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Introduction to Precise
Numerical Methods
This page intentionally left blank
 Introduction to
Precise Numerical
Methods

Oliver Aberth
Mathematics Department
Texas A & M University

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Aberth, Oliver.
Introduction to precise numerical methods/Oliver Aberth.
p. cm.
ISBN 0-12-373859-8
1. Computer science—Mathematics. 2. Numerical analysis—Data processing. I. Title.
QA76.9.M35A24 2007
518.0285—dc22
2007000712
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
ISBN 13: 978-0-12-373859-2
ISBN 10: 0-12-373859-8

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 Contents

Preface xi
Acknowledgments xiii

1 Introduction 1
1.1 Open-source software 1
1.2 Calling up a program 2
1.3 Log files and print files 3
1.4 More on log files 4
1.5 The tilde notation for printed answers 5

2 Computer Arithmetics 9
2.1 Floating-point arithmetic 9
2.2 Variable precision floating-point arithmetic 10
2.3 Interval arithmetic 11
2.4 Range arithmetic 13
2.5 Practical range arithmetic 15
2.6 Interval arithmetic notation 15
2.7 Computing standard functions in range arithmetic 17
2.8 Rational arithmetic 18
Software Exercises A 20
Notes and References 23

3 Classification of Numerical
Computation Problems 25
3.1 A knotty problem 25
3.2 The impossibility of untying the knot 27

v
vi Contents

3.3 Repercussions from nonsolvable problem 3.1 27

3.4 Some solvable and nonsolvable decimal
place problems 29
3.5 The solvable problems handled by calc 32
3.6 Another nonsolvable problem 32
3.7 The trouble with discontinuous functions 33
Notes and References 35

4 Real-Valued Functions 37
4.1 Elementary functions 37
Software Exercises B 39

5 Computing Derivatives 41
5.1 Power series of elementary functions 41
5.2 An example of series evaluation 48
5.3 Power series for elementary functions of several variables 49
5.4 A more general method of generating power series 52
5.5 The demo program deriv 54
Software Exercises C 54
Notes and References 54

6 Computing Integrals 57
6.1 Computing a definite integral 57
6.2 Formal interval arithmetic 59
6.3 The demo program integ for
computing ordinary definite integrals 61
6.4 Taylor’s remainder formula generalized 63
6.5 The demo program mulint for higher
dimensional integrals 64
6.6 The demo program impint for computing
improper integrals 66
Software Exercises D 67
Notes and References 68

7 Finding Where a Function f(x) is Zero 69

7.1 Obtaining a solvable problem 69
7.2 Using interval arithmetic for the problem 72
7.3 Newton’s method 73
7.4 Order of convergence 75
Software Exercises E 77
 Contents vii

8 Finding Roots of Polynomials 79

8.1 Polynomials 79
8.2 A bound for the roots of a polynomial 85
8.3 The Bairstow method for finding roots of
a real polynomial 86
8.4 Bounding the error of a rational
polynomial’s root approximations 90
8.5 Finding accurate roots for a rational or a real polynomial 92
8.6 The demo program roots 95
Software Exercises F 95
Notes and References 96

9 Solving n Linear Equations in n Unknowns 97

9.1 Notation 97
9.2 Computation problems 98
9.3 A method for solving linear equations 100
9.4 Computing determinants 102
9.5 Finding the inverse of a square matrix 104
9.6 The demo programs equat, r_equat, and
c_equat 105
Software Exercises G 106
Notes and References 107

10 Eigenvalue and Eigenvector Problems 109

10.1 Finding a solution to Ax = 0 when det A = 0 110
10.2 Eigenvalues and eigenvectors 113
10.3 Companion matrices and Vandermonde matrices 118
10.4 Finding eigenvalues and eigenvectors by
Danilevsky’s method 122
10.5 Error bounds for Danilevsky’s method 127
10.6 Rational matrices 134
10.7 The demo programs eigen, c_eigen, and r_eigen 135
Software Exercises H 136

11 Problems of Linear Programming 137

11.1 Linear algebra using rational arithmetic 137
11.2 A more efficient method for solving
rational linear equations 140
11.3 Introduction to linear programming 141
11.4 Making the simplex process foolproof 145
11.5 Solving n linear interval equations in n unknowns 148
viii Contents

11.6 Solving linear interval equations via linear programming 152

11.7 The program linpro for linear programming problems 155
11.8 The program i_equat for interval linear equations 156
Software Exercises I 156
Notes and References 157

12 Finding Where Several Functions are Zero 159

12.1 The general problem for real elementary functions 159
12.2 Finding a suitable solvable problem 160
12.3 Extending the f(x) solution method to the
general problem 163
12.4 The crossing parity 165
12.5 The crossing number and the topological degree 166
12.6 Properties of the crossing number 170
12.7 Computation of the crossing number 171
12.8 Newton’s method for the general problem 175
12.9 Searching a more general region for zeros 176
Software Exercises J 178
Notes and References 180

13 Optimization Problems 181

13.1 Finding a function’s extreme values 181
13.2 Finding where a function’s gradient is zero 184
13.3 The demo program extrema 188
Software Exercises K 188
Notes and References 189

14 Ordinary Differential Equations 191

14.1 Introduction 191
14.2 Two standard problems of ordinary differential
equations 193
14.3 Difficulties with the initial value problem 196
14.4 Linear differential equations 197
14.5 Solving the initial value problem by power series 198
14.6 Degree 1 interval arithmetic 201
14.7 An improved global error 205
14.8 Solvable two-point boundary-value problems 208
14.9 Solving the boundary-value problem by power series 210
14.10 The linear boundary-value problem 213
Software Exercises L 214
Notes and References 216
 Contents ix

15 Partial Differential Equations 217

15.1 Partial differential equation terminology 217
15.2 ODE and PDE initial value problems 219
15.3 A power series method for the ODE problem 220
15.4 The first PDE solution method 223
15.5 A simple PDE problem as an example 227
15.6 A defect of the first PDE method 228
15.7 The revised PDE method with comparison computation 229
15.8 Higher dimensional spaces 230
15.9 Satisfying boundary conditions 231
Software Exercises M 232
Notes and References 233

16 Numerical Methods with Complex Functions 235

16.1 Elementary complex functions 235
16.2 The demo program c_deriv 237
16.3 Computing line integrals in the complex plane 237
16.4 Computing the roots of a complex polynomial 238
16.5 Finding a zero of an elementary complex function f z 239
16.6 The general zero problem for elementary
complex functions 242
Software Exercises N 245
Notes and References 247

The Precise Numerical Methods Program PNM 248

Index 249
This page intentionally left blank
 Preface

Now that powerful PCs and Macs are everywhere available, when solving a
numerical problem, we should no longer be content with an indefinite answer,
that is, an answer where the error bound is either unknown or a vague guess. This
book’s software allows you to obtain your numerical answers to a prescribed
number �of correct decimal places. For instance, one can compute a definite
b
integral a fx dx to a wide choice of correct decimal places.
The problems treated in this book are standard problems of elementary numeri­
cal analysis, including a variety of problems from the field of ordinary differential
equations and one standard problem from the field of partial differential equa­
tions. Most programs allow you to choose the number of correct decimal places
for a problem’s solution, with the understanding that more correct decimals
require more computer time.
Besides the availability of powerful computers, two other advances permit
the easy generation of accurate numerical answers. One is the development of
efficient methods for accurately bounding computation errors, stemming from
Ramon Moore’s invention of interval arithmetic in 1962. The other is the
development of methods for analyzing computation tasks, stemming from Alan
Turing’s groundbreaking work in the 1930s.
The CD that comes with this book contains a set of demonstration programs
that will run on any PC using the Microsoft Windows XP operating system.
Page 248 explains how to load the demonstration programs onto your PC’s hard
disk. After you follow those directions and read the short first chapter, you are
ready to use any program. A beginning numerical analysis student can use this
software to solve numerical problems that arise in the student’s other science or
engineering courses.
The text gives the mathematics behind the various numerical techniques and
also describes in general terms the procedures followed by the various compu­
tation programs. The software is open-source; that is, the source code for each

xi
xii Preface

computation program is available for inspection. Thus a student is able, when

conversant with programming languages, to adapt these programs to other uses.
Chapters 1 through 15 can be read by a student who has completed the calculus
sequence and an elementary linear algebra course. The final chapter, Chapter 16,
requires some acquaintance with complex analysis.
 Acknowledgments

In the writing of this book and the creation of the accompanying software, I have
had help from many sources. Two people have made fundamental contributions.
Mark J. Schaefer, formerly of Tübingen University, helped write some of the
computation programs. His brilliant programming skills were much needed, and
it was his idea to identify quantities correct to the last decimal place with
a terminal tilde. Ramon Moore of Ohio State University, who made precise
numerical computation possible, has been supportive through many decades and
helped test the various computation programs.
Rudolf Lohner of Karlsruhe University showed me how to improve my treat­
ment of ordinary differential equations, by using his ingenious computation
methods. R. Baker Kearfott of the University of Southwestern Louisiana helped
me understand the crossing number concept.
I am indebted to Brian Hassard of SUNY at Buffalo, for his inspiring early
attempts, with his students, at precise computation of specific partial differen­
tial equation problems. His experiments encouraged me to develope the pde
program, described in Chapter 15.
I also wish to express my thanks to Grady Wright of the University of Utah,
who carefully read the early manuscript, corrected some errors, and made many
valuable suggestions for improvement.
Three reviewers of the early text, Gus Jacobs of Brown University, Arnd
Scheel of the University of Minnesota, and Sylvia Veronese of the University
of Utah, improved the book in many ways. I greatly appreciate their time and
thoughtful comments.

Oliver Aberth

xiii
This page intentionally left blank
 Introduction
1

The programs that come with this book not only obtain numerical approxima­
tions, but also bound the errors, and in this way are able to display answers correct
to the last decimal digit. This first chapter provides the information needed to
use the software easily and to understand any numerical results obtained. The
next section gives some background for the software, the three sections after that
describe how to use the software, and the last section illustrates how numerical
approximations are displayed and how these displays should be interpreted.

1.1 Open-source software

Because precision in numerical computation is still a novelty, we thought it
important to provide the code for every computation program. To keep the source
code relatively simple, all computation programs are MS-DOS programs instead
of Windows programs. The successive Windows operating systems all allow a
user to run an MS-DOS program via a command subsystem.
Our Windows program PNM lets you avoid extensive keyboard typing, as
was necessary in the MS-DOS era. We need to review the fundamentals of how
to call up a program using the command subsystem of Windows.
In general, a command line, entered at the computer keyboard, specifies two
files and has the form

name1 name2

Here name1 specifies a hard disk file, name1.exe, containing the computer
execution instructions. (Each hard disk filename has a three letter file extension
that is separated from the main part of its name by a period.) A following

1
2 1 Introduction

name2 may not be present in the command line, but if present, it specifies
some additional hard disk file containing information needed by the executing
program. With our command lines, the name2 file extension is always log,
so when name2 is present in a command line, the file name2.log holds the
needed data.

1.2 Calling up a program

As a simple example problem, which will be solved in detail in this section,
suppose we require the solution of the two linear equations

x 1 + x2 = 1
x1 − x2 = 2

You can become familiar with controlling the software by imitating the following
steps on your PC.
We need to call up an appropriate program to solve this problem, and we
suppose that either we do not know the name of the program or have forgotten it.
In this situation, call up the general program problem. That is, click on PNM
in your Windows “Programs” display, and after the PNM form appears, click
on the Command menu, then click on the Exe part subsection, and finally,
choose the problem program from the list of programs that appears.
The PNM form caption now will be “Command: problem”. Next click on the
Command menu again, and this time click on the Go subsection. The PNM form
will disappear, and the next step is to get to the Windows command subsystem
(review page 248), type just the single letter g (for “go”) and hit the ENTER key.
The program problem will display various options and, according to your
responses, eventually displays the name of an appropriate computation program.
To solve our simple example, we first enter the integer 6, followed by the
integer 1. The program problem, in response to these entries, displays the
program name “equat”.
Now, knowing the program name, the next step is to call it up. We need to
exit the Windows command subsystem, and this can always be done by entering
the letter e (for “exit”) and hitting the ENTER key.
Once more, click on PNM in your Windows “Programs” display, and after the
PNM form appears, click on the Command menu, then click on the Exe part
subsection, and choose equat from the list of programs. The displayed caption
changes to “Command: equat”. Next click on the Command menu again, and
click on the Go subsection. Again the PNM form disappears, and once more we
need to get to the Windows command subsystem, type the letter g and hit the
ENTER key.
We now see a message identifying equat as a program for solving n linear
equations in n unknowns. This program requires a user to view simultaneous
 1.3 Log files and print files 3

equations in the matrix–vector form AX = B, so let us recast our simple problem

into that form:
� �� � � �
1 1 x1 1
=
1 −1 x2 2

Specify the number of equations by entering 2, and then enter the four coef­
ficient matrix values of 1, 1, 1, and −1, followed by the two vector entries
of 1 and 2. Then select the number of decimal places, say 10, by entering the
integer 10. The solution is now displayed to 10 decimal places.

1.3 Log files and print files

Most, but not all, of the computation programs create both a log file and a print
file. If a hypothetical program abc creates a log file, then the file abc.log will
be found alongside the hard disk file holding the abc execution code (which
would be abc.exe) as soon as the program abc obtains from you all the data
needed to completely specify your computation problem, and before the program
abc starts a solution run, The abc.log file lists each keyboard line you entered,
with a description of what the entered line controls. A log file makes it easy
to modify the problem for another abc run, because you need only change the
abc.log file appropriately (using the PNM form to do this), and then give
the command abc abc instead of the command abc. Whenever there are two
names in a command line that are separated by one or more spaces, the second
name designates a log file that defines the problem. Thus with the command
line abc abc, the program abc (held in the file abc.exe) does not request
keyboard entries. Instead it uses the file abc.log to specify the problem.
If the program abc creates a print file, the file abc.prt, containing a
summary of the problem with a list of the answers obtained, will be found
alongside the file abc.exe, after the program abc completes a solution run
on a problem. The file abc.prt can be sent to your PC’s printer to obtain a
record of the problem’s solution. The PNM form will also do this task.
We now return to the simple example of the preceding section, which we pre­
sume has just been solved by using the program equat. To see the equat.prt
file, obtain the PNM form, click on the Prt menu, and then click on the Open
subsection. The PNM form now holds the contents of the equat.prt file,
although a part is obscured. Click on the right side of the PNM form and extend
it so that the complete contents of the print file are in view. When the Print
subsection of the Prt menu is selected, your printer copies whatever is visible
in the PNM form, so before printing, it is important to adjust the PNM form
size in both dimensions appropriately.
4 1 Introduction

To see the equat.log file, first click on the Log menu, then click on the
Open subsection, and finally click on the single line labeled equat. The PNM
form now holds the contents of the equat.log file.
Let us suppose that immediately after we obtain the solution of our initial
example problem, we find we need to solve the related problem

x 1 + x2 = 3
x1 − x2 = 4

Here the equation right side values have been changed from their previous values
to 3 and 4. Edit the log file to specify this new problem by changing the two
vector values from 1 and 2 to their new values of 3 and 4, and then click on the
Save subsection of the Log menu.
Our new problem can be solved now by clicking on the Log part of the
Command menu, then clicking on the single line labeled equat. The PNM
caption changes to “Command: equat equat”. Next click on the Go subsection
of the Command menu, and, as usual, go to the Windows command subsection,
type a g and hit the ENTER key. The solution to our new problem is now
displayed.

1.4 More on log files

This section need be read only if you repeatedly use a particular program to
solve a collection of related problems. We continue to use abc as the name of
a hypothetical program creating a log file. The reader can think of abc as being
a computation program (like equat) used earlier to solve some problem.
If the abc.log file already exists and you give the one word command abc,
then after you specify the computation problem, the abc.log file is cleared
and refilled with the new problem’s keyboard lines. An existing abc.log file
can be saved by being renamed. This way the file is not cleared by an abc
command, and the renamed file can still be used as a problem specifier.
To rename the abc log file, the PNM form caption must be either “Command
abc” or “Command abc abc”. If this is not the case, click on the Command menu,
then on the Exe part subsection, and choose abc from the list of programs.
Now with the needed PNM form caption, click on the Log menu, then on the
Open subsection and choose the abc log file from the list of log files. The
PNM form now displays the log file. Next click on the Log menu a second
time, and then on the Save As subsection. There is now a request for an addend
to abc to generate a new log file name. Thus if you specify the addend as 1,
the abc.log file is renamed abc1.log. Later, when you want to rerun the
previous abc problem, give the command abc abc1.
 1.5 The tilde notation for printed answers 5

Any alphabetic or numeric characters can be appended to abc to make up

a new log file name. Thus abc123 or abcxyz are both acceptable new log
file names.

1.5 The tilde notation for printed answers

The number of decimal places to which an answer is computed is set by you, the
program caller, and the decimals usually can be specified as either fixed-point or
scientific floating-point. Let us suppose that three fixed-point decimal places are
requested. It is possible with this decimal place choice that a computed answer
is displayed this way:

111234˜

The tilde (˜) indicates that the displayed result has a positive error bound.
Nevertheless, the displayed result is correct to the last decimal place shown.
Section 3.4 has a discussion of the meaning of the phrase “correct to the last
decimal place”, but this can be understood here to mean that the magnitude of
the error is no larger than one-half of a unit in the last decimal place, or 5 units
in the decimal place that would follow the last digit displayed. Thus, for the
sample answer just shown, 00005 is the error bound on the answer. The tilde
may be mentally converted to ± 21 and so this particular answer also may be
interpreted as

111234 ± 21

Here the displayed 21 is of course to be associated with the terminal digit 4 of

the answer.
Occasionally, when k fixed-point decimal digits are requested, an answer may
appear showing k + 1 decimal digits after the decimal point. Whenever an extra
decimal place appears, the extra decimal digit is always a 5. Thus, continuing
with our supposition that three fixed-point decimal digits are requested, it is
possible that an answer might appear this way

1112345˜

Section 3.4 explains why it is necessary sometimes to give an answer to one

more decimal place than requested.
More rarely, when k fixed-point decimal digits are requested, an answer may
appear to k decimal places, but without the tilde. The lack of a tilde indicates
that the displayed answer has a zero error bound, and accordingly the answer is
exact. For instance, continuing with our three fixed-point decimal supposition,
an answer might appear this way:

111234
6 1 Introduction

In this case the answer is exactly the rational number 111234. As an example, if
we call up the calc program to obtain a three fixed-point decimal approximation
to cos0, the exact answer obtained appears as shown below:

1000

Suppose now that you decide that scientific floating-point decimals are more
convenient for representing answers. A k decimal scientific floating-point number
is a number in the form

(sign) d0 d1 d2    dk · 10e (1.1)

with the requirement that the exponent e be an integer, and that the leading
decimal digit d0 not be zero. For instance, −√34444 · 1012 is a four decimal
scientific floating-point value, but −34444 · 10 2 or 04444 · 1012 are not. The
leading term ‘(sign) d0 d1 d2    dk ’ is the mantissa and the trailing factor ‘10e ’
is the exponent part of the number. With scientific floating-point notation, it is
permissible to indicate that a number is zero by simply displaying a zero, that
is, displaying 0 without any exponent part.
When a computation program is directed to obtain answers to k floating-point
decimal places, the exponent part of an answer is shown using “E notation.”
Thus if the exponent part is 10−3 , this is displayed as E−3. With mantissas, the
tilde notation is used. Thus the display 21234∼ E5 indicates that the mantissa
is correct to the last digit, and that the error of the mantissa is no larger than
one-half a unit in the last displayed decimal place. If a tilde does not appear in a
floating-point mantissa, the mantissa has a zero error bound and is exact. As an
example, if we direct the calc program to print out a four decimal floating-point
approximation to cos0, the exact answer appears this way:

10000 E0

A four decimal floating-point approximation to sin0 appears as

and illustrates the point that exact zeros appear as a single digit 0 without an
exponent part. A four decimal floating-point approximation to tan/4 appears
this way:

10000˜ E0

Note that the tilde appears even though the tangent of /4 is exactly 1. When­
ever a tilde appears with a displayed answer known to be exact, it means
merely that the accompanying error bound computation yielded a positive result.
 1.5 The tilde notation for printed answers 7

As explained in Section 3.4, computed error bounds serve to ensure the correct­
ness of displayed answer digits. A computed error bound is a bound guaranteed
not to be too small, but it is not necessarily exact.
With floating-point display, as explained in Section 3.4, sometimes no mantissa
digits can be obtained. A computed approximation with a computed error bound
defines an interval on the real number line, and if this interval contains the zero
point, then a mantissa correct to the last decimal place is not forthcoming. If the
interval obtained is actually a point, that is, the approximation is zero and the error
bound is zero, then the display of 0 in place of a mantissa and an exponent part
is correct. But for intervals that are not points, the failure to obtain a mantissa is
indicated by the display of 0∼ for the mantissa, with an accompanying negative
exponent of magnitude equal to or greater than the number of floating-point
decimal places requested. Thus if we request four floating-point decimal places,
the display shown below might occur:

0˜ E − 4

The leading 0 signals the failure to obtain a mantissa (because a floating-point

mantissa should start with a nonzero decimal digit), and the tilde after the
decimal point signals that the displayed 0 is not necessarily exact. The interval
containing the zero point in which the answer lies is obtained by interpreting the
tilde in the usual way to mean plus or minus one-half a unit in the last decimal
place displayed, or 5 units in the decimal place just beyond the last displayed
one. For the answer just shown, the interval indicated is 0 ± 05 · 10−4 . The
larger the number of requested floating-point digits, the smaller the displayed
intervals containing the zero point must be, because the magnitude of the negative
exponent must match or exceed the number of requested decimal places.
This page intentionally left blank
 Computer Arithmetics
2

Suppose our computation problem is a simple one: to compute various math­

ematical constants to√ a prescribed number of correct decimal digits. Typical
constants might be e 2 or tan 31 . Two demonstration programs (called demo
programs from now on) do precisely this task. The demo program calc com­
putes real constants and the program r_calc computes rational constants. This
chapter gives background information needed to understand how these programs
operate.
In this chapter we describe a computer arithmetic called range arithmetic,
which automatically generates answers with an error bound. With this
arithmetic, it is easy to compute constants correct to a prescribed number of dec­
imal places. Because range arithmetic is a variety of interval arithmetic, interval
arithmetic must be described first. But before we do that, let us first describe the
usual computer arithmetic, provided by all the common programming languages.

2.1 Floating-point arithmetic

In this system, as commonly used today, each floating-point number is assigned
a fixed block of computer memory of several allowed sizes, and the programmer
chooses the size. Usually a programming language allows at least two floating-
point sizes. The number stored in memory has the form

(sign) d1 d2    dk · Be

The leading digit d1 is unequal to zero, e is the exponent, and B is the base
used for the exponent part. Here various number systems can be used in this
representation: binary, octal, decimal, or hexadecimal. Accordingly, the base B

9
10 2 Computer Arithmetics

could be 2, 8, 10, or 16. The range arithmetic system uses the decimal system,
so we will concentrate on decimal floating-point representations, which have
the form

(sign) d1 d2    dk · 10e (2.1)

This representation is similar to what was called scientific floating-point in

Chapter 1, except that the decimal point precedes rather than follows the first
digit of the mantissa. This convention makes multiplication and division a little
easier to execute on the computer. The mantissa now is (sign) d1 d2    dk .
A certain amount of the assigned memory space is for the exponent e. Let us
suppose that enough bits are allocated so that an exponent can vary between plus
or minus 9,999, because from computational experience this is about as much
variation as is ever needed. The mantissa digits take up most of the memory
space, with the number of digits, k, depending on the floating-point size we
choose. For example, we may have three choices available, giving us 6, 14, or
25 mantissa digits. When two numbers of a particular size are added, subtracted,
or multiplied, the mantissa needed for an exact computed result may be longer
than the particular size allows. Digits then must be discarded to make the result
fit into the memory space reserved for the mantissa.
Floating-point arithmetic is obtained either by programming the computer to
do it (a software floating-point), or having it done by a silicon chip (a hardware
floating-point). A drawback of this conventional system is that the size must
be chosen before a program is run. This precludes having the program choose
the size, perhaps after doing a sample computation. Let us pass then to a more
flexible system.

2.2 Variable precision floating-point arithmetic

With this arithmetic the format of a number, shown here,

(sign) d1 d2    dn · 10e (2.2)

is identical to that given previously, except that n, the number of mantissa digits,
now is variable instead of being fixed at the few choices previously allowed.
Such a system will have an upper bound, N , on the number of mantissa digits
possible, with N typically being several thousand. Thus any number of the form
just shown is allowed if n is in the range 1 ≤ n ≤ N . Because n is not fixed, the
amount of memory needed for a number is not known in advance of forming the
number. The storage of a number in memory now requires a variable number of
bytes to hold the mantissa. The integer n, stored in a designated initial part of
a number’s memory block, indicates how many of the following memory bytes
hold mantissa digits.
Exploring the Variety of Random
Documents with Different Content
 he first curiosity that commands your reverence is the
ancient venerable shrine of St. Edward, once the glory of
England, but now defaced and robbed of its beauty, by the
devotees of this extreme pious man, all of whom were proud to
possess some stone or dust from his tomb. This shrine was erected
by Henry III. in 1269, to receive the remains of St. Edward, upon his
translation from the shrine built by Henry II., upon the canonization
of Edward, King of England (third of that name, and the last of the
Saxon race), by Pope Alexander III., in 1163, who caused his name
to be placed in the catalogue of saints, and issued his bull to the
Abbot Laurentius, and the Convent of Westminster, enjoining, “That
his body be honoured here on earth, as his soul is glorified in
heaven.” He died in 1065. How costly the shrine, &c., was, appears
by a record in the Tower.—Parl. Roll. 51st of Henry III. “Henry III.,
with consent of the Abbot and Convent of Westminster, pledged the
jewels belonging to the body and shrine of Edward the Confessor to
foreigners, being necessitated on account of heavy emergencies; the
value of the said jewels amounted to £2,557. 4s. 8d.”
On the south side of the shrine, Editha, daughter of Goodwyn, Earl
of Kent, and Queen of St. Edward, lies interred. The writers of those
times commended her for beauty, learning, prudent economy, gentle
manners, and inimitable skill in needlework, having wrought with her
own hands the curious and magnificent robes the King used to wear
on his collar days. She died at Winchester, Jan. 15, 1073. Part of a
Latin epitaph on this excellent Princess has been handed down, and
is to this effect:—
“Success ne’er sat exulting in her eye,
Nor disappointment heaved the troubled sigh;
Prosperity ne’er sadden’d o’er her brow,
While glad in trouble she enjoyed her woe:
Beauty ne’er made her vain, nor sceptres proud,
Nor titles taught to scorn the meaner crowd.
 Supreme humility was awful grace,
And her chief charm a bashfulness of face.”
Near this was buried Matilda, Queen of England, daughter of
Malcolm, King of Scots, and wife to Henry I. She died May 1, 1118.
This Queen would, every day in Lent, walk from her palace to this
church barefoot, and wearing a garment of hair. No verse or stone to
mark the place of interment are to be found.
On the north side of this Chapel is an ancient tomb of admirable
workmanship and materials, the panels being of polished porphyry,
and the Mosaic work round them of gold and scarlet; at the corners
of the table are twisted pillars, gilt and enamelled, and the effigy of
Henry III. upon it is of gilt brass, finely executed. He died in 1272,
after a troublesome reign of fifty-six years, aged sixty-five, and was
buried by the Knights Templars, of whose order his father was the
founder, with such splendour, that Wykes, the Monk, says, he made
a more magnificent figure when dead, than he had done while living.
—Cavalini.
Near that of Henry III. is a small monument in memory of Elizabeth
Tudor, second daughter of Henry VII., who died at Eltham, in Kent,
Sept. 14th, 1495, aged three years, from whence she was removed
in great funeral pomp, and here buried.
At the feet of Henry III. is an ancient monument of Eleanor, Queen
of Edward I. On the sides of this monument are engraven the arms
of Castile and Leon, quarterly, and those of Fontheiu, hanging on
vines and oak leaves; and round the copper verge is embossed this
inscription, in Saxon characters: “Ici gist Alianor iadis Reyne de
Engletere femme al Rey Edeward Fiz (lerey Henry efylle alrey
deespaygne econtasse de) puntif del alme deli Deu pur sa pite eyt
merci. Amen.” Translation:—Here lies Eleanor, formerly Queen of
England, wife to King Edward son of King Henry, daughter of the
King of Spain, and Countess of Ponthieu; upon whose soul may God
for His pity have mercy. Amen. The upper line is visible on the south
side, the words within brackets are concealed under the tomb of
King Henry V., the remainder is on the north side. It is remarkable,
the body only of this Queen lies here interred, and her heart in the
choir of the Friars Predicants in London. She died Dec. 27, 1290.—
Cavalini.
The chantry of Henry V. is next, on each side of which are images as
large as life, guarding, as it were, the staircases ascending to it.
Beneath is the tomb of that glorious and warlike Prince, Henry of
Monmouth (so called from the place of his nativity). On the upper slab
lies a headless and otherwise mutilated figure of the King, carved in
oak, which was originally covered with silver; the head appears to
have been cast in silver; but this, Camden says, “was gone when he
wrote his Britannica, in the reign of Elizabeth.” This Prince was guilty
of great extravagances in his youth, and is said, with Sir John
Falstaff, to have belonged to a gang of sharpers; yet, upon his
advancement to the crown made a most excellent King, and, by the
memorable battle of Agincourt, acquired to himself and the English
nation immortal glory. He died in France, Aug. 31, 1422, in the
thirty-fourth year of his age, and the tenth of his reign. In the
chantry above, is the saddle, helmet, and shield, supposed to have
been used at Agincourt, brought here at his interment.—John
Anderne, sculptor.
The next is an ancient tomb to the memory of Phillippa, third
daughter of William, Earl of Hainault, and Queen of Edward III., with
whom she lived forty-two years, and bore him fourteen children.
Harding tells us, that when an embassy was sent to choose one of
the Earl’s daughters, a certain English Bishop advised to choose the
lady with the largest hips, as promising a numerous progeny. She
died August 15, 1369; and the King, her husband, bestowed a
profusion of expense in performing her exequies and erecting her
tomb, round which were placed as ornaments the brazen statues of
no less than thirty kings, princes, and noble personages, her
relations.
Adjoining to this is the tomb of Edward III., which is likewise covered
with a Gothic canopy. On a table of grey marble lies the effigy of this
Prince, though his corpse was deposited in the same grave with the
Queen’s, according to her request on her death-bed. This tomb was
surrounded, like the former, with statues, particularly those of his
children, six of which remain on the south side of the tomb; viz.,
Edward, Joan-de-la-Tour, Lionel, Edmund, Mary, and William. He died
June 21, 1377, aged sixty-four.
Here is likewise a monument in memory of Margaret, daughter of
Edward IV., by Elizabeth Woodville, his Queen, which had once an
inscription upon it, showing her name, quality, and age, being only
nine months. She died April 19, 1472.
Between the Chairs are placed the shield and sword carried before
Edward III., in France. The sword is seven feet long, and weighs
eighteen pounds.
Under a large stone, once finely plated with brass, lies the great
Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester; he was brother to the
Black Prince, and sixth and youngest son of Edward III. He was
murdered at Calais, Sept. 8, 1397.
Next adjoining to this is a tomb, erected to the memory of Richard II.
and his Queen; over which is a canopy of wood, remarkable for a
curious painting of the Virgin Mary and our Saviour still visible upon
it. This Richard was son of Edward the Black Prince, and grandson of
Edward III., whom he succeeded at eleven years of age. He was
murdered on St. Valentine’s day, 1399. In the same tomb lies his
Queen, Anne, daughter of Charles IV., and sister of Wenceslaus,
Emperor and King of Bohemia, who brought him neither dowry nor
issue. She died at Shene, June 7, 1394, after being married twelve
years.
The Coronation Chairs.—The most ancient of them was made to
enclose the stone (which is reported to be Jacob’s Pillar), brought
with regalia from Scotland, by Edward I., and offered to St. Edward’s
shrine, in the year 1297 (after he had overcome John Baliol, King of
Scots, in several battles). In this chair all the reigning Sovereigns
have been crowned since Edward I. The other chair was made for
Queen Mary II. At the coronation, one or both of them are covered
with gold tissue, and placed before the altar, behind which they now
stand, surrounded by several monarchs, who seem to guard them
even in death.
Above those chairs, along the frieze of the screen of this Chapel, are
fourteen legendary sculptures, respecting the Confessor. The first is
the trial of Queen Emma; the next the birth of Edward; another is
his coronation; the fourth tells us how our saint was frightened into
the abolition of the Dean-gelt, by his seeing the devil dance upon
the money casks; the fifth is the story of his winking at the thief,
who was robbing his treasure; the sixth is meant to relate the
appearance of our Saviour to him; the seventh shows how the
invasion of England was frustrated by the drowning of the Danish
King; in the eighth is seen the quarrel between the boys Totsi and
Harold, predicting their respective fates; in the ninth sculpture is the
Confessor’s vision of the seven sleepers; the tenth, how he met St.
John the Evangelist in the guise of a pilgrim; the eleventh, how the
blind were cured by their eyes being washed in his dirty water; the
twelfth, how St. John delivers to the pilgrims a ring; in the thirteenth
they deliver the ring to the King, which he had unknowingly given to
St. John as an alms, when he met him in the form of a pilgrim; this
was attended with a message from the saint, foretelling the death of
the King; and the fourteenth shows the consequential haste made
by him to complete his pious foundation.
Before leaving this Chapel you will observe a large plain tomb,
composed of five slabs of grey marble; two make the sides, two the
ends, and one the cover. This rough unpolished tomb enclosed the
body of the glorious King Edward I., of whom we have just been
speaking. He was son of Henry III., and born at Westminster, June
17, 1239, named Edward, in honour of St. Edward, his father’s
patron and predecessor, and afterwards Longshanks, from his tall
and slender body. He is called Edward I., because he was the first of
that name after the Conquest. He died July 7, 1307, after a reign of
thirty-four years, and a life of sixty-eight. This tomb was opened in
1774, by permission of Dr. Thomas, then Dean of Westminster,
granted to the Society of Antiquaries, a deputation of whom, with
the Dean, attended the process. The body was perfect, having on
two robes, one of gold and silver tissue, and the other of crimson
velvet; a sceptre in each hand, measuring near five feet; a crown on
his head, and many jewels; he measured six feet two inches.
Near this tomb is a large stone, plated with brass, to the memory of
John of Waltham, the twenty-sixth Bishop of Salisbury, anno 1388. He
was master of the Rolls in 1382, then Keeper of the Privy Seal, in the
year 1391, and died Lord High Treasurer of England to Richard II., in
1395.
In this Chapel was interred the heart of Henry d’Almade, son of
Richard, King of the Romans, brother of Henry III. He was
sacrilegiously assassinated in the Church of St. Silvester, at Viterbo,
as he was performing his devotions before the high altar. Simon and
Guido Montford, sons of Simon de Montford, Earl of Leicester, were
the assassins, in revenge for their father’s death, who, with their
brother Henry, was slain in the battle of Evesham, in fighting against
their lawful sovereign. The picture of this murder the inhabitants had
painted, and hung up in the church, where we are told it still
remains. This murder happened in 1270, and in the year after the
body of Henry was brought to England, and buried in the monastery
of St. Helen’s; but his heart was put in a cup, and placed near St.
Edward’s shrine, of the removal of which we have no account.
Upon a careful perusal of the guide-book to this portion of the
Abbey, it will not be uninteresting to observe that the bodies of six
kings, five queens, two princesses, a duke, and a bishop are
deposited in this remarkable receptacle of the dead.
Before entering the Chapel of St. John, on the right or east side of
the door, is a monument erected to the memory of Jane, daughter
and co-heiress of Sir John Pulteney, and wife of Sir Clippesby Crewe,
Knt. She died Dec. 2, 1639, aged twenty-nine.
On the left, or west side of the door, is a monument to the memory
of Juliana, only daughter of Sir Randolph Crewe, Knt., Lord Chief
Justice of England. She died unmarried April 22, 1621.
Over the door is the monument of the Right Rev. Dr. Barnard, Lord
Bishop of Londonderry, who died in London, January 10, 1768, aged
seventy-two, and was here buried.
 VII.—Chapel of St. John.

1. Sir Thomas Vaughan.

7. William of Colchester, Abbot
2. Colonel Popham, 1651.
of Westminster,
3. Carey, Son of the Earl of
1420.
Monmouth, 1648.
8. O. Ruthall, Bishop of
4. Hugh de Bohun, and Mary his
Durham, 1524.
Sister,
9. Thomas Millyng, Bishop of
grandchildren of Edward the
Hereford, 1492.
First.
10. Abbot Fascet, 1500.
5. Carey, Baron of Hunsdon,
11. Mrs. Mary Kendall.
1596.
12. Cecil, Earl of Exeter, 1622,
6. Countess of Mexborough,
and Lady, 1608.
1821.

n the left, in this Chapel, is an ancient monument to the

memory of Sir Thomas Vaughan, Knight, Chamberlain to
Edward, Prince of Wales, and Treasurer of Edward IV. On the top are
the mutilated remains of a brass plate of the Knight.
In the recess of this tomb is a bust to the memory of Frederick
Denison Maurice. Born August 29th, 1805; died April 1st, 1872; buried
at Highgate. “God is Light.” “He was sent to bear witness of that
Light.”—T. Woolner, R.A.
Next to this, proceeding on your left hand, is a monument to the
memory of Colonel Edward Popham, an officer in Oliver Cromwell’s
army, and his Lady. The inscription on this monument was erased at
the Restoration, otherwise it would have been removed. He died at
Dover, August 19, 1651.
A tablet to the memory of Thomas Carey, second son of the Earl of
Monmouth. He was gentleman of the Bedchamber to Charles I.; and
is said to have died of grief, in 1648, at the age of thirty-three, for
the unhappy fate of his Royal Master.
Under this is a tombstone of grey marble, to the memory of Hugh de
Bohun, and Mary, his sister, grandchildren to Edward I.
The next monument is to the memory of Henry Carey, first cousin to
Queen Elizabeth, created Baron of Hunsdon, in Hertfordshire, in
1558; was some time Governor of Berwick, Lord Chamberlain to
Queen Elizabeth, Privy Councillor and Knight of the Garter; but not
being preferred as he expected, he laid the disappointment so much
to heart, that he languished for a long time on a sick bed, at which
the Queen being moved too late, created him an Earl, and ordered
the patent and robes to be laid before him, but without effect. He
died July 23, 1596, aged seventy-two.
In the middle of the Chapel is the tomb of Thomas Cecil, Earl of
Exeter, Baron Burleigh, Knight of the Garter, and Privy Councillor to
James I.; whereon is his effigy, with a lady on his right side, and a
vacant space on his left for another. He died February 7, 1622. The
lady on his right side is Dorothy Nevil, his first wife, daughter and
co-heiress of the Noble Lord Latimer, who died May 22, 1608; and
the vacant space was left for his second wife, Frances Bridget, of the
noble family of Chandos; but as the right side was taken up, she
gave express orders, by her will, not to place her effigy on his left;
notwithstanding which, they are all buried together in one vault, as
the inscription expresses. She died in 1663.
In the corner to the left is a tablet:—“Sacred to the memory of the
Right Hon. Elizabeth, Countess of Mexborough, who departed this life
June 7, in the year of our Lord 1821, aged fifty-nine. Her afflicted
husband, John, Earl of Mexborough, hath erected this monument to
her memory, in token of his deep sorrow for her loss, and of his
sincere love and affection.”
William of Colchester, Abbot of Westminster, who died in the year
1420, has also an ancient stone monument in this chapel, whereon
lies his effigy, properly habited, the head supported by an angel, the
feet by a lamb.
Thomas Ruthall, made Bishop of Durham by Henry VIII. He had been
a Secretary of State to Henry VII., and was by Henry VIII. made a
Privy Councillor, and sent on several embassies abroad. He died,
immensely rich, in 1524.
A third is that of George Fascet, Abbot of Westminster, in the time of
Henry VII., of whom we can find nothing material. He died in the
year 1500.
On this monument stands the stone coffin of Thomas Millyng, Bishop
of Hereford, some time Abbot of Westminster, and Privy Councillor to
Edward IV., who died in 1492.
Facing you is a monument to the memory of Mrs. Mary Kendall,
daughter of Thomas Kendall, Esq., and of Mrs. Mary Hallett, his wife,
of Killigarth, in Cornwall, who died in her thirty-third year. Her many
virtues, as her epitaph sets forth, “rendered her every way worthy of
that close union and friendship in which she lived with Lady
Catherine Jones; and in testimony of which, she desired that even
their ashes, after death, might not be divided, and therefore ordered
herself here to be interred, where she knew that excellent lady
designed one day to rest near the grave of her beloved and religious
mother Elizabeth, Countess of Ranelagh. She was born at
Westminster November 8, 1677, and died at Epsom, March 4, 1710.”
Above is a monument to Esther de la Tour de Gouvernet, the Lord
Eland’s lady. The inscription is in Latin and English, and contains an
encomium on her many excellent virtues. She died in 1694, aged
twenty-eight.—Nadaud, sculptor.
 VIII.—Chapel of Islip, otherwise
Saint John the Baptist.

n the middle of this Chapel formerly stood the monument

of Abbot Islip; it consisted of a ground plinth, or basement,
on which was an alabaster statue of the Abbot, who was
represented as a skeleton in a shroud or winding sheet. Over this
was a canopy, on which was anciently a fine painting of our Saviour
on the Cross, destroyed by the Puritans in Cromwell’s time, who
were enemies to everything that favoured Popish idolatry, though
ever so masterly. Islip was a great favourite with Henry VII., and was
employed by him in decorating his new chapel, and in repairing and
beautifying the whole Abbey. He dedicated his own chapel to St.
John the Baptist, and died May 12, 1532, and was buried in his own
chapel.
On the right is the tomb of Sir Christopher Hatton, and his Lady, in
reclining attitudes on cushions. Sir Christopher died September 10,
1619; and his widow erected this memorial of his virtues and of their
own affectionate union.
On the left, opposite the Chapel of Islip, are two very ancient
monuments of Knights Templars. The first, that of Edmund Crouchback,
son of Henry III., so called, as some affirm, from the deformity of his
person; but according to others from his attending his brother in the
holy wars, where they wore a crouch or cross on their shoulders as a
badge of Christianity. From this Prince the House of Lancaster
claimed their right to the crown. On the base, towards the area, are
the remains of ten knights, armed, with banners, surcoats of armour
and cross-belted, representing, undoubtedly, his expedition to the
Holy Land, the number exactly corresponding with what Matthew
Paris reports, namely, Edward and his brother, four Earls, and four
Knights, of whom some are still discoverable, particularly the Lord
Roger Clifford, as were formerly, in Waverley’s time, William de
Valence, and Thomas de Clare.
The next ancient monument is to the memory of Aymer de Valence,
second and last Earl of Pembroke of this family; he was third son of
William de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, “whom he succeeded in his
estates and honours. He was employed in the Scottish wars in the
reigns of Edward I. and II. Edward II., in 1314, appointed him
general of all his forces from the Trent to Roxborough. He was
appointed to attend Isabel, the Queen Mother, to France, and there
murdered, on June 23rd, 1323.”
The Countess of Lancaster’s tomb is seen from the choir, but from
this part is hid by the monument of Lord Ligonier; it is canopied with
an ancient Gothic arch, the sides of which were decorated with vine
branches in relief, the roof within springing into many angles, under
which lay the image of a lady, in an antique dress, her feet resting
upon lions, and her head on pillars, supported by angels on each
side. This monument covered the remains of Aveline, Countess of
Lancaster, daughter of William de Fortibus, Earl of Albemarle and
Holdernesse, by Isabella daughter and heiress of Baldwin, Earl of
Devon. This lady married Edmund, Earl of Lancaster, son of Henry
III., but died the very year of her marriage, Nov. 4, 1293.
On the right is a monument to the memory of General Wolfe, who
was killed at the siege of Quebec, 1759. He is represented falling
into the arms of a grenadier, with his right hand over the mortal
wound: the grenadier is pointing to Glory in the form of an angel in
the clouds, holding forth a wreath ready to crown him, whilst a
Highland sergeant looks sorrowfully on: two lions watch at his feet.
The inscription as follows:—“To the memory of James Wolfe, Major
General and Commander-in-Chief of the British Land Forces on an
expedition against Quebec, who, after surmounting, by ability and
valour, all obstacles of art and nature, was slain in the moment of
victory, on the 13th of September, 1759, the King and the Parliament
of Great Britain dedicate this monument.”—Wilton, sculptor.
On the right hand wall, side of Wolfe, is a monument to the memory
of Bishop Duppa, tutor to Charles II., a man of such exemplary piety,
lively conversation, and excess of good nature, that when Charles I.
was a prisoner in Carisbrooke Castle, he thought himself happy in
the company of so good a man. He was born at Greenwich, and
educated first at Westminster School, and then at Christ Church
College, Oxford, of which he was afterwards Dean; and being
selected for the Preceptor to the then Prince of Wales, was first
made Bishop of Chichester, from thence translated to Salisbury, and
after the Restoration to the See of Winchester. He died March 26,
1622, in the seventy-fourth year of his age.—Burman, sculptor.
Beneath is a tablet, “Sacred to the memory of John Theophilus
Beresford, eldest son of Marcus Beresford, and the Lady Frances, his
wife, Lieutenant in the eighty-eighth regiment of foot, who died in
the twenty-first year of his age, at Villa Formosa, in Spain, of
wounds received from the exploding of a powder magazine, at
Ciudad Rodrigo, after he had passed unhurt through eight days of
voluntary service, of the greatest danger during the siege, for which
he received the thanks of the Commander-in-Chief. Brave and
zealous in his military duties, animated by a strong feeling of piety to
God, and distinguished by his ardent filial affection and duty towards
a widowed mother, he has left to her the recollection of his rising
virtues as her only consolation under the irreparable loss she has
sustained by his death. Born, Jan. 16, 1792, and died Jan. 29, 1812;
interred with military honours, in the fort of Almeida.—‘Yea, speedily
was he taken away, lest that wickedness should alter his
understanding, or deceit beguile his soul.’—Wisdom of Solomon,
chap. iv., verse 11.”—Westmacott, sculptor.
Next to this is a tablet to the memory of Sir James Adolphus Oughton,
Commander-in-Chief of his Majesty’s forces in North Britain. The
inscription is a recital of his military employments, and a record of
his death, which took place April 14, 1780, in the sixty-first year of
his age.—Hayward, sculptor.
On the floor is the image of an Abbot in his mass habit curiously
engraved on brass, representing John de Eastney, who died March 4,
1498. By the records of the Church he appears to have been a great
benefactor to it; he ornamented the grand west window with some
noble paintings on glass of which some little still remains. He gave
the screen to the Chapel, and presented two images gilt for the altar
of St. Peter and St. Paul, and one for the chapter house. He paid the
King 1,000l. on account of the merchants, and 3,700l. to the Court
of Rome, due for the confirmation of abbots.
A little to the left, on another gravestone, plated with brass, is the
figure of an armed Knight, resting his feet on a lion, and his head on
a greyhound, which, as the register informs us, represents Sir John
Harpedon, Knight, who died in 1457.
Adjoining this is a gravestone, on which have been the figures, in
brass, of Thomas Browne and Humphrey Roberts, two monks of this
Church, who died in 1508.
On the right as you enter the Chapel is another gravestone, on
which has been the effigy of Sir Thomas Parry, Knight, Treasurer of
the Household, Master of the Court of Wards and Liveries to Queen
Elizabeth. He died December 15, 1560.
 IX.—Chapels of St. John the
Evangelist, St. Andrew, and St.
Michael.
 1. General Villettes, 1808.
2. General Sir Charles Stuart,
1801.
3. Two Sons of General Forbes,
1791 and 1799.
4. Admiral Kempenfelt, 1782.
5. Earl and Countess of
Mountrath, 1751 and 1766.
6. Admiral Totty, 1802.
7. Earl and Countess of Kerry,
1518.
8. Mr. Telford, 1834.
9. Dr. Baillie, 1823.
10. Miss Davidson, 1767.
11. Dr. Young, 1829.
12. Lord and Lady Norris and
Family, 1601.
13. Mrs. Ann Kirton, 1603.
14. Sarah, Duchess of Somerset,
1692.
15. Nightingale Family, 1734 and
1752.
16. Admiral Sir George Pocock,
1792.
17. Sir George Holles, son of Sir
Francis Vere, 1626.
18. Captain Edward Cook, 1799.
19. Sir Humphry Davy, 1829.
20. Sir Francis Vere, 1608.

urning round on your right is an unique monument to the

memory of Sir Francis Vere, a gentleman of the first
reputation, both for learning and arms, “one of the most
accomplished soldiers of Queen Elizabeth’s reign, having the
command of the auxiliary troops in the Dutch service, nearly twenty
years.” He died August 28, 1608, in the fifty-fourth year of his age.
Loose armour is represented being supported by four armed knights.
On the back of General Wolfe’s monument is a tablet to the memory
of Sir Humphrey Davy, Bart., distinguished throughout the world “by
his discoveries in chemical science; President of the Royal Society;
Member of the National Institute of France. Born 17th December,
1778, at Penzance. Died 29th May, 1829, at Geneva, where his
remains are interred.”
A monument is here erected, by the East India Company, as a
grateful testimony to the value and eminent services of Captain
Edward Cooke, Commander of his Majesty’s ship Sybille, who on the
1st of March, 1799, after a long and well-contested engagement,
captured La Forte, a French frigate of very superior force, in the Bay
of Bengal; an event not more splendid in its achievement, than
important in its result to the British trade in India. He died in
consequence of the severe wounds he received in this memorable
action, on the 23rd of May, 1799, aged twenty-seven.—Bacon,
sculptor.
The next is a monument to the memory of Sir George Holles, nephew
of Sir Francis Vere, and a Major-General under him. He died May,
1626, aged fifty. This monument was erected by John, Earl of Clare.
—Nicholas Stone, sculptor.
Adjoining is a monument to the memory of Sir George Pocock, K.B.,
Admiral of the Blue, who distinguished himself at the taking of
Geriah, and in leading the attack at the reduction of Chandernagore;
afterwards, with an inferior force, he defeated the French Fleet
under M. D’Ache in three several engagements; returning from his
successful career in the East, he was appointed to command the
fleet upon the expedition against the Havannah, by his united efforts
in the conquest of which, he added fresh laurels to his own brow,
and a valuable possession to this kingdom. A life so honourable to
himself, and so endeared to his friends and his family, was happily
extended to the age of eighty-six, and resigned, in the year 1793,
with the same tranquil and serene mind which peculiarly marked and
adorned the whole course of it.—Bacon, sculptor.
A monument to the memory of Joseph Gascoigne Nightingale, and his
Lady. The lady is represented expiring in the arms of her husband;
beneath, slyly creeping from a tomb, the King of Terrors presents his
grim visage, pointing his unerring dart to the dying figure, at which
sight the husband, suddenly struck with astonishment, horror, and
despair, seems to clasp her to his bosom to defend her from the fatal
stroke. Inscription:—“Here rest the ashes of Joseph Gascoigne
Nightingale, of Mamhead, in the county of Devon, Esq., who died
July 20, 1752, aged fifty-six; and of Lady Elizabeth, his wife,
daughter and co-heiress of Washington, Earl of Ferrars, who died
August 17, 1734, aged twenty-seven. Their only son, Washington
Gascoigne Nightingale, Esq., in memory of their virtues, did by his
last will, order this monument to be erected.”—Roubiliac.
Next to this is a monument of note, sacred to the memory of Sarah,
Duchess of Somerset, relict of John Seymour, Duke of Somerset,
daughter of Sir Edward Alston, Knt. On the base of this monument
are two charity boys, one on each side, bewailing the death of their
benefactress, who is represented in a modern dress, resting upon
her arm, under a canopy of state, and looking earnestly up at a
group of cherubims issuing from the clouds above her. Underneath is
a Latin inscription to this effect:—“Here lies the late illustrious
Duchess of Somerset, celebrated for charity and benevolence, who
erected a grammar school for boys at Tottenham, in Middlesex,
enlarged the income of the Green-coat Hospital at Westminster,
largely endowed Brazenose College, in Oxford, and St. John’s, in
Cambridge, for the education and instruction of youth in good piety
and literature. She was likewise an encourager of trade and
handicrafts, and had a tender regard to old age, by erecting an
almshouse at Froxfield, in Wiltshire, for thirty widows. She was very
charitable to the poor of St. Margaret’s, Westminster, where she
instituted a lecture, and gave many stately ornaments to the
Church.” She died October 25, 1692.
Against the east wall is a tablet erected to the memory of Ann, wife
of James Kirton, of Castle Carey, Somersetshire, Gent. She died
September 7, 1603.
Sir Henry Norris, his Lady, and six sons. He was ancestor of the
present Earl of Abingdon, and for his valour in the Low Countries, in
the reign of Queen Elizabeth, was created Lord Norris of Ricot. He
died in 1601. His six sons are represented kneeling round the tomb;
viz., William, John, and Thomas, on the south side; Henry, Edward,
and Maximilian, on the north side. On the south side of the canopy
in alto-relievo is represented the march of an army of horse, with an
encampment in the back ground, together with the standard of the
Belgic States, and a soldier bearing a shield, with the Norris’s arms.
On the summit is a small statue of Fame.
Up against the wall is a tablet to the learned Dr. Young, M.D. The
inscription sets forth that he was eminent in every department of
human learning; and that, by abstruse investigation of letters and
science, he at length unveiled the obscurity which had rested upon
the hieroglyphics of Egypt. Died May 10, 1829, in the fifty-sixth year
of his age.—Chantrey, sculptor.
Next is a full length statue of Mrs. Siddons, a celebrated actress, as
Lady Macbeth, in the Night Scene. Erected by subscription.—Thomas
Campbell, sculptor. Contiguous is the statue of her brother John
Kemble, in the character of Cato, by Flaxman. Born at Prescott, Feb.
1, 1757; died at Lausanne, Feb. 26, 1823.
Here is also a very neat monument to the memory of Susanna Jane
Davidson, only daughter of William Davidson, of Rotterdam,
merchant, whom it pleased the Almighty to visit in the bloom of life
with a lingering disease, of which she died at Paris, January 1, 1767,
aged twenty.—Hayward, sculptor.
“Matthew Baillie, Fellow of the Royal College of London and
Edinburgh (born at Lanark, in Scotland), of the Literary Institutions
of Oxford and Glasgow, Professor of Anatomy; of great medical skill,
of strict integrity, of sincere mind, and liberal simplicity. This bust
was put up by his medical associates. Died 9th of Oct., 1823, aged
62.”—Chantrey, sculptor.
A colossal figure of “Thomas Telford, President of the Institution of
Civil Engineers, born at Glendinning, in Eskdale, Dumfriesshire, in
1757; died in London, 1834. The orphan son of a shepherd, self
educated, he raised himself by his extraordinary talents, and
integrity, from the humble condition of an operative mason, and
became one of the most eminent Civil Engineers of the age. This
marble has been erected near the spot where his remains are
deposited, by the friends who revered his virtues; but his noblest
monuments are to be found amongst the great public works of this
country.”—Baily, sculptor.
Near this is a marble tomb, which encloses the body, and has a
tablet over it decorated with a coronet, and curtains festooned, on
which is the following inscription:—“To the affectionately-beloved
and honoured memory of Anastatia, Countess of Kerry, daughter of
the late Peter Daly, Esq., of Quansbery, in the county of Galway, in
Ireland, who departed this life on the 9th, and was deposited here
on the 18th day of April, 1799. Francis Thomas, Earl of Kerry, died July
4, 1818, aged seventy-eight. His remains, according to his wish, are
here deposited in the same tomb with his affectionately-beloved
Anastatia, whose loss he long and deservedly deplored.”—Buckham,
sculptor.
The next is a neat monument, representing a ship at sea, firing
minute guns at the death of Thomas Totty, of Cornist, in the county of
Flint, Esq., Rear-Admiral in his Majesty’s Navy, who having, on the
17th November, 1801, been appointed Commander-in-Chief on the
Leeward Island station, was, soon after his arrival at Martinique,
severely attacked by the malignant fever peculiar to that climate,
and expired at sea, on the 2nd of June, 1802, in the fifty-seventh
year of his age.—Bacon, jun., sculptor.
On the floor is the stone of Abbot Kirton, which had several labels in
black letter all round the portrait, which stood upon eagles crowned,
alluding, perhaps, to his high descent from the ancient and
illustrious family of Codilbic. He appears to have been a person of
great eminence. He died October 3, 1466.
The next monument is to the Earl and Countess of Mountrath. The
figures represent an angel lifting the lady up to a vacant seat by the
side of her husband, surrounded with cherubs, &c. The inscription is
in Latin, thus translated:—“Sacred to the memory of Algernon, Earl
of Mountrath, and Diana, his Countess, who, surviving him, caused
this monument to be erected in 1771.
“Thus while on earth, who joy in mutual love,
Beyond the grave shall find their joys improve.”
—Wilton, sculptor.
The next is to the memory of Richard Kempenfelt, Esq., Rear-Admiral
of the Blue, who was lost in his Majesty’s ship Royal George, which
overset and sunk at Spithead, on the 29th August, 1782, by which
fatal event about nine hundred persons were launched into eternity,
and his king and country deprived of the services of a great and
meritorious officer, in the sixty-fourth year of his age. This
monument was erected pursuant to the will of his brother, Gustavus
Adolphus Kempenfelt, Esq., who died at his seat, Lady-place, Hurley,
Berkshire, on the 14th of March, 1808, aged eighty-seven, of whose
philanthropy and humanity, his liberal subscriptions and bequests to
most of the charitable institutions in this country, will be lasting
records.—Bacon, jun., sculptor.
The next consists of a delicate female figure, mourning over two
urns, holding a scroll, on which is expressed—“I shall go to them,
but they shall not return to me.—2 Sam. xii. 23.” Benjamin John
Forbes, late Lieutenant in his Majesty’s seventy-fourth regiment of
foot; and Richard Gordon Forbes, late Lieutenant in the first regiment
of Foot Guards, the eldest sons of Lieutenant-General Gordon
Forbes, Colonel of the twenty-ninth regiment of foot, and Margaret,
his wife, eldest daughter of the late Benjamin Sullivan, Esq., of
Dromenagh, in the county of Cork; both of whom fell in the service
of their king and country, deeply regretted by their regiments and
the detachments of the army in which they served. The former at
the assault of Kistnagherry, in the East Indies, 12th November, 1791,
aged nineteen years; the latter near Alkmaar, in North Holland, the
19th of September, 1799, aged twenty years. This monument, no
less a tribute of justice to exemplary merit, than a record of the
tenderest parental sense of filial piety, is erected and dedicated a.d.
1803.—Bacon, jun., sculptor.
A third, to the memory of General Stuart, having a fine medallion of
him; the Latin inscription is to the following purport:—“In memory of
a man truly noble, the Honourable Sir Charles Stuart, Knight of the
Bath, fourth son of John, Earl of Bute, who began his military career
in America; and was afterwards sent, during the raging of the war
with France, Commander-in-Chief against Corsica and Minorca, both
which he happily subdued. He was again called forth, agreeably to
the wishes of all good men, and already destined, by the favour of
his Sovereign, to greater appointments, but died at Richmond, in the
year of our Lord 1801, aged forty-seven, leaving the public, as well
as his friends, to deplore, and that deeply, the loss of so great a
man, on whose extraordinary talents, military conduct, and approved
valour, whether dangers were to be averted, or her wrongs avenged,
his country could at all times rely with the greatest security and
confidence.”—Nollekens, sculptor.
The last in this Chapel is one to the memory of Lieutenant-General
William Anne Villettes, second son of Arthur Villettes, Esq., his late
Majesty’s Minister Plenipotentiary at the Court of Turin, and Helvetic
Cantons, who died near Port Antonio, on the 13th July, 1808, aged
fifty-four years.
 “The sculptur’d marble shall dissolve in dust,
And fame, and wealth, and honour pass away
Not such the triumphs of the good and just,
Not such the glories of eternal day.”
W. Cartwright, T. Bowdler, J. Cazenove, have erected this tablet as a
tribute of friendship.—Sir Richard Westmacott, sculptor.
At the north end of this Chapel is an elegant painted window,
representing St. Cecilia playing upon an organ, accompanied by
three angels, in memory of Mr. Vincent Novello, by Lavers and
Barraud. Born 1781; died 1861.
Opposite to you, on leaving this Chapel, is the monument to the
memory of Field-Marshal Lord Ligonier, which has a striking likeness
of his Lordship, in profile, and the medallions of Queen Anne,
George I., II., and III., under whom his Lordship served. The
inscription is only a recital of his titles and places, his age ninety-
two, and his death the 28th of April, 1770. On the scroll held by
History, is the following list of battles:—Schellenberg, Blenheim,
Ramilies, Oudinarde, Taniere, Malplaquet, Dettingen, Fountenoy,
Rocoux, and Laffeldt.—Moore, sculptor.
 NORTH TRANSEPT.

assing through the gate, immediately on your right is a

pedestal of rich grey marble, on which is placed a statue of
the late Right Honourable Sir Robert Peel, Bart.,
represented in the costume of a Roman Orator, in the act
of addressing the Commons House of Parliament, where he had so
greatly distinguished himself for a period of more than thirty years;
and although past the middle age of life, the death of this great
statesman may be considered as premature, he having been thrown
from his horse while riding up Constitution-hill, which caused his
death in a few days afterwards, viz., on the 2nd day of July, 1850.—
Sculptured by Gibson, at Rome.
Sir Gilbert Lort.—This monument is chiefly ornamented with cherubs
and family arms, and is inscribed to the memory of Sir Gilbert Lort,
of Stockpole, in Pembrokeshire, Bart., by his sister, Dame Elizabeth
Campbell, relict of Sir Alexander Campbell, of Calder, in Scotland,
Bart. Sir Gilbert died Sept. 19, 1698, in his twenty-eighth year. She
died Sept. 28, 1714, in her forty-ninth year.
Above is a small monument, consisting of a bust and naval
ornaments, to the memory of John Storr, Esq., of Hilston, in the
county of York, Rear-Admiral of the Red Squadron of his Majesty’s
Fleet. He was born Aug. 18, 1709; died Jan. 10, 1783, and interred
near this place.—Tyler, sculptor.
A small tablet, up high, with an inscription in Latin to the following
effect:—“William Vincent, D.D., Dean of this Collegiate Church,
caused this tablet to be erected a perpetual monument of his
affection. Sacred to the memory of Hannah, his most beloved wife;
the fondest and most prudent mother, handsome without pride,
pleasant without levity, a good Christian without superstition;
descended from a respectable family of the Wyatts, of Whichwood,
in Oxfordshire, daughter of George Wyatt and Hannah Wood. Born
August 3, 1735; married August 15, 1771; died Feb. 17, 1807.”—
Gayfere, sculptor.
Admiral Sir Peter Warren.—The back ground is a large flag spreading
in natural folds behind the whole monument; before it is a fine figure
of Hercules, placing Sir Peter’s bust on its pedestal; and on the other
side is the figure of Navigation, with a laurel wreath in her hand,
gazing on the bust with a look of melancholy, mixed with admiration.
Behind her a cornucopia pours out fruit, corn, &c., and by it a
cannon, an anchor, and other decorations. The inscription is as
follows:—“Sacred to the memory of Sir Peter Warren, Knight of the
Bath, Vice-Admiral of the Red Squadron of the British Fleet, and
Member of Parliament for the city and liberty of Westminster. He
derived his descent from an ancient family in Ireland; his fame and
honours from his virtues and abilities. How eminently these were
displayed, with what vigilance and spirit they were executed, in the
various services wherein he had the honour to command, and the
happiness to conquer, will be more properly recorded in the annals
of Great Britain. On this tablet, Affection with truth must say, that,
deservedly esteemed in private life, and universally renowned for his
public conduct, the judicious and gallant officer possessed all the
amiable qualities of the friend, the gentleman, and Christian; but the
Almighty, whom alone he feared, and whose gracious protection he
had often experienced, was pleased to remove him from a life of
honour to an eternity of happiness, on the 29th of July, 1752, in the
forty-ninth year of his age.”—Roubiliac, sculptor.
Grace Scott.—Affixed to the adjoining pillar is a neat tablet, on which
is this inscription:—“Grace, eldest daughter of Sir Thomas
Mauleverer, of Alterton Mauleverer, in Yorkshire, Bart., born 1622,
married to Colonel Scott, a member of the Honourable House of
Commons, 1644, and died February 24, 1645:
 “He that will give my Grace but what is hers,
Must say her death has not
Made only her dear Scott,
But Virtue, Worth, and Sweetness, widowers.”
Above, is a little tablet to the memory of Clement Saunders, Esq.,
Carver in ordinary to Charles II., James II., and William III., son of
Sir W. Saunders, Knight, of the county of Northampton. Died August
10, 1695, aged eighty-four.
Sir John Malcolm.—His figure is in full uniform, on a pedestal.—“In
memory of Major-General Sir John Malcolm, G.C.B., &c., born at
Burnfoot of Eske, Dumfriesshire, 1769, died in London, 1833,
employed confidentially in those important wars and negociations
which established British supremacy in India. By the indefatigable
and well directed exertions of those extraordinary mental and
physical powers with which Providence had endowed him, he
became alike distinguished as a statesman, a warrior, and a man of
letters; disinterested, liberal, and hospitable; warm in his affections,
and frank in his manners; the admirer and patron of merit. No less
zealous during the whole of his arduous and eventful career, for the
welfare of the natives of the East, than for the services of his own
country, his memory is cherished by grateful millions; his fame lives
in the history of nations. This statue has been erected by the friends
whom he had acquired by his splendid talents, eminent public
services, and private virtues.”—Chantrey, sculptor.
William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle.—This monument is a stately
piece of architecture. Under a rich canopy of state, lie in a cumbent
posture, on a double mat, “the loyal Duke of Newcastle (as the
inscription beneath sets forth), and his Duchess, his second wife, by
whom he had no issue; her name was Margaret Lucas, youngest
sister of Lord Lucas, of Colchester, a noble family; for all the brothers
were valiant, and all the sisters virtuous. This Duchess was a wise,
witty, and learned lady, which her many books do well testify; she
was a most virtuous, loving, and careful wife, and was with her Lord
all the time of his banishment and miseries; and when he came
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