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© Yuri Hoyda/Shutterstock.

Brief Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Python

CHAPTER 2 Playing by the Rules

CHAPTER 3 Codes and Other Secrets

CHAPTER 4 Introducing the Python Collections

CHAPTER 5 Bigger Data: File I/O

CHAPTER 6 Image Processing

CHAPTER 7 Data Mining: Cluster Analysis

CHAPTER 8 Cryptanalysis

CHAPTER 9 Fractals: The Geometry of Nature

 CHAPTER 10 Planet Objects

CHAPTER 11 Simulation

CHAPTER 12 A Hierarchy of Shapes

CHAPTER 13 Interactive Games

Appendix A: Installing the Required Software
Appendix B: Python Quick Reference
Appendix C: turtle Reference
Appendix D: Answers to Selected Try It Out Exercises
Glossary
Index
© Yuri Hoyda/Shutterstock.

Contents

Preface
Acknowledgments

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Python

1.1 Objectives
1.2 What Is Computer Science?
1.3 Why Study Computer Science?
1.3.1 Everyday Applications of Computer Science
1.3.2 Why Computer Science Is Important
1.4 Problem-Solving Strategies
1.5 Python Overview
1.5.1 Primitive Elements
1.5.2 Naming Objects
1.5.3 Abstraction
1.5.4 Repetition
1.6 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 2 Playing by the Rules

 2.1 Objectives
2.2 The Chatbot
2.3 The String Data Type
2.4 Making Decisions
2.4.1 Boolean Expressions
2.4.2 Compound Boolean Expressions and Logical Operators
2.4.3 Selection Statements
2.5 Implementing the Chatbot
2.6 Playing Games
2.6.1 Guess a Number
2.6.2 The while Loop
2.6.3 Printing Numbers in Strings
2.6.4 Asking for Input
2.7 Completing Guess a Number
2.8 Validating User Input
2.9 Counting the Guesses
2.9.1 The Accumulator Pattern
2.10 The Game of Nim
2.10.1 Random Numbers
2.10.2 Returning a Value from a Function
2.11 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 3 Codes and Other Secrets

3.1 Objectives
3.2 The String Data Type
3.2.1 Repetition
3.2.2 Indexing
3.2.3 String Slicing
3.2.4 String Searching
3.2.5 String Methods
3.2.6 Character Functions
3.3 Encrypting and Decrypting Messages
3.4 Transposition Cipher
 3.4.1 Encrypting Using Transposition
3.4.2 Decrypting a Transposed Message
3.5 Substitution Cipher
3.6 Creating a Key
3.7 The Vigenère Cipher
3.8 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 4 Introducing the Python Collections

4.1 Objectives
4.2 What Is Data?
4.3 Storing Data for Processing
4.3.1 Strings Revisited
4.3.2 Lists
4.4 Calculating Statistics on Data
4.4.1 Simple Dispersion
4.5 Central Tendency
4.5.1 Mean
4.5.2 Median
4.5.3 Mode
4.6 Frequency Distribution
4.6.1 Using a Dictionary to Compute a Frequency Table
4.6.2 Computing a Frequency Table Without a Dictionary
4.6.3 Visualizing a Frequency Distribution
4.7 Dispersion: Standard Deviation
4.8 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 5 Bigger Data: File I/O

5.1 Objectives
5.2 Using Files for Large Data Sets
5.2.1 Text Files
5.2.2 Iterating over Lines in a File
 5.2.3 Writing a File
5.2.4 String Formatting
5.2.5 Alternative File-Reading Methods
5.3 Reading Data from the Internet
5.3.1 Using CSV Files
5.3.2 Using a while Loop to Read a File
5.3.3 List Comprehension
5.4 Reading and Manipulating Data with pandas
5.4.1 pandas Data Structures
5.4.2 Reading CSV Data with pandas
5.4.3 Data Manipulation with pandas
5.5 Reading JSON Data from the Internet
5.6 Correlating Data
5.7 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercise

CHAPTER 6 Image Processing

6.1 Objectives
6.2 What Is Digital Image Processing?
6.2.1 The RGB Color Model
6.2.2 The cImage Module
6.3 Basic Image Processing
6.3.1 Negative Images
6.3.2 Grayscale
6.3.3 A General Solution: The Pixel Mapper
6.4 Parameters, Parameter Passing, and Scope
6.4.1 Call by Assignment Parameter Passing
6.4.2 Namespaces
6.4.3 Calling Functions and Finding Names
6.4.4 Modules and Namespaces
6.5 Advanced Image Processing
6.5.1 Resizing
6.5.2 Stretching: A Different Perspective
 6.5.3 Flipping an Image
6.5.4 Edge Detection
6.6 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 7 Data Mining: Cluster Analysis

7.1 Objectives
7.2 What Is Data Mining?
7.3 Cluster Analysis: A Simple Example
7.4 Implementing Cluster Analysis on Simple Data
7.4.1 Distance Between Two Points
7.4.2 Clusters and Centroids
7.4.3 The K-Means Cluster Analysis Algorithm
7.4.4 Implementation of K-Means
7.4.5 Implementation of K-Means, Continued
7.5 Implementing Cluster Analysis: Earthquakes
7.5.1 File Processing
7.5.2 Visualization
7.6 Cluster Analysis Shortcomings and Solutions
7.7 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 8 Cryptanalysis
8.1 Objectives
8.2 Introduction
8.3 Cracking the Rail Fence
8.3.1 Checking Our Work with a Dictionary
8.3.2 A Brute-Force Solution
8.3.3 A Rail Fence Decryption Algorithm
8.4 Cracking the Substitution Cipher
8.4.1 Letter Frequency
8.4.2 Ciphertext Frequency Analysis
8.4.3 Letter Pair Analysis
 8.4.4 Word Frequency Analysis
8.4.5 Pattern Matching with Partial Words
8.4.6 Regular Expression Summary
8.5 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 9 Fractals: The Geometry of Nature

9.1 Objectives
9.2 Introduction
9.3 Recursive Programs
9.3.1 Recursive Squares
9.3.2 Classic Recursive Functions
9.3.3 Drawing a Recursive Tree
9.3.4 The Sierpinski Triangle
9.3.5 Call Tree for a Sierpinski Triangle
9.4 Snowflakes, Lindenmayer, and Grammars
9.4.1 L-Systems and the match Statement
9.4.2 Automatically Expanding Production Rules
9.4.3 More Advanced L-Systems
9.5 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 10 Planet Objects

10.1 Objectives
10.2 Introduction
10.2.1 Focusing on Data
10.2.2 Object-Oriented Programming
10.2.3 Python Classes
10.3 Designing and Implementing a Planet Class
10.3.1 Constructor Method
10.3.2 Accessor Methods
10.3.3 Mutator Methods
10.3.4 Special Methods
 10.3.5 Methods and self
10.3.6 Details of Method Storage and Lookup
10.4 Designing and Implementing a Sun Class
10.5 Designing and Implementing a Solar System
10.6 Animating the Solar System
10.6.1 Using Turtles
10.6.2 Planetary Orbits
10.6.3 Implementing the Simulation
10.7 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 11 Simulation
11.1 Objectives
11.2 Bears and Fish
11.3 What Is a Simulation?
11.4 Rules of the Game
11.5 Design
11.6 Implementation
11.6.1 The World Class
11.6.2 The Fish Class
11.6.3 The Bear Class
11.6.4 Main Simulation
11.7 Growing Plants
11.8 A Note on Inheritance
11.9 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 12 A Hierarchy of Shapes

12.1 Objectives
12.2 Introduction
12.3 First Design
12.4 Basic Implementation
 12.4.1 The Canvas Class
12.4.2 The GeometricObject Class
12.4.3 The Point Class
12.4.4 The Line Class
12.4.5 Testing Our Implementation
12.5 Understanding Inheritance
12.6 Limitations
12.7 An Improved Implementation
12.8 Implementing Polygons
12.9 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises

CHAPTER 13 Interactive Games

13.1 Objectives
13.2 Introduction
13.2.1 Event-Driven Programming
13.2.2 Simulating an Event Loop
13.2.3 A Multithreaded Event Loop
13.3 Event-Driven Programming with the Turtle
13.3.1 A Simple Drawing Using Key Presses
13.3.2 Placing Turtles Using Mouse Clicks
13.3.3 Bouncing Turtles
13.4 Creating Your Own Video Game
13.4.1 The LaserCannon Class
13.4.2 The BoundedTurtle Class
13.4.3 The Drone Class
13.4.4 The Bomb Class
13.4.5 Putting All the Pieces Together
13.5 Summary
Key Terms
Programming Exercises
Appendix A: Installing the Required Software
Appendix B: Python Quick Reference
Appendix C: turtle Reference
Appendix D: Answers to Selected Try It Out Exercises
Glossary
Index
© Yuri Hoyda/Shutterstock.

Preface

Introduction
Computer science deals with people who have problems to solve.
Algorithms help find the solutions to those problems. To be a
computer scientist means first and foremost that you are a problem
solver, capable of constructing algorithms either from scratch or by
applying patterns from past experience.
The only way to be successful in learning computer science is
through deliberate and incremental exposure to the fundamental
ideas of the discipline. A beginning student of computer science
needs practice to establish a thorough understanding of concepts
before continuing on to the more complex parts of the curriculum. In
addition, a beginner needs the opportunity to be successful and to
gain confidence. As students progress through the introductory
computer science sequence, we want them to focus on aspects of
problem-solving, algorithm development, and algorithm
understanding.
In this text, we use Python as the programming language because
it has a clean, simple syntax and an intuitive user environment. The
basic collections are powerful yet easy to use. The interactive nature
of the language creates a place to test ideas without the need for a
lot of coding. Finally, Python provides a textbook-like notation for
representing algorithms, alleviating the need for an additional layer
of pseudocode. This allows the illustration of many relevant,
modern, and interesting problems that make use of algorithms.

Key Features
This text is designed to be a first course in computer science that
focuses on problem-solving, with language features being introduced
as needed to solve the problem at hand. We have structured the text
around problems of general interest, rather than a traditional
language-element structure. Thus, you will not see chapter titles in
this text like “Loops” and “Conditionals”—but you will see chapter
titles such as “Planet Objects” and “Playing by the Rules.”
Throughout the text, concepts are introduced using a spiral model.
Because the syntax of Python is easy to learn, we can quickly
introduce the basics of standard programming constructs. As
students progress through the text, more of the details and
background for these constructs are added to their toolbox. In this
way, students are exposed to important computer science concepts
at the point when those concepts are needed to solve a problem.
An illustration of how this spiral approach touches on a specific
topic in different ways can be seen in our presentation of functions.
Students begin to write functions with parameters in Chapter 1.
Chapter 2 then introduces functions with return values. In Chapter 6,
students learn about passing functions as parameters to other
functions and the details of Python’s scoping rules. In Chapter 8,
they encounter Python’s keyword and optional parameters. Chapter
9 covers recursive functions. In Chapter 10, students learn about
writing functions that are methods of a class. In Chapter 12,
students learn to write abstract methods. Finally, in Chapter 13,
students are introduced to writing callback functions for event-driven
programming.
Pedagogical Aids
Throughout the text, pedagogical aids emphasize Python
programming constructs and good programming practices as they
are introduced to solve problems. In this way, the text can be
approached both from a problem-solving view and as a Python
reference.
These pedagogical aids include:

Tables that summarize each newly introduced function or

method.

TABLE 2.8 The input Function

Function Description
input(prompt) Outputs the prompt, then returns a string containing any characters
typed by the user when the user presses enter or return. The enter
or return key is not part of the returned string.

Recap boxes that summarize important concepts.

RECAP:
A list is a sequential collection of heterogenous objects. Lists are
written as commadelimited values enclosed in square brackets.

Heads Up boxes that alert students to possible pitfalls, and

provide techniques for avoiding errors.

HEADS UP:
Be careful to update the while loop condition in the loop body to
avoid an infinite loop.
 Good Programming Practice boxes that provide problem-solving
strategies as well as tips for writing readable and maintainable
code.

GOOD PROGRAMMING PRACTICE:

Wherever possible, verify that input from the user is valid. If not
valid, allow the user to reenter the input.

Python code that is color-coded so the student can better see

syntax elements.

Description

Figures that are presented in color, which is important for

several turtle applications and image-processing programs in
which color is used to highlight variations in data.
© Luka Hercigonja/Shutterstock.
What’s New in the Fourth Edition
The Fourth Edition contains many updates and new features found
in Python version 3.10.

In response to instructor and student feedback, we replaced

Chapter 2. The new chapter, Playing by the Rules, covers the
same programming topics as the previous Chapter 2 while
solving problems that are more engaging to students. Using
rules-based programming, the student develops a chatbot and
teaches the computer strategies to play games. We also
introduce the while loop here so that students can write event-
controlled loops in addition to the for loops introduced in
Chapter 1. In previous editions, while loop construction was
spread throughout multiple chapters. Similarly, we introduce the
input function here (previously introduced in Chapter 3) for
ease in playing the games.
For the development system, we now use the popular, freely
available Jupyter Notebook. All sessions and listings in the book
have been written using Jupyter Notebook.
In Chapter 4, Introducing the Python Collections, we introduce
the matplotlib library as a means to graph data.
In Chapter 5, Bigger Data: File I/O, we introduce the pandas
library for reading and manipulating online data.
In Chapter 9, Fractals: The Geometry of Nature, we use the
new Python match command to determine which production rule
to apply for L-systems.
We have also added a glossary of terms at the end of the text.

How to Use This Text

Chapter Organization
This text is organized into three parts. Chapters 1–5 introduce all of
the key control structures, emphasizing straightforward imperative
programming constructs such as variables, loops, and conditionals.
By the end of the first five chapters, all of the major Python data
types have been covered—including integers, floats, strings, lists,
dictionaries, tuples, and files.
In the first chapter, we introduce the idea of an object as
something you can use. In a sense, programming in Python is an
objects-always approach. Students begin by using common
programming concepts while employing the modules that Python
provides. These modules allow us to address more interesting
problems without introducing unnecessary complexity. For example,
we cover simple graphics in Chapter 1 by using a turtle graphics
module. In Chapter 6, we cover image processing through the use of
a simple image object that automatically loads an image from a file
but allows the students to get and set the values of pixels.
The next chapters contain more details about the concepts
introduced in Chapters 1–5. Chapters 6–9 provide students with an
opportunity to get more comfortable with basic programming
concepts while presenting additional problem-solving patterns.
Students also learn more about the internal mechanisms of Python.
The last chapters emphasize object-oriented programming and
introduce the concepts needed to design and build classes. When
these topics are introduced, students are comfortable with the idea
of using an object; in turn, building their own objects is a natural
next step. Our first examples emphasize the importance of
interactions between multiple real-world objects. After implementing
simple classes, we introduce inheritance in a natural way by creating
a graphics library and by implementing interactive games as an
extension of the turtle module.

Using the Text

This text can be used in several ways. Figure P.1 provides an
overview of some possibilities. One path is to move through the text
sequentially. Instructors could cover the entire text in a single
semester, or because there is enough exploratory material to last an
entire year, instructors could cover the material in two semesters. A
second path would be to cover Chapters 1–5 and then move to
Chapters 10–13. This approach provides a balance between
imperative and object-oriented programming that fits easily into a
single semester. If instructors have additional time, they can pick
and choose from Chapters 6–9 before continuing to Chapters 10–13.
Another suggestion would be to teach Chapters 1–9 in an
introductory course that covers only imperative programming and
the use of objects.
 Figure P.1 Road map.

Description

Using the Exercises

This text includes three kinds of exercises. First, some Try It Out
exercises ask students to run the code that has been presented as
part of the section. With these exercises, students use the code to
learn or explore on their own. Second, other Try It Out exercises
have students modify or extend the code provided in the section.
Many times, a simple version of the code is provided, and students
are asked to modify the code to improve it or add additional
features. Third, programming exercises at the end of each chapter
describe complete projects that are related to the materials covered
in the chapter.
Throughout the text, we have included Try It Out exercises within
each section. These exercises are structured so that they can be
used in several ways:

If you are reading this text as a self-study, the Try It Out

exercises provide breaking points where you have the
opportunity to stop reading and practice the concepts.
Instructors may find that many of the exercises contain material
to cover in a lecture that complements the material the students
have read.
In a traditional lecture course, the exercises can be used as
homework problems. We have had good luck in the introductory
computer science course using many small programming
assignments. Often the students are able to do more than 30
small programming assignments during a single semester.
This text can also be used as part of a “hands-on” introduction
to computer science. A small amount of lecture can be used to
introduce the main points of a chapter, but the majority of the
class time is used to work on the exercises that complement the
 reading. This approach follows a growing trend in active
learning computer science education and was well received by
our students.

Key Topics by Chapter

Table P.1 maps the problems that are introduced in each chapter
with the key computer science concepts that are established in the
chapter.

TABLE P.1 Problems and Key Concepts

Chapter Problem Key Computer Science Concepts

1. Introduction Drawing polygons and Problem-solving strategies, numeric
to Python approximating a circle data types, assignment statements,
Common problem-solving using turtle objects, simple for loops,
strategies simple functions
2. Playing by Creating a chatbot Simple string definition and searches,
the Rules Guessing a Secret Number Boolean expressions and simple
Playing the game of Nim selection statements, the accumulator
patterns, while loops, functions that
return values, user input, random
module
3. Codes and Cipher algorithms— More on the string data type and
Other Secrets transposition, substitution methods, character functions, modulo
algorithms arithmetic, keyword parameters
4. Introducing Computing simple Python list, tuple, and dictionary data
the Python statistics types; math module; statistics
Collections module; matplotlib library
5. Bigger Data: Working with data File input and output, string
File I/O formatting, reading online data in CSV
and JSON formats, reading and
manipulating data using the pandas
library, list comprehension
6. Image Digital image processing, Nested loops, passing functions as
Processing pixel manipulations, parameters, scoping rules
enlarging and reducing
Chapter Problem Key Computer Science Concepts
images, edge detection
algorithms
7. Data Mining: Cluster analysis and More on Python list and dictionary
Cluster Analysis visualization of large data data types, more on reading from files
sets
8. Cryptanalysis Methods for cracking Storing nontrivial data in lists and
transposition and dictionaries, string processing, regular
substitution ciphers, expression module
frequency analysis
9. Fractals: The What fractals are; how we Recursion, grammars, and production
Geometry of can use them to simulate rules; the Python match command
Nature trees, shrubs, snowflakes,
and other natural objects
10. Planet Calculating and plotting Introduce object-oriented design and
Objects the interaction of large construction of classes, instance
celestial bodies variables, methods
11. Simulation Simulating predator–prey Using objects in a simulation; many
relationships objects with simple behaviors can lead
to interesting complex results
12. A Hierarchy Designing an object- Inheritance, abstract classes and
of Shapes oriented graphics library abstract methods, polymorphism
with points, lines,
polygons, and other
shapes
13. Interactive Designing and Event-driven programming,
Games implementing simple inheritance, static variables, static
interactive games methods

Supplements
Instructor supplements, including answers to chapter exercises, a
test bank, and PowerPoint lecture outlines, and a sample syllabus,
are available for instructor download. Source code from listings
presented in the chapters is also provided for students and
instructors. For more information and to request access, contact
your account representative at go.jblearning.com/python4e.
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