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CSS LONG

The document outlines the importance and fundamentals of CSS, highlighting its role in separating presentation from content, ensuring consistency, and enhancing accessibility. It covers various aspects of CSS including syntax, backgrounds, colors, text manipulation, fonts, borders, margins, lists, and advanced features like animations and flexbox. Additionally, it discusses the evolution from CSS2 to CSS3, the use of variables, and the creation of responsive designs.

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14 views

CSS LONG

The document outlines the importance and fundamentals of CSS, highlighting its role in separating presentation from content, ensuring consistency, and enhancing accessibility. It covers various aspects of CSS including syntax, backgrounds, colors, text manipulation, fonts, borders, margins, lists, and advanced features like animations and flexbox. Additionally, it discusses the evolution from CSS2 to CSS3, the use of variables, and the creation of responsive designs.

Uploaded by

contact.skip.the.lane
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CSS

1. Need for CSS:


Theory:

1. Separation of Concerns: CSS allows for the separation of presentation from


content, making websites more maintainable.

2. Consistency: By using a single CSS file, styles can be consistent across multiple
pages of a website.

3. Accessibility: CSS can be used to improve website accessibility for users with
disabilities.

4. Flexibility: CSS provides flexibility in presenting content differently on varied


devices.

5. Efficiency: Instead of defining styles for each element individually, CSS lets you
define styles once and apply them to multiple elements.

6. Interactivity: With pseudo-classes, CSS can change styles based on user


interaction.

7. Animations & Transitions: Modern CSS offers powerful animation and transition
capabilities.

8. Customization: Websites can easily be customized for themes or branding using


CSS.

9. Reduced Bandwidth: By using external stylesheets, browser caching can reduce


the load time of subsequent pages.

Example:
Without CSS:

<p style="font-size:16px; color:red;">This is a red colored text.</p>

With CSS:

CSS 1
p {
font-size: 16px;
color: red;
}

2. Basic Syntax and Structure:


Theory:

1. Selectors: Target the HTML elements you want to style.

2. Properties: Define what aspect of the element you want to style.

3. Values: Specify the settings you want to apply for the chosen property.

4. Declaration Block: Contains one or more declarations enclosed in curly braces.

5. Semicolons: Separate each declaration in a block.

6. Comments: Use /* Your comment here */ to add comments to your CSS.

7. External Stylesheets: Use <link rel="stylesheet" href="styles.css"> to link an


external stylesheet.

8. Internal Styles: Defined within the <head> section of an HTML page using the
<style> element.

9. Inline Styles: Apply styles directly to individual HTML elements using the style

attribute.

Syntax:

selector {
property: value;
another-property: another-value;
}

3. Backgrounds:
Theory:

1. Color Control: The background-color property sets the background color of an


element.

CSS 2
2. Image Backgrounds: The background-image property allows you to place an image
as the background.

3. Image Repetition: background-repeat specifies if/how a background image will


repeat.

4. Positioning: background-position sets the starting position of a background image.

5. Size Control: With background-size , you can scale the size of background images.

6. Multiple Backgrounds: CSS allows multiple background images for an element,


separated by commas.

7. Attachment: The background-attachment property sets whether a background image


is fixed or scrolls with the rest of the page.

8. Shorthand Property: The background property is a shorthand for all the background
properties.

9. Transparency: Use RGBA, HSLA, or gradient techniques to create transparent


backgrounds.

Example:

div {
background: yellow url('image.jpg') no-repeat center center / cover;
}

4. Colors and Properties:


Theory:

1. Color Formats: Colors can be defined in various ways including named colors,
HEX, RGB, RGBA, HSL, and HSLA.

2. Transparency with RGBA & HSLA: RGBA and HSLA allow for defining colors with
alpha transparency.

3. color Property: Determines the color of text.

4. opacity Property: Sets the opacity level for an element.

5. currentColor Keyword: Refers to the current color value of an element, useful for
properties like border-color .

CSS 3
6. Web Safe Colors: A collection of colors that display consistently across web
browsers and devices.

7. System Colors: Colors derived from a user's operating system or browser settings.

8. Contrast: Ensuring text colors contrast well with background colors is crucial for
readability.

9. Consistency: Using consistent colors enhances the user experience and brand
recognition.

Example:

p {
color: rgba(255, 0, 0, 0.5);
}

5. Manipulating Texts:
Theory:

1. Color Control: The color property sets the text color.

2. Alignment: text-align determines the horizontal alignment of text.

3. Decoration: text-decoration is used for underlining, overlining, and strikethrough


text.

4. Spacing: line-height and letter-spacing control the space between lines and
characters.

5. Transformations: text-transform controls text capitalization.

6. Indentation: text-indent indents the first line of text.

7. Overflow Control: text-overflow specifies how overflowed content is signaled to


users.

8. Shadowing: text-shadow adds shadows to text.

9. Whitespace Control: The white-space property controls how whitespace inside an


element is handled.

Example:

CSS 4
p {
text-align: justify;
text-transform: capitalize;
text-shadow: 2px 2px #FF0000;
}

6. Fonts:
Theory:

1. Font Families: font-family defines which font should be used, with fallback
options.

2. Font Size: font-size determines how large the text will appear.

3. Font Weight: font-weight controls the thickness of characters.

4. Font Style: font-style specifies if the text should be rendered normally, in italics, or
oblique.

5. Font Variants: font-variant can turn text into small caps.

6. Line Height: line-height adjusts the space between lines of text.

7. Custom Fonts: Use @font-face to define and use custom fonts.

8. Font Shorthand: The font property is a shorthand for several font-related


properties.

9. Font Stretch: font-stretch allows for condensed or expanded faces of a font family.

Example:

body {
font: italic bold 16px/1.5 "Arial", sans-serif;
}

7. Borders and Boxes:


Theory:

1. Border Styles: border-style defines the style of the border (solid, dashed, dotted,
etc.).

CSS 5
2. Border Width: border-width sets the thickness of the border.

3. Border Color: border-color defines the color of the border.

4. Individual Borders: Set styles for individual borders using border-top , border-

right , etc.

5. Rounded Corners: border-radius can create rounded borders.

6. Box Shadow: box-shadow adds shadows to elements.

7. Box Sizing: box-sizing controls the sizing properties (like width and height ) of an
element.

8. Outline: The outline property is similar to border but doesn't affect layout.

9. Border Image: border-image allows you to use images as borders.

Example:

div {
border: 3px solid #333;
border-radius: 10px;
box-shadow: 5px 5px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
}

8. Margins and Padding:


Theory:

1. Margin: Defines space outside the element, pushing other elements away.

2. Padding: Defines space inside the border, between the content and the border.

3. Collapsing Margins: Adjacent vertical margins can collapse into a single margin.

4. Individual Control: margin-top , margin-right , padding-left , etc. allow individual side


control.

5. Shorthand Properties: margin and padding can set values for all sides at once.

6. Auto Margins: Horizontal centering can be achieved with margin: auto .

7. Box Model: The combination of margins, borders, padding, and content.

8. Negative Margins: Can be used to pull elements in certain directions.

CSS 6
9. Percentage Values: Margins and padding can be set using percentages, based on
the parent element's width.

Example:

div {
margin: 20px 15px;
padding: 10px 5px;
}

9. Lists:
Theory:

1. List Style Type: list-style-type determines the type of list marker.

2. List Style Image: list-style-image uses an image as the list item marker.

3. List Style Position: list-style-position controls if the marker is inside or outside


the content flow.

4. Shorthand Property: list-style is a shorthand for all list styling properties.

5. Unstyled Lists: Commonly used to create navigation menus by setting list-style-

type: none .

6. Nested Lists: Lists can be nested inside other lists, each potentially having its own
style.

7. Ordered vs. Unordered: <ol> is an ordered list with numbers, while <ul> is
unordered with bullets.

8. Custom Counters: With CSS counters, you can create custom numbering for
ordered lists.

9. Vertical Spacing: Control space between list items using margin and padding .

Example:

ul {
list-style-type: square;
}
li.special {

CSS 7
list-style-image: url('special-marker.jpg');
}

10. CSS2 and CSS3:


Theory:

1. Evolution: CSS2 was a revision of the original specification, while CSS3 introduced
modularization.

2. Modules: CSS3's modular approach allows for faster development and


standardization of individual components.

3. New Features: CSS3 brought new features like rounded corners, shadows,
gradients, transitions, and animations.

4. Media Queries: CSS3 introduced media queries for responsive design.

5. Selectors: CSS3 brought more powerful selectors.

6. Browser Prefixes: To use experimental features, browser-specific prefixes like


webkit- or moz- were often required.

7. Compatibility: CSS3 features might not be supported in older browsers.

8. Performance: Some CSS3 properties, especially animations, might be resource-


intensive.

9. Progressive Enhancement: A methodology where basic web functions are


supported in all browsers, but advanced features are only available in modern ones.

11. Animations:
Theory:

1. Keyframes: Use @keyframes to define the sequence of frames in the animation.

2. Animation Name: Reference the name of the keyframes when defining an


animation.

3. Duration: animation-duration specifies how long the animation will take.

4. Timing Function: animation-timing-function controls the speed curve of the


animation.

CSS 8
5. Delay: animation-delay sets a delay before the animation starts.

6. Iteration: animation-iteration-count determines how many times the animation will


play.

7. Direction: animation-direction specifies whether the animation should play in


reverse on alternate cycles.

8. Fill Mode: animation-fill-mode controls the values applied by the animation outside
the time it's executing.

9. Shorthand: The animation property is a shorthand for all animation-related


properties.

Example:

@keyframes fadeIn {
from { opacity: 0; }
to { opacity: 1; }
}
div {
animation: fadeIn 2s ease-in-out 1s forwards;
}

12. Tool-Tips:
Theory:

1. Purpose: Tooltips provide additional information about an item when hovered.

2. Content Property: Use the content property to set the tooltip's text.

3. Visibility: Typically, tooltips are hidden by default and displayed on hover or focus.

4. Positioning: Absolute or relative positioning can control tooltip placement.

5. Transitions: Smooth tooltip appearances with CSS transitions.

6. Accessibility: Ensure tooltips are accessible for screen reader users.

7. Custom Styling: Tooltips can be styled with any combination of CSS properties.

8. Arrow Pointers: Use pseudo-elements to create "arrows" pointing to the relevant


content.

9. Responsiveness: Ensure tooltips adapt to various screen sizes and devices.

CSS 9
Example:

[data-tooltip]:hover:after {
content: attr(data-tooltip);
position: absolute;
background-color: #333;
color: #fff;
padding: 5px;
border-radius: 5px;
top: 25px;
left: 50%;
transform: translateX(-50%);
}

13. Style Images:


Theory:

1. Responsive Images: Ensure images scale correctly for different devices.

2. Round Images: border-radius can be used to create rounded or circular images.

3. Shadows: box-shadow adds shadows to images.

4. Filters: The filter property applies graphical effects like blurring or color shifting.

5. Object Fit: object-fit specifies how an image should fit within its box.

6. Transformations: transform can rotate, scale, skew, or translate the image.

7. Hover Effects: Change image styles dynamically with hover states.

8. Overlay: Use pseudo-elements to add color or gradient overlays.

9. Caption Styling: Style image captions distinctively using various CSS properties.

Example:

img.rounded {
border-radius: 50%;
box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5);
filter: grayscale(50%);
}

14. Variables:

CSS 10
Theory:

1. Definition: Use the - syntax to define a variable, often in the :root selector for
global scope.

2. Usage: Use the var() function to utilize the variable.

3. Scope: Variables can be globally or locally scoped.

4. Fallbacks: Provide a fallback value in case the variable isn't set.

5. Dynamic Changes: Variables allow for dynamic theme changes using JavaScript.

6. Reusability: Reduce repetition by reusing variables across multiple properties.

7. Readability: Named variables can make stylesheets more readable.

8. Overriding: Variables in local scope can override global ones.

9. Browser Support: Modern browsers support CSS variables, but older ones might
not.

Example:

:root {
--primary-color: #4CAF50;
}
button {
background-color: var(--primary-color);
}

15. Flex Box:


Theory:

1. Purpose: Flexbox is designed for one-dimensional layouts, either in a row or a


column.

2. Container: Use display: flex or display: inline-flex on the parent element to


initiate Flexbox.

3. Direction: flex-direction determines the primary axis of layout, either row or


column.

4. Wrapping: flex-wrap controls if items should wrap onto multiple lines or columns.

CSS 11
5. Alignment: justify-content , align-items , and align-content control alignment of flex
items.

6. Ordering: The order property on flex items can control their visual order.

7. Growing & Shrinking: flex-grow and flex-shrink define how items grow or shrink
relative to each other.

8. Flex Basis: flex-basis sets the default size of an item before space distribution.

9. Shorthand: The flex property is a shorthand for flex-grow , flex-shrink , and flex-

basis .

Example:

.container {
display: flex;
flex-direction: row;
justify-content: space-between;
}
.item {
flex: 1 1 auto;
}

16. Media Queries:


Theory:

1. Purpose: Media queries allow styles to be conditionally applied based on device


characteristics.

2. Breakpoints: Determine points where the website's content will respond to provide
the user with the best possible layout.

3. Types: Common media features include width , height , orientation , and


resolution .

4. Logical Operators: Use and , not , and only to create more complex media
queries.

5. Mobile First: A design strategy where mobile styles are default, and desktop styles
are added via media queries.

CSS 12
6. Viewport Meta Tag: Essential for responsive design, ensuring the page scales
correctly on different devices.

7. Cross-Browser Consistency: Ensure media queries work consistently across


browsers.

8. Performance: Avoid overly complex media queries that can decrease performance.

9. Testing: Always test responsive designs on actual devices and screen sizes.

Example:

@media (min-width: 768px) {


body {
background-color: lightblue;
}
}

17. Wildcard Selectors (*, ^, $) in CSS:


Theory:

1. Universal Selector: selects all elements.

2. Attribute Selectors: Use [] to style elements based on their attributes.

3. Starts With: [attr^=value] matches elements whose attribute starts with the
specified value.

4. Ends With: [attr$=value] matches elements whose attribute ends with the
specified value.

5. Sub-string Match: [attr*=value] matches elements whose attribute contains the


specified substring.

6. Performance: Use wildcard selectors judiciously as they can be slow.

7. Specificity: Wildcard selectors have lower specificity compared to other selectors.

8. Use Cases: Useful for styling elements based on data attributes or URI schemes.

9. Combinations: Combine with other selectors for more refined selections.

Example:

CSS 13
* {
box-sizing: border-box;
}
a[href^="https://"] {
color: green;
}

18. Working with Gradients:


Theory:

1. Types: Gradients can be linear (straight line) or radial (radiate from a center
point).

2. Colors: Specify multiple color stops for the gradient.

3. Direction: For linear gradients, define the direction using angles or keywords.

4. Shape & Size: For radial gradients, control the shape (circle or ellipse) and size.

5. Fallback: Provide a solid color as a fallback for browsers that don't support
gradients.

6. Use Cases: Gradients can be backgrounds, image overlays, or used with text.

7. Performance: Gradients use GPU rendering, making them performant.

8. Transparency: Gradients can transition between colors and transparency using


rgba or hsla .

9. Complexity: Combine multiple gradients for more complex effects.

Example:

div {
background: linear-gradient(45deg, red, yellow);
}

19. Pseudo Classes:


Theory:

1. Definition: Pseudo-classes allow styling elements based on their state or position.

CSS 14
2. Interaction: :hover , :focus , and :active target user interaction states.

3. Structure: :first-child , :last-child , :nth-child() target elements based on their


position in the DOM.

4. Form States: :valid , :invalid , :required , and :optional target form element
validation states.

5. Negation: :not() negates another selector.

6. Links: :link and :visited target link states.

7. Full-page Styling: :root represents the highest-level parent element, useful for
defining CSS variables.

8. Case-insensitivity: Use :is() and :where() for more flexible and case-insensitive
matching.

9. Future-proofing: As CSS evolves, more pseudo-classes get added, offering more


styling capabilities.

Example:

a:hover {
color: red;
}
p:nth-child(odd) {
background-color: lightgray;
}

20. Pseudo Elements:


Theory:

1. Definition: Pseudo-elements allow you to style specific parts of an element.

2. Content Insertion: ::before and ::after insert content before or after an element's
content.

3. Styling Lines: ::first-line and ::first-letter target the first line or letter of block
elements.

4. Content Property: Always use the content property with ::before and ::after .

CSS 15
5. Decorative Uses: Pseudo-elements are often used for decorative purposes, like
custom bullets or underlines.

6. Clearfix Hack: ::after can be used to clear floats in a container.

7. Generated Content: Pseudo-elements create "generated content" which is visible


but not in the DOM.

8. Limitations: Pseudo-elements can't be completely controlled with JavaScript since


they don't exist in the DOM.

9. Specificity: Pseudo-elements have lower specificity than classes but higher than
element selectors.

Example:

p::first-line {
font-weight: bold;
}
div::after {
content: "";
display: table;
clear: both;
}

21. Basic of Frameworks like Bootstrap:


Theory:

1. Definition: Bootstrap is an open-source CSS framework for developing responsive


and mobile-first web projects.

2. Components: Bootstrap provides ready-to-use components like modals, carousels,


and dropdowns.

3. Grid System: Bootstrap's 12-column grid system helps in creating responsive


layouts.

4. Utilities: Bootstrap offers utility classes for spacing, coloring,

typography, and more.


5. Customization: Bootstrap themes can be customized to match brand colors and
styles.
6. JavaScript: Bootstrap includes JavaScript plugins to enhance components'

CSS 16
functionality.
7. Performance: Bootstrap is optimized for performance but can be heavy if many
unused components are included.
8. Browser Compatibility: Bootstrap ensures consistent rendering across different
browsers.
9. Community: A large community supports Bootstrap, leading to many plugins,
themes, and resources.
Example:

<!-- Bootstrap Button -->


<button class="btn btn-primary">Click me</button>

22. Responsive Web Design and Media Query:


Theory:

1. Purpose: Ensure websites look and function well on all devices, from desktops to
mobiles.

2. Fluid Grids: Use relative units like percentages instead of fixed units like pixels.

3. Flexible Images: Ensure images resize within their containing elements.

4. Media Queries: Conditionally apply styles based on device characteristics.

5. Viewport Meta Tag: <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-

scale=1"> ensures proper scaling on mobile devices.

6. Mobile First: Design for mobile devices first and then scale up for larger screens.

7. Testing: Use device emulators and real devices to test responsive designs.

8. Performance: Optimize for performance, especially on mobile networks.

9. Frameworks: Many CSS frameworks, like Bootstrap, come with built-in responsive
design features.

Example:

@media only screen and (max-width: 600px) {


body {
font-size: 16px;

CSS 17
}
}

23. CSS Variables:


(Already covered in point #14. Please refer to that for detailed theory and example.)

CSS 18

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