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Multiple-Choice Questions

1. Children between the ages of 6 to 11 are within the developmental stage referred to as:
A) infancy.
B) early childhood.
C) middle childhood.
D) adolescence.

2. When comparing the rate of growth for children from ages 6 to 11, one notices that
children:
A) grow more slowly than they did in early childhood.
B) grow faster than they did in early childhood.
C) grow at the same rate from ages 2 to 12.
D) have a tremendous growth spurt during the school years.

3. For a class project, Casey is asked to identify why there has been a decrease in the
number of deaths among children in recent decades. His research discovered that all of
these factors were related to a lower death rate among children EXCEPT:
A) more physical activity.
B) fewer lethal accidents.
C) more effective immunizations.
D) fewer fatal illnesses.

4. Due to earlier diagnosis and treatment, chronic health conditions, such as hearing
impairments and anemia, are now _____ less frequent in middle childhood compared to
two decades ago.
A) 25 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 75 percent
D) 90 percent

5. Today, children who are in the middle childhood stage of development are experiencing
better physical health than they did decades ago. Which is NOT a factor in the improved
physical health of children?
A) earlier diagnosis and treatment of chronic health conditions
B) a reduction in the number of colds children catch
C) the reduced exposure to secondhand smoke
D) an increase in hand washing behavior

Page 1
 6. The health habits that children develop during the middle childhood years are:
A) unrelated to their health in adolescence and adulthood.
B) related to their health in adolescence, but unrelated to their health in adulthood.
C) unrelated to their health in adolescence, but related to their health in adulthood.
D) related to their health in adolescence and adulthood.

7. What is a benefit of physical activity for kids?

A) better oral health
B) better overall health
C) protection from bullying
D) decrease in emotional disturbance

8. Which factor contributes to the decline in neighborhood play among children?

A) people no longer want to know their neighbors
B) parental obesity
C) the high incidence of juvenile diabetes
D) a scarcity of vacant lots and empty fields

9. One problem about athletic sports leagues is that:

A) there is less and less space for these teams to play.
B) low SES children are unlikely to belong to these teams.
C) they limit children's opportunities to learn teamwork.
D) poor sportsmanship is rampant among parents.

10. The ratio between a person's height and weight is expressed as:
A) HWP.
B) BMW.
C) APGAR.
D) BMI.

11. Which problem is often seen in obese children?

A) low blood pressure
B) increased psychopathology
C) high levels of cholesterol
D) increased chance of becoming a bully

Page 2
12. Obesity has increased because it is common for:
A) preschoolers to attend preschool.
B) preschoolers to watch TV and drink soda.
C) babies to be breast-fed.
D) children to walk to school.

13. Madeline is 9 years old and considered obese. While her parents acknowledge that they
could adopt a healthier lifestyle, they blame genetics for her weight problem. How many
genes are estimated to influence Madeline's weight?
A) 25
B) 50
C) 100
D) 200

14. Asthma is a disorder caused by ______ the airways.

A) inflammation of
B) enlargement of
C) destruction of
D) holes in

15. Since 1980 the rate of childhood asthma in the United States has:
A) doubled.
B) tripled.
C) decreased.
D) stayed the same.

16. The belief that children's immune systems need to be exposed to microbes is called the:
A) sterile environment theory.
B) hygiene hypothesis.
C) spore theory.
D) immunity hypothesis.

17. Better ventilation in schools and homes, less pollution, fewer antibiotics, and better
medical diagnosis would be considered:
A) primary prevention
B) secondary prevention
C) quaternary prevention
D) tertiary prevention

Page 3
18. An asthmatic child gets shots in the doctor's office during an asthma attack. This is a
______ level of prevention.
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary

19. Mary, age 10, has asthma. Her parents bought a HEPA filter for her bedroom. This
represents which level of prevention?
A) primary
B) secondary
C) tertiary
D) quaternary

20. Which child is less likely to receive high-quality medical care for asthma? A child
whose parents:
A) have private insurance that covers preventative medical treatments.
B) are classified as middle-income SES.
C) qualify for public insurance such as Medicaid.
D) work in jobs that provide personal days so that the child can be taken to the doctor.

21. Borrelli et al. (2010) conducted an intervention study that focused on 100 caregivers of
children with asthma. The caregivers smoked and did not necessarily want to quit.
Over the course of the study the caregivers were shown the amount of smoke the
children were being exposed to and counseled on different approaches to quitting
smoking. After three months, the results of the study revealed that _____ of the
caregivers had quit smoking and the children's asthma attacks were _____ frequent.
A) 1 4 ; less
B) 1 4 ; more
C) 1 2 ; less
D) 1 2 ; more

22. According to Piaget, which ability do children gain during middle childhood?
A) conservation
B) abstract reasoning
C) logic
D) egocentrism

Page 4
23. According to Piaget, a child between the ages of 6 and 11 can apply logical principles
to:
A) abstractions, such as truth and liberty.
B) chemistry and physics.
C) concrete and visible examples.
D) questions of social justice.

24. In middle childhood, Piaget believed that children are in the period of _____ thought.
A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) metacognitive
D) concrete operational

25. When capable of concrete operational thought, children:

A) are limited to intuitive, perceptual focusing.
B) can apply their reasoning to real, tangible situations.
C) can reason about abstractions.
D) are likely to be misled by appearances.

26. With concrete operational thought, children can:

A) think logically about visible, tangible things.
B) think logically about abstract ideas.
C) consistently make good decisions.
D) solve most problems on their own.

27. The logical principle that objects can be grouped according to some characteristic that
they share is called:
A) concrete thought.
B) transitive inference.
C) classification.
D) reversibility.

28. Seven-year-old Hannah can arrange 10 buttons in order from smallest to largest. Her
understanding of _____ allows her to accomplish this.
A) conservation
B) transitive inference
C) seriation
D) abstract reasoning

Page 5
29. Which statement about the difference between a 4-year-old and a 9-year-old is true?
A) The 4-year-old can separate the relevant from the irrelevant.
B) The 9-year-old can apply abstract thought to the classification process.
C) The 4-year-old will be able to distinguish between relevance and flexibility.
D) The 9-year-old can be flexible in classification.

30. Which statement is true?

A) School-age children are able to understand complex, abstract concepts.
B) School-age children are as rigid in their thinking as preschoolers.
C) School-age children are slightly more advanced thinkers than preschoolers.
D) There is no sudden shift between preoperational and concrete operational thought.

31. Children from the Varanasi region in India learn what specific ability from their culture?
A) observational learning
B) fractions
C) spatial orientation
D) individual discovery

32. Vygotsky viewed _____ as being crucial to children's development of skills and
knowledge.
A) instruction
B) independence
C) exploration
D) passive learning

33. In one study (Crosnoe et al., 2010) of reading and math ability in third- and fifth-grade
children, it was found that high-scoring children usually had three sources of cognitive
stimulation. Which was NOT a source of cognitive stimulation?
A) having parents who read to preschool children daily
B) attending a preschool program
C) having a first grade teacher who emphasized literacy
D) learning from media sources about reading and math

34. The information-processing theory was inspired by the knowledge of how _____
function.
A) animals' brains
B) high-level businesses
C) computers
D) athletic teams

Page 6
35. Professor Schuyler believes that people's brains work very much like a computer in
terms of input, processing, and output. The professor believes in _____ theory.
A) Piaget's
B) Vygotsky's
C) the information processing
D) the biocognitive

36. Which brain feature is responsible for the ability to read?

A) the prefrontal cortex
B) the hippocampus
C) myelination
D) multiple interconnections

37. The time it takes for someone to respond to a particular stimulus is called _____ time.
A) reaction
B) response
C) reflex
D) relational

38. Growth in brain sophistication during middle childhood allows the child to focus on
certain stimuli and exclude others. This ability is known as:
A) automatization.
B) decentration.
C) transduction.
D) selective attention.

39. Sonja is studying for an exam while her roommate is talking to her boyfriend on the
phone. Sonja cannot concentrate on her books because she is unable to use:
A) metacognition.
B) divided attention.
C) selective attention.
D) common sense.

40. _____ is one of the leading theorists of the information-processing perspective.

A) Vygotsky
B) Piaget
C) Siegler
D) Silva

Page 7
41. The memory system in which signals are held for a split second is called _____
memory.
A) short-term
B) working
C) sensory
D) holding

42. Which information is most likely to be in your current working memory?

A) everything you see on this page
B) the answer to this question
C) where you saw the term working memory in the text
D) the musical theme of your favorite television show

43. Tony came to walk with José to school. When José saw Tony's notebook in his
backpack, José rushed back into his house to retrieve his own notebook, which
contained his homework. José's sensation upon seeing Tony's notebook became a
perception, which triggered José's:
A) sensory memory.
B) working memory.
C) long-term memory.
D) knowledge base.

44. By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is:
A) limited to facts and knowledge gained through repetition.
B) limited to highly emotional experiences and objective information.
C) unlimited regarding information but limited about emotional experiences.
D) extremely large.

45. Which factor is MOST likely to cause a child's knowledge base to increase?
A) scoring high on an IQ test
B) past opportunities to learn
C) personal motivation
D) well-developed fine motor skills

46. New concepts are best learned when they are connected to:
A) personal and emotional experiences.
B) current events.
C) a teacher-directed curriculum.
D) a child-centered curriculum.

Page 8
47. Children can focus without becoming distracted, persist at tasks, and exhibit quick,
efficient memory due the development of:
A) preoperational thought.
B) reciprocity.
C) the limbic system.
D) control processes.

48. Metacognition is:

A) the process of putting information into long-term memory.
B) the process of recalling information.
C) thinking about thinking.
D) the ability to process multiple stimuli.

49. Evaluating a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish and monitor one's
performance is called:
A) automatization.
B) decentration.
C) metacognition.
D) social standards.

50. Metacognition refers to:

A) improving one's problem-solving strategies.
B) memorizing detailed information.
C) thinking about one's thinking processes.
D) considering multiple alternatives.

51. What ability is required for children to be aware of what they already know and what
they still need to learn?
A) metacognition
B) automatization
C) control processes
D) abstract reasoning

52. During middle childhood, children understand all of these aspects of language EXCEPT
for:
A) prefixes.
B) compound words.
C) phrases.
D) sarcasm.

Page 9
53. Nine-year-old child Devon writes, “My brother eats like a hungry pig.” This statement
demonstrates his understanding of:
A) syntax.
B) a second language.
C) simile.
D) logic.

54. Abbreviations (such as LOL, BTW, and RU) in text messages and e-mails are examples
of:
A) metaphors.
B) similes.
C) grammar.
D) informal code.

55. When Kitana wants her teacher to repeat a question, she asks, “Would you please repeat
the question?” but when she needs a classmate to repeat himself, she says, “Huh?” This
example shows that Kitana understands:
A) the pragmatics of language.
B) metaphors and similes.
C) metacognitive processes.
D) the control processes in speech.

56. John has the ability to talk informally with his friends and more formally to his teachers
during class. Clearly John understands the:
A) metacognitive aspects of intellect.
B) pragmatics of his language.
C) automatized view of social interaction.
D) control processes of regulation.

57. Eduardo is in the fourth grade. Part of the instruction in his classroom is conducted in
English and part is conducted in Spanish. His classroom uses:
A) immersion.
B) heritage language education.
C) bilingual schooling.
D) mainstreaming.

Page 10
58. Jared, who speaks only English, has moved to Spain with his family. He attends a public
school. All of his school subjects are taught in Spanish. Jared is learning Spanish
through:
A) Spanish-as-a-second-language program.
B) an ESL program.
C) bilingual schooling.
D) immersion.

59. The approach to teaching a second language in which children spend the entire day
instructed in the second language is referred to as the _____ approach.
A) bilingual schooling
B) immersion
C) heritage language
D) additive bilingual

60. When non-English-speaking children are taught exclusively in English to prepare them
for regular classes is, the class is called:
A) English as a second language.
B) immersion.
C) bilingual schooling.
D) monolingual education.

61. Approximately what percent of the world's 7-year-olds are in school?

A) 45
B) 60
C) 75
D) 95

62. Jefferson High School has a student council to guarantee student representation in
school affairs. Jakob, a senior, has learned that the administration of this high school
wants obedience. Obedience at Jakob's school is an example of a hidden:
A) agenda.
B) curriculum.
C) value.
D) assumption.

Page 11
63. The unspoken and often unrecognized lessons that children learn in school, which are
the unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic
curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school, are called the:
A) territorial imperative.
B) whole language theory.
C) socioeconomic divide.
D) hidden curriculum.

64. What is the main international test of reading given to students?

A) TIMSS
B) PIRLS
C) WJ III
D) Stanford-Binet

65. What is the primary international test of science and math given to students?
A) PIRLS
B) IATS
C) TIMSS
D) SATs

66. In recent years, Finland has gained a great deal of attention for its very successful
educational system. Which statement about Finland's educational reform is false?
A) Students are given a series of high-stakes tests at each level.
B) Only the top 3 percent of high school students gain admittance to teachers'
colleges.
C) School buildings are designed to foster collaboration.
D) Teachers are encouraged to work collaboratively.

67. When TIMSS experts recorded math teachers in the U.S., Germany, and Japan, what did
they find?
A) U.S. teachers presented material at a higher level than their German and Japanese
counterparts.
B) Japanese teachers were excited about math instruction and developed collaborative
and individual assignments that engaged students on multiple levels.
C) Germany students were most engaged in math lessons when learning terms and
definitions.
D) There is really only one way to teach math, regardless of culture, so little variation
was noted.

Page 12
68. Which statement is true?
A) Across all cultures, boys are better at math and girls are better at reading.
B) In Asian countries, girls score consistently higher in math than boys.
C) Academic differences between nations are much greater than differences between
genders.
D) In Scotland, boys average several points higher in reading than girls.

69. Which statement describes the gender-similarities hypothesis accurately?

A) Around the world, girls are better at reading and boys are better at math.
B) Girls are more verbal than boys, but boys catch up during adolescence.
C) Boys and girls are similar in most test measures, with trivial exceptions.
D) Teachers have the same expectations for girls as they do for boys.

70. A federally sponsored test in the United States is the:

A) TIMSS.
B) NAEP.
C) NCLB.
D) PIRLS.

71. The Common Core is a(n) _____ that was developed with backing from all 50 states in
response to doubts about state-level assessments.
A) graduation exam
B) law that requires frequent testing to monitor student achievement
C) set of specific standards by subject and grade level
D) amount of money awarded by the government for an individual child's education

72. In most nations other than the United States _____ make(s) decisions regarding public
education.
A) the central government
B) parents
C) local jurisdictions
D) religious institutions

73. In the United States, public schools that set their own standards, are licensed by the
state, and receive funding from private money and sponsors are _____ schools.
A) voucher
B) private
C) religious
D) charter

Page 13
74. Traditionally in the United States, most private schools were operated by:
A) the central government.
B) independent educators.
C) Evangelical Christians.
D) the Catholic Church.

75. Approximately 1 in _______ children in the United States is home schooled.

A) 10
B) 25
C) 35
D) 55

76. One problem with smaller school class sizes is that:

A) politicians won't support them.
B) they are too costly.
C) the research supporting their advantages is mixed.
D) evidence supporting their benefits is correlational.

77. Critics say that _____ weaken public schools, but advocates argue that they increase
competition between public and private schools and lead to a better education for all.
A) standardized tests
B) vouchers
C) parents
D) Common Core standards

78. Aptitude tests are designed to measure one's:

A) potential for learning.
B) achievement in a particular subject.
C) capacity for divergent thinking.
D) verbal abilities only.

79. A person's mental age and chronological age are factors used to determine his or her:
A) achievement on the WAIS.
B) intelligence quotient.
C) multiple intelligences.
D) achievement on the WPPSI.

Page 14
80. One's mental age divided by one's chronological age and multiplied by 100 results in
one's:
A) measure of mastery.
B) proficiency score.
C) achievement quotient.
D) intelligence quotient.

81. April is tested on her mastery of college chemistry. She is taking a(n):
A) achievement test.
B) IQ test.
C) field test.
D) aptitude test.

82. Achievement tests are designed to measure one's:

A) knowledge about a subject.
B) potential for accomplishment.
C) capacity for divergent thinking.
D) verbal abilities.

83. Achievement tests are to aptitude tests as ______ is to ______.

A) long; short
B) intelligence; creativity
C) knowledge; potential
D) fruit; apple

84. Most nations have exhibited substantial increases in IQ scores during the past century.
This phenomenon is called the:
A) Stanford Swell.
B) Brain Leap.
C) Intelligence Surge.
D) Flynn Effect.

85. Howard Gardner proposed that:

A) there are 12 distinct intelligences.
B) everyone is equal in all types of intelligence.
C) IQ tests are the best way to measure intelligence.
D) musical ability is one type of intelligence.

Page 15
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