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Getting Started with Angular: Create and Deploy Angular Applications 1st Edition Victor Hugo Garcia instant download

The document is a guide for creating and deploying Angular applications, authored by Victor Hugo Garcia. It covers essential topics such as the Angular framework, TypeScript, and building applications with components, routing, and services. The book also provides practical examples and resources for further learning, including links to additional related ebooks.

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Getting Started with Angular: Create and Deploy Angular Applications 1st Edition Victor Hugo Garcia instant download

The document is a guide for creating and deploying Angular applications, authored by Victor Hugo Garcia. It covers essential topics such as the Angular framework, TypeScript, and building applications with components, routing, and services. The book also provides practical examples and resources for further learning, including links to additional related ebooks.

Uploaded by

goatsjknopsnd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Getting Started with
Angular
Create and Deploy Angular
Applications

Victor Hugo Garcia


Getting Started with Angular: Create and Deploy Angular Applications
Victor Hugo Garcia
Santiago Del Estero, Santiago del Estero, Argentina

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-9208-2 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-9206-8


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9206-8
Copyright © 2023 by Victor Hugo Garcia
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the
material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,
broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information
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every occurrence of a trademarked name, logo, or image we use the names, logos, and images only in an
editorial fashion and to the benefit of the trademark owner, with no intention of infringement of the
trademark.
The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not
identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to
proprietary rights.
While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,
neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or
omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the
material contained herein.
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Printed on acid-free paper
To my wife, my parents, and to all those who have taught me
something, by example or word.
Table of Contents
About the Author����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xi

About the Technical Reviewer������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii

Introduction�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv

Chapter 1: Introduction to Angular Framework�������������������������������������������������������� 1


About Angular������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1
Semantic Versioning���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2
Frequency of Releases������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 2
Installations Needed��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
NodeJS������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 3
Google Chrome������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 3
TypeScript�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
Angular CLI������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 4
Ionic����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5
IDE������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5
Postman�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
Errors������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 11

Chapter 2: Introduction to TypeScript and ES6������������������������������������������������������� 13


Getting Started���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
let and const������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
First File��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
Data Types����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 24
Boolean���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
Number���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25

v
Table of Contents

String������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
Array�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26
Any���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 26
Template Strings������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27
Manipulating Strings������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 27
Functions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 30
Arrow Functions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36
Destructuring Objects and Arrays����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
Interfaces������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 44
Classes���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 46
What Is a Class?�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47
Inheritance���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 53
Abstract Classes�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 60
Classes and Interfaces���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 61
Promises������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64
Decorators���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 70
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 72
Questions and Answers�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73
Questions������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73
Answers��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 73

Chapter 3: RestApp Part 1�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75


Creating a New Project��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75
app.module.ts����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 81
What We Will Be Building������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 82
Bootstrap 4��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 83
Components of Our Application��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 85
Navbar Component��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 86
Routing���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 91
Services�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 97

vi
Table of Contents

An Interface for Users����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99


API����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 99
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 123

Chapter 4: RestApp Part 2������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 125


Bootstrap���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 125
AboutComponent���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 129
Forms: ContactComponent�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 131
Error Handling��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 135
Update a User��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 137
Adding a New User������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 142
Deleting a User�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 146
Loading������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 148
Pipes����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 152
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 156

Chapter 5: AuthApp���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 157


Auth0����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 157
Creating an Account������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 157
Our New App����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 163
AuthService������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 164
NavbarComponent�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 170
Routing�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 172
Auth0 Settings�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 175
Local Storage���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 181
Securing Routes������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 183
AuthGuard��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 184
Getting the User’s Profile���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 193
Exercise������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 202
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 202

vii
Table of Contents

Chapter 6: Blog App Part 1����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 203


MongoDB���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 203
What We Will Be Doing�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 209
Starting the Project������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 212
Installing Bootstrap������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 213
Login Component���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 214
Routes of the Application���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 217
User Model�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 218
Login Service���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 219
Adding the Logic of the Form���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 220
Application Code����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 229
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 229

Chapter 7: Blog App Part 2����������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 231


NodeJS�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 231
Express������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 231
MongoDB���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 231
Mongoose��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 232
Starting the Project on the Server�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 232
Creating the Database�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 234
Home Component��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 242
AuthService: Saving the User in the Session���������������������������������������������������������������������������� 257
Source Code������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 262
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 262

Chapter 8: Blog App Part 3: Showing Posts���������������������������������������������������������� 263


Modifying the User Class���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 263
Post Component������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 266
Creating the Post Collection������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 268
Post Service������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 273
Post Component������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 275

viii
Table of Contents

Backend Source Code��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 279


Frontend Source Code�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 280
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 281

Chapter 9: Blog App Part 4: Filtering Posts���������������������������������������������������������� 283


Dashboard Component�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 283
Post Component������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 290
Filtering Posts��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 294
Sharpening Details�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 297
Backend Source Code��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 298
Frontend Source Code�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 299
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 299

Chapter 10: Blog App Part 5: Adding Posts���������������������������������������������������������� 301


AddPost Component������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 301
Post Model�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 308
Observables������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 315
Backend Source Code��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 317
Frontend Source Code�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 318
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 318

Chapter 11: Blog App Part 6: Editing Posts���������������������������������������������������������� 319


Frontend Post Model����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 319
Common Service����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 320
Post Component������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 322
Dashboard Component�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 323
AddPost Component������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 327
AddPost Service������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 331
updatePost�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 332
Backend Source Code��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 333
Frontend Source Code�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 334
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 335

ix
Table of Contents

Chapter 12: Blog App Part 7: Deleting Posts�������������������������������������������������������� 337


Common Service����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 337
Dashboard Component�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 338
Post Component������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 340
index.js�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 343
Frontend Source Code�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 344
Backend Source Code��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 345
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 345

Chapter 13: Testing����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 347


Jasmine������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 347
Karma��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 348
Testing a Pipe���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 357
Testing a Service����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 363
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 365

Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 367

x
About the Author
Victor Hugo Garcia has a Master’s degree in Computer
Science, and more than 12 years of experience as a full-stack
developer, using different frameworks such as Angular,
Laravel, Yii, Zend, Cake, and Vue. He has developed multiple
web and mobile applications for various organizations. He
has also developed various courses on web development for
Udemy. He loves teaching, reading, and writing technical
and fantasy books.

xi
About the Technical Reviewer
Sourabh Mishra is an entrepreneur, developer, speaker,
author, corporate trainer, and animator. He is a Microsoft
guy; he is very passionate about Microsoft technologies and
a true .NET warrior. Sourabh started his career when he was
just 15 years old. He’s loved computers from childhood. His
programming experience includes C/C++, ASP.NET, C#,
VB.NET, WCF, SQL Server, Entity Framework, MVC, Web
API, Azure, jQuery, Highcharts, and Angular. Sourabh has
been awarded a Most Valuable Professional (MVP) status. He has the zeal to learn new
technologies and shares his knowledge on several online community forums.
He is the author of Practical Highcharts with Angular by Apress, which talks about
how you can develop stunning and interactive dashboards using Highcharts with
Angular. He is the founder of “IECE Digital” and “Sourabh Mishra Notes,” an online
knowledge-sharing platform where one can learn new technologies very easily and
comfortably.
He can be reached via the following:

• YouTube: sourabhmishranotes

• Twitter: sourabh_mishra1

• Facebook: facebook.com/sourabhmishranotes

• Instagram: sourabhmishranotes

• Email: sourabh_mishra1@hotmail.com

You can read his books on www.amazon.com/stores/author/B084DMG1WG.

xiii
Introduction
Web developers are in an all-time demand. Frontend developers, those in charge of
building the parts of the applications that interact directly with the end user, are a
crucial part of software companies, providing a navigation experience that is in no short
measure responsible for the success of a project.
Frontend developers use different programming languages, such as JavaScript,
HTML, and CSS. However, in the current state of affairs, they also need to get a firm
grasp of libraries and frameworks.
Angular is a very powerful, enterprise-grade framework that lets you build apps
of any size that are scalable and maintainable. It has a vibrant community and is
continually updated with new features to improve productivity.
This book aims to form you as a competent Angular developer who can easily work
in a company or as a freelancer, making the process enjoyable.

Who Should Read This Book


This book is intended for those with a basic knowledge of JavaScript, HTML, and CSS
who want to become frontend developers or incorporate a new set of skills. You will
learn the fundamentals of TypeScript, the superset of JavaScript used to define the
classes of our applications, and then start learning about Angular by practice. By the end
of the book, you will have completed a series of projects including

• An app that performs CRUD operations against an API

• An app that performs authentication and authorization using a


service provider

• A blog that communicates with a Node server and consumes data


from a MongoDB database
All this should give you a very firm start in your career.

xv
Introduction

How to Read This Book


Chapter 1 deals with configuring our development environment. Usually, this is the
most tedious part. Chapter 2 introduces TypeScript. The following chapters develop the
applications. I recommend you to read all the chapters in order.

xvi
CHAPTER 1

Introduction to Angular
Framework
The purpose of this chapter is to give a brief introduction of Angular and then
proceed with the setup of our development environment. There are a few mandatory
installations; the rest, although not required, are convenient. A good IDE is a
tremendous help, and having the right packages can significantly boost our productivity.
If you are reading this book, you have probably already heard about Angular. It is
even likely that you have followed some tutorials and even developed applications.
However, my goal is to start without making assumptions about the level from which
you start.
We will start from the basics, to build increasingly complex examples that allow you
to acquire the necessary skills to work with Angular in real projects.

About Angular
On its website https://angular.io/, Angular is defined as a platform for developing
web applications. This brief definition, however, hides the power of this framework,
which can be used to build web, mobile, and even desktop applications.
The name Angular was originally known as AngularJS. This was a framework that
reached a lot of popularity, with interesting features but with limitations. So, Angular
2 arrived. However, this name can lead to confusion, since in fact Angular 2 was not a
simple update, but a completely different framework. In fact, migrating an application
made with AngularJS to Angular 2 is a process that is not at all simple and that should be
considered with extreme care.
We quickly saw how Angular 2 became 3, 4, and so on. At the time of writing these
words, Angular is in version 15.

1
© Victor Hugo Garcia 2023
V. H. Garcia, Getting Started with Angular, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-9206-8_1
Another Random Scribd Document
with Unrelated Content
the things we did and the mental strength to make the decisions we
made.”
As one looks through the lists of these three groups of organizers,
one is astounded at the various kinds of work they did; their
versatility. Mabel Vernon for instance. Her activities form an integral
part of the Woman’s Party history. Mabel Vernon traveling ahead of
Sara Bard Field in her spectacular automobile trip across the country,
was more responsible than anybody, except Mrs. Field herself, for
the success of that trip. Mabel Vernon challenged the President in
the course of his speech at the laying of the corner-stone of the new
Headquarters of the American Federation of Labor in Washington.
Mabel Vernon was one of the women who dropped the banner in the
Senate when the President came to speak before them. Mabel
Vernon picketed and went to jail. Mabel Vernon seems to have
organized or spoken in every State in the Union.
Elsie Hill, Doris Stevens—you find them everywhere, luminous
spirits with a new modern adjunct of political-mindedness. Abby
Scott Baker was always on the wing.
One’s mind stops at the names of Vivian Pierce, Lucy Branham,
Mary Gertrude Fendall, Hazel Hunkins. How many and what varying
and difficult things they did! Vivian Pierce in addition to speaking
and organizing and picketing activities, edited the Suffragist, and
designed the charming tea-room at Headquarters. As for Lucy
Branham—she must have seemed a stormy petrel to all opposing
forces—she had so much the capacity of being everywhere at once.
When one comes to the last group, a sense—almost of awe—is
leavened by a decided sense of amusement. Julia Emory, Betty
Gram, Anita Pollitzer, Mary Dubrow, Catherine Flanagan are all little
girls. But in Suffrage work, they were active, insistent, and persistent
in inverse ratio to their size. In ratification, that legislature was
doomed on which any two of them descended.
What they accomplished! Once Alice Paul turned Anita Pollitzer
loose on the entire State of Wyoming and Anita Pollitzer brought
Wyoming into camp. It is impossible to do justice to all of them, to
any of them. But as an example of how they worked, I am quoting
from letters written by Anita Pollitzer describing various experiences
in her work of organization. I use Miss Pollitzer’s letters, not because
they are exceptional but because they are typical. Space will not
permit me to do equal justice to any of the others. But perhaps
some day all those marvelous narratives will be collected. Miss
Pollitzer writes me as follows:
Wyoming
“Campaign against the party in power”—late October, 1918—snow
on the ground and no friends in the State—traveled miles to get help
of most influential woman, found her lying on the floor of a church
with brass tacks and a hammer—She said she was “chairman of the
committee on laying carpets in the church,” and that was all she
could undertake.
Cheyenne wonderfully beautiful—plains—most exceptional place
for campaign purposes—forty minutes between street cars—snow
miles high and every woman demanding a separate visit. Influenza
epidemic so bad that it was considered immoral for six women to
meet in a parlor—only way was to campaign by dodgers and street
signs—Got permission from owner of building to put a forty-foot
purple, white, and gold sign, suspended it from the most prominent
building—Town literally gathered in groups to see it—I got up next
morning at seven and sign was down—I had “antagonized”—so I
went to call on the Mayor and we toured the town, and rehung the
sign on an even more important street, and I had double publicity,
the Mayor taking full responsibility for the sign even inquiring if it
would “run in the rain.”
Such fearful snow, could get no billboard men to put up my big
paper signs outside of the cities, and I wanted them on cross-
country roads. I met a woman delivering newspapers, explained our
campaign and my difficulties, and she offered us her eighteen-year-
old daughter and a box of stickers, and we tramped the automobile
roads and papered the tree trunks—Posters.
This is my first National Woman’s Party trip. Wyoming a real
adventure—South where I have always lived (Charleston, South
Carolina) so utterly unlike—When I went out to mail my thousands
of circular letters each night at two A.M. funny Filipino bell boys and
other kinds would escort me and carry the thousands of circular
letters to mail box. Local post-office really asked me to be “more
considerate.”
South Carolina
Getting Senator Pollock’s vote seemed largely a question of getting
the farmers of South Carolina. If Pollock (the Progressive) was to
beat Senator Smith (the Reactionary) he must please the farm
element.
So I journeyed out to Mayesville—arrived on hog-killing day—at
the house of Dabs—impressive person, leading farmer of South
Carolina. We ate all day, and sat around a glorious fire, and in the
afternoon Mr. Dabs wrote a letter that he gave me to take to town to
mail that helped more than we’ll ever know. In the letter Dabs spoke
for the farmers, urged Pollock to declare for the Suffrage
Amendment, and ended, “We farmers are doing little talking but a
lot of thinking.”
I always believed if Pollock voted, he would vote “Yes.” But Mrs.
William P. Vaughan of Greenville, our State Chairman, and I tramped
the State up and down, saying, “There’ll be no vote—unless Pollock
declares.”
Finally one night Senator Pollock’s secretary appeared at my hotel
in Columbia, and he said, “Don’t say again that Pollock is defeating
Suffrage by delay.” I said, “Well, then, get him to declare.” He said,
“I’m going to Washington, going tomorrow. Good night. We will have
a surprise for you within a week—within three days.” And at once,
after weeks and weeks of campaigning, Senator Pollock of South
Carolina broke the Conservative record of his State, declared “Yes,”
and voted “Yes,” on the freedom of American women.
When it was all over—his vote and our campaign to get him to
declare—I came back to Washington, had lunch with him at the
Capitol, and sat, while he told me of the numerous people in South
Carolina who had asked him to vote “Yes!” “You’ll never know the
sentiment that exists in South Carolina,” was all he said. But I felt we
knew.
Florida
Getting the South Florida Press Association at its annual meeting
to endorse the Federal Suffrage Amendment was marvelous fun—I
learned that Senator Trammell had gotten solid support from two
counties, and owed this support to a man named Goolsby—editor. So
I hired a car and made for Goolsby. He is a very powerful newspaper
man. We sat around a log fire, with the wife, a parrot, and a cat,
and finally he said he was going in two days to a meeting of the
South Florida Press Association, and that he was President. I said,
“I’m going too.” He said, “Well, there’s hope while there’s life—
they’re against you, but you can try.” I felt that we could do it, talked
it all over with him, and said that I would be down to put the
resolution in regardless of the results—but that I knew it could pass.
Two days seemed like years. At daybreak—five—I climbed in a
Ford and arrived at the Press Conference at ten. Goolsby was the
only one I knew. He introduced me to the Resolutions Committee. I
sat through speeches and speeches. At noon came a luncheon. The
Chairman of the Resolutions Committee took me to that. Then an
auto ride all through the orange groves—we got out and picked
them, talking Suffrage all the while. Only the Resolutions Committee
and I were in the car. The Chairman of the Committee finally said
out of a clear sky to the elderly gentleman at my left—a strong anti
—“I believe we ought to pass a resolution or something, don’t you,
thanking Miss Pollitzer for coming?”—all in joke. I said: “No, but you
ought to pass a resolution urging your own Florida Senators to stand
behind President Wilson. They’re not.” He said, “They should.” I said,
“Well, let’s pass it.” So in the car, speeding along, thanks to the
marvelously smooth roads and my luncheon friend—we wrote the
resolution. The old editor said, “What? Suffrage!” My young one
said, “Yes; Suffrage; standing back of President Wilson.” When we
got back, my old editor said: “Say, let’s make that strong—we’ve got
to go on record unmistakably for Wilson.” He worked—Goolsby
worked—of course the young one worked. I sat and ate oranges. It
was all done—in less than fifteen minutes. The Resolutions
Committee reported out a glorious resolution, calling on Senators
Trammell and Fletcher to support the Susan B. Anthony Amendment,
and it passed unanimously. The Resolution read: “Be it resolved that
we stand with President Wilson in his advocacy of Woman Suffrage,
and we urge our Representatives in Congress to vote for the
enfranchisement of women!!!”
The most exciting adventure of my life was “holding up the Florida
legislature” till midnight so Governor Catts could send a resolution in
asking Trammell and Fletcher (Senators) to vote for Suffrage. I saw
Senator Trammell in Washington, and he said he had not decided
how he would vote on the Amendment. That his vote would
represent “the people”—I asked him if in our government a State
legislature didn’t represent “the will of the people.” He said, “Yes,
but I don’t intend to instruct my legislature.” I said: “No, but maybe
your legislature will instruct you.” I came home and told Miss Paul,
who said, “Will you go down to Florida tonight?” and Bertha Arnold
and I went. Helen Hunt, a capable young Jacksonville lawyer, joined
us, and the campaign began.
It was absolutely essential to get Governor Catts to send in the
Resolution, as messages from the Governor only took a majority—
others a two-third vote, but we didn’t want this too soon. When we
had our votes all there in the Senate, the leader, anti, moved that no
new business not already in by noon, could come up at all—the
legislature barring everything, to save themselves from Suffrage.
This was fearful, as the House was most difficult, and we had
planned to attack the Senate first. At four o’clock the last afternoon
of the special session, called simply to discuss prohibition, we flew to
the Governor’s office. Helen Hunt, a senator, a member of the
House, and I got Governor Catts to say he’d send a message at
once. 4.30 came—5.30 came—no message. In terror, I flew down.
The Governor’s office was locked—I got one of the House to move a
night session—we lobbied for that, it carried. The Night Session
began at eight—Governor Catts still nowhere to be found. Finally,
after phoning his home every five minutes it seemed—I called at ten
and they said, “Governor Catts is in bed.”—I said we had to have
him. The person who answered the phone said nothing could be
done. His secretary had the office keys; he was ill at home; his
stenographer had the desk keys; she was at a movie. These
obstacles to be overcome, and Governor Catts to be rushed to the
Capitol. I flew back to our night session at the Capitol. I sent in a
little slip-written message to Mr. Stokes, saying: “Trust us—you said
you’d help—keep this session going—filibuster—do anything—don’t
let them adjourn.” I stood in the door and saw him nod “All right,”
and flew.
Bertha Arnold in a taxi secured the outer key from the secretary—
after arousing secretary and encountering a storm.
Helen Hunt in another taxi called for Governor Catts, waited till he
got up from bed and dressed, and brought him and his daughter,
Ruth, to the Capitol. I meanwhile stopped at a Western Union Office
and got a messenger boy. He said, “What am I to take?” I said,
“Me!” He knew the way, and together we ran through the streets of
Tallahassee at midnight, covered every movie, and had the
stenographer paged—brought her and her escort to the Capitol—
produced the desk keys—got the resolution. Never was any sound
more marvelous than Governor Catts’ thud when he walked up those
Capitol steps at midnight—instantly he rushed it up—the door of the
House opened—there stood my man Stokes, talking and hoarse. He
had kept them there. The secretary announced, “Message from the
Governor,” and our resolution was read!
The vote was closer than close—didn’t pass, but they had to stay
till the next day at two—we stayed too, and in the morning—of the
last day—we got a majority petition from the Florida legislature
which showed Trammell and Fletcher that Florida wanted their
Suffrage votes.
When I heard that Senator Trammell was arriving in Lakeland, I
wired Miss Paul I would stay—Such a hectic and great day. I saw him
with four antis in the hotel lobby. He looked dumbfounded, shook
hands, discussed the climate, and acted as though I were touristing
because Florida was beautiful—but he knew.
Then I went out of his life—but sent others in—all day I got out
little delegations to him—the State Senator from that district—his
minister—president of the Bank—leading Labor man—his editor. Mr.
Trammell’s one day in Lakeland was a Woman’s Party event. I asked
Mr. Smailes—a strong Labor man—boyhood friend of Trammell’s, to
see him. That night they all came to me at the hotel and each
reported his achievement with Park Trammell.
Smailes said: “I looked at him and said, ‘Park—it’s funny you can’t
see it and those you were brought up with all can,’ and Park looked
at me, and he said, ‘Well, there’s one thing worrying me a little. I
don’t want women to get more than their share of electors.’ I just
looked at him, and I said: ‘Park, you know Mrs. Smailes don’t want
more than her share, but she ain’t got her share yet; that’s what
she’s asking for.’”
I said, “Mr. Smailes, what do you think that Senator Trammell will
do?” He said, “I don’t know. I’ve known him since we were babies,
but he’s a Senator now.”
Helen Hunt met Trammell in Jacksonville when he arrived—on his
“one day” to Lakeland. He said, “Where is she?” (meaning me). “Is
she still in the State?” (Miss Younger thinks this funny because it
shows how scared they are of the Woman’s Party—even one of us.)
Virginia
I think our hotel experiences are so funny.
We had a terrible time getting any one to consider taking action
on Suffrage ratification at the Special Session. Virginia legislature
called just for good roads—I went to Roanoke to see floor-leader
Willis (strongest Suffragist in the House) and he announced he was
scheduled himself to introduce a bill saying that nothing but good
roads would come up. After a morning’s work with Willis, he decided
he would bring up Suffrage provided Senator Trinkle agreed. He
promised to see Trinkle the next morning, so I decided I’d better see
Trinkle that night. Fortunately a train was leaving in ten minutes. I
arrived at Wytheville at nine p.m. It was black. Senator Trinkle was
on the platform. I picked him out because he was the biggest man
obviously and I asked where Senator Trinkle lived and he said, “I am
Senator Trinkle.” When my interview was at an end and it was fixed,
he said that the last train out had left, and that I should go to the
hotel, and say to the owner that he said to give me the best room.
To my great consternation, the hotel proprietor escorted me into a
room the size of a young stable, which contained six beds,
explaining, “This is our best room. I’ll call it a single room for
tonight.” Never can I describe the creaks of the empty five beds all
night long. It doesn’t sound funny, but it was—I and six beds, some
of them double, and a box of Uneeda crackers and Hershey’s milk
chocolate.
The way we got the University of Virginia mass-meeting was
amusing. I taught art at the University of Virginia Summer School.
We had just staged a big pageant at the University. Director Maphis
was grateful and said he’d do anything I wanted. That afternoon,
Senator Martin arrived in Charlottesville, his home, and so I went to
see Mr. Maphis to tell him I wanted Cabell Hall, the real University of
Virginia Hall, and he said, “Yes.” I phoned Miss Paul and she sent
Lucy Branham—we advertised with huge sheets on the front of each
of the eight street cars, in Charlottesville and hand-made slides at
movies and posters that my Art classes all were given to do as a
“problem.”
The Hall was full and the wonderful old Jeffersonian University
held its first Federal Suffrage Mass Meeting and passed resolutions
urging Senator Martin to vote for the Amendment. Lucy Branham
and I drove to his home the next morning, presented him with the
resolutions, and described the meeting of his own constituents to
him.

Here perhaps is the place to describe the work of the Political


Department, of which Abby Scott Baker was Chairman. The Political
Department supplemented the work of the Legislative and
Organization Departments. Whenever the work of the National
Woman’s Party demanded instant pressure on Congress and on State
Legislatures, Alice Paul despatched Mrs. Baker at once to the power
who could exert that pressure. She was a kind of perpetual flying
envoy for the Woman’s Party.
IV

THE PRESIDENT CAPITULATES AND THE HOUSE


SURRENDERS

It will be remembered that after the eight months in which the


Woman’s Party picketed the President, the House of Representatives
created a Suffrage Committee in September, 1917. It will also be
remembered that during the discussion on the floor, in regard to that
Committee, Mr. Pou, Chairman, made the statement that there was
no intention of passing the Amendment before the Sixty-sixth
Congress. That Congress adjourned on October 6, 1917. Also, it will
be remembered that that day, Alice Paul marched over to the White
House gates carrying a banner inscribed with the words of the
President:

THE TIME HAS COME WHEN WE MUST CONQUER OR SUBMIT.


FOR US THERE CAN BE BUT ONE CHOICE. WE HAVE MADE IT.

It will be remembered too that Alice Paul was arrested and


sentenced to seven months in jail.
Following the publicity which came from the Woman’s Party
speakers all over the country and from the newspapers, protests of
all descriptions began to pour into the White House and to the
Democratic leaders: letters, resolutions, petitions.
Again it will be remembered that a week before Congress
reconvened on December 3, 1917, all the imprisoned women were
suddenly released.
In the new Session—a direct reversal of Mr. Pou’s announcement
of two months earlier that the House would not pass the
Amendment before 1920—a day was set for the vote on the Suffrage
Amendment, a week after Congress assembled.
Again, it should be pointed out that all these things happened
after those eight months of picketing.
That important day which the House set was January 10, 1918. In
September, the Suffragists lacked seventy-three votes of the passage
of the Amendment. Naturally all December was spent in working up
that vote. The National Woman’s Party secured statements from
Republican leaders like Mondell and Kahn, stating the strong
Republican support of the measure and blaming the Democrats if it
were defeated. The National Woman’s Party worked up the
Republican majority from three-quarters of the House to five-sixths.
The Democrats began to be frightened at the press statements of
the Republicans. They began to work to increase their showing, as
they feared the country would blame them if the Amendment were
defeated.
But more important than any of these things was the capitulation
of the President which won, as the Woman’s Party contended it
would, the necessary votes in the house. On January 9, 1919, one
year from the day the Inez Milholland Memorial Deputation visited
him, President Wilson made his declaration for the Federal
Amendment, and on January 10, the Amendment was passed in the
House by a vote of two hundred and seventy-four to one hundred
and thirty-six.
This important epoch in the history of the Suffrage Movement,
Maud Younger describes in her Revelations of a Woman Lobbyist.

The atmosphere had changed when I returned to Washington. Republican


Congressmen had suddenly realized what an asset to the Republican Party
would be their support of Suffrage. Democrats, seeing the blame that would
attach to them for its defeat, were becoming alarmed.
“The country is fixing to blame the Democrats,” said Mr. Hull, of Tennessee,
very thoughtfully, but not quite thoughtfully enough. As a member of the
National Executive Committee of the Democratic Party he was thoughtful. As
a Congressman with a vote in the House he was not quite thoughtful enough.
We lacked sixty votes in the House, and had only three weeks to get them.
We worked day and night. Our friends in Congress, brightly hopeful, told us
we had votes to spare, but we knew the truth. We lacked forty votes, then
twenty, then ten, but we kept this to ourselves. Unless something happened
we could not win.
Then, on January 9, the day before the vote, it happened. Late on that
afternoon the President invited a deputation of Democratic Congressmen to
wait on him. Knowing of the appointment, we went through the halls of
Congress, on wings, all day. When the Congressmen went into the White
House, a small group stood outside in the snow waiting for the first word of
that interview. After what seemed an interminable time, the doors opened.
Out came cheery Mr. Raker with the news: “The President has declared for
the Susan B. Anthony Amendment, and will stay home from his game of golf
tomorrow morning to see any Congressman who wishes to consult him about
it.” Thus, just a year from the day he had told us we must concert public
opinion, President Wilson declared for Suffrage.
There was a feeling of victory in the air as we went through the corridors
that night. Yet our secret poll showed that we still lacked votes. We could do
nothing more. We could only wait and see how much force the President
would put behind his declaration.
Scrub women were still at work with brushes and buckets of soapsuds
when I reached the Capitol that fateful morning. From the front row of the
gallery we looked down on the floor of the House, with its seven rows of
empty seats rising in semi-circular rows like an amphitheatre. A few people
scurried here and there, the galleries were rapidly filling. We watched the
Congressmen come in, sit down, walk about, or stand in groups talking and
looking up at the galleries.
At the stroke of eleven all eyes turned toward the door of the Speaker’s
lobby. Chattering ceased. The door opened, and a Roman mace appeared and
advanced, supported by the Deputy Sergeant-at-Arms, who held it in his two
hands before him. Very solemn, very mindful of his step, he ascended the
three steps to the Speaker’s stand, followed by the Speaker, Champ Clark,
dignified and magnificent in a tan frock coat, with a white flower in the
buttonhole. Having ascended, the Sergeant-at-Arms laid the mace against the
wall where all the Congressmen could look at it, and came down again with a
little skip on the last step, while the Speaker impressively faced the House.
Prayer and routine business finished, the speeches began. Most of them
were prosy and dull, delivered not for those who heard them, but for
constituents hundreds of miles away. In the galleries we listened wearily. We
had brought luncheon with us, which we ate as unobtrusively as possible. We
would lose our seats if we left them, for through the ground-glass doors we
dimly saw waiting multitudes trying to come in. All day the largest crowds the
doorkeepers had ever known pressed against the doors. Inside the speeches
droned on.
“What a dull ending for such a dramatic struggle,” said a newspaper man,
leaning over from the press gallery. I could have wished it had been duller, for
we never for an instant forgot we still lacked votes. We did not know how far
the President’s message had carried since our last possible poll.
Suddenly a wave of applause and cheers swept over the floor. Every head
turned toward the Speaker’s door, and there, on the threshold, we saw Mr.
Mann, pale and trembling. For six months he had lain in a hospital—his only
visitors his wife and secretary. It had been said that he would never come
back to the House. Yet he had come to vote for our Amendment.
Now, through the skylight, we could see that the afternoon had gone, and
evening had come. At last the time for speech-making ended and the vote
was taken. Forty years to a day from the first introduction of the Susan B.
Anthony Amendment in Congress, one year exactly from the time the first
picket line went to stand before the White House, the Federal Suffrage
Amendment passed the House of Representatives. It passed with just one
vote to spare. Six votes came to us through the President. He had saved the
day!
Outside the doors of the gallery a woman began to sing, Praise God from
whom all blessings flow. Others took it up, more and more voices joined, and
through the halls of the Capitol there swelled our song of gratitude. Louder
and louder it rose and soared to the high arches, and was carried out into the
night to die away at last in the far distances. And still in our hearts we sang,
Praise God from whom all blessings flow.
But our minds were not at rest, nor our thoughts quiet. Our victory was
worth nothing unless we could consolidate it quickly. To do this we had to win
the Senate. And the Senate is farther from the people than the House, and
much, much harder to move.
V

FIGHTING FOR VOTES IN THE SENATE

The House of Representatives passed the Susan B. Anthony


Amendment on January 10, 1918, by a vote of two hundred and
seventy-four to one hundred and thirty-six. The work of the
Woman’s Party was now concentrated on the Senate. They needed
only eleven votes there, and many Suffragists were optimistic—they
thought victory a matter of but a few weeks. The Woman’s Party
knew better. However, in the siege of the Senate, they continued
their policy—to work downwards through the President, and upward
through constituents and political leaders from the people.
In summing up the situation in the Senate, Alice Paul said:

If the Republicans had the vision to see that it was a wise Party policy to
secure the credit for the passage of the Amendment in the House, and the
Democrats believed it an unwise Party policy to be responsible for its defeat—
the same argument must hold for the vote in the Senate, for while more than
two-thirds of the Republicans had already promised their votes, only half the
Democrats are at present pledged in the Senate.

The effect of the passing of the Susan B. Anthony Amendment in


the House was, however, not only profound, but immediate. In
February, the Republican National Committee met in St. Louis for the
selection of a Chairman. Abby Scott Baker appeared before the
committee, urging a favorable stand on the Susan B. Anthony
amendment. Two women representing the anti-Suffragists were also
to speak. However, when the anti-Suffragist speakers presented
themselves before the Committee, they found that it had already
voted a resolution commending the stand of the Republican
members of the House of Representatives in favor of the Suffrage
Amendment. This was the first favorable expression of the National
Republican Party on the question of Federal Suffrage.
Minnie Bronson said of the anti-Suffragist members:

I looked round for the thirty members who last night were opposed to
Suffrage. I wonder what changed them over night.

Lucy Price, also an anti-Suffragist, asserted:

Your action without even hearing us was worse than a betrayal of us who
are opposed to Suffrage. It was an admission that Party pledges are meant to
be broken.

The Executive Committee of the Democratic National Committee,


which met that same day in Washington, held a telegraphic
referendum of their entire national committee on the question of the
Amendment. It is interesting to note that this was done at the
insistence of the Democratic woman who had charge of the
Democratic campaign among women in 1916, when the Woman’s
Party made Suffrage the great issue. This telegraphic referendum
showed more than a two to one desire for the national committee to
take action that would put it on record as “urging the support” of the
Amendment. The Executive Committee, therefore, adopted the
resolution, endorsing the Federal Suffrage measure, and by a vote of
five to two, calling upon the Senate to act at once favorably upon it.
For months thereafter, the Woman’s Party concentrated on
obtaining the necessary eleven votes in the Senate. It was a period
of comparative calm. There was no militant action of any kind. The
pickets had all been released in December, and, although the appeal
cases were coming up in the courts at intervals, picketing seemed an
abandoned weapon.
In her Revelations of a Woman Lobbyist, Maud Younger describes
very delightfully how the first nine votes were obtained:

“We should get Senator Phelan now,” said Miss Paul. “He opposed Federal
Suffrage because the President did. Now that the President has come out for
it, Senator Phelan should do so. Send for him.”
I sent in my card and he came at once, very neat in a cut-away coat, his
eyes smiling above his trimmed sandy beard. “Of course I’ll vote for the
Amendment,” he said, as though he had never thought of anything else. He
was plainly glad to have an excuse for changing his position.
“That leaves ten to get,” said Miss Paul. “Let’s go and see Senator
McCumber.” The Senator from North Dakota is sandy and Scotch and
cautious, and, like many other Senators, thinks it would be weak and
vacillating to change his opinion.
“I voted against it in 1914. I cannot vote for it in 1918,” he said. “I cannot
change my principles.”
“But you can change your mind?”
“No, I could not do that.”
“Then you might change your vote,” said I, urging progress. He, too, saw
progress, but was wary of it. Looking cautiously around the room and back of
us, he said slowly, “If the legislature of my State should ask me to vote for it,
I would feel obliged to do so.”
That same night Beulah Amidon telegraphed to North Dakota,—her own
State—to the Chairman of the Republican Party and the Non-Partisan League
that controls the Legislature; to her father, Judge Amidon, and to others. The
Legislature immediately passed a resolution calling on Senator McCumber to
vote for our Amendment. Miss Amidon went to see him at once, with the
news.
“But I haven’t seen how the resolution is worded yet,” said Senator
McCumber cannily.
When the resolution arrived some one else went to see him.
“I want to look it over carefully,” he said. When he had looked it over
carefully, he admitted, “I will vote for the Amendment. But to show loyalty
both to constituents and principle,” he added hastily, “I will speak against it,
and vote for it.”
“That leaves nine to get,” said Miss Paul, counting Senator McCumber off on
her little finger and turning to a list of other legislatures in session. The
difficulty was that the legislatures in session did not fit the Senators whose
votes we must get. Mildred Glines, our Rhode Island chairman, was at our
Headquarters, and Senator Gerry of Rhode Island was at the Capitol, and not
for our Amendment. So Mildred Glines set out at once for Rhode Island,
where she had a resolution presented and passed, and returned with it to
Senator Gerry.
Then I went to see his colleague, Senator Colt. A scholarly-looking man, he
sat at his desk deep in some volume of ancient lore. Arguing with himself
while I sat listening, he stated the case for Suffrage and Senator Gerry. “But
on the other hand,” he said—and then stated the other side.
“Yes,” he concluded deliberately, but with a twinkle in his eye, “Peter will
vote for it.”
“That leaves eight to get,” said Miss Paul, very thoughtfully. “Have you seen
Senator King lately?”
Though Senator King is not unpleasant to talk with, if one does not broach
subjects controversial, persons who appealed to his reason had succeeded
only in ruffling his manners. He smiled blandly and, leaning back in his chair,
began what he believed to be a perfect case. “I’ve always been opposed to
national Suffrage. I said so in my campaign, and the people elected me.”
We must appeal to his constituents. But how? His Legislature was not in
session. Alice Henkle went post-haste to Utah, and at once newspapers began
to publish editorials; all sorts of organizations, civic, patriotic, religious,
educational, social, began to pass resolutions. Letters poured in upon Senator
King. But always Miss Henkle wrote us, “They tell me everywhere that it’s no
use; that Senator King is so ‘hard-shelled’ that I might as well stop.”
“Go to the Capitol and see,” said Miss Alice Paul.
I had just entered the revolving door when Senator Sheppard, hurrying
past, stopped to say, “Do you know King is coming around! I think we may
get his vote.”
So Miss Paul wired Alice Henkle that night: “Redouble efforts. They are
having good effect.” Four weeks later, three Senators told me that Senator
King had said in the cloak room, “I’m as much opposed to Federal Suffrage as
ever, but I think I’ll vote for it. My constituents want me to.”
“That leaves six to get,” said Miss Paul, “counting Senator Culberson too.”
For while we had been busy in Washington, Doris Stevens and Clara Wolfe
had been busy in Texas on the trail of Senator Culberson.
The national committees of both political parties had taken a stand for
Federal Suffrage in February. Also, Colonel Roosevelt and other Republican
leaders were writing to Senators whose names we furnished, urging their
support.
“Now,” said Senator Curtis, smiling, “I think we’ll get Harding and
Sutherland. They both want to vote for it, but their States are against it. I’ll
go see them again. Keep the backfires burning in their States.”
Senator Curtis has the dark hair and skin of Indian ancestry, and perhaps
his Indian blood has given him his quick sense of a situation and his
knowledge of men. Without quite knowing how it happened—it may have
been his interest in listening or his wisdom in advising—he had become the
guiding friend, the storm-center of our work on the Republican side of the
Senate.
“Colonel Roosevelt has written to Senator Sutherland too,” I thought
hopefully, while I sat waiting for him in the marble room. He came out, and
said almost at once, “I’ve just had a letter from Colonel Roosevelt asking me
to vote for your Amendment!”
“Have you?” said I.
“Yes. But I wish he had told me how I can do it, when the overwhelming
sentiment of my State is against it.” I spoke of something else, but that night
I reported this remark to Doris Stevens and Abby Scott Baker. Both of them
immediately wrote to Colonel Roosevelt. Later, I again saw Senator
Sutherland. He had evidently forgotten our former conversation.
“I’ve had a letter from Colonel Roosevelt about your Amendment,” he said.
“It’s the second time he has written to me about it. He wants me to come to
Oyster Bay so he can give me reasons for voting for it.”
“I should think it would be awfully interesting to go,” I encouraged gently.
And soon we checked off Senator Sutherland’s name on our lists, and said,
“Five more to get.”
“Do you think we can get Borah?” I asked Senator Curtis. “He’s one of the
fathers of the Amendment. He introduced it in 1910.”
“He says he did that by request.”
“It doesn’t say so in the Record. Doesn’t a man always say so when it is
so?”
“That is usual,” said Senator Curtis, stroking his mustache and not meeting
my eyes, and I knew he said only half of what he thought.
“I think I’ll go and see him at once.”
Senator Borah is a most approachable person, but when you have
approached, you cannot be sure you have reached. You see him sitting at his
desk, a large unferocious, bulldog type of man, simple in manner. You talk
with him, and you think he is with you through and through.... But you never
quite know.... Sometimes you wonder if he knows.

In April, Senator Gallinger told Miss Paul that the Republicans counted four
more votes for Suffrage—Kellogg, Harding, Page, and Borah. “We understand
Borah will vote for the Amendment if it will not pass otherwise. But he will not
vote for it if it will pass without him. But if his vote will carry it, he will vote
for it.”
Thus far we had come on our journey toward the eleven, when Senator
Andreus Aristides Jones of New Mexico, Chairman of the Woman Suffrage
Committee, rose in the Senate and announced that on May 10 he would move
to take up the Suffrage resolution. There was great rejoicing. We thought that
now the Administration would get the needed votes.

Indeed, with only two votes more to get, everything looked


promising.

In May, members of the Woman’s Committee of the Council of


National Defense were received by the President and Mrs. Wilson.
Florence Bayard Hilles, State Chairman in Delaware for the
National Woman’s Party, who had campaigned for the Liberty Loan
throughout her State, and was then working in the Bethlehem Steel
Plant, as a munition maker, said to the President:

Mr. President, it would be a great inspiration to all of us in our war work if


you would help towards our immediate enfranchisement.

Behind Mrs. Hilles came Mrs. Arthur Kellam, who is Chairman of


the Woman’s Party in New Mexico, who said:

Mr. President, we, women of the West, are growing very restless indeed
waiting for the long-delayed passage of the Federal Suffrage Amendment.
Won’t you help to secure this recognition of citizens? The women of New
Mexico and many other States have no redress save through the Federal
Amendment. They are eagerly waiting for action on this measure in the
Senate. Will you help us?

The President, with marked cordiality, answered:


“I will. I will do all I can.”
In the meantime, the President was receiving picturesque groups
of many descriptions: Pershing’s Veterans went to the White House;
the Blue Devils of France. Finally a group of women munition
workers from the Bethlehem Plant, led by Florence Bayard Hilles,
came to Washington to see the President in regard to Suffrage. They
were: Catherine Boyle; Ada Walling; Mary Gonzon; Lula Patterson;
Marie McKenzie; Isabel C. Aniba; Lilian Jerrold; Mary Campbell;
Mildred Peck; Ida Lennox. The experience of the war workers was
amusing. They wrote at once asking for an interview with the
President. Mr. Tumulty responded saying that the President bade him
to tell them that “nothing you or your associates could say could
possibly increase his very deep interest in this matter.”
Mrs. Aniba despatched an answer, again asking for an interview.
She said among other things:

The work I do is making detonators, handling TNT, the highest of all


explosives. We want to be recognized by our country as much her citizens as
soldiers are.

Every day this little group went to the White House and sat,
waiting. They made a picturesque detail in the exceedingly
picturesque war flood surging through the White House, wearing
bands printed with the words, munition workers on their arm and
their identification badges. They knitted all the time. At first, one of
the secretaries explained to them, “You are very foolish. You may
have to wait for weeks. Even Lord Reading had to come back four
times before he saw the President!”
Later, an under-secretary said: “You are becoming a nuisance.
Other people have more consideration than to keep coming back;
but you persist and persist.”
“Even Lord Reading had to come back four times before he saw
the President,” quoted one of the munition girls.
They waited two weeks, but in the end they had to go back to
work. They wrote a letter to the Senate, however, which was read
there.
May 10 approached. I resume Miss Younger’s narrative:

When the proper time arrived next day, Senator Andreus Aristides Jones
arose in his place. The galleries were packed. Our forces were all present
except the three missing votes. There was Senator Smith of Michigan, who
had come from California; Senator Smith of Arizona, who had left a sick
relative to be present for the vote; and there were others who had come from
far and wide. Senator Jones in the hush of a great moment, rose and
announced that he would not call up the Amendment that day.
Our opponents looked at him and, grinning, taunted: “Haven’t you got the
votes?” “We want to vote today.” “We’re ready now.”
Finally the women filed out of the galleries and went home, and the Senate
resumed its usual business.

Later, however, Senator Jones announced that on June 27 he


would take up the Suffrage Resolution.
Miss Younger says:

Senator Jones does not act on mad impulse. No one could imagine that
placid, unhurried man buckling on his armor and brandishing his sword to
lead his forces a second time up a blind alley only to lead them back again.
Senator Jones was a strong Administration man and would not act without
approval.
Moreover, he was a sincere Suffragist. In fact, he was a Father of the
Amendment. So we kept at work, aiding and abetting all its Fathers. For the
disabilities of fathers are manifest when you compare them with mothers. A
father is so casual, especially when his child is an Amendment to the
Constitution.
“Nagging!” said Senator Lenroot viciously, when I asked him to speak to
Senator Borah. “If you women would only stop nagging!” And making a
savage face at me, he hurried down the hall.
I stood still. It was but the second time we had spoken to him since he had
come to the Senate. I wondered if he thought we liked “nagging”; if we liked
going to the Capitol day after day, tramping on marble floors, waiting in ante-
rooms—sometimes rebuffed, sometimes snarled at. I wondered if he thought
we could do it for anything but a great cause—for the thousands of women
toiling in the factories, for the thousands struggling under burdens at home.
And then I bit my lips to keep back the tears, and putting aside such
uncomfortable things as feelings, and putting forward such solacing things as
a lace jabot and a smile, I sent for another Senator.
Senator Martin, of silvery white hair and determined manner would not sit
down and talk Suffrage, nor would he stand up and talk Suffrage. The only
way to discuss Suffrage with Senator Martin was to run beside him down the
hall.
“The good women of Virginia do not want Suffrage,” he said, breaking
almost into a trot, with eyes on his goal, which was an elevator.
“But if you were convinced that the good women of Virginia do want it?”
you replied, breaking almost into a run, with your eyes on him.
“It’s only the professional agitators I hear from,” he answered.
It is interesting to talk Suffrage with Senator Martin, and very good
exercise. But it was still more interesting to watch a deputation of good
Virginia women talking to him.
“Every one knows where I stand, and yet the ladies waylay me all about the
halls,” he complained. Yet when we had spoken before the Platform
Committee of the Democratic Convention in St. Louis, he told me: “I said to
those men, ‘There isn’t an equal number of you that could make as good
speeches as those women made.’” So he was not to be considered as
hopeless, though the path to his salvation was a strenuous one.

In June, Carrie Chapman Catt, President of the International


Woman Suffrage Alliance, transmitted to the President a memorial
from the French Union for Woman Suffrage asking him in one of his
messages to proclaim the principle of Woman Suffrage to be one of
the fundamental rights of the future.
The President replied in the following letter:

I have read your message with the deepest interest, and I welcome the
opportunity to say that I agree, without reservation, that the full and sincere
democratic reconstruction of the world, for which we are striving, and which
we are determined to bring about at any cost, will not have been completely
or adequately attained until women are admitted to the Suffrage. And that
only by this action can the nations of the world realize for the benefit of
future generations the full ideal force of opinion, or the full humane forces of
action.

The services of women during this supreme crisis of the world’s history
have been of the most signal usefulness and distinction. The war could not
have been fought without them or its sacrifices endured. It is high time that
some part of our debt of gratitude to them should be acknowledged and paid,
and the only acknowledgment they ask is their admission to the Suffrage. Can
we justly refuse it?
As for America, it is my earnest hope that the Senate of the United States
will give unmistakable answer to this question by passing the Suffrage
Amendment to our Federal Constitution before the end of this session.
Cordially and sincerely yours,
Woodrow Wilson.

Miss Younger says:

The twenty-seventh of June approached. Again we were in the marble


room talking with Senators. Absentees were on trains hurrying to Washington.
The antis were in the reception room knitting votes into their wool. The
Capitol thrilled with excitement. Even the Senators seemed to feel it. This
time Sutherland would vote “yea,” and several opponents were absent. If
none of them paired with a Suffrage Senator we could just manage the
necessary majority. And the White House was taking a hand. Senator James
of Kentucky, in a Baltimore hospital, had promised Mr. Tumulty that he would
not pair—that is, that he would not ask a Suffrage Senator to refrain from
voting to counterbalance his own enforced absence. Victory seemed in our
hands.
The day arrived. The galleries were filled. The Senators came in all dressed
up for the occasion—here a gay waistcoat or a bright tie, there a flower in a
buttonhole, yonder an elegant frock coat over gray trousers.
Senator Jones arose to take up the Amendment. At once opposition
developed. Our opponents were willing to have a vote, provided all absentees
could be paired. Now, if all absentees were counted, we would not have
enough votes. Senator James’ promise not to vote had given us our majority.
But, stunned, we heard Senator Underwood read a telegram from Senator
James pleading that some Suffragist pair with him. Senator Underwood said
he had just confirmed the telegram. It was not until too late that we learned
the truth. The telegram had been sent six weeks earlier for another occasion.
And now Senator Reed had the floor. “Oh, who will pair with Ollie James?”
he cried. “That n-o-oble Ollie James! You all know that great, fine, noble
specimen of manhood, Ollie James! A pair! A pair!” he cried with tears in his
voice and arms outstretched. He went on and on.
We leaned over the balcony and watched Senator Curtis pleading with
Borah, urging him to vote for us and save our Amendment. We watched
breathlessly. We saw Borah listen, smile, and then, without a word, rise and
walk slowly out of the room. We flew down to Senator Curtis.
“No, Borah won’t do it. They say King is going to. Reed won’t give up the
floor unless we withdraw or furnish a pair. He and his friends will hold the
floor for weeks, if necessary. And the military bill must pass before July first.
The army needs money. You can see for yourself what’s happening. It’s a
filibuster.”
Reed was still talking. They say he knows about a great many subjects, and
I think he talked about all he knew that day. But nobody will ever know what
they were, for no one listened; and he never allowed the speech to be printed
in the Record.
Finally Senator Jones arose and withdrew the motion to take up Suffrage.
Senator Reed, satisfied, sat down. His filibuster had succeeded. He had
threatened to hold up the military bill to defeat us, so we had withdrawn. The
Senate took up the military bill, and we went home.
“Suffrage is dead for this session,” said Senator McKellar. “The Senators
don’t like being nagged any more. They are all very tired of it.”
But the Woman’s Party did not think it was dead. They worked at
their usual strenuous pace all summer long. They did feel, however,
that if the President had exerted himself, he could have obtained the
two necessary votes for the Amendment to pass. They were,
moreover, highly indignant over the filibuster of a Democratic
Senator—Reed. Their patience was beginning to wear thin.

In the meantime, the primary Senatorial elections were coming


up, and the President was taking an active part in them. He was
working against Senator Vardaman of Mississippi and Senator
Hardwick of Georgia, both Democrats of course and Vardaman a
Suffragist. In other States, he helped to elect anti-Suffragists in the
places of Suffragists. It is true that the President threw a sop to the
Suffragists in that he asked Senator Shields of Tennessee to come
out for Suffrage. The Shields incident is interesting.
Senator Shields was making it his sole issue in the primary
campaign that he would carry out all the President’s war policies.
Opposing Senator Shields was Governor Rye, a Democrat of course,
and a Suffragist.
Maud Younger called at the White House on Secretary Tumulty
one day to ask him if the President could not do something further
for Suffrage. Mr. Tumulty’s answer was to read a letter from
President Wilson to Senator Shields, asking him to vote for the
Suffrage Amendment. Maud Younger, with characteristic political
astuteness, saw at once the possibilities in the publication of that
letter. She asked Mr. Tumulty for a copy and Mr. Tumulty, with a
sudden sense of indiscretion, refused. However, Miss Younger went
back instantly with the story to Headquarters, and presently Sue
White and Lucy Branham became very busy—oh, very busy indeed—
in the Tennessee campaign.
On July 26, Senator Shields notified the Suffragists in Tennessee
that he would see them at three that afternoon. He told the fifty
women who gathered to meet him that “he would hold the matter in
consideration.” The same day a Columbia paper carried the story

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