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Sean Whitesell, Rob Richardson and Matthew D. Groves

Pro Microservices in .NET 6

With Examples Using ASP.NET Core 6, MassTransit,
and Kubernetes
Foreword by Scott Hunter VP Director, Azure Developer Experience
Microsoft
Sean Whitesell
KIEFER, OK, USA

Rob Richardson
Gilbert, AZ, USA

Matthew D. Groves
Grove City, OH, USA

ISBN 978-1-4842-7832-1 e-ISBN 978-1-4842-7833-8

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7833-8

© Sean Whitesell, Rob Richardson, Matthew D. Groves 2022

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the

Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned,
specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other
physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,
electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed.

The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks,

service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the
absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the
relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general
use.

The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the
advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate
at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have
been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional
claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This Apress imprint is published by the registered company APress

Media, LLC part of Springer Nature.
The registered company address is: 1 New York Plaza, New York, NY
10004, U.S.A.
This book is dedicated to you, the reader. Writing good software is hard
enough. Learning and conquering the development of microservices is an
even greater challenge. I hope this book serves you well in your journey to
developing great solutions for your users.
Foreword
Software development is in the middle of a revolution. Moving away
from monolithic application development with a team working on a
large project that ships on a slow cadence to microservice based
development where the application is broken into smaller pieces, which
version independently, are built by smaller teams and ship on a fast
cadence. .NET 6 is part of the revolution of .NET that makes it the
perfect framework for building these microservice based applications.
.NET was re-imagined starting in 2016 to be the highest
performance full stack development framework running across Linux,
macOS and Windows on x86, x64, Arm32, Arm64 and M1 architectures.
It includes support for cross platform RPC with gRPC, support for API’s
with Web API and Minimal API’s and support for services with Worker
Template.
Sean, Rob, and Matt have been building microservices in .NET and
speaking on this form of development for many years. This book will
help you learn how to build modern applications with microservices
using the latest version of .NET.
I’m excited to see what you will build!

Scott Hunter
VP Director, Azure Developer Experience
Microsoft
Introduction
The microservice architecture breaks software into smaller pieces that
can be independently deployed, scaled, and replaced. There are many
benefits to this modern architecture, but there are more moving pieces.
In the olden days, we compiled the entire software product into one
piece and deployed it infrequently. Deployment was hard, so we opted
not to do it very often. With the advent of containers, deployment has
become much easier. We can now break our application into lots of
little pieces – microservices. When one microservice needs more
horsepower, we can scale up only this portion of the web property. If a
feature needs to work differently, we can deploy only this microservice,
avoiding the churn with the entire system.
With this power come some additional layers of complexity. In the
legacy monolithic software applications, we merely made a function call
if we wanted to call into another part of the system. Our internal
methods now have IP addresses, multiple instances, maybe load
balancers distributing the load, and many more moving pieces.
How do we discover the address of the microservice? How do we
scale to just the right level of availability without wasted cost? This is
the magic of microservices, and this is the purpose of this book. You’ll
learn how to design, architect, scale, monitor, and containerize
applications to build robust and scalable microservices.

Who Should Read This Book

In some respect, anyone involved with software projects related to
distributed architecture should read this book. Even if a software
project is not a distributed architecture but may become one, this book
will shed some light on understanding existing business processes that
may need to be handled by microservices.
From development managers to product owners to developers will
find this book useful in understanding many complexities of a
microservices architecture. Application architects and developers will
gain quick insight with the hands-on code samples. The step-by-step
coding approach covers examples with direct microservice calls as well
as by messaging communication.
Book Organization
The microservices architecture is multifaceted and complex. Chapter 1
covers many of the subjects involved in this architecture style. Chapter
2 covers the advancements of .NET 6. In Chapter 3, we use a fictional
story to help convey the purpose of breaking apart a monolithic
application to a microservices architecture. We cover using Event
Storming and Domain-Driven Design tenants to help understand
existing business processes to determine where and why to create a
microservice.
In Chapter 4, we cover direct communication with microservices.
This chapter is also where you begin creating microservices using
Visual Studio 2022 with .NET 6. Chapter 5 covers the messaging
communication style. Also, you will create more microservices that
communicate using MassTransit for messaging.
Chapter 6 covers breaking apart data from a centralized data store
to distributed data stores. We also cover Saga patterns for handling
transactions across multiple systems.
In Chapter 7, we cover testing the microservices using direct
communication. We also cover testing the microservices that
communicate using messaging. You will create the test projects for both
communication styles.
Chapter 8 covers hosting microservices in Docker containers as well
as using Kubernetes. By understanding containerization options, you
understand how to handle the scaling of microservices.
In Chapter 9, we cover health concerns for microservices. The
microservices developed in earlier chapters only have business logic.
This chapter covers logging concerns, gathering metrics, tracing, and
points for debugging.
Any source code or other supplementary material referenced by the
author in this book is available to readers on GitHub via the book’s
product page, located at www.apress.com/9781484278321. For more
detailed information, please visit http://www.apress.com/source-code.
Acknowledgments
There are challenges, and there are life goals. Writing this book has
certainly been an accomplishment of a life goal. I could not have done
this alone. There are people in my life that have given phenomenal
support, and I’m eternally grateful.
To the Lord for helping me through challenging times, especially the
ones I get myself into.
To my wife and biggest cheerleader, Barb, thank you for your
unceasing support. It is so much more than I deserve. You have been so
understanding of my goals and the challenges that come along with
them. To my daughter McKayla, you are my gem and are the reason I
fight hard to be a good dad. Remember, the best goals are worth
fighting for.
To Michael Perry, I can’t thank you enough. Your willingness to help
me is amazing. I appreciate our discussions, where I get to learn so
much from you. I’m thankful I got to learn from your book The Art of
Immutable Architecture. Details in your book really helped this book
and me as an architect.
To Floyd May, thank you so much for your friendship and our time
on the whiteboard discussing microservices. I really appreciate your
guidance.
To Phil Japikse, thank you so much for helping me get started with
this book project. I appreciate your guidance throughout this book.
To Josh Brown, thank you so much brother for helping to spur ideas
and the great discussions about databases.
To Rob Richardson and Matt Groves, thank you for helping me get
this book done. I appreciate being able to lean on your expertise.

—Sean Whitesell

I would like to thank the Lord whose inspiration I rely on daily. His
help has been instrumental in accomplishing this work.

—Rob Richardson
 I’d like to acknowledge my patient wife Ali, Kevin and Mary Groves,
and all of my Twitch audience that helped me to learn this
microservices stuff.

—Matt Groves
Table of Contents
Chapter 1:​Introducing Microservices
Benefits
Team Autonomy
Service Autonomy
Scalability
Fault Isolation
Data Autonomy
Challenges to Consider
Microservice Beginning
Architecture Comparison
Microservice Patterns
API Gateway/​BFF
External Configuration Store
Messaging
Business Process Communication
Message Format
Transport
Testing
Test Pyramid
E to E
Service
Unit Tests
Automation
Deploying Microservices
Versioning
 Containers
Pipelines
Cross-Cutting Concerns
Monitoring
Logging
Alerting
Testing the Architecture
Summary
Chapter 2:​ASP.​NET Core Overview
A Brief History of .​NET
Long-Term Support
Presentation Frameworks
Installing Requirements
Installing .​NET 6.​0 and ASP.​NET Core
Installing Visual Studio
Installing Visual Studio Code
.​NET 6.​0 at a Glance
MVC at a Glance
Routing
Controller
View
Model
ASP.​NET Core Middleware
ASP.​NET Core Web API
Razor Pages
Minimal APIs
 Summary
Chapter 3:​Searching for Microservices
The Business
Domain-Driven Design
Domain
Subdomains
Ubiquitous Language
Bounded Contexts
Aggregates and Aggregate Roots
Event Storming
Setup
Color Coding
The Meeting
Seeing the Domains
Domain Models
Focus on Behavior
Domain Modelling
Decomposition
Becoming a Microservice
Summary
Chapter 4:​First Microservice
Interprocess Communication
API First Design
Transport Mechanisms
REST
gRPC
Other documents randomly have
different content
of our schools, estimated at 150,000. Indians under the care of the
Association, 13,000.

WANTS.
1. A steady INCREASE of regular income to keep pace with the
growing work. This increase can only be reached by regular and
larger contributions from the churches—the feeble as well as the
strong.
2. Additional Buildings for our higher educational institutions, to
accommodate the increasing numbers of students; Meeting Houses for
the new churches we are organizing; More Ministers, cultured and
pious, for these churches.
3. Help for Young Men, to be educated as ministers here and
missionaries to Africa—a pressing want.
Before sending boxes, always correspond with the nearest A. M. A.
office, as below:
New York H. W. Hubbard, Esq., Treasurer, 56 Reade Street.
Boston Rev. C. L. Woodworth, Dis’t Sec., Room 21 Congregational House.
Chicago Rev. Jas. Powell, Dis’t Sec., 112 West Washington Street.

MAGAZINE.
This Magazine will be sent, gratuitously, if desired, to the
Missionaries of the Association; to Life Members; to all clergymen
who take up collections for the Association; to Superintendents of
Sabbath Schools; to College Libraries; to Theological Seminaries; to
Societies of Inquiry on Missions; and to every donor who does not
prefer to take it as a subscriber, and contributes in a year not less
than five dollars.
Those who wish to remember the American Missionary Association in
their last Will and Testament, are earnestly requested to use the
following

FORM OF A BEQUEST.
“I bequeath to my executor (or executors) the sum of —— dollars in
trust, to pay the same in —— days after my decease to the person
who, when the same is payable, shall act as Treasurer of the
‘American Missionary Association’ of New York City, to be applied,
under the direction of the Executive Committee of the Association, to
its charitable uses and purposes.”
The will should be attested by three witnesses [in some States three
are required—in other States only two], who should write against
their names, their places of residence [if in cities, their street and
number]. The following form of attestation will answer for every
State in the Union: “Signed, sealed, published and declared by the
said [A. B.] as his last Will and Testament, in presence of us, who, at
the request of the said A. B., and in his presence, and in the
presence of each other, have hereunto subscribed our names as
witnesses.” In some States it is required that the Will should be
made at least two months before the death of the testator.

THE CONGREGATIONALIST
FOR 1881.
The publishers of The Congregationalist have never been better
prepared to make an entertaining and instructive paper for the
family than now. Our contributors embrace such names as

Prof. AUSTIN PHELPS,

ROSE TERRY COOKE,
D. D.,
 Rev. J. T. DURYEA, D.
SUSAN COOLIDGE,
D.,
President S. C.
MARION HARLAND,
BARTLETT,
Rev. L. W. BACON, D. Rev. THEO. L.
D., CUYLER, D. D.,
Rev. WASHINGTON
Rev. W. F. CRAFTS,
GLADDEN,
Rev. GEO. LEON
GEO. E. WARING, Jr.,
WALKER, D. D.,
Mr. C. C. COFFIN, RAY PALMER,
JULIA C. R. DORR,
And many others who have attained a national reputation.

“HOW AND WHAT TO READ”

Is a topic on which we print several articles this year from Rev.
Washington Gladden, and other well-known writers.

“WITHOUT A HOME”
Is the name of a story by Rev. E. P. Roe, running through the
columns of The Congregationalist nine or ten months this season.
More than 200,000 copies of Mr. Roe’s books have been sold, a
fact which indicates the great demand there is for them.
Our Sabbath-school Department for 1881 is under the charge of
the Rev. A. F. Schauffler, of New York, who is known as one of the
most suggestive writers and thinkers on this subject in the
country.
Our Children’s Department is sustained by such writers as Mr. C.
C. Coffin, Ernest Ingersoll (on Natural History), W. J. Rolfe, Clara
Erskine Clement, and others equally eminent, and it will be found
entertaining and instructive to all, both to young and old.
A series of twelve articles or more, running through our columns
this year, entitled

“GREAT SUBJECTS,”
And from the pens of some of the most eminent thinkers in the
land, is destined to attract wide attention. Among the writers are
Ex-President Woolsey, Gen. J. R. Hawley, Hon. Dorman B. Eaton,
Benjamin Vaughan Abbott, Dr. Geo. M. Beard and Rev. Noah Porter,
D. D. The large space of four columns a week, on an average, is
devoted to our “Literary Department.” It is gotten up wholly in the
interest of our readers, and we receive frequent testimonies to its
value.
With seven persons on our regular editorial staff, including Rev. A.
H. Clapp, D. D., in New York, who, besides other matter, furnishes
a letter every week, the reader will find The Congregationalist in all
its departments fully abreast of the times. It touches subjects of
current interest to the religious public every week, not only by its
editorial articles, but by a great amount of paragraphs and short
matter such as all are glad to read. We offer no premiums, but
are now expending upon the columns of the paper itself what
otherwise might be required for that purpose. The amount of
money paid out sometimes in a single week to writers for The
Congregationalist now exceeds the sum expended in this way for
six months or a year a quarter of a century ago.
Specimen numbers sent free. Price, $3.00 a year.

W. L. GREENE & CO.,

1 Somerset St., Boston, Mass.

Brown Brothers & Co.

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NEW YORK.
Buy and Sell Bills of Exchange on Great Britain and Ireland,
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NEW AND IMPROVED STYLES THIS SEASON.

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AND WORLD’S FAIR FOR THIRTEEN YEARS.
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 THE THIRTY-FIFTH VOLUME
OF THE

American Missionary.
1881.

Shall we not have a largely increased Subscription List

for 1881?
We regard the Missionary as the best means of communication with our
friends, and to them the best source of information regarding our work.
A little effort on the part of our friends, when making their own remittances,
to induce their neighbors to unite in forming Clubs, will easily double our list,
and thus widen the influence of our Magazine, and aid in the enlargement of
our work.
Under editorial supervision at this office, aided by the steady contributions of
our intelligent missionaries and teachers in all parts of the field, and with
occasional communications from careful observers and thinkers elsewhere, the
American Missionary furnishes a vivid and reliable picture of the work going
forward among the Indians, the Chinamen on the Pacific Coast, and the
Freedmen as citizens in the South and as missionaries in Africa.
It will be the vehicle of important views on all matters affecting the races
among which it labors, and will give a monthly summary of current events
relating to their welfare and progress.
Patriots and Christians interested in the education and Christianizing of these
despised races are asked to read it, and assist in its circulation. Begin with the
January number and the new year. The price is only Fifty Cents per annum.
The Magazine will be sent gratuitously, if preferred, to the persons indicated
on page 127.
Donations and subscriptions should be sent to
 H. W. HUBBARD, Treasurer,
56 Reade Street, New York.

TO ADVERTISERS.
Special attention is invited to the advertising department of the American
Missionary. Among its regular readers are thousands of Ministers of the
Gospel, Presidents, Professors and Teachers in Colleges, Theological
Seminaries and Schools; it is, therefore, a specially valuable medium for
advertising Books, Periodicals, Newspapers, Maps, Charts, Institutions of
Learning, Church Furniture, Bells, Household Goods, &c.
Advertisers are requested to note the moderate price charged for space in its
columns, considering the extent and character of its circulation.
Advertisements must be received by the TENTH of the month, in order to secure
insertion in the following number. All communications in relation to advertising
should be addressed to

THE AMERICAN MISSIONARY ADVERTISING

DEPARTMENT,
56 Reade Street, New York.

Our friends who are interested in the Advertising Department of

the “American Missionary” can aid us in this respect by mentioning,
when ordering goods, that they saw them advertised in our
Magazine.

DAVID H. GILDERSLEEVE, PRINTER, 101 CHAMBERS STREET, NEW YORK.

 Transcriber’s Notes
Teach-ng changed to Teaching in the table of Contents.
Obvious printer’s punctuation errors have been corrected.
Odd formatting of fraction (161 1-9 years) on page 114 has been
retained.
Inconsistent hyphenation retained, due to multiple authors.
Ditto marks replaced by the text they represent in order to facilitate
alignment in eBooks.
*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE AMERICAN
MISSIONARY — VOLUME 35, NO. 4, APRIL, 1881 ***

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