,—an
affection which had surmounted all the perils of a long separation,
the temptations of the gay world, and the dangers of a furious war.
They had not looked upon each other's faces for five years—years of
grief, doubt, and anxiety; and now, how happy! to find themselves
united again, never to separate while on earth. "How happy papa
will be to see you!"
"Not more than I shall be to see him, Alice."
"Papa is here somewhere. I saw him only ten minutes ago, with
that Celtic goliath your colonel. They will be looking at the dancers."
"You must dance the next quadrille with me, Alice?"
"I am engaged a dozen deep. I am engaged for every dance the
night before a ball; and that goose in green, young Home,—
heavens! what shall I do?"
"Dance with me, and apologize. I am determined to keep you
for the remainder of the night, in spite of Home and all these holiday
guardsmen;" and he led her towards the dancers.
How many old and fond recollections were awakened by the
sound of her gentle voice! Ronald hung with the purest delight upon
every word she uttered. With the same emotions Alice listened to
him, wondering that the slender youth whose fair unshaven cheek
had been so often pressed to her own, had become the perfect
model of a soldier,—stout and well-knit in figure, accustomed to his
arms and harness, and rendered swarth in visage by continued
exposure to a continental sun. They felt an honest pride in each
other as they moved through the crowded rooms, and many eyes
followed them; for the badges sparkling on Ronald's breast, and a
slight scar on his sunburned face, declared that he had acquitted
himself well in the field, while Alice was the leading star, the reigning
queen, of the fashionable world in Edinburgh.
 Ronald's welcome by the old lord was as hearty and kind as he
could have wished. He introduced him to Mr. (afterwards Sir Walter)
Scott, to Jeffrey, Christopher North, and some other leading
characters, who were assembled in one of the ante-rooms. The
striking figure of Christopher, with his lank hair hanging over his
shoulders like a water-god's, attracted his attention particularly.
Campbell was seated in a snug arm-chair, and was detailing sundry
anecdotes of Sir Ralph to Scott, who listened to his prosing with his
usual politeness and good nature. Except in a foursome reel,
Campbell had not been dancing that night. For all fashionable
measures he entertained a supreme contempt; the strathspey, or the
sword dance, was his delight and his forte. At the other end of the
supper-table, ladling hot punch, sat the celebrated Johnnie Clerk
(Lord Eldin,) to whom Lisle introduced Stuart, who was rather
surprised by the oddity of his language and observations.
On his saying something complimentary about the society of
Edinburgh, Johnnie replied, "The lassies were weel aneuch; but as
for the society, it's no just as it was in my young days, when I first
soopit the parliament-house wi' the tails o' my goon."
"How so?" asked Scott.
"Because Edinburgh is just like a muckle kailpot,—a' the scum is
coming to the top."
Lord Lisle, Scott and Christopher, Johnnie Clerk and Campbell,
had been sitting beside the decanters for some time, and had
contrived to get considerably merry. As usual, Scott was the life of
the party, and none enjoyed more than he did the queer stories told
him by Campbell about the Highlanders, the adventure with old
Mahommed Djedda, the march to Grand Cairo, the campaign in
Corsica, and Heaven knows all what more.
Stuart, with Alice, returned to the ball-room, where they danced
together nearly the remainder of the night; Alice braving the
displeasure of certain beaux, who, although they were sorely
displeased at being jilted, were too well bred, or perhaps too wary,
to take any unpleasant notice of it. Meanwhile, the little party in the
ante-room became quite convivial, and Campbell, in the midst of his
glee, proposed to give the company a song. This offer being
applauded, he commenced at once, while Clerk beat time with his
ladle and bowl.

"When Abercrombie, gallant Scot!

Made Britain's foes to tack again,
To fight by him it was my lot;
But now I'm safe come back again."

With a brimming glass in one hand, and a decanter of sherry in the

other, he sung the nine verses of this patriotic song in a style
peculiarly his own, but as loud as it was out of place; and Ronald,
when dancing in the ball-room, heard the tones of his stentorian
voice above even the music of the band. The colonel insisted upon
Scott singing in turn, although he protested that he was no singer.
However, as it was usual in such cases, he gave them a few staves
of the old ditty, "Tarry woo," his only song, and one which he very
much admired for its old style of verse and quaintness of expression.
More songs succeeded, and they enjoyed themselves as much as
men could do amid good company and good wine. Christopher at
last set the example of speech-making, because it was an art in
which he particularly excelled: he proposed "The health of Major
Stuart, the hero of Almarez, &c."
Doctor Stuart returned thanks in the name of his clansmen; but
the wine having slightly obscured his perceptions, his speech,
somehow, went off into a dissertation upon gun-shot wounds, and
the treatment of fractures, simple and compound.
It was five in the morning before this splendid fête concluded.
How many head-aches or heart-aches ensued next day, and how
many loves were lost and won, has nothing to do with my story; but
several gentlemen flirts—the tall archer especially—went home
breathing war and defiance, hair-triggers and rifle-balls, against
Stuart, who was too much of a soldier to value their resentment a
rush, although he received some distant hints of it.
Other balls and gaieties succeeded, and during the whole of
that happy winter the officers of the Highlanders were the lions of
Edinburgh. The 78th, the brave Ross-shire Buffs, who arrived soon
after, came in for a share of the general attention and festivities. The
mess-room tables were covered every morning with invitation cards.
The young ladies had all caught the scarlet fever, and would
certainly have pulled each other's caps had they worn any; and even
the match-making mammas had work enough upon their hands, and
were half worried to death—as they deserved.

CHAPTER XXII.
NEWS FROM AFAR.
Meanwhile, the arrangements for the marriage of a certain lady and
gentleman were proceeding in the most agreeable manner
imaginable, and the ceremony was only delayed until some definite
information could be procured concerning the fate of the old laird
and his followers. Even the day was fixed; for three months had
elapsed, and no tidings had been heard from Canada.
The Glasgow manufacturer who had purchased Lochisla,
established a splendid household and equipage in Edinburgh. By the
marriage of one of his daughters with some retired naval captain,
who, like most naval captains, was not very particular in his taste,
the Macquabester family continued to squeeze themselves into the
assembly-rooms now and then, and to give large routes at home,
where they carried on—as the saying is—'at hack and manger;' and,
one way and another, the poor man squandered away his hard-
earned thousands, the gains of many a long industrious year, so
successfully, that in a short time he was compelled to betake himself
to the loom, while his property was pounced upon ravenously by his
creditors. His affairs were managed by Messrs. Diddle and Fleece,
clerks to the signet, and they transacted matters so effectually, that
Macquabester was soon without a stiver, and his creditors did not
find themselves "muckle the better" either. Under its new name of
Rosemount, Lochisla was advertised for sale, at a small upset price,
and all applications were to be made to Messrs. Diddle and Fleece,
at their office in Queen-street. Fifty thousand pounds was the sum
required; and Ronald, when he read the advertisement one morning
in the mess-room, resolved to become the purchaser, but knew not
where to raise the money. While revolving the matter in his mind,
without being able to form any definite plan, a servant brought a
note from Lord Lisle, requesting to see him immediately. After a
consultation with Alice's father, Ronald found himself able to treat
with Messrs. Diddle and Fleece, on whom he called in the forenoon
at their chambers; and he found them, there being money in the
way, the most smooth-faced, obsequious, and polite men of the quill
that Edinburgh possessed. After a delay of some weeks, and a
mighty deal of fuss, burrowing and searching among the musty
records of the Register-house, and after all sort of doubts,
difficulties, delays, replies and duplies, duplicates and repetitions,
amplifications and expenses had been disinterred or created,
brought forward and demolished, the affair was settled, and Stuart
found Lochisla his own.
One forenoon he sat in the front drawing-room of Lisle's house,
lounging on a very comfortable sofa, and occupied in detailing some
of his Peninsular adventures to a bright circle of six young ladies,
whose fair fingers were plying the needle, with great assiduity, at
two large pieces of yellow silk. Several handsome work-baskets lay
on the floor, filled with embroidery, gold fringe, silver thistles, letters
for battle and achievement, and above all a sphinx, weighty and
large enough to please even Campbell, the colonel. The end of the
drawing-room, at which the fair workers sat, was covered with
shreds and patches like the floor of a milliner's shop. Alice and five
of her most intimate companions were busy working a new pair of
colours for the Highlanders; and the rolls of silk, upon which the
ladies were embroidering, spread from the knee of one to another
like some great piece of ancient tapestry. The ladies were all fair and
of noble birth, and Master Ronald, who lay with so much Spanish
nonchalance on the sofa, had the happiness to act as their director;
and as the damsels were all anxious to attract the attention of the
handsome officer, although they knew him to be engaged to their
friend, they were continually asking him questions, where such a
badge, such a motto, or the name of such a battle should be placed.
A chubby little rogue, with fair hair and merry hazel eyes, who
bore the name of Ronald Lisle, was clambering at his namesake's
back, and twisting his curly black locks with dimpled little hands, and
crowing and laughing aloud to Alice and the ladies, with whom he
was "an angel, a sweet pet, a dear love," &c. &c. He was the very
picture of a plump little Cupid; and the ladies bestowed so many
kisses and caresses upon him, that Ronald became quite envious,
and told the fair givers so.
He was just in the middle of a very animated detail of his
adventures with Cifuentes in the wood of La Nava, when the shrill
blast of the well-known war-pipe made him stop so suddenly in his
narrative, that all the girls looked up with surprise, for the pipe may
be heard at all times in every part of Edinburgh.
The performer came nearer and nearer, and the notes of his
instrument were making the great square, the lofty dome and
portico of St. George's,—even the very sky, ring to the warlike blast.
It was a great Highland pipe, of the largest size, and Ronald's blood
came and went in his changing face while he listened.
"That is the 'Prince's Lament!'" said he.
"Surely I have heard that pipe and tune before," said Alice,
throwing aside the standard and her needle, and going to a window.
She uttered an exclamation of surprise, and started back.
"'Tis either Donald Iverach or the devil!" cried Ronald
impetuously, as he sprung to her side.
 "It is indeed poor old Iverach!" replied Alice, piteously.
"My father's piper a beggar in the streets of Edinburgh!—a
mendicant in his old age!" muttered Ronald through his clenched
teeth, striking the floor with his heel till a spur tore the carpet, while
the ladies crowded round him with timidity and astonishment. "What
cursed misfortune can have brought this about!"
"Dear Ronald! be composed a little," said Alice, taking his hands
within her own; "you must obey me just now, and I will obey you
by-and-by. I will desire Iverach to be looked after." She rang the bell
violently.
The piper was now in front of the house. He stood at the curb-
stone and paused a moment,—supposing, probably, that he should
not play long in vain before so splendid a mansion. He was clad in
the royal tartan; having come of a broken clan, he had always worn
the family colours of the house under which his ancestors had been
vassals. His kilt, plaid, and coat were worn to rags, and the once
bright scarlet checks of the tartan were faded and dark; yet the dirk
and claymore were swinging as of old at his nut-brown thigh. He
was pale and wan, and evidently broken down with age, want, and
sorrow. His silvery hairs were almost destitute of covering, and his
feet were in the same condition. The proud expression of his eye
was gone: he rarely raised it from the pavement, and when a coin
was thrown from a window or the hand of a passer-by, his cheek
grew red, and he picked up the gift with such confusion, that he
forgot to thank the donor.
"Oh, Alice!" groaned Stuart; "now indeed I know that my father
is no more. Death alone could separate Iverach from him; but I have
long been prepared to expect the worst. Let some one take care of
the old man, and bring him here."
While he was speaking, the piper was ushered in and stood
near the door, bowing, bonnet in hand, to the ladies successively,
with that native dignity and pride, mingled with respect, which a
Highlander never, under any circumstances, loses. He bowed
profoundly to Ronald, and his keen eyes wandered restlessly over his
uniform. Then, as if some sudden recollection flashed upon his mind,
the piob mhor fell from his grasp; he sprang forward, and bursting
into tears, clasped Stuart round the neck.
"It's my ain pairn! It's Maister Ronald! Oich! oich! Got tam! I'm
creetin' mair like a bit giglet o' a lassie, than a teuch auld carle that's
come through sae muckle! Gude pe thankit we hae met at last,
Maister Ronald! I have been wandering to meet ye through many a
queer place; but sair and sad are the news I hae to tell ye,—sad and
sair indeed! So joost prepare yersel for the warst!"
"I suppose you would speak of my father?" said Ronald with a
quivering lip.
"Aich, ay! ta laird, ta laird! Aich, ay! Got pless us!" replied the
vassal, bursting again into tears, which he endeavoured in vain to
hide by burying his head in the folds of his tattered plaid; while
Stuart half reclined on Alice's shoulder, and turned aside, deeply
touched with the old man's sorrow,—for grief, like joy, is infectious.
"Ay; I wad speak o' the laird, puir man! an' prood he wad hae peen
to see his only son coming home frae the wars an' devildoms a stoot
an' handsome chield, wi' a proon face, and a hand hardened wi' the
hilt o' the proad-sword. But, ochone-aree! he's low aneuch the day,
an' mony a pretty man tat followed him far awa' ower the wide and
trackless seas to the stranger's cauld an' meeserable country!"
"Poor, dear old man!" said Alice, while she pressed Ronald's
hand to compose him, as the piper was speaking.
"I have sad news to tell you, too, Iverach," said he. "Poor Evan
Bean,—Evan with the fair hair, is no more! I find this is to be a
sorrowful meeting, Donald; for I have lost my father, and you your
only son."
The old man smote himself on the forehead, and reeled back
giddily as if struck, by a blow; but he almost immediately recovered.
He stared wildly at the speaker for a moment, and then said, with
strange calmness,
"I never again expeckit to pehauld him, for auld Shanet tauld
me his weird; and Shanet never spoke in vain, nor tauld an untrue
tale. Her father was a taischatr. She said he wad return nae mair,—
that he was doomed! The words were hard to pelieve; put I
mourned for him then as one that was deid and awa'. Oich! I
thought the pang was ower. Put—put, O Maister Ronald! my puir
Evan,—and whar was he killed?"
"At Toulouse, Donald—at Toulouse, where we gained a signal
victory over France. He died bravely, like his comrades, for all were
brave alike: I laid him with my own hands in the church-yard of
Muret. But for pity's sake, Donald, tell me of my father, and the fate
of the Lochisla people, and then I will tell you more of your son,
who, as a token of remembrance, has sent you the clasp which
fastened the green feather of his bonnet. Miss Lisle will give it when
you are more composed. Come; take courage, Donald, and tell us
your story. There are none here but old friends, who have often
danced to the sound of your pipes, and shall yet again,—ay, next
month, and in the old hall of Lochisla too!"
Alice blushed, and her companions smiled. The old man's eyes
flashed a red light through their tears. He looked from one fair face
to another, and, as he read nothing but innocence and happiness in
them all, he smiled, and appeared to become happy too. After being
comforted with a few mouthfuls of mountain-dew, filled from a
decanter into an ancient quaigh that he carried, and from which he
drank every thing, he became quite composed, and commenced his
story.
After leaving the Clyde, the vessel containing the emigrants
encountered a continuance of adverse winds, and was driven from
her course far to the northward of the Canadas, upon the coast of
Newfoundland,—the most barbarous and desolate of all the British
colonies. Having lost their rudder, and had their compass washed
overboard in a gale, the vessel was, while surrounded by a dense
fog, carried into Baboul Bay, or, as it is commonly called, the Bay of
Bulls, by the strong current which there runs in shore. Finding that
the brig was drifting among the breakers, and that she was quite
unmanageable, the master ordered out the boats to tow her off, but
the order was given too late. The boats were swamped among the
surf, and a few moments afterwards the vessel grounded on a reef,
where the boiling sea made clean breaches over her every instant.
She heeled over on her beam-ends, and the fore-mast went away by
the board, carrying with it the maintop-mast and all the rigging
above the top. The vessel thus became a total wreck in five minutes.
"At the time the ship struck," continued the piper, "the laird was
lying sick in the cabin, unco unwell in mind and body, for he had
lang been pining awa' wi' dule and sorrow for leaving you, and the
heathery hills o' Albyn, and to find himsel so far awa' frae his tower
and glen, and the graves o' his kindred and forbears. When I found
that a' was ower, I determined to save him or to dee wi' him.
Drawing our dirks, and vowing we would slay to the death ony man
that opposed us, Alpin Oig and mysel rushed into the cabin, and
bore him therefrae in our arms upon the deck, and frae there into a
boat, the last ane that was left. The sailors tried to crowd in, but our
bare blades keepit them off. Nae man, woman, or bairn frae
Lochisla, though death was staring them in the face, wad hae thocht
their ain lives worth savin' if the laird's was lost; and sae a' helpit us
into the boat, where we solemnly swore, on the blades of our dirks,
to return and take as many frae the wreck as we could, and a line
was thrown us to make fast to the shore. The laird lay as if he was
dead at the bottom o' the boat, wi' naething on but his dressing-
gown, and the saut sea pouring like rain ower him. Ochone! it was
an awsome time for me! Puir gentleman! he was helpless as a wean
in our hands."
Owing to the denseness of the fog there was no shore to be
seen but the beach; or what they supposed to be the beach could
be discerned through the unnatural mid-day gloom by the white
foam of the breakers, towards which the two brave and determined
Celts, who had never been on rougher water than the loch of the
Isla, urged their frail bark with all the strength of bending oars and
muscular arms. They soon lost sight of the water-logged wreck,
which the fog enveloped like a shroud; but the shrieks and prayers
of those on board were heard ringing above the roar of the wrathful
breakers, which hurl their crested heads with such tremendous fury
on the desert beach of Baboul Bay.
When within a few feet of the shore, their attention was
arrested by a loud splitting sound, a crash as if a mighty oak was
rending asunder, and a tremendous cry rose from the face of the
waters to heaven. They looked back in dismay. The sea was covered
with pieces of the floating wreck, and human heads and hands
appeared at times above the white surf, beneath which they were all
engulphed in succession. At the same moment nearly that the ship
went to pieces, a wave like a mountain rolled against the stern of
the boat, with a shock like that of an earthquake. Iverach was
stunned by its weight and fury; the light seemed to go out from his
eyes, and he heard a horrible hissing in his ears, as he sank into the
abyss,—the trough of the sea. Darkness was around him, and agony
was in his heart, as he groped about in the sinking boat. He was
grasped convulsively in the strong arms of his terrified companion,
and down they went together,—down, down, he knew not how
deep, for he became senseless, and could feel no more.
When life returned, he found himself lying upon the beach,
drenched with the bitter surf, and covered with shells and sea-weed.
It was evening, and the sun, setting behind the hills, cast a long line
of radiance across the glassy sea. All traces of the brig, save those
that lay scattered on the shore, had disappeared. Corpses were
strewed upon the sand,—the cold and wet remains of men, women,
and children, once the poor but happy cottiers of Lochisla.
Night was closing around him; he was alone, upon the desert
shore of a strange country, and the heart of the aged and
superstitious Highlander died away as he looked around him. In
front lay the hateful sea, which had destroyed his companions, and
behind was a homeless, howling wilderness, a savage solitude,
which he shuddered to look upon. He saw every where rocks,
mountains, bogs, and thickets of stunted firs, which grew to the very
edge of the cliffs and overhung the water; but there were no signs
of any human habitation, and he strained his eyes until they grew
stiff in the sockets watching the vast wilderness to the westward,—
yet no wreath of smoke rose from it. Save the whistle and whir of
the plover and curlew, or the splash of the seals that were sporting
and floating among the shattered ruins of an iceberg, no signs of life
manifested themselves around him.
Donald gazed at the last-named animals with awe, not
unmingled with fear, when they rose from the water and looked
steadily at him with their great black eyes. The Highlanders used to
consider these animals enchanted beings, and some old and
troublesome legends of the Ebudæ came thronging upon Donald's
mind as he watched their movements among the ice. Beside him lay
the unconscious remains of his leader; but he was joyful rather than
grieved to find that he was dead, for he knew that he was now in a
better place, and that all his troubles were at an end. To have lived,
would only have been a continuance of misery, and Donald
upbraided the sea for having spared himself.
He sat on the point of a rock, at the foot of which rolled the
surf, and he watched its advance and retreat, careless of whether he
died or lived, until night descended on the sea and land, and then
his northern superstitions began to prove more terrible enemies than
any he had yet encountered. At last it became quite dark, and he
knelt down by the corse of the laird to pray; but when, by the light
of the stars, he beheld the bleached and ghastly face of the dead
man, a sudden and unaccountable terror seized him, and he fled
from the sea-shore into the wilderness, where he could no longer
hear the dull boom of the ocean, as its eternal waves came rolling;
on in monotonous succession on the lonely beach.
At sunrise he again sought the shore, and, digging a grave with
his weapon, gently placed the body of Mr. Stuart in the earth, rolling
it first in his plaid and a piece of old sail-cloth. He covered the grave
with the greenest sods he could find, and toiled the whole day,
carrying stones from the shore to pile a cairn above it, and on its
summit he placed a rough wooden crucifix; for old Iverach had more
of the Catholic than the Protestant in his creed, and he looked upon
the cross with reverence and awe. Having performed this last sad
duty to the man whom, since they were boys, he had revered and
loved with all the devotion of a Highland vassal, he sat down by the
grave, and, regardless of his fate, heeded not a ship which was
rounding a point of land, and hove in sight about four miles off. But
the appearance of other things roused him from this state of apathy.
His eye fell upon a gold signet ring which had fallen from the hand
of Mr. Stuart, and lay on the turf beside a splendidly-jewelled dirk,
which he was wont to wear on the 19th of August,[*] and other
days which are considered gay anniversaries in the Highlands. There
was likewise an antique iron casket, containing family relics,
bracelets, rings, lockets, and brooches; and the piper resolved that
he would return to his own country, if God spared and protected
him, that he might place these trinkets in the hands of Ronald Stuart
or Miss Lisle, with whom he knew they would be in safe keeping.
[*] The raising of Prince Charles's standard, &c. &c.

With this intention he quitted the beach, ascended a promontory,

and made signals to the ship; but they were unseen, and he toiled
along the shore from one headland to another, clambering ocean-
cliffs, tearing asunder thicket and jungle, till his strength began to
fail, and darkness again descended and he could see the ship no
longer.
As a last resort, by means of the hard flinty stones, with which
the island abounds, being the only crop it ever produces, he struck a
light, and raised a beacon-fire on a rocky peak. Piling driftwood,
fallen trees, and turpentine branches upon it, he raised a giant
flame, which lighted the sea and land for miles around, revealing the
caverns in the far-off capes and headlands, the barren hills and
rocks, the rippling ocean, and the distant sail, which glimmered
white and wavering.
This scheme succeeded. A boat was despatched to ascertain the
meaning of this strange illumination, and the vessel, which proved to
be a Quebec ship bound for Saint John's, the capital of the island,
took Iverach on board. He was treated with the utmost kindness by
the crew, and was carried to the town of Saint John's, whence he
procured a passage in a Greenock ship,—disposing of his brooch,
pistols, and some other appointments with which the Highlanders
are so fond of adorning their garb, to defray his expenses.
After his return he visited Lochisla, and then traversed the west
country for some time, till a recruiting sergeant of the Gordon
Highlanders informed him that the regiment had returned to
Scotland; upon which he set out on his way to meet them, and
having that morning entered Edinburgh, he had screwed up his
pipes in Charlotte Square to play for a breakfast, for he had tasted
nothing that day.
As he concluded his narrative, he unstrapped a leather dorlach,
which he carried on his back, and taking from it the iron casket, the
signet ring and the jewelled poniard, placed them in Ronald's hand,
glad to be rid of them, after having brought them so far and
preserved them as sacred relics, even when compelled by poverty to
seek shelter in the haunts of infamy and crime, where he had
preserved them untouched, though nearly perishing of want.
He had often been totally without food for four or five days,
while at the same time he carried about him jewels worth four
hundred pounds.
"But they werna my ain," said he; "and what could I do, though
hunger is hard to thole? But a's past noo, and oich! I'll be happy yet,
even in my auld and childless days; and I will end them beneath the
roof-tree o' the auld tower whan the time comes, and come it must,
some day sune,—oich! oich!"

CHAPTER XXIII.
CONCLUSION.

"We dinna ken what was intended,—

We may be for this o't were born;
And now, folk, my song maun be ended,
 For I'm to be married the morn."
Edward Polin.

Ronald's grief at the intelligence so suddenly brought him by Iverach

was of long continuance. It was the more poignant, because his
father had found his tomb in a desert place and in a strange
country; for it is ever the wish of a Highlander to be buried among
the ashes of his ancestors. When he looked upon the blade of the
poniard Donald had brought home, and saw with the thistle—the
badge of his family and clan—the motto Omne solum forti patria, it
recalled the memory of his father's pride and wrath when his boyish
passion for Alice Lisle was first revealed to him, and of that moment
of anger when he ordered him to quit his presence, and for ever.
The sight of the family jewels which Iverach, like a pilgrim of
old, had so sacredly preserved in all his wanderings, awakened many
deep regrets and dear associations. There were lockets which
contained the hair of his father and mother interwoven, cut from
their brows in youth, when their ringlets were glossy and brown; and
there were brooches which had clasped the plaids of brothers, and
rings and bracelets which had once adorned the white hands of
sisters, all of whom were now gone, and above whose graves the
grass had grown and withered for years.
Despite the romance-like appearance the procedure will bestow
upon the story, we may not bid adieu to the hero in the midst of his
grief, but must leave him what is styled, in common phraseology,
"the happiest of men." After a lapse of time his sorrow passed away,
and the preparations for his marriage were renewed.
 On the forenoon of the 16th of July,—one must be particular on
such an occasion,—an unusual bustle was apparent in and about
Lord Lisle's mansion in Charlotte Square, one side of which was lined
by carriages, while a crowd of women and children were collected
around the door. Boys were clinging to rails and lamp-posts, and
cheering and yelling with might and main, in a manner which would
better have become a wedding in a country village than in the
"modern Athens." The servants were all smiles and white ribbons,
and clad in their gayest apparel. A flag was flying on the top of the
house, and, at Campbell's particular request, the great stone
sphynxes, which overlook the sides of the square, were adorned
with coronets and garlands of flowers on this auspicious occasion.
St. George's bells rang merrily, and the splendid band of the
Highlanders were making the northern gardens of the square re-
echo, as they played the old Scottish air, "Fy! let us a' to the bridal!"
while the crowd sang and laughed, and the rabble of boys cheered
long and lustily, like a nuisance as they were.
Ladies and gentlemen in full dress appeared at times at the
windows of the front drawing-room, but they immediately retired
when a shout arose from the gaping crowd, among whom the
servants scattered basketsful of white favours. To these Allan
Warristoun added, now and then, a shower of red-hot penny-pieces,
which he heated on a shovel, and threw over the area railings.
These burned the fingers of those who caught them; the laughter
became mingled with screams, and "the fun grew fast and furious."
Drawn by four fine bays at a trot, a smart new travelling-
carriage fresh from the finishing hands of Crichton, came up to the
door, and the people fell back on the right and left; but again rushed