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HTML,CSS,NODEJS notes

This document provides comprehensive notes on HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, covering their definitions, basic structures, and essential tags or properties. It includes topics such as HTML content tags, CSS selectors and properties, and JavaScript core concepts like variables, data types, and DOM manipulation. Additionally, it offers practical exercises for learners to apply their knowledge in web development.

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learnlab2025
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views

HTML,CSS,NODEJS notes

This document provides comprehensive notes on HTML, CSS, and JavaScript, covering their definitions, basic structures, and essential tags or properties. It includes topics such as HTML content tags, CSS selectors and properties, and JavaScript core concepts like variables, data types, and DOM manipulation. Additionally, it offers practical exercises for learners to apply their knowledge in web development.

Uploaded by

learnlab2025
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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📝 HTML (HyperText Markup Language) – Notes & Topics

🔹 What is HTML?
HTML stands for HyperText Markup Language. It is the standard language used to create and structure
content on the web. It uses tags to define elements like text, images, links, etc.

🔧 HTML Basics:
Topic Description

<!DOCTYPE html> Declares the document type and HTML version.


Always at the top.

<html> Root element of an HTML page. Wraps the


entire content.

<head> Contains metadata, title, links to CSS, scripts,


etc.

<title> Sets the title of the web page (appears on the


browser tab).

<body> Contains the visible content (headings,


paragraphs, images, etc.).

📄 Basic Content Tags:


Tag Purpose

<h1> to <h6> Headings, where <h1> is the largest and <h6> is


the smallest.

<p> Paragraph of text.

<br> Line break (used to add space between lines).

<hr> Horizontal line divider.


🖼️ Media & Embedding:
Tag Purpose

<img src="" alt=""> Embeds an image. src for URL/path, alt for
accessibility.

<video> Embeds a video. Can use controls for playback.

<audio> Embeds audio files.

<iframe> Embeds other websites or YouTube videos.

🔗 Links & Navigation:


Tag Purpose

<a href=""> Anchor tag to create hyperlinks.

<nav> Semantic tag used for navigation menus.

📝 Lists in HTML:
Tag Description

<ul> Unordered list (bullets).

<ol> Ordered list (numbers).

<li> List item (used inside ul or ol).


🧱 Grouping & Layout Tags:
Tag Purpose

<div> Block-level container, used for layout and


grouping elements.

<span> Inline container, useful for styling small parts of


content.

<section> Represents a section of a webpage.

<article> Used for self-contained content like blog posts.

<header> / <footer> Semantic tags for top and bottom content of a


page.

<main> Represents the main content area of a page.

🗃️ Tables in HTML:
Tag Description

<table> Creates a table.

<tr> Table row.

<th> Table header cell.

<td> Table data cell.

<caption> Title for the table.

📬 Forms in HTML:
Tag Purpose

<form> Wraps input fields and submits data.

<input> Single-line input field (text, number, checkbox,


etc.).

<textarea> Multi-line text box.

<label> Label for form fields.

<button> Clickable button.

<select> / <option> Drop-down menu options.

⚙️ HTML Attributes (used inside tags):


Attribute Use

id Unique identifier for an element.

class Applies styles via CSS.

href Specifies link destination in <a>.

src Specifies source of image, video, etc.

alt Alternate text for images.

type Specifies type of input (text, password, email,


etc.).

value Default value for form elements.

name Name of the form field (used in form


submission).

placeholder Hint inside form fields.


🎨 CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) – Notes & Topics
🔹 What is CSS?
CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It is used to style HTML elements, like changing colors, fonts,
spacing, layout, and making websites responsive.

🧩 Types of CSS:
Type Description

External CSS Linked using <link rel="stylesheet"


href="style.css">. Preferred for clean code.

Internal CSS Written inside <style> tags in the HTML


<head>.

Inline CSS Applied directly to elements (we are not covering


this).

🎯 Selectors in CSS:
Selector Example Purpose

Element p {} Selects all <p> elements.

Class .box {} Selects all elements with class


box.

ID #main {} Selects element with ID main.

Universal * {} Selects all elements.

Grouping h1, p {} Applies styles to multiple


selectors.
💅 Common CSS Properties:
Property Description

color Text color.

background-color Background color.

font-size Size of text.

font-family Typeface (e.g., Arial, Roboto).

text-align Align text (left, right, center).

padding Space inside element border.

margin Space outside element border.

border Adds borders around elements.

width / height Controls size of elements.

🧱 Box Model:
• Every HTML element is treated as a box.

• Consists of:

• Content → actual content

• Padding → space inside border

• Border → line around padding

• Margin → space outside border

🔲 Layout with CSS:


Technique Description

display Block, inline, flex, grid, none

position static, relative, absolute, fixed, sticky

z-index Layer positioning

float Align elements side by side

clear Prevent overlapping after float

🧭 Responsive Design:
Tool Description

@media Apply styles based on screen size.

%, vw, vh Flexible units for responsive layout.

max-width, min-width Control how content adapts.

🌟 Advanced Visuals (Basics Level):


Property Use

box-shadow Adds shadow to elements.

text-shadow Adds shadow to text.

transition Smooth effects between states.

hover Change styles on mouse hover.


🧠 JavaScript – Beginner Notes & Topics
🔹 What is JavaScript?
JavaScript is a lightweight, interpreted programming language used to make web pages interactive and
dynamic. It runs in the browser and is essential for client-side web development.

🧱 Basic Structure:
JavaScript code can be written:

• Inside a <script> tag in HTML (<script> </script>)

• Or as an external JS file (linked via <script src="main.js"></script>)

✅ Core JavaScript Topics:


1. 🗣️ Variables
Keyword Description

var (Old way) Can be redeclared & reassigned.

let Block-scoped, can be reassigned.

const Block-scoped, cannot be reassigned.

let name = "John";

const age = 25;

2. 📊 Data Types
Type Example

String "Hello"

Number 123, 3.14

Boolean true, false

Null null

Undefined let x; // x is undefined

Object {name: "John", age: 30}

Array ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

3. 🔁 Operators
• Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %

• Assignment: =, +=, -=

• Comparison: ==, ===, !=, <, >, <=, >=

• Logical: &&, ||, !

4. 🔄 Control Flow
✅ If / Else
if (age > 18) {

console.log("Adult");

} else {

console.log("Minor");

🔁 Loops
• For Loop
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {

console.log(i);

• While Loop

let i = 0;

while (i < 5) {

console.log(i);

i++;

• For…of (Array Loop)

let fruits = ["apple", "banana", "mango"];

for (let fruit of fruits) {

console.log(fruit);

5. 🧠 Functions
function greet(name) {

console.log("Hello " + name);

greet("Alice");

• Arrow Functions

const greet = (name) => {

console.log("Hi " + name);

};

6. 📦 Arrays
let colors = ["red", "green", "blue"];
colors.push("yellow"); // Add item

colors.pop(); // Remove last item

console.log(colors.length); // Array length

7. 🧰 Objects
let person = {

name: "John",

age: 30,

greet: function () {

console.log("Hi, I'm " + this.name);

};

person.greet();

8. 📄 DOM Manipulation
• Get element:

document.getElementById("myId");

document.querySelector(".myClass");

• Change content:

document.getElementById("demo").innerHTML = "Hello JS!";

• Change style:

document.getElementById("demo").style.color = "red";

• Add event:

document.getElementById("btn").addEventListener("click", function () {

alert("Button clicked!");

});

9. ⏱️ Timing Functions
Function Description

setTimeout() Runs a function after a delay.

setInterval() Runs a function repeatedly after intervals.

setTimeout(() => {

console.log("Hello after 2 seconds");

}, 2000);

10. 🔄 JSON (JavaScript Object Notation)


Used for data exchange between server and web:

let data = '{"name":"John", "age":30}';

let obj = JSON.parse(data);

console.log(obj.name);

11. 🧪 Debugging Tools


Tool Use

console.log() Print output in browser console.

alert() Show alert pop-up.

Browser DevTools Inspect elements, debug code, check console


errors.

📁 Optional for Practice:


• Create a To-Do List using HTML + CSS + JS

• Create a simple calculator

• Build a form and validate input using JavaScript

📘
📘 This PDF was developed by Padma Tutorials
✨ Curated & Mentored by Laxmi Nivas Morishetty
“Empowering students with futuristic tech skills & client-ready development knowledge.”

Laxmi Nivas Morishetty is a passionate full-stack mentor, AI tools expert, and founder of Padma
Tutorials — dedicated to making web development simple, practical, and client-focused for every learner.

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